dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 23.8 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen lived at least 23.8 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Communication is particularly evident through dominance displays and aggressive behaviors. However, more subtle communication is conveyed by scent glands in the hooves, as well as urine sampling (primarily used to determine fertility). The animals have excellent hearing and smell, accounting for the prominence of stripe displays and scent marking. Although not specifically reported for these animals, as mammals it is likely that they use some accoustic means of communication. Tactile communication is also likely to play a role in reproductive activities.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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The current total population of gemsbok is around 275,000 individuals. Though the numbers do not indicate a threatened population, large declines in several areas have resulted from livestock overgrazing, human encroachment on land, climate change, and habitat destruction. Other gemsbok populations have been declining due to over hunting.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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There are no negative economic impacts of this species on humans.

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gemsbok are hunted for their thick skin, which is used for shield covers by local African peoples. The horns are also used in making spears.

This species is a common game ranch species since both females and males have horns, making trophies cheaper to produce.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Gemsbok exploit areas that few other animals can inhabit; they tend not to interact with many other species. Also, because they are nomadic, they tend not to overgraze areas.

In regions of the North American Southwest where gemsbok (and other exotic species) have been introduced, overgrazing has occurred, leading to the degradation of the areas populated by these herds.

Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Rhipicephalus, Agriostomum equidentatum, Cooperia, Longistrongylus meyer, Tenia hydatigena, Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Griostomum equidentatum, Paracooperia serrata, Impalaia nudicollis, Strongyloides, 13 nematode species (Nematodirus spathiger and Trichostrongylus rugatus most prominant), Bronchonema magna, Longistrongylus curvispiculum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus deflexus, Trichostrongylus pietersei and Trichostrongy/us thomasi as well as intestinal helminths.
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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Although generally a grazer, O. gazella will revert to browsing during droughts or whenever grasses are not available. These animals will also dig up to a meter to find tubers and roots. These, supplemented with wild tsama melons and cucumbers, provide all the water needed to sustain gemsbok (approximately three liters per 100 kg daily).

The dentition is highly adapted to cutting coarse desert grasses short, with high crowned molars and a wide incisor row. Desert dwellers can eat dry grass, but prefer green grasses. Activity at dawn and dusk allow for the consumption of the condensation present on the grasses.

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Top predators of African grasslands are threats to the gemsbok. These include lions, cheetahs, leopards, and spotted hyenas. Even hunting dogs will attack them. Humans occasionally hunt these animals. The primary response to predation is flight, despite impressive weaponry. The young are typically targeted, since attacking the adults involves a risk of puncture wounds. However, it is debatable whether or not fatal stab wounds have ever been inflicted upon a predator, or whether predators show any avoidance of gemsbok in general. Predation may account for the high mortality rate in young. In the northern part of their range, 80% of spotted hyena kills are gemsbok calves.

Known Predators:

  • lions
  • cheetahs
  • leopards
  • spotted hyenas
  • hunting dogs
  • humans
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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gemsbok are large bovids with very thick, muscular necks, covered in dense, inelastic skin. Oryx gazella is the largest of the Oryx species. Gemsbok measure 115 to 125 cm high at the shoulder, and have total body lengths between 180 and 195 cm. Females weigh from 180 to 225 kg, whereas males are slightly larger, weighing between 180 and 240 kg. The slightly curved, ringed horns range from 60 to 150 cm in length. The horns of females are often shorter and more slender than those of males.

Black markings on the face extend down from the base of the horns to above the muzzle, and sweep back in stripes over the eyes and cheeks. Black continues down the neck and around the underbody, forming bands around all four legs. A stripe also runs up the spine, starting at the tip of the tail and ending at a short thick mane of black. There are black markings on the front of all four legs. The lower portion of the legs, muzzle, and underbelly are all white, whereas the body and neck are a gray or tan color. In instances of high productivity grazing, fat deposits under the skin become noticeable.

Inidividuals in northern populations have characteristic black tufts on the ears and are generally darker in color with thinner black markings than are individuals from southern populations.

Gemsbok are able to increase their body temperature to 45 degrees from 35.7 degrees C in order to delay evaporative cooling.

Range mass: 180 to 240 kg.

Range length: 180 to 195 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The average life span is approximately 18 years in the wild, and 20 in captivity.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
18 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
22 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
20.0 years.

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
editor
Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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The range of gemsbok, Oryx gazella, mostly consists of southern east Africa, though formerly the range included South Africa.

Gemsbok have been introduced into Mexico, as well as the southwestern United States.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); ethiopian (Native )

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Gemsbok are found at elevations from 900 to 1,200 meters, in wooded grasslands as well as wetter grasslands. They can survive in areas of low productivity. Gemsbok prefer stony plains with at least limited water access, but can subsist in areas of dunes, rocky mountainous areas, and arid habitats with little seasonal water. Gemsbok also frequent open areas more than areas with increased tree density.

Range elevation: 900 to 1200 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gemsbok are thought to have evolved reduced sexual dimorphism to facilitate longer acceptance of juvenile male presence by the territorial males.

Gemsbok are able to increase their body temperature to 45 degrees from 35.7 degrees C in order to delay evaporative cooling.

The species has been recognized since 1758.

There are seven identified subspecies, but none of them have been formally recognized yet.

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Gemsbok are polygynous. The resident bull of the herd mates with receptive females. Solitary territorial males are known to attempt to herd mixed or nursery herds onto their territories, thereby securing exclusive mating access to the females.

Mating System: polygynous

There is not a specific breeding season for gemsbok, though young within a herd tend to be of similar ages, indicating a reproductive synchrony in females. Females become sexually mature at about 2 years of age, and can conceive almost immediately after an 8.5 month gestation. Gemsbok are classified as "hiders", meaning the young are not seen present with the mother, but are hidden in the general vicinity, with the mother returning to nurse the calf 2 to 3 times each day. The young weigh between 9 and 15 kg at birth. At birth, calves are entirely brown in color. They develop the characteristic markings at about 3.5 months. At this point, the young are weaned. The males disperse and females join the maternal herd about a month after weaning.

Breeding interval: Gemsbok tend to breed every 9 months, and usually with little time between giving birth and becoming pregnant again.

Breeding season: Breeding season is year round, pending water availability.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 8.5 months.

Average weaning age: 3.5 months.

Average time to independence: 4.5 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.5 to 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; post-partum estrous

Average birth mass: 12000 g.

Average gestation period: 270 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Like most ungulates, pregnant gemsbok isolate themselves from the herd before calving. The single neonate is kept concealed, usually within sight of the mother. This hiding behavior continues up to six weeks of age, ending with reconciliation with the herd.

Males are not reported to participate directly in parental care, so the feeding, sheltering, protection, and grooming of the young are all accomplished by the mother. As is the case with most bovids, the young are able to stand shortly after birth, and can move around with the mother as needed.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents

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Sanders, S. 2005. "Oryx gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Sheri Sanders, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The gemsbok is remarkably adapted to its arid environment; particularly noteworthy is its ability to survive without drinking water for most of the year (5). It conserves water within its body by lying in the shade during the hottest part of the day, and restricts activity to early mornings, late afternoons or the cool nights. The gemsbok does not waste precious moisture on panting or sweating, but instead allows its body temperature to rise by a few degrees above normal on hot days (5). Gemsboks are gregarious animals, usually found in herds of up to 30 individuals (2), but occasionally herds of several hundred animals can be encountered as they move to fresh grazing grounds (2). Gemsbok feed primarily on grass but when this is not available they will browse on shrubs, trees and herbs (6). During periods of drought, they obtain moisture from roots and tubers which are dug up with their hooves (6). From the age of five or six, male gemsboks establish territories. These territories are around 25 square kilometres and may be defended for up to three years (2). During this period, the male rounds up herds of females and young gemsbok into his territory to gain sole mating rights with receptive females (2). Single calves are born to females older than two years (5), after a pregnancy of around 264 days (6). The calf remains hidden during the day, but may venture out at night with the mother to a new site. At three to six weeks of age, the calf will join the herd (2). Gemsboks have a lifespan of around twenty years (6).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The gemsbok occurs in many major national parks (6), where it receives protection from the threats of habitat loss and hunting. Therefore, whilst the gemsbok is not considered to yet be threatened with extinction, it is somewhat reliant on the continued enforcement of protected areas, and thus IUCN has classified it as Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent (1).
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The most distinctive features of this heavily built antelope are its long, rapier-shaped horns and striking black and white facial markings (2). The beautiful horns of the gemsbok are sought after as charms in many cultures and were even sold as unicorn horns in medieval England (3). The body is fawn-grey with a black stripe along the side separating the upperparts from the white underparts (2). There are five subspecies of Oryx gazella including the gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella), the beisa oryx (O.g. beisa) and the fringe-eared oryx (O.g. callotis) (4). The gemsbok has a broader black side stripe than the beisa and fringe-eared oryx, and also has more extensive black on its upper legs (2). The fringe-eared oryx can be distinguished from the beisa oryx by the long tufts of hair growing from the tips of the ears, from which it gets its name (2). All subspecies have long, horse-like tails, and whilst both sexes possess the impressive horns, those of the male are shorter and more robust than the female's. Gemsbok calves lack any black body markings (2).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Gemsboks generally occur in semi-arid to arid grasslands and bushlands, but also inhabit light woodland and, in the southern part of its range, sand dunes (2) (5).
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Range ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
O.g. gazella has an extensive distribution in south-west Africa, O.g. beisa has a widespread but fragmented distribution in the Horn of Africa, whilst O.g. callotis has the most limited distribution, in eastern Kenya and north-east Tanzania (2) (4).
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Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). The status of the gemsbok is currently under review for the IUCN Red List 2008. The IUCN Red List currently classifies the gemsbok as one species with five subspecies (as described here); however, current taxonomy suggests it is likely to be two separate species: Oryx gazella and Oryx beisa, with the latter having two subspecies, Oryx beisa beisa and Oryx beisa callotis.
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Threats ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
All subspecies of gemsbok have suffered population and range declines (2). The Beisa oryx and fringe-eared oryx have particularly declined in Somalia, Uganda and Sudan, but are still quite widespread in Ethiopia and pars of Kenya and Tanzania (6) (7). The habitat of the gemsbok continues to be encroached upon by humans and their livestock (1) (6). In addition, gemsboks face the threat of hunting (1), for their meat, hides and horns (3), which has the potential to greatly impact populations due to their slow reproductive rate (4).
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Species Abstract ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

Oryx gazella (common name Gemsbok) is a large antelope distributed in southwestern Africa, whose range has been considerably diminished (a) in the country of South Africa due to human overpopulation, habitat destruction and overhunting; and in (b) southern Angola from destabilizing warfare which occurred in the latter part of the twentieth century when Russia and Cuba sent in large numbers of troops in an attempt to destabilise the region.

This species is well adapted to the harsh arid and semi-arid environments of the region, with morphological dentition features enabling both grazing and browsing, and remarkable thermo-regulatory physiology that prevents dehydration in these environments. The total population of O. gazella is estimated at approximately 370,000 individuals.

Distribution and subspecies

Native distribution includes the majority of Namibia and Botswana, along with vestigial populations in southwest Angola and extreme northwestern South Africa. The range was much more extensive in western South Africa and southern Angola even one century ago. The human population explosion in South Africa, with attendant habitat destruction, overhunting and habitat fragmentation has decimated most of the native population in that country. In Angola, more recent warfare surrounding the Russian financed Cuban mercenaries, with attendant neglect of wildlife conservation in the latter part of the twentieth century has created considerable species decline.

The majority of the native range is populated by O. gazella gazella, the Kalahari gemsbok; however, the Angolan population is generally considered to be the subspecies O. gazella blainei, the Angolan gemsbok.

There are non trivial introduced populations of O. gazella in western Zimbabwe (Wilson & Reeder. 1993) and in the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico in the USA.

Morphology

Oryx gazella is a sizable bovid exhibiting a thick, muscular neck, overlain by dense, inelastic skin. O. gazella is, in fact, the most massive species within the genus Oryx. This antelope stands 1.15 to 1.25 meters high at the shoulder, and presents a tail to nose tip body length of 1.80 and 1.95 meters, with males being slightly larger than females. The female body mass ranges from about 178 to 225 kilograms, while the male body mass is from approximately 180 and 240 kilograms.

Gemsboks have the ability to increase their internal body temperature as high as 45 degrees Celsius, as a mechanism to cope with high environmental temperatures and as a means of coping with evaporative water loss in its arid habitats. Tissues in its large nose present a means of cooling this large animal, by exposing a large area of veined tissue to the surrounding air.

The dentition of O. gazella is well adapted to cropping the short tough desert grasses, with a wide row of incisors and high crowned molars. (Archer & Sanson. 2002)

Habitat

Preferred habitat for this antelope is semi-arid and arid desert, bushveldt and grassland, including harsh environments of the Kalahari and Namib Deserts. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan. 2012) O. gazella may be found on stony plains, sand dunes, rocky slopes and alkaline flats. It may travel considerable distances to drink from springs and visit natural salt deposits or salt licks. The typical altitude range of this species is from approximately 800 to 1300 meters above sea level.

This herbivore chiefly consumes its food by grazing, but during the dry season their palette is broadened to include a greater fraction of browse vegetation such as acacia pods. Adapting to arid environments has involved the ability to consume water rich foods such as bulbs, roots, tubers and tsama melons. (Sponheimer et al. 2003) The subsurface varieties of these foods it acquires by skillful excavation. (SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2008)

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C. Michael Hogan
citação bibliográfica
C.Michael Hogan. 2012. ''Species account for Oryx gazella". Globaltwitcher. ed. N.Stromberg
autor
C. Michael Hogan (cmichaelhogan)
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Gemsbok ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Die gemsbok (Oryx gazella) is 'n groot wildsbok wat in die dor, waterlose gebiede van Afrika aangetref word.

Volwasse gemsbokke het 'n gemiddelde massa van 200 kg en 'n hoogte van ongeveer 120 cm. Die bul het reguit horings wat 'n "V" op sy kop vorm en tot 122 cm lank kan word.

Die koei is telkens 9 maande dragtig, waarna sy aan 'n enkele kalf geboorte gee. Gemsbokke het 'n moontlike lewensduur van 19 jaar.

Sien ook

Bronnelys en verwysings

  • Soogdiere van die Krugerwildtuin en ander Nasionale Parke (1979). Saamgestel deur Die Nasionale Parkeraad. 'n Publikasie van die Raad van Kuratore vir Nasionale Parke van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika. ISBN 0-86953-027-5.
  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Oryx gazella. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 13 November 2008.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Least concern.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 14 Julie 2015.

Fotogalery

Eksterne skakels

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Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Die gemsbok (Oryx gazella) is 'n groot wildsbok wat in die dor, waterlose gebiede van Afrika aangetref word.

Volwasse gemsbokke het 'n gemiddelde massa van 200 kg en 'n hoogte van ongeveer 120 cm. Die bul het reguit horings wat 'n "V" op sy kop vorm en tot 122 cm lank kan word.

Die koei is telkens 9 maande dragtig, waarna sy aan 'n enkele kalf geboorte gee. Gemsbokke het 'n moontlike lewensduur van 19 jaar.

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wikipedia AF

Adi köpgəröküz ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Adi köpgəröküz (lat. Oryx gazella) - köpgəröküz cinsiə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Adi köpgəröküz: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Adi köpgəröküz (lat. Oryx gazella) - köpgəröküz cinsiə aid heyvan növü.

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Jemsbok ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR

Ar jemsbok (Oryx gazella) a zo ur spesad oriks hag a vev en Afrika ar Su.

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Òrix del Cap ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'òrix del Cap (Oryx gazella) és una espècie d'antílop africà de la subfamília dels hipotragins. Viu en ramats d'uns quaranta individus, però en l'estació plujosa se'n reuneixen centenars. En època de sequera, pot passar molts dies sense beure, sobrevivint gràcies a la humitat dels fruits i les arrels. Fa fins a 160 cm de llarg i té una alçada de 120 cm a la creu.

És nadiu de les regions àrides de l'Àfrica Austral, com el desert del Kalahari. Entre 1969 i 1973 fou introduït a White Sands (Nou Mèxic) i actualment n'hi ha aproximadament 3.000 individus.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Òrix del Cap Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Exotic Animal Management (African Oryx)» (en anglès). National Park Service. [Consulta: 29 juliol 2012].


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Òrix del Cap: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'òrix del Cap (Oryx gazella) és una espècie d'antílop africà de la subfamília dels hipotragins. Viu en ramats d'uns quaranta individus, però en l'estació plujosa se'n reuneixen centenars. En època de sequera, pot passar molts dies sense beure, sobrevivint gràcies a la humitat dels fruits i les arrels. Fa fins a 160 cm de llarg i té una alçada de 120 cm a la creu.

És nadiu de les regions àrides de l'Àfrica Austral, com el desert del Kalahari. Entre 1969 i 1973 fou introduït a White Sands (Nou Mèxic) i actualment n'hi ha aproximadament 3.000 individus.

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Přímorožec jihoafrický ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Přímorožec jihoafrický, oryx jihoafrický nebo přímorožec oryx (Oryx gazella) je velká antilopa obývající travnaté oblasti s křovinami a pravé pouště v jihozápadní Africe.

Popis

Přímorožec jihoafrický má šedé tělo s plavým nádechem a kontrastně, černě a bíle, zbarvený obličej, ušní boltce, břicho i nohy. Pod boky má také nápadný černý pruh. V kohoutku je více jak metr vysoký, tělo má dlouhé 1,6-2,4 m a dlouhý, černý ocas 45–90 cm. Je to robustní zvíře, které dosahuje hmotnosti 100, maximálně až 210 kg.

Obě pohlaví mají šedé kroužkované rohy, které jsou u samců významně větší než u samic. Přímorožci jihoafričtí se mnohdy dělí na dvě populace: severní a jižní. Severní přímorožci mají černě lemované a více do špičky tvarované ušní boltce, zato jižní populace je má více zakulacené.

Způsob života

Díky několika adaptacím - zvláště dlouhodobé výdrži bez vody - dokáže přímorožec jihoafrický přežít i v tvrdých podmínkách, které jsou typické pro pravé pouště. Vodu, kterou získává z velké části z potravy, si v těle udržuje zvláště díky schopnosti nepotit se a nedýchat těžce, také trus je velice suchý. Velká odpolední horka také většinou tráví ve stínu stromů. Žije ve stádech tvořených obvykle deseti až čtyřiceti zvířaty: z jednoho dominantního samce, nemnoho nedominantních samců a z několika samic. Jejich stáda můžeme poměrně často spatřit ve společnosti zeber, gazel nebo jiných turovitých sudokopytníků.

 src=
Samice s mládětem, Namibie.

Přímorožec africký se živí téměř vším zeleným porostem rostoucí v jeho přirozeném biotopu. Rád si pochutná i na melounech nebo divokých okurkách.

Podobně jako jiné druhy pouštních antilop se i přímorožci jihoafričtí rozmnožují v obdobích po celý rok, kdy je potrava snadněji a v dostatečném množství dosažitelná. Samice rodí jedno, velice vzácně dvě mláďata po 260-300 dnech březosti. V porostu je skryto následujících 6 týdnů, přičemž ho matka občas navštěvuje a kojí.

Samci jsou proslulí i svou neobvyklou útočností proti svým predátorům, které tvoří zvláště kočkovité šelmy (lvi, levharti), na které často útočí se svými ostrými a nebezpečnými rohy.

Přímorožec jihoafrický v českých zoo

Přímorožec africký se ve světě poměrně často chová v zoologických zahradách. V České republice ho můžeme spatřit v Zoologické zahradě Olomouc, Děčín a Dvůr Králové nad Labem.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Gemsbok na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Přímorožec jihoafrický: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Přímorožec jihoafrický, oryx jihoafrický nebo přímorožec oryx (Oryx gazella) je velká antilopa obývající travnaté oblasti s křovinami a pravé pouště v jihozápadní Africe.

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Gemsbok ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Gemsbokken (Oryx gazella) er et dyr i underfamilien hesteantiloper af skedehornede pattedyr. Den har en skulderhøjde på omkring 1,2 m, er mellem 1,9 og 2,4 m lang og vejer 100-210 kg. Pelsen er lys brunlig-grå med lysere partier bagtil. Halen er lang og sort. En mørk stribe går fra kinden og nedad langs kanten mod halsen, og der er ligeledes en markant mørk stribe nederst langs hver side af kroppen. Benene er hvide med et mørkt område foran. Begge køn har lange, lige horn, der i gennemsnit er 85 cm lange.

Gemsbokken lever naturligt i tørre områder i det sydlige Afrika, som Kalahari-ørkenen. Den er afbildet i Namibias nationalvåben, og er almindeligt forekommende i Namibia. Dyrene lever i flokke på normalt mellem 10-40 individer af begge køn, som anføres af en dominerende han og derudover består af nogle få ikke-dominerende hanner samt hunner. De er ganske hurtige og kan opnå en fart på op til 60 km/t.

Udover det naturlige udbredelsesområde i det sydlige Afrika er gemsbokken udsat i New Mexico i USA, hvor der i perioden 1969-1977 blev udsat 93 dyr, som siden har formeret sig til omkring 3.000 individer. I det naturlige udbredelsesområde estimeres det, at der lever omkring 373.000 gemsbokke.[1]

Referencer

  1. ^ a b "Oryx gazella". IUCN's Rødliste. 2013. Hentet 2015-11-17.

Eksterne henvisninger

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wikipedia DA

Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Gemsbokken (Oryx gazella) er et dyr i underfamilien hesteantiloper af skedehornede pattedyr. Den har en skulderhøjde på omkring 1,2 m, er mellem 1,9 og 2,4 m lang og vejer 100-210 kg. Pelsen er lys brunlig-grå med lysere partier bagtil. Halen er lang og sort. En mørk stribe går fra kinden og nedad langs kanten mod halsen, og der er ligeledes en markant mørk stribe nederst langs hver side af kroppen. Benene er hvide med et mørkt område foran. Begge køn har lange, lige horn, der i gennemsnit er 85 cm lange.

Gemsbokken lever naturligt i tørre områder i det sydlige Afrika, som Kalahari-ørkenen. Den er afbildet i Namibias nationalvåben, og er almindeligt forekommende i Namibia. Dyrene lever i flokke på normalt mellem 10-40 individer af begge køn, som anføres af en dominerende han og derudover består af nogle få ikke-dominerende hanner samt hunner. De er ganske hurtige og kan opnå en fart på op til 60 km/t.

Udover det naturlige udbredelsesområde i det sydlige Afrika er gemsbokken udsat i New Mexico i USA, hvor der i perioden 1969-1977 blev udsat 93 dyr, som siden har formeret sig til omkring 3.000 individer. I det naturlige udbredelsesområde estimeres det, at der lever omkring 373.000 gemsbokke.

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original
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site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Spießbock ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Dieser Artikel behandelt die Antilopenart. Als Spießbock wird auch der Große Eichenbock, eine Insektenart, bezeichnet. Die Weiterleitung Gämsbock steht auch für eine männliche Gämse.

Der Spießbock (Oryx gazella) ist eine im südlichen Afrika beheimatete Groß-Antilope aus der Gattung der Oryxantilopen. Der lokal verbreitete Name der Art, neben Oryx, ist auf Deutsch und in anderen Sprachen Gemsbock[1][2] (selten englisch auch Gemsbuck), in Afrikaans aus dem Deutschen kommend Gemsbok, sowie im deutschsprachigen Raum auch Gämsbock[3]. Der Name leitet sich vom deutschen Gämse (Gemse) aufgrund der Gesichtszeichnung ab.[4] Eine weitere offizielle deutsche Bezeichnung lautet Südafrikanischer Spießbock.[5]

Auf Otjiherero heißt das Tier Onduno, auf Setswana Kukama, auf Khoekhoegowab ǀGaebKlicklaut und auf Oshivambo Osino.[6] Die Bezeichnung Passan ist nicht mehr gebräuchlich.

Merkmale

Mit einer Schulterhöhe von 1,20 Meter ist der Spießbock die größte Art der Oryxantilopen. Beide Geschlechter haben einen starken Hals, lange, scharfe Hörner (bis 1,5 Meter) und einen an einen Pferdeschwanz erinnernden Schweif. Bis auf die Unterseite ist der Spießbock bräunlich-fahl, mit auffälligen schwarzen Markierungen an den Flanken und Flecken an den Oberschenkeln, der Kehle und der Keule. Die schwarz-weiße Gesichtsmaske fällt besonders auf.

Verbreitung

Spießböcke sind in trockenen Gebieten (Wüsten, Halbwüsten) beheimatet, kommen aber auch in der Savanne vor. Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst vor allem Namibia und Botswana sowie das nördliche Südafrika und das westliche Simbabwe. Die Bestände in Ostafrika werden heute als Ostafrikanische Oryx als eigene Art geführt.

Der Bestand wird alleine in Namibia (Stand 2004) auf etwa 388.000 Tiere geschätzt.[7]

Verhalten

Als Nahrung wird Gras bevorzugt, allerdings nehmen sie auch ungiftige Sukkulenten zu sich, graben Wurzeln aus und fressen Wildfrüchte. In Zeiten der Dürre verzehren sie zu 30 % Blätter von Sträuchern und Bäumen und überraschenderweise auch das hochgiftige, wasserhaltige und nährstoffreiche Wolfsmilchgewächs Euphorbia damarana, das dann bis zu 25 Prozent ihres Nahrungsbedarfs deckt. Mögliche negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit der Oryxantilopen sind bisher unbekannt.[8] Obwohl Spießböcke Wasser trinken, sind sie von Oberflächenwasser unabhängig.

Die Weibchen leben in Gruppen von bis zu 40 Tieren. Dagegen sind die Männchen Einzelgänger. Sie verteidigen ein Revier und verteidigen alle Weibchen, die sich gerade in ihrem Territorium befinden. Kämpfe zwischen rivalisierenden Männchen laufen über ritualisierte Gesten ab und fast niemals ernsthaft, da sich die Antilopen mit den spitzen Hörnern sonst schwer verletzen könnten.

Spießböcke und Menschen

Der Spießbock steht als Synonym für Zähigkeit und Bedürfnislosigkeit und ist deshalb auch das Wappentier Namibias und auch in Wappen verschiedener anderer Regionen im südlichen Afrika, etwa der Provinz Nordkap, zu finden. Die Einheimischen haben diese Antilopen von jeher gejagt. Sie verarbeiteten ihre Haut zu Leder und nutzten die Hörner als Speerspitzen. Verglichen mit anderen Oryxantilopen wie zum Beispiel dem Arabischen Oryx ist der Spießbock noch häufig anzutreffen; Schätzungen gehen von 373.000 Tieren aus. Eine vom Menschen eingeführte, halbwilde Population lebt im südlichen New Mexico.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Top 10 Trophies. Namibia Professional Hunting Association. Abgerufen am 17. Juni 2019
  2. Gemsbock. Canadian Museum of Nature. Abgerufen am 17. Juni 2019
  3. gems·bok. The American Heritage Dictionary. Abgerufen am 17. Juni 2019.
  4. Definition of 'gemsbok'. Collins Dictionary. Abgerufen am 17. Juni 2019.
  5. Oryx gazella. Namibia Biodiversity Database. Abgerufen am 17. Juni 2019.
  6. Oryx gazella. Namibia Biodiversity Database. Abgerufen am 14. März 2019.
  7. DEA RESEARCH DISCUSSION PAPER, Number 79, June 2009, Wildlife resource accounts for Namibia (Memento vom 1. Februar 2016 im Webarchiv archive.today)
  8. David Lehmann, John Kazgeba Elijah Mfune, Erick Gewers, Johann Cloete, Conrad Brain, Christian Claus Voigt: Dietary Plasticity of Generalist and Specialist Ungulates in the Namibian Desert: A Stable Isotopes Approach. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72190. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072190
ǀ ǁ ǂ ʘ !
Dieser Artikel enthält Schriftzeichen aus dem Alphabet der im südlichen Afrika gesprochenen Khoisansprachen. Die Darstellung enthält Zeichen der Klicklautbuchstaben ǀ, ǁ, ǂ, ʘ und ǃ. Nähere Informationen zur Aussprache langer oder nasaler Vokale oder bestimmter Klicklaute finden sich beispielsweise unter Khoekhoegowab.
 title=
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Spießbock: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Dieser Artikel behandelt die Antilopenart. Als Spießbock wird auch der Große Eichenbock, eine Insektenart, bezeichnet. Die Weiterleitung Gämsbock steht auch für eine männliche Gämse.  src= Wappen Namibias

Der Spießbock (Oryx gazella) ist eine im südlichen Afrika beheimatete Groß-Antilope aus der Gattung der Oryxantilopen. Der lokal verbreitete Name der Art, neben Oryx, ist auf Deutsch und in anderen Sprachen Gemsbock (selten englisch auch Gemsbuck), in Afrikaans aus dem Deutschen kommend Gemsbok, sowie im deutschsprachigen Raum auch Gämsbock. Der Name leitet sich vom deutschen Gämse (Gemse) aufgrund der Gesichtszeichnung ab. Eine weitere offizielle deutsche Bezeichnung lautet Südafrikanischer Spießbock.

Auf Otjiherero heißt das Tier Onduno, auf Setswana Kukama, auf Khoekhoegowab ǀGaeb und auf Oshivambo Osino. Die Bezeichnung Passan ist nicht mehr gebräuchlich.

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wikipedia DE

Gemsbok ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

The gemsbok or gemsbuck (Oryx gazella) is a lairge antelope in the Oryx genus. It is native tae the arid regions o Soothren Africae, such as the Kalahari Desert. Some authorities umwhile includit the East African oryx as a subspecies. The current gemsbok population in Sooth Africae is estimatit at 373,000 specimens.[3]

References

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oryx gazella". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2008. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur. Retrieved 13 November 2008.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Least concern.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. "Archived copy". Archived frae the oreeginal on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-27. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as teetle (link). Dounlaidit on 14 Julie 2015.
  3. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15573/0
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Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

The gemsbok or gemsbuck (Oryx gazella) is a lairge antelope in the Oryx genus. It is native tae the arid regions o Soothren Africae, such as the Kalahari Desert. Some authorities umwhile includit the East African oryx as a subspecies. The current gemsbok population in Sooth Africae is estimatit at 373,000 specimens.

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Орикс антилопа ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Орикс антилопа

Орикс антилопа (латински: Oryx gazella) е голема антилопа со различна боја, а живее во суви тревни полиња, грмушки и во вистинските пустини во Африка. Таа е прилагодена за заштеда на вода: не дише и не се поти додека температурата на телото не надмине 45°C; бубрезите произведуваат висока концентрација урина, а изметот е многу сув. Најраспространета е во југозападна Африка.

Исхрана

Главниот дел од исхрана на антилопите орикс се состои од треви и ниски грмушки, како и диви краставици, дињи и слично, растенија со голема количина на вода. Како и многу други пустински видови, се храни во текот на целата година опортунистички (со целата достапна храна).

Орикс може да издржи без вода и до еден месец. Потреба му е храна што е полна со минерали.

Организација

Номадското стадo брои до 25 животни, кои се состојат од женски, младенчиња и неколку мажјаци .

Бременост и младенчиња

Женките орикс раѓаат младенчиња еднаш годишно, во пролет.

По 260 до 300 дена, женката раѓа едно младенче (ретко две), кое 6 недели останува скриено во близина на стадото, а мајката повремено доаѓа да го дои.

Борба за опстанок

Во топли области, антилопите орикс преживуваат така што пасат во текот на постудениот дел од денот, претежно во самрак или во текот на ноќта. Нивнате специјални бели влакна ги одбиваат сончевите зраци и топлината дури и до 60 степени целзиусови. Од 10 до 14 часот или 15 часот се собираат во сенка. За многу видови антилопи, присуството на толку многу животни во мала област би предизвикало доминација или парови . Меѓутоа, за преживување во суровото живеалиште, тоа не се случува кај антилопите орикс.

Загрозување

Поради нивните големи рогови, орикс антилопите биле популарни во 20 век. Немилосрдните ловци во Саудиска Арабија убиваle сè повеќе Орикс, на крајот ги довеле до работ на загрозување. Во Арабија биле изброени 65 , од кои само 4 се женки. Тогаш започнала операцијата Орикс во Азија и Јужна Америка. Состојбата на популацијата на орикс била алармантна и ова ги загрижило зоолозите. Во пустинската област каде што живеле Ориксите, ловците биле поставени во широк круг. Тоа требало да го реши проблемот со ловокрадците, но не успеало. Голема група ловокрадци успеале незабележано да го пробијат заштитниот круг, а популацијата на орикс повторно се намалила. Тогаш зоолозите сфатиле дека мора да ги преместат орексите во помали резерви, каде би имале поголема заштита. Сè изгледало совршено; тие имале сигурно место за живеење, без природни непријатели и многу храна и сенка. Но, проблемот бил во тоа што ориксите не јаделе растенија со голема количина минерали, што им беа потребни. Луѓето во резерватот не можеле да им го овозможат тоа. Наскоро, популацијата на орикс се зголемила и тие биле вратени во нивните природни живеалишта. Во тоа време имало повеќе од 300, но тие сепак оделе во одделни стада (10-25 члена) каде можеле да се опуштат во сенка и во мир. Ориксите сè уште се на списокот со загрозени видови, бидејќи секогаш постои опасност повторно да се намалат нивните броеви. Но, засега, тие се безбедни.

Извори

Литература

  • Животни: Книга за млади во Белград; уредник: Јелка Јовановиќ; тираж од 7.000 примероци; Белград 2007 година
  • Политикин Забавник : Ослободете 1.5.2010 година. година. (бр.3037)
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Орикс антилопа: Brief Summary ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Орикс антилопа

Орикс антилопа (латински: Oryx gazella) е голема антилопа со различна боја, а живее во суви тревни полиња, грмушки и во вистинските пустини во Африка. Таа е прилагодена за заштеда на вода: не дише и не се поти додека температурата на телото не надмине 45°C; бубрезите произведуваат висока концентрација урина, а изметот е многу сув. Најраспространета е во југозападна Африка.

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Gemsbok ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The gemsbok or South African oryx (Oryx gazella) is a large antelope in the genus Oryx. It is native to the extremely dry, arid regions of Southern Africa; notably, the Kalahari and Namib Desert. Some authorities formerly classified the East African oryx (Oryx beisa) as a subspecies.

Name

The name gemsbok is from Afrikaans, which itself is from the Dutch word of the same spelling, meaning "male chamois", composed of gems (“chamois”) + bok (“buck, male goat”).[4] The Dutch gems is further from German Gämse ("chamois").[5] Although some superficial similarities in appearance (especially in the facial pattern) are noticed, the chamois and the oryx are not closely related. The usual pronunciation in English is /ˈɡɛmzbɒk/.[6]

Description

Gemsbok are light taupe to tan in color, with lighter patches toward the bottom rear of the rump. Their tails are long and black in color. A blackish stripe extends from the chin down the lower edge of the neck, through the juncture of the shoulder and leg along the lower flank of each side to the blackish section of the rear leg. They have muscular necks and shoulders, and their legs have white 'socks' with a black patch on the front of both the front legs, and both sexes have long, straight horns. Comparably, the East African oryx lacks a dark patch at the base of the tail, has less black on the legs (none on the hindlegs), and less black on the lower flanks. One very rare color morph is the "golden oryx", in which the gemsbok's black markings are muted and appear to be golden.

Gemsbok are the largest species in the genus Oryx. They stand about 1.2 m (4 ft) at the shoulder.[7][8] The body length can vary from 190 to 240 cm (75 to 94 in) and the tail measures 45 to 90 cm (18 to 35 in).[9] Male gemsbok can weigh between 180 and 240 kg (400 and 530 lb), while females weigh 100–210 kg (220–460 lb).

Horns

Gemsbok are widely hunted for their spectacular horns that average 85 cm (33 in) in length. From a distance, the only outward difference between males and females is their horns, and many hunters mistake females for males each year. In males horns tend to be thicker with larger bases. Females have slightly longer, thinner horns.

Female gemsbok use their horns to defend themselves and their offspring from predators, while males primarily use their horns to defend their territories from other males.[10]

Gemsbok are one of the few antelope species where female trophies are sometimes more desirable than male ones. A gemsbok horn can be fashioned into a natural trumpet and, according to some authorities, can be used as a shofar.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Gemsbok are found in arid and semi-arid bushlands in southwestern Africa, especially around the Namib and Kalahari deserts, in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa and formerly Angola (where they are considered extirpated).[1]

Drinking with a group of helmeted guineafowl in the foreground

Ecology and biology

Gemsbok live in herds of about 10–40 animals, which consist of a dominant male, a few nondominant males, and females. They are mainly desert-dwelling and do not depend on drinking water to supply their physiological needs. They can reach running speeds of up to 60 km/h (37 mph). Gemsbok are mostly crepuscular in nature, since temperatures are tolerable and predator detection rates are highest during these times.

Diet

The gemsbok is generally a grazer but changes to browsing during the dry season or when grass is sparse. It may dig up to a meter deep to find roots and tubers, supplementing its water intake by eating wild tsamma melons and cucumbers, which can provide all the water required (3 liters per 100 kg bodyweight and day).[12]

Reproduction

Three-day-old fawn
Oryx at Sesriem entrance in Namib Desert
Mother and calf at the Buffalo Zoo

The gemsbok is polygynous, with one resident male mating with the receptive females in the herd. The male is known to secure exclusive mating access to the females by attempting to herd mixed or nursery herds onto his territory. The gemsbok has no specified breeding season, but the young in a given herd tend to be of a similar age due to reproductive synchrony between females. Pregnant females leave the herd before giving birth. The gestation period lasts 270 days and mothers give birth to 1–2 offspring. The calf remains hidden 6 weeks after birth, after which mother and calf rejoin the herd. The calf is weaned at 3+12 months, becomes independent at 4+12 months, and achieves sexual maturity at 1+12–2 years in both sexes.[12]

Buck on the Jornada del Muerto trail north of Upham, New Mexico, USA

Introduction to North America

In 1969, the New Mexico State Department of Game and Fish decided to introduce gemsbok to the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico, in the United States.[13] Ninety-three were released from 1969 to 1977, with the current population estimated to be around 3,000 individuals.[14] Gradually expanding their range from Tularosa Basin towards the west and northwest, an unknown number of animals are now also established in the San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, the Jornada Biosphere Reserve as well as the endorheic drainage basins east of Caballo Mountains, especially where these are traversed by the Jornada del Muerto trail north of Upham.

Potential invasive status

The inherent biology of gemsbok makes them a potential invasive species in New Mexico. As they are capable of year-round breeding, the transplanted population thrives in the presence of absence of their natural predators, such as the lion (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and leopard (Panthera pardus). Except for calves, the oryx is too large to be preyed on by the coyote (Canis latrans) and most other major American desert carnivores, since the jaguar (Panthera onca) is mostly extirpated from the state, and the reintroduced Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is too low in population numbers (and all known Mexican wolf populations are over 100 miles away). The species is therefore primarily managed by regulated hunting.[15][16] However, the only North American predator that regularly takes gemsbok is the cougar (Puma concolor); for only one individual, 29 gemsbok were hunted, with the species making up 58% of recorded kills (most consisting of newborns, but some adults were also shown to have been killed).[17]

Additionally, New Mexico gemsbok seem to prefer undisturbed grasslands for feeding, putting pressure on grassland ecosystems already threatened by climate change and encroachment by shrubs. This fact, along with their larger size and potentially dangerous horns, may cause them to outcompete with and/or put pressure on not only local livestock operations, but native desert herbivores, such as the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). In addition, gemsbok may spread disease to fellow bovids like the desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni).[17]

Significance to humans

The gemsbok is depicted on the coat of arms of Namibia,[18] where the current population of the species is estimated at 373,000 individuals.[1] In the town of Oranjemund, resident gemsbok wander freely around the streets, taking advantage of the vegetation in the town, such as the grass in parks, road medians, and browsing on low branches of the many trees.

References

  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020). "Oryx gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15573A166485425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15573A166485425.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0".
  3. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-27.. Downloaded on 14 July 2015.
  4. ^ "Gemsbok, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 25 February 2019.
  5. ^ "Zoekresultaten". etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  6. ^ Dictionary.com: "Gemsbok". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  7. ^ Oryx Gemsbok. Zoo la Boissière-du-Doré
  8. ^ Oryx gemsbok – Fiche détaillée – Les mammifères. Tous vos animaux. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  9. ^ Gemsbok videos, photos and facts – Oryx gazella Archived 2012-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. ARKive. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  10. ^ Matign System. bio.davidson.edu
  11. ^ Hearing Shofar: Making a Gemsbok Shofar. Hearingshofar.blogspot.com (2010-01-01). Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  12. ^ a b Sanders, S. "Oryx gazella". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web.
  13. ^ CHAPTER SIX: A BRAVE NEW WORLD: WHITE SANDS AND THE CLOSE OF THE 20th CENTURY, 1970–1994. US National Park Service. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  14. ^ Bender, Louis; Morrow, Patrick; Weisenberger, Mara; Krueger, Bryce (2019). "Population Dynamics and Control of Exotic South African Oryx in the Chihuahuan Desert, South-central New Mexico". Human–Wildlife Interactions. 13 (1): 158–166. doi:10.26076/dbdm-9c32.
  15. ^ Exotic Animal Management (African Oryx). US National Park Service. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  16. ^ "San Andres NWR Oryx Population Reduction webpage". Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  17. ^ a b Kobilinsky, Dana (9 March 2023). "Rising oryx numbers may distress New Mexico ecosystem". The Wildlife Society. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  18. ^ "National Symbols". gov.na. Government of Namibia. Retrieved 2015-05-09.

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Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The gemsbok or South African oryx (Oryx gazella) is a large antelope in the genus Oryx. It is native to the extremely dry, arid regions of Southern Africa; notably, the Kalahari and Namib Desert. Some authorities formerly classified the East African oryx (Oryx beisa) as a subspecies.

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Oriks-antilopo ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La oriks-antilopojoriksoj (Oryx gazella) estas afrika remaĉulo, apartenanta al ordo parhufuloj (Artiodactyla), al familio bovedoj (Bovidae). Ĝi vivas sur savanoj de sudorienta Afriko, pli malfrue ĝi vivis ankaŭ en suda parto de la kontinento. Oni enportis la specion en Meksikon kaj en sudan parton de Usono, kie ili tiel plimultiĝis, ke ili damaĝas per sia paŝtado en la loka ekosistemo. Oni distingas sep subspeciojn, sed oni ne rekonas tiujn.

Disvastiĝo

Tiu afrotropisa antilopo vivas en Angolo, Bocvano, Namibio, Sud-Afriko kaj Zimbabvo. Se oni konsideras la arabanbejzon (Oryx leucoryx) ties subspecion, tiukaze ĝi vivas eĉ en Orienta Afriko.

Aspekto

La oriks-antilopo estas plej granda specio en sia genro. Ĝia kolo estas muskola, la haŭto estas dika kaj dura. La vango estas blanka kun nugra masko. La dorso, postaĵo kaj la flanko estas baze grizbruna, la ventro estas blanka, la du kolorojn dividas po unu horizontala nigra strio en ambaŭ flankoj, kiu etendiĝas eĉ sur la gambojn. De tio suben la kruroj estas blankaj. Ĝia vosto estas nigra.

La virbestoj estas pligrandaj ol la inoj, krom tio ili tre similas. Ili postkola alto estas 115–125 cm, la tuta korpolongo 180–195 cm. Ĝia maso estas 180–225 kg (ĉe maskloj eĉ 240). La ringaj, nigraj kavkornoj milde kurbiĝas, longas 60–150 cm. La maskloj havas ĝenerale pli mallongajn kaj maldikajn kavkornojn ol la virbestoj.

Konduto

La oriks-antilopoj ŝatas la larĝaspektajn herbajn savanojn. Ili vivas en aro kaj daŭre migras inter la paŝtejoj, vorante herbojn. Ili bone toleras la varmegon, kun limigita akvobezono. Ili kapablas toleri eĉ 10 celsius-gradan altiĝon de la korpotemperaturo kaj tiam malpliiĝas eĉ la korpa elvaporiĝo.

La oriks-grupoj konsistas ĝenerale el 14 bestoj, malofte 50 – eĉ 200 okaze de nutraĵ-abundo - oriksoj paŝtas kune. En la pli grandaj gregoj, plinombras la jam naskitaj femaloj (sed kunestas ankaŭ viroriksoj), dum la pli malgrandajn grupojn karakterizas la seksa unueco: ili konsistas aŭ el junaj maskloj aŭ el femaloj kaj ties inaj idoj.

La miksaj gregoj montras hierarĥion, kun dominanta masklo, kiun sekvas en la hierarĥio dominanta femalo. La dominanta masklo plej ofte sekvas la gregon kaj kunpelas la postrestintojn. Okaze de pli granda grego, malofte aperas ankaŭ t.n. beta-masklo, kiu sekvas en la hierarĥio la dominantan masklon.

Reproduktado

 src=
Novnaskita oriks-antilopa ido

La reproduktado de oriks-antilopoj ne sekvas la sezonon. La dominantaj maskloj iam ajn povas kopuli kun la seks-ardaj, seksmaturaj femaloj. La femaloj seksmaturiĝas je la dua jaraĝo kaj ene de 8,5 monatoj naskas la idon. La idoj pezas ĉe naskiĝo 9-15 kilogramojn kaj estas tute brunaj. Dum ses semajnoj, la idoj restas en kaŝita loko kaj ne sekvas la patrinon, kiu revenas 2-3-foje en tago por suĉnutri ilin. La disiĝo okazas en la aĝo de 3,5 monatoj, kiam la idoj jam pompas en plenkreskaj koloroj. La junaj maskloj tiam forlasas la grupon, dum la inaj idoj restas kun la patrino kaj la grupo.

La junaj oriks-antilopoj estas ŝatataj predoj de rabobestoj: leonoj, leopardoj, gepardoj kaj makulaj hienoj. Interese estas, ke la plenkreskaj oriksoj neniam uzas la kornojn por defendado, ili ĉiam fuĝas.

Protektiteco

 src=
Oriks-antilopo kaj stria gnuo dum paŝtado, en la Pekina Zooĝardeno

Sur la mondo vivas ĉ. 275 000 oriks-antilopoj, tiel ĝi estas ĉasebla besto.

La indiĝenoj ĉasis/ĉasas ĝin ne ĉefe por la viando, sed por la dika haŭto (pelto) kaj la pika korno, ĉar oni povas pretigi el tiuj elstarajn ŝildojn, lancojn. Ĝi estas ŝatata por la pagantaj ĉasistoj pro la enorma trofeo.

Simbolo

La oriks-antilopo simbolas persistemon kaj malluksemon, la pretecon konfronti vivon en la dezerto. Ĝi estas la blazona besto de Namibio kaj krome troviĝas en la blazonoj de aliaj regionoj en suda Afriko, ekzemple provinco Norda Kablando.

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Oriks-antilopo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La oriks-antilopoj aŭ oriksoj (Oryx gazella) estas afrika remaĉulo, apartenanta al ordo parhufuloj (Artiodactyla), al familio bovedoj (Bovidae). Ĝi vivas sur savanoj de sudorienta Afriko, pli malfrue ĝi vivis ankaŭ en suda parto de la kontinento. Oni enportis la specion en Meksikon kaj en sudan parton de Usono, kie ili tiel plimultiĝis, ke ili damaĝas per sia paŝtado en la loka ekosistemo. Oni distingas sep subspeciojn, sed oni ne rekonas tiujn.

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Oryx gazella ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El órice del Cabo (Oryx gazella), también conocido como órix del Cabo, gacela órice, pasán o gemsbok, es una especie de antílope africano de la subfamilia Hippotraginae. Vive en manadas de hasta 40 individuos, pero en la estación lluviosa se reúnen cientos. En época de sequía puede pasar muchos días sin beber, sobreviviendo de la humedad de los frutos y raíces. Mide hasta 1,6 metros de largo y la altura hasta la cruz llega a 1,2 metros.

Descripción

Es de color marrón, gris claro y tostado, con grupos de manchas claras en la parte inferior trasera. Su cola es larga y de color negro. Una franja marrón oscuro se extiende desde la barbilla hacia abajo, hasta el borde inferior del cuello, a través de la unión del hombro y la pierna en el flanco inferior de cada lado. Poseen cuello y hombros musculosos con patas blancas «medias» con un parche negro en la parte frontal de ambas patas delanteras. Ambos sexos tienen cuernos largos rectos. Posee una altura en la cruz de alrededor de 1,4 metros; los machos pueden pesar entre 230 y 250 kilogramos, mientras que las hembras pesan entre 200 y 210 kilogramos. Pueden alcanzar velocidades de arranque de hasta 56 kilómetros por hora.

Vive en manadas de alrededor de 10 a 40 animales, que consisten en un macho dominante, o pocos machos dominantes, y muchas hembras.

Cuernos

Los órices del Cabo son cazados ampliamente en África por sus espectaculares cuernos, que en promedio miden 85 centímetros (33 pulgadas) de longitud. Estos cuernos son perfectamente rectos en los machos y se extienden desde la base del cráneo con un ligero ángulo hacia fuera y hacia atrás. Las hembras tienen cuernos más delgados que tienen una ligera curva hacia fuera y hacia atrás con cierto ángulo. La única diferencia exterior entre machos y hembras son sus cuernos. Muchos cazadores de hembras matan machos por error. Es una de las pocas especies de antílope en que los trofeos de las hembras son a veces más deseables que los masculinos. Un cuerno de órice se puede transformar en una trompeta natural y, según algunos autores, puede ser utilizado como un shofar.

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Oryx gazella». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de octubre de 2010.

 title=
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Oryx gazella: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El órice del Cabo (Oryx gazella), también conocido como órix del Cabo, gacela órice, pasán o gemsbok, es una especie de antílope africano de la subfamilia Hippotraginae. Vive en manadas de hasta 40 individuos, pero en la estación lluviosa se reúnen cientos. En época de sequía puede pasar muchos días sin beber, sobreviviendo de la humedad de los frutos y raíces. Mide hasta 1,6 metros de largo y la altura hasta la cruz llega a 1,2 metros.

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Orix arrunt ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Orix arrunt edo gemsbok orix (Oryx gazella) Oryx generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Hippotraginae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Hegoaldeko Afrikako basamortuetan (Kalaharin esaterako) bizi da.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Linnaeus (1758) 1 Syst. Nat. 69. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Orix arrunt: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Orix arrunt edo gemsbok orix (Oryx gazella) Oryx generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Hippotraginae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Hegoaldeko Afrikako basamortuetan (Kalaharin esaterako) bizi da.

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Beisa ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI
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Tarkennus: Lajit pitäisi varmaan erottaa. IUCN:kin tekee niin.

Beisa eli keihäsantilooppi (Oryx gazella) on Afrikassa elävä suurisarvinen antilooppi. Beisa on yleisin keihäsantilooppilaji. Nykyään on alettu erottaa eteläisessä ja itäisessä Afrikassa elävät beisat eri lajeiksi. Tässä jaottelussa eteläisen lajin tieteellinen nimi on Oryx gazella[2] ja itäisen Oryx beisa[3]. Tämä artikkeli käsittelee beisoja yhtenä lajina.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Amnh fg02.jpg

Beisat ovat 180–195 sentin pituisia ja 180–240 kilon painoisia. Beisalla on jopa 150-senttiset suipot sarvet. Ruumis on lihaksikas ja paksun kaulan päällä on harja. Korvat ovat leveät ja kärjestä pyöristyneet. Beisan häntä on pitkä ja se päättyy mustaan karvatupsuun. Beisan ruumiin väri vaihtelee ruskeankeltaisesta ruskeaan. Naama on mustan ja valkoisen kirjava. Selässä ja hieman vatsan yläpuolella on musta viiva. Vatsa on valkoinen. Melko hoikissa jaloissa vuorottelee musta ja valkoinen.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Beisoja elää etelässä Namibiassa, Botswanassa ja Etelä-Afrikassa. Itä-Afrikassa beisoja tavataan Somaliassa, Etiopiassa, Keniassa ja Tansaniassa. On epäselvää ovatko Itä-Afrikan, ja Eteläisen Afrikan kannat eri lajia. Beisat elävät aavikoilla, puoliaavikoilla sekä kuivilla ja avoimilla savanneilla. Beisa ei ole välittömässä vaarassa.

Elintavat

Beisat elävät tyypillisesti korkeintaan 20 yksilön laumoissa. Sadekautena ne voivat kokoontua hyville ruokamaille jopa satojen yksilöiden laumoiksi. Lauma koostuu yleensä hallitsevasta naaraasta, useista muista aikuisista naaraista ja niiden poikasista. Laumassa on myös yksi hallitseva uros. Johtajanaaras johtaa laumaa hyville ruokamaille ja uros seuraa lauman hännillä. Useimmat urokset elävät yksin. Ne perustavat oman reviirin ja yrittävät paritella sinne tulleiden naaraiden kanssa. Koiraat kisailevat usein keskenään sarvilla kalistellen parantaakseen asemaansa. Beisat haavoittuvat melko harvoin pahasti otteluissaan, vaikka sarvet voisivat tehdä pahaa jälkeä. Hävinnyt alistuu painamalla päänsä alas, asettaa sarvensa pitkin niskaa, kävelee kyyryssä ja heiluttaa häntäänsä.

Ravinto

Oryx Gazella Namibia(2).jpg

Beisat syövät mieluiten heinää, mutta ne syövät myös muita ruohovartisia kasveja sekä lehtiä ja silmuja. Vaikka beisan tarvitsee juoda vain harvoin, se juo aina tilaisuuden tullen. Beisa löytää tarkasti paikat missä on satanut. Ne myös kaivavat vettä kuivuneista joenuomista, kun sitä ei muuten ole tarjolla. Ne saavat vettä myös mukuloista, juurista, hedelmistä ja muista vetisistä kasveista.

Lisääntyminen

Beisat lisääntyvät ympäri vuoden. Hallitseva uros puolustaa keräämäänsä naarashaaremia muilta uroksilta. Koiras paimentaa voittamansa naaraslaumat alueelleen ja parittelee kiimassa olevien naaraiden kanssa. Naaras kantaa poikasta 8,5 kuukautta ja synnytyksen lähestyessä se erkanee laumasta. Naaras pysyy vasan kanssa kuusi viikkoa ennen kuin se palaa laumaan. Vasan väri sulautuu hyvin ruskeaan heinikkoon. Emo imettää poikasta 14 viikkoa jonka jälkeen se on valmis huolehtimaan itsestään. Naaraspuoliset poikaset jäävät synnyinlaumaansa, urokset lähtevät omille teilleen. Naaraat tulevat sukukypsiksi noin kolmevuotiaina, koiraat viisivuotiaina.

Lähteet

  • Lahti, S., Lahti, T. & Raasmaja, A. (toim.): Zoo Suuri eläinkirja 2: Nisäkkäät. WSOY, 1978. ISBN 951-0-08247-3.

Viitteet

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group: Oryx gazella IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 27.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. [1]
  3. [2]
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Beisa: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Beisa eli keihäsantilooppi (Oryx gazella) on Afrikassa elävä suurisarvinen antilooppi. Beisa on yleisin keihäsantilooppilaji. Nykyään on alettu erottaa eteläisessä ja itäisessä Afrikassa elävät beisat eri lajeiksi. Tässä jaottelussa eteläisen lajin tieteellinen nimi on Oryx gazella ja itäisen Oryx beisa. Tämä artikkeli käsittelee beisoja yhtenä lajina.

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Oryx gazelle ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Oryx gazella

L'oryx gazelle ou gemsbok (Oryx gazella) est une espèce de bovidé souvent considérée comme une antilope, bien qu'elle ne soit pas de la sous-famille des Antilopinae, mais de celle des Hippotraginae. On la trouve des dunes désertiques de la Namibie aux savanes arides du désert du Kalahari. Le nom oryx gazelle vient de la beauté de son pelage ; l'animal a de grands traits noirs sur ses flancs, ses pattes et sa tête claire, celle-ci paraissant maquillée. Il est très commun par rapport aux autres espèces d'oryx comme l'oryx algazelle, éteint à l'état sauvage. Comme le gnou, l'oryx gemsbok peut être doré.

Physiologie

  • Longueur du corps : 1,60 à 1,90 m
  • Longueur de la queue : 45 à 90 cm
  • Hauteur au garrot : 1,10 à 1,25 m[1]
  • Poids adulte mâle : 170 à 240 kg (200 en moyenne)
  • Poids adulte femelle : 120 à 190 kg[2] (150 en moyenne)
  • Longueur des cornes : environ 85 cm
  • Maturité sexuelle : femelle : 1,5 à 2 ans ; mâle : 1,5 à 2 ans
  • Gestation : 9 à 10 mois
  • Nombre de jeunes / portée : 1
  • Nombre de portées / an : la femelle peut se reproduire toute l'année
  • Vitesse de pointe : 65 km/h
  • Longévité :
    • Libre : 15 ans
    • Captif : 24 ans
  • Cri : généralement silencieux, mais il peut émettre de puissants grognements d’alarme
 src=
Oryx gazella au parc national d'Etosha (Namibie).

La température interne de l'oryx gazelle peut atteindre 45 °C. Il a toutefois un système de thermorégulation lui permettant de garder sa température faciale à 38 °C s'il le faut. Au lieu de gaspiller l’eau de son corps en transpiration et halètements, il laisse sa température corporelle monter de quelques degrés au-dessus de la normale quand il fait très chaud. La nuit, il rejette la chaleur accumulée. Il est l'archétype même de l'animal qui s'est adapté au désert.

Sa résistance est essentiellement due à sa capacité à se passer d’eau pendant presque toute l’année. Pour un animal de cette taille, son métabolisme corporel est moins élevé que la normale, ce qui signifie que ses besoins en nourriture et en eau sont moindres. En outre, son comportement est orienté vers l’économie d’énergie et d’eau. Plutôt que de s’exposer en pleine chaleur, il s’allonge à l’ombre d’un arbre, ou, lorsqu’il ne trouve pas d’ombre, se place de façon à présenter le moins possible son corps au soleil. Il n'est actif qu’à la fraîcheur de la nuit, au petit matin ou en fin d’après midi.

 src=
Oryx gazelle mâle.

Le dimorphisme sexuel s'exprime au niveau des cornes des oryx. Celles des mâles sont plus sabrées et plus écartées, alors que celles des femelles sont proches et droites.

Répartition géographique

Habitat

Déserts, semi-déserts (zone de sable aride mais avec des arbres, des buissons, des plantes et de l'herbes), steppes, zones rocheuses, dunes de sables s’élevant jusqu'à 1 200 mètres d'altitude.

Régime alimentaire

Ruminant, herbivore, il se nourrit de diverses graminées, des melons tsama, des tubercules et des racines car cela qui lui permet de compléter son apport en eau.

Comportement

Ils sont assez craintifs et vivent en troupeau de 6 à 12 individus, parfois 30 ou 40. Les troupeaux ne sont constitués que de femelles et de leurs petits. Les jeunes mâles vivent à l'écart. Ces groupes sont nomades en fonction de l'évolution annuelle des ressources alimentaires. Seuls les mâles dominant sont peu ou prou sédentaires. Les recherches conduites au Kalahari, révèlent que l’oryx gemsbok est relativement sédentaire, occupant des domaines assez réduits, d’environ 50 km² pour les mâles et 1 000 km² pour les femelles. On reconnaît tout de suite l’oryx gazelle aux dessins blancs et noirs qui ornent sa tête. Les scientifiques pensent que ces dessins aident les animaux à communiquer. Ils n’auraient pas le même sens lorsque l’oryx marche ou court, lorsqu’il lève ou baisse la tête. Selon les circonstances, ils constitueraient un signal d’alarme ou de reconnaissance entre les membres du troupeau.

Prédateurs

Ses prédateurs sont les lions, et les hyènes, les lycaons, les léopards et les guépards s'attaquent aux jeunes. Pour se défendre, il abaisse ses cornes parallèlement au sol puis bondit en avant avec une grande précision. Il détient la réputation d'être la seule antilope capable de tuer les lions et des léopards, en effet plusieurs de ces félins ont été retrouvés morts après s'être faits encorner par les cornes de l'oryx. Mais généralement, il préfère prendre la fuite, pouvant courir très rapidement.

Statut

Sa population est stable, elle est de 373 000 individus d'après la liste rouge de l'UICN[3]. L’oryx gemsbok n’a survécu que grâce aux réserves protégées, notamment celles du désert du Namib,dans le Kalahari entre autres, dans la réserve de Sanbona dans le petit Karoo. Chassé à outrance, l’espèce a bien failli disparaître.

Galerie d'images

Références

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Oryx gazelle: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Oryx gazella

L'oryx gazelle ou gemsbok (Oryx gazella) est une espèce de bovidé souvent considérée comme une antilope, bien qu'elle ne soit pas de la sous-famille des Antilopinae, mais de celle des Hippotraginae. On la trouve des dunes désertiques de la Namibie aux savanes arides du désert du Kalahari. Le nom oryx gazelle vient de la beauté de son pelage ; l'animal a de grands traits noirs sur ses flancs, ses pattes et sa tête claire, celle-ci paraissant maquillée. Il est très commun par rapport aux autres espèces d'oryx comme l'oryx algazelle, éteint à l'état sauvage. Comme le gnou, l'oryx gemsbok peut être doré.

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Geamsboc ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí é an geamsboc. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Oryx gazella ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Oriks antilopa (lat. Oryx gazella) je velika antilopa izražene obojenosti, a živi u suhim travnatim poljima, šikarama i u pustinjama Afrike.

Vrlo je prilagođena za očuvanje vode: ne dahće i ne znoji se sve dok tjelesna temperatura ne prijeđe 45 ° C; bubrezi proizvode mokraću visoke koncentracije, a izmet je vrlo suh. Najviše je rasprostranjena u jugozapadnoj Africi.

Prehrana

Glavni dio prehrane oriks antilope čine trave i nisko grmlje, kao i divlji krastavci, dinje i slične biljke s velikom količinom vode. Kao i mnoge druge pustinjske vrste i oriks se hrani tijekom cijele godine oportunistički (svom hranom koja je dostupna).

Oriks može izdržati bez vode i do mjesec dana. Potrebna mu je hrana koja je puna minerala.

Organizacija

Nomadska krda broje do 25 životinja, a sastoje se od ženki, mladunaca i nekoliko mužjaka.

Trudnoća i mladunčad

Ženke oriks antilope rađaju mladunčad jednom godišnje i to u proljeće.

Nakon vremena od 260 do 300 dana ženka rađa jedno mladunče (rjeđe dva), koje 6 tjedana ostaje sakriveno blizu krda, a majka povremeno dolazi, da ga doji.

Borba za preživljavanje

U vrućim podnebljima oriks antilope preživljavaju tako što pasu u hladnijem dijelu dana, uglavnom u sumrak ili noću. Njihova posebna bijela dlaka odbija sunčeve zrake i toplinu, čak i do 60 stupnjeva Celzijusovih. Od 10 do 14 ili 15 sati okupljaju se u hladovini. Kod mnogih vrsta antilopa boravak tolikog broja životinja na malom prostoru izazvalo bi borbe za dominaciju ili sukobe oko parenja. Međutim, radi opstanka u surovom staništu, to se kod oriks antilopa ne događa.

Ugroženost

Zbog velikih rogova, oriks antilope bile su popularne u 20. stoljeću. Bezobzirni lovci na prostorima Saudijske Arabije ubijali su sve više oriksa i na kraju su ih doveli do ruba ugroženosti. Na prostorima Arabije izbrojeno ih je 65, od kojih su bile samo 4 ženke. Tada je počela Operacija oriks u Aziji i u Južnoj Americi. Stanje populacije oriksa bilo je alarmantno i to je zabrinulo zoologe. Na prostoru pustinja, gdje žive oriksi postavljeni su lovci u širokom krugu. To je trebalo riješiti problem krivolovaca, ali nije. Velika skupina krivolovaca uspjela je probiti zaštitni krug neopaženo i populacija oriksa opet se smanjila. Tada su zoolozi shvatili da moraju preseliti orikse u manje rezervate, gdje će imati veću zaštitu. Sve je izgledalo savršeno; imali su sigurno mjesto za život, bez prirodnih neprijatelja i s mnogo hrane i hlada. Ali, problem je bio u tome što su oriksi jeli biljke s velikom količinom minerala, što im je bilo potrebno. Ljudi u rezervatu nisu im to mogli priuštiti. Uskoro se za brzo vrijeme povećala populacija oriksa i opet su vraćeni u njihova prirodna staništa. Tada ih je bilo više od 300, ali su ipak išli u odvojenim krdima (10-25 članova) gdje mogu u miru, da se opuste u hladu. Oriks antilope još su uvijek na popisu ugroženih vrsta, jer postoji opasnost da se opet smanji njihov broj. Ali, zasad su sigurni.

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Oryx gazella: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Oriks antilopa (lat. Oryx gazella) je velika antilopa izražene obojenosti, a živi u suhim travnatim poljima, šikarama i u pustinjama Afrike.

Vrlo je prilagođena za očuvanje vode: ne dahće i ne znoji se sve dok tjelesna temperatura ne prijeđe 45 ° C; bubrezi proizvode mokraću visoke koncentracije, a izmet je vrlo suh. Najviše je rasprostranjena u jugozapadnoj Africi.

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wikipedia hr Croatian

Oryx gazella ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orice gazzella (Oryx gazella Linnaeus, 1758) è un'antilope africana di grossa taglia. È una delle quattro specie note di orice (Oryx).

In afrikaans e in inglese viene chiamata gemsbok, a causa di una certa somiglianza con il camoscio (gemsbock in olandese), con cui però non ha alcun particolare legame di parentela.

Alcune tassonomie riportano l'Oryx beisa come sottospecie dell'orice gazzella; l'interpretazione più diffusa distingue invece le due specie.

Descrizione

 src=
Le eleganti striature dell'orice (Parco nazionale d'Etosha, Namibia)

L'orice è un bovide di grossa taglia, di altezza al garrese compresa fra 115 e 125 cm e lunghezza da 180 a 195 cm. Le femmine pesano da 180 a 225 kg; i maschi possono arrivare a 240 kg. Il collo è muscoloso e sorregge una testa adornata da due grandi corna ad anelli che possono raggiungere i 150 cm di lunghezza. Le corna delle femmine sono in genere più corte e sottili di quelle dei maschi.

Il muso presenta delle striature nere che vanno dalla base delle corna fino alle narici, per poi piegare indietro passando attorno e sotto gli occhi. Sono neri anche il collo e la parte inferiore del dorso, e altre striature scure sono presenti attorno alle zampe e dalla coda fino a parte del dorso. La parte inferiore delle zampe, del muso e il ventre sono bianchi; il resto del corpo è grigio-marrone.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'orice gazzella è presente in diverse regioni dell'Africa meridionale, sia orientale (per esempio in Tanzania) che occidentale (Namibia). Alcuni esemplari sono stati reintrodotti nei parchi nazionali del Sudafrica, regione da cui l'orice gazzella era scomparso. Popolazioni di orici gazzella sono state introdotte dall'uomo in Messico e negli Stati Uniti.

Predilige le praterie boschive e umide e le savane, ad altitudini comprese fra 900 e 1200 m. La si trova anche in aree semi-desertiche e persino sulle dune del deserto del Namib. Nelle aree più inospitali, l'orice può sfruttare la sua capacità di accumulare grasso e di aumentare la propria temperatura corporea (da 35 a 45 gradi) per ritardare la perdita di liquidi per sudorazione.

Biologia

L'orice gazzella è un animale gregario, che vive in branchi di qualche decina di individui (i gruppi crescono fino a qualche centinaio di individui durante le migrazioni). Il branco comprende sia maschi che femmine, ma in genere predominano queste ultime. I branchi piccoli possono essere formati da individui di entrambi i sessi o di un sesso solo.

All'interno del gruppo si distingue un maschio dominante e, in posizione subordinata, una femmina dominante. In gruppi molto grandi può esserci un secondo maschio semi-dominante, detto maschio beta. La gerarchia dei maschi viene stabilita con piccoli combattimenti.

Riproduzione

Il maschio dominante di un gruppo si accoppia con tutte le femmine fertili. Non esiste una vera e propria stagione degli amori, dipende dalla disponabilità di cibo. Le femmine diventano sessualmente mature a circa due anni; la gestazione dura fra gli otto e i nove mesi, e dopo il parto le femmine possono tornare a concepire quasi immediatamente. I piccoli, alla nascita, pesano fra i nove e quindici chilogrammi e sono completamente marroni. Vengono tenuti nascosti, e le femmine li raggiungono due o tre volte al giorno per allattarli. Dopo circa cinque mesi, i cuccioli sviluppano il manto striato degli adulti e diventano indipendenti.

Alimentazione

 src=
Orici del Parco nazionale d'Etosha

L'orice si nutre generalmente d'erba, ma in caso di necessità può adattarsi a cibarsi di tuberi e radici. Il fabbisogno di acqua (circa 3 litri al giorno per ogni 100 kg di peso) viene soddisfatto soprattutto mangiando meloni selvatici.

Predatori

 src=
Oryx gazella nel deserto del Namib-Naukluft National Park

I principali nemici naturali dell'orice gazzella sono i grandi felini (leoni, ghepardi, leopardi), le iene maculate e i licaoni. La maggior parte dei predatori, tuttavia, evita di attaccare gli esemplari adulti a causa delle loro lunghe corna affilate.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008, Oryx gazella, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

 title=
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Oryx gazella: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orice gazzella (Oryx gazella Linnaeus, 1758) è un'antilope africana di grossa taglia. È una delle quattro specie note di orice (Oryx).

In afrikaans e in inglese viene chiamata gemsbok, a causa di una certa somiglianza con il camoscio (gemsbock in olandese), con cui però non ha alcun particolare legame di parentela.

Alcune tassonomie riportano l'Oryx beisa come sottospecie dell'orice gazzella; l'interpretazione più diffusa distingue invece le due specie.

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wikipedia IT

Tiesiaragis oriksas ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Oryx gazella

Tiesiaragis oriksas (lot. Oryx gazella, angl. Gemsbok, vok. Spießbock) – arklinių antilopių (Hippotraginae) pošeimio dykaraginis žinduolis. Ragai auga į viršų, tiesūs arba kiek palinkę. Paplitęs Afrikos savanose ir pusdykumėse.

 src=
Oriksai


Vikiteka

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Tiesiaragis oriksas: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Tiesiaragis oriksas (lot. Oryx gazella, angl. Gemsbok, vok. Spießbock) – arklinių antilopių (Hippotraginae) pošeimio dykaraginis žinduolis. Ragai auga į viršų, tiesūs arba kiek palinkę. Paplitęs Afrikos savanose ir pusdykumėse.

 src= Oriksai


Vikiteka

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Gemsbok ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De gemsbok of spiesbok (Oryx gazella) is een evenhoevig zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Capra gazella in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[2] De soort wordt tot de informele groep van de antilopen gerekend. Hij komt voor in Afrika in droge streken zoals de Kalahari en de Namib-woestijn.

Kenmerken

De vacht is zandbruin met een zwarte streep laag op de flank. De kop, oren, buik en poten zijn contrasterend zwart en wit. De staart is zwart. Op hun kop hebben ze geringde hoorns. Ze hebben een brede snuit, met een rij forse snijtanden, geschikt voor het eten van taaie grassen. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 160 tot 240 cm, de staartlengte 45 tot 90 cm en het gewicht 100 tot 210 kg.

Leefwijze

Gemsbokken zijn graseters. Ze kunnen weken leven zonder water te drinken, omdat ze dit kunnen vasthouden. Ze nemen ook vocht op uit voedsel. De urine is zeer geconcentreerd. Ze leven in kudden van maximaal 25 dieren, vooral bestaande uit vrouwtjes met jongen en een paar mannetjes.

Voortplanting

Na een draagtijd van 260 tot 300 dagen wordt er een enkel kalf geboren, dat zich de eerste tijd in de buurt van de kudde verborgen houdt en geregeld door de moeder wordt bezocht om te worden gezoogd tot een leeftijd van 6 weken.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in het zuidwesten van Afrika in savannes en woestijnen.

Taxonomie

In het verleden werd de Oost-Afrikaanse oryx of beisa (Oryx beisa), die voorkomt van Tanzania tot Ethiopië, als een aparte soort gezien. Tegenwoordig worden Oryx gazella en Oryx beisa tot dezelfde soort gerekend.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De gemsbok of spiesbok (Oryx gazella) is een evenhoevig zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Capra gazella in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus. De soort wordt tot de informele groep van de antilopen gerekend. Hij komt voor in Afrika in droge streken zoals de Kalahari en de Namib-woestijn.

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Oryks południowy ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Oryks południowy[4] (Oryx gazella) – gatunek ssaków z rodziny wołowatych.

Występowanie

 src=
Oryks południowy, samiec w Parku Narodowym Etosza, Namibia

Suche tereny trawiaste i pustynne południowo-zachodniej Afryki. Głównie Afryka Południowa (RPA, Namibia, Botswana, Angola, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Uganda) oraz mniej licznie na wschodzie kontynentu (Etiopia, Sudan, Somalia)[5]. Obecnie gatunek można odnaleźć również na terenie USA (Nowy Meksyk), dokąd został sztucznie wprowadzony[6]. Oryksy południowe żyją w stadach liczących 30-40 osobników, obowiązuje hierarchia. O. gazella zamieszkuje stepy, sawanny, półpustynie i pustynie[7]; preferuje kamieniste równiny (ze stałym dostępem do wody), ale równie dobrze radzi sobie na terenach górzystych (zarejestrowane na wysokości 900 m n.p.m.) z sezonowym dostępem do wody[8]. Częściej wybiera otwarte, niezarośnięte przestrzenie niż te z bujną roślinnością[8].

Wielkość

  • Masa ciała: 180–225 kg.
  • Długość ciała: 1,8–2,35 m.
  • Długość ogona: 80–90 cm.
  • Wysokość w kłębie: 1,2–1,4 m.

Wygląd

Barwa płowa z białą stroną brzuszną. Głowa czarno-biała. Czarne pasy biegnące od gardła, przez boki, do górnej części kończyn tylnych. Ogon barwy czarnej. Rogi występują u obu płci, proste lub lekko wygięte, dorastają do 120–150 cm długości.

Pożywienie

Żywi się roślinami głównie trawą, ziołami, soczystymi korzeniami, owocami, pąkami drzew i krzewów. Może obejść się bez wody przez kilka dni. Jest ekspertem w znajdowaniu wody, często kopie w wysuszonym korycie rzeki, by uzyskać dostęp do wody zgromadzonej pod ziemią.

Rozmnażanie

Po ciąży, która trwa 240 dni rodzi się jedno młode.

Znaczenie dla gospodarki

O. gazella stanowi ważny element w gospodarce krajów Afryki Południowej. Dla celów ekonomicznych hodowany na farmach, ranczach – rekreacja oraz przemysł spożywczy. Ceniony jako trofeum łowieckie[9]. Mieszkańcy plemion wykorzystują grubą skórę i rogi oryksów do produkcji tradycyjnej broni[10] Zwierzęta te bywają atrakcją ogrodów zoologicznych[5].

Przypisy

  1. Oryx gazella, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Oryx gazella. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 14 July 2015.
  4. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. a b McDade M.C., 2003. Bovids II Hartebeests, wildebeests, gemsboks, oryx, and reedbucks (Hippotraginae). W red. Hutchins M., Kleiman D.G., Geist V. i McDade M.C. Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. MI: Gale Group., 16:27-42.
  6. Komosińska H. i Podsiadło E., 2002. Ssaki kopytne. Przewodnik. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa, 236, 237.
  7. Komosińska H. i Podsiadło E., 2002. Ssaki kopytne. Przewodnik. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa, 236-237.
  8. a b Sanders S., 2005. Oryx gazella. Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Oryx_gazella.html
  9. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013
  10. Sanders S., 2005. Oryx gazella. Animal Diversity Web.
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Oryks południowy: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Oryks południowy (Oryx gazella) – gatunek ssaków z rodziny wołowatych.

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Órix-do-cabo ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O guelengue ou órix-do-cabo (Oryx gazella), ou simplesmente órix, é um grande antílope africano. É também chamado de guelengue-do-deserto. Habita desertos e planícies áridas, juntando-se frequentemente em grandes manadas. A sua pelagem é acinzentada, parecendo mais ou menos acastanhada dependendo da incidência da luz.

O guelengue é retratado no brasão de armas da Namíbia,[2] onde a população atual da espécie é estimada em 373.000 indivíduos. [1]

No estado esadunidense de New Mexico entre 1969 e 1977, um total de 95 individuos da espécie Oryx gazella foram trazidas para o Campo de Teste de Mísseis de White Sands e sua vizinhança, onde a populacão atual decendida deles é de milhares.[3]

Referências

  1. a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Oryx gazella (em inglês). IUCN 2008. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2008 . Página visitada em 13 November 2008.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Least concern.
  2. «National Symbols». gov.na. Government of Namibia. Consultado em 9 de maio de 2015
  3. https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/african-oryx.htm (sítio oficial do Serviço Nacional de Parques dos Estados Unidos)

 title=
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wikipedia PT

Órix-do-cabo: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O guelengue ou órix-do-cabo (Oryx gazella), ou simplesmente órix, é um grande antílope africano. É também chamado de guelengue-do-deserto. Habita desertos e planícies áridas, juntando-se frequentemente em grandes manadas. A sua pelagem é acinzentada, parecendo mais ou menos acastanhada dependendo da incidência da luz.

O guelengue é retratado no brasão de armas da Namíbia, onde a população atual da espécie é estimada em 373.000 indivíduos.

No estado esadunidense de New Mexico entre 1969 e 1977, um total de 95 individuos da espécie Oryx gazella foram trazidas para o Campo de Teste de Mísseis de White Sands e sua vizinhança, onde a populacão atual decendida deles é de milhares.

 src=

Parque Etosha, Namíbia

 src=

Parque Etosha, Namíbia

 src=

Deserto Namibe, Namíbia

 src=

Parque Anysberg, África do Sul

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Pasana ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia SL

Pasana ali južnoafriška bajza (znanstveno ime Oryx gazella) je vrsta grivaste antilope, ki živi v sezonsko sušnih predelih Južne Afrike. Prepoznavna je po črno-belih lisah po obrazu, ki se nadaljujejo čez močan, mišičast vrat in boke, črnem repu in dolgih, ravnih rogovih. Samci dosežejo težo do 200 kg, samice so nekoliko manjše.[2][3]

Nekoč je bila vrsta razširjena po vseh polsušnih in sušnih predelih juga afriške celine, v 19. in 20. stoletju pa se je območje njihove razširjenosti skrčilo na jugozahodni del južnoafriške regije, zlasti v Kalaharijski kotlini, kjer je znana pod afrikanskim imenom gemsbok. Večina populacije živi v Namibiji. Zaradi velike številčnosti in še vedno razmeroma velikega območja razširjenosti kljub lovu ni globalno ogrožena, so jo pa v bližnji preteklosti iztrebili v več območjih.[1]

Domorodna ljudstva jih lovijo za meso, iz njihove kože izdelujejo prevleke za ščite, iz rogov pa kopja. Priljubljene so tudi kot safarijske trofeje.[3] Pasana je upodobljena na državnem grbu Namibije.[4]

Sklici in opombe

  1. 1,0 1,1 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oryx gazella". Rdeči seznam ogroženih vrst IUCN. Verzija 2016-3. Svetovna zveza za varstvo narave. Pridobljeno dne 7.4.2017.
  2. Macdonald, D., ur. (1996). "Grivaste antilope". Velika enciklopedija: Sesalci. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. str. 571. COBISS 61844992. ISBN 86-11-14524-0.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Sanders, Sheri. "Oryx gazella". Animal Diversity Web. Pridobljeno dne 7.4.2017.
  4. "National Symbols". GRN portal. Vlada Namibije. Pridobljeno dne 7.4.2017.

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Pasana: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia SL

Pasana ali južnoafriška bajza (znanstveno ime Oryx gazella) je vrsta grivaste antilope, ki živi v sezonsko sušnih predelih Južne Afrike. Prepoznavna je po črno-belih lisah po obrazu, ki se nadaljujejo čez močan, mišičast vrat in boke, črnem repu in dolgih, ravnih rogovih. Samci dosežejo težo do 200 kg, samice so nekoliko manjše.

Nekoč je bila vrsta razširjena po vseh polsušnih in sušnih predelih juga afriške celine, v 19. in 20. stoletju pa se je območje njihove razširjenosti skrčilo na jugozahodni del južnoafriške regije, zlasti v Kalaharijski kotlini, kjer je znana pod afrikanskim imenom gemsbok. Večina populacije živi v Namibiji. Zaradi velike številčnosti in še vedno razmeroma velikega območja razširjenosti kljub lovu ni globalno ogrožena, so jo pa v bližnji preteklosti iztrebili v več območjih.

Domorodna ljudstva jih lovijo za meso, iz njihove kože izdelujejo prevleke za ščite, iz rogov pa kopja. Priljubljene so tudi kot safarijske trofeje. Pasana je upodobljena na državnem grbu Namibije.

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wikipedia SL

Gemsbock ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Gemsbocken (Oryx gazella) är en storväxt antilop som förekommer i södra Afrika.

Utbredning och habitat

Djuret är karakteristisk för södra Afrikas öknar, halvöknar och savanner. Artens utbredningsområde sträcker sig över Namibia, Botswana och större delar av Sydafrika. I norr når gemsbocken även Zimbabwe och kanske södra Angola.[1]

Utseende

Gemsbocken kännetecknas genom långa, raka horn, som tillkomma båda könen och ett långsträckt huvud med nästan rak ansiktslinje. Den långa svansen är försedd med tofs. Grundfärgen är vit, gulvit eller ljusgrå med svarta band och fläckar. Hos ungdjur saknas dessa markeringar. Individerna når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 180 till 215 cm och en mankhöjd av 115 till 125 cm. Hanar är med 180 till 240 kg tyngre än honor som blir bara upp till 225 kg tunga. Hanar har även robustare horn än honor.[2][3]

Ekologi

Arten bebor endast öppna slätter och kan synnerligen länge avstå från att dricka vatten. Gemsbocken släcker sin törst genom att förtära en del saftiga växter.[1] I sina upp till 150 centimeter[3] långa horn äger den ett mycket verksamt försvarsvapen. Djuret har ofta identifierats med mytologins enhörning och horn av gemsbock såldes i England under medeltiden som horn av enhörning.[2] Födan består av gräs, rot, blad, kvistar och bär. Honor lever i flockar med cirka 30 individer. Hannar lever ofta ensam i närheten av flocken. Ibland sammansluter sig flera flockar till stora hjordar med 200 eller fler medlemmar och då ingår även hanarna. Det finns även mindre flockar med en alfahane. Ensamlevande hanar har ett revir som är cirka 25 km² stort och de försöker para sig med honorna av de flockar som finns i reviret.[2][3]

Honor kan bli parningsberedda under alla årstider. Dräktigheten varar cirka 8,5 månader och sedan föds oftast en unge. Kalven väger 8 till 15 kg vid födelsen och den lämnas sedan vid ett gömställe. Modern kommer flera gånger förbi för att ge di tills kalven är 3,5 månader gammal. 1,5 till 2 år efter födelsen blir ungarna könsmogna.[3]

I naturen lever gemsbocken upp till 18 år och med människans vård kan den leva 20 år.[3]

Gemsbocken och människan

Gemsbocken avbildas i Namibias vapen.

Under senare 1800-talet och under 1900-talet minskade populationen men efter inrättning av skyddsåtgärder har gemsbocken återhämtad sig. Beståndet uppskattades 1999 med cirka 373 000 individer. IUCN listar arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Oryx gazellaIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008, besökt 25 november 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c] Dr. David Mallon (29 mars 2010). ”Gemsbok”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 augusti 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120821060239/http://www.arkive.org/gemsbok/oryx-gazella/. Läst 30 september 2014.
  3. ^ [a b c d e] S. Sanders (14 april 2005). Oryx gazella (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Oryx_gazella/. Läst 30 september 2014.

Bilder

Källor

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Gemsbock: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Gemsbocken (Oryx gazella) är en storväxt antilop som förekommer i södra Afrika.

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Gemsbok ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) Oryx cinsinden iri bir antilop türüdür. Adı Afrikaner dilinde çengel boynuzlu keçi anlamına gelir. Aradaki bazı benzerliklere rağmen (örneğin yüzdeki siyah beyaz çizgiler), iki tür akraba değildir.

Gemsboklar, bir erkeğin yönettiği 10 ila 40 hayvandan oluşan sürüler halinde gezerler. Genelde zebra, ceylan ve başka antilop türleriyle kaışık sürüler oluştururlar. Dişinin boynuzu az da olsa arkaya kıvrık ve erkeğinkinden daha uzun, erkeğinki ise dümdüz ve dişininkinden daha kalındır. Erkek bir gemsbok boynuzlarıyla bir aslanı bile öldürebilir.

Gemsboklar genelde çöllerde yaşarlar ve çok fazla suya gereksinim duymazlar.

Bir gemsbokun omuz yüksekliği 120 cm ve ağırlığı 200 kilodur.

Resim galerisi

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Gemsbok ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Gemsbok ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Stub icon Çift toynaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) Oryx cinsinden iri bir antilop türüdür. Adı Afrikaner dilinde çengel boynuzlu keçi anlamına gelir. Aradaki bazı benzerliklere rağmen (örneğin yüzdeki siyah beyaz çizgiler), iki tür akraba değildir.

Gemsboklar, bir erkeğin yönettiği 10 ila 40 hayvandan oluşan sürüler halinde gezerler. Genelde zebra, ceylan ve başka antilop türleriyle kaışık sürüler oluştururlar. Dişinin boynuzu az da olsa arkaya kıvrık ve erkeğinkinden daha uzun, erkeğinki ise dümdüz ve dişininkinden daha kalındır. Erkek bir gemsbok boynuzlarıyla bir aslanı bile öldürebilir.

Gemsboklar genelde çöllerde yaşarlar ve çok fazla suya gereksinim duymazlar.

Bir gemsbokun omuz yüksekliği 120 cm ve ağırlığı 200 kilodur.

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Гемсбок ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Гемсбок (Oryx gazella) — вид антилоп, поширений в Африці від північних кордонів Сахари до ПАР. Існує 3 підвиди, які іноді вважаються окремими видами.

Довжина тіла становить 160—235 см, висота в холці — 90-140 см, маса тіла — 100—120 кг. Мешкає в пустелях та степах. Харчується травами, бульбами, в меншій мірі листками та паростками чагарників. Місяцями може бути без води. Перспективний вид для одомашнення та розведення на фермах разом з домашньою худобою.

Чисельність підвиду, що мешкає біля південних кордонів Сахари в Чаді, Малі, Нігері та Судані, скорочується (приблизно 2 000 особин); занесений до Червоної книги МСОП.

Посилання

 src= Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Oryx gazella


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Гемсбок: Brief Summary ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Гемсбок (Oryx gazella) — вид антилоп, поширений в Африці від північних кордонів Сахари до ПАР. Існує 3 підвиди, які іноді вважаються окремими видами.

Довжина тіла становить 160—235 см, висота в холці — 90-140 см, маса тіла — 100—120 кг. Мешкає в пустелях та степах. Харчується травами, бульбами, в меншій мірі листками та паростками чагарників. Місяцями може бути без води. Перспективний вид для одомашнення та розведення на фермах разом з домашньою худобою.

Чисельність підвиду, що мешкає біля південних кордонів Сахари в Чаді, Малі, Нігері та Судані, скорочується (приблизно 2 000 особин); занесений до Червоної книги МСОП.

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Linh dương Gemsbok ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Oryx gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Oryx gazella. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 11 năm 2008.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Least concern.
  2. ^ 10th edition of Systema Naturae
  3. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Oryx gazella”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Oryx gazella tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Linh dương Gemsbok: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Oryx gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758.

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Орикс ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Question book-4.svg
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Эта отметка установлена 14 мая 2011 года.
 src=
Орикс на гербе Намибии

Сернобык является олицетворением выносливости и непритязательности. Поэтому он изображён на гербе Намибии. Во многих регионах Африки эти ориксы и сегодня существуют в больших количествах. Испокон веков на них охотились местные жители и использовали их шкуры для одежды, а также рога как острия копий. Сегодня в Африке обитают в целом триста тысяч ориксов. Небольшая интродуцированная человеком полудикая популяция живёт в южной части американского штата Нью-Мексико.

 src=
Красноярский зоопарк «Роев ручей». Ориксы.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 133. — 10 000 экз.
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Орикс: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Орикс на гербе Намибии

Сернобык является олицетворением выносливости и непритязательности. Поэтому он изображён на гербе Намибии. Во многих регионах Африки эти ориксы и сегодня существуют в больших количествах. Испокон веков на них охотились местные жители и использовали их шкуры для одежды, а также рога как острия копий. Сегодня в Африке обитают в целом триста тысяч ориксов. Небольшая интродуцированная человеком полудикая популяция живёт в южной части американского штата Нью-Мексико.

 src= Красноярский зоопарк «Роев ручей». Ориксы.
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南非劍羚 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Oryx gazella
(Linnaeus, 1758)

南非劍羚,或稱南非長角羚學名Oryx gazella),是一種原產於非洲南部的偶蹄目,是長角羚屬Oryx)現存的四個成員之一。分布於南非納米比亞博茨瓦納

形態

體長約150到200公分,肩高約110到130公分。體重約100到200公斤,是劍羚屬中最大型的種類。身體上覆蓋的毛是灰褐色,但臉部、腹部及四肢下部的體毛是白色。臉部中央、眼睛到嘴巴四周、咽部、前肢與後肢之間的體側、四肢的脛部及尾巴都有黑色的毛分布。

不論是雄性或是雌性都有長而直的,其中以雄性的角較大,最長可以達到約120公分。

生態

棲息於沙漠之中,以一隻強大的雄性為中心,形成約10到40匹的群體共同生活。年邁的雄性會離開群體獨自生活。南非劍羚為草食性動物,吃草或樹葉等。繁殖的形式是胎生,一次可以產下一匹幼體。繁殖期時,雄性之間會互相以角搏鬥,以競爭與某隻雌性繁殖的機會。

資料來源

 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:南非劍羚分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:南非劍羚
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南非劍羚: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

南非劍羚,或稱南非長角羚(學名:Oryx gazella),是一種原產於非洲南部的偶蹄目,是長角羚屬(Oryx)現存的四個成員之一。分布於南非納米比亞博茨瓦納

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オリックス (動物) ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
オリックス Oryx Gazella Namibia(1).JPG
オリックス Oryx gazella
保全状況評価[a 1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ウシ目 Artiodactyla 亜目 : ウシ亜目 Ruminantia : ウシ科 Bovidae 亜科 : ブルーバック亜科 Hippotraginae : オリックス属 Oryx : オリックス O. gazella 学名 Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) 和名 オリックス
ゲムズボック 英名 Gemsbok

オリックスOryx gazella)は、ウシ科オリックス属に分類される偶蹄類。別名ゲムズボックケープオリックス

分布[編集]

アンゴラジンバブエナミビアボツワナ南アフリカ共和国[1]

形態[編集]

体長190-193センチメートル[1]。尾長41-47センチメートル[1]。肩高110-130センチメートル[1]体重130-203キログラム[1]。頸部毛衣は淡灰褐色[1]。額(額斑)から吻端(鼻斑)にかけてと眼から下部(眼斑)にかけて黒い斑紋が入り、額斑と鼻斑、眼斑と鼻斑が繋がる[1]。喉から頸部腹面、体側面から後肢上部にかけて黒い帯模様が入る[1]。胸部から腹部、四肢の毛衣は白く、四肢の下部前面に黒い斑紋が入る[1]。尾の毛衣は黒い[1]

角は雌雄ともにあり、直線的で先端が外側へ向かう[1]。角長93-96センチメートル[1]。耳介は幅広く、先端が丸みを帯びる[1]

分類[編集]

ベイサオリックスを本種の亜種とする説もある[1]

生態[編集]

半砂漠、草原、サバンナに生息する[1]。オスを中心とした10-50匹からなる群れを形成して生活する。老齢化したオスは群れを離れ単独で生活することもある。

食性は植物食で、、木の等を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は260-300日[1]

人間との関係[編集]

肉が食用とされたり、角が工芸品とされることもある。先住民が槍の穂先に本種の角の先端を用いた事が知られる。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 今泉吉典監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育7 (偶蹄目III)』、東京動物園協会、1988年、45頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、オリックス (動物)に関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにオリックス (動物)に関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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オリックス (動物): Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

オリックス(Oryx gazella)は、ウシ科オリックス属に分類される偶蹄類。別名ゲムズボック、ケープオリックス。

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겜스복 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

겜스복(Gemsbok, 학명: Oryx gazella)은 오릭스속에 속한 영양의 일종으로, 남아프리카오릭스라고도 일컫는다. 오로지 남아프리카 등지에서만 서식하는 오릭스로, 현존하는 오릭스 가운데 개체 수가 으뜸이며 멸종의 우려가 가장 적다. 한때 아프리카오릭스를 겜스복의 아종 중 하나로 분류했으나, 현재는 같은 속에 소속된 서로 다른 종으로 분류한다.

어깨높이 최대 145cm, 몸무게 최대 270kg이다. 암수 모두 뿔이 있지만 수컷이 더 잘 발달되어 있다. 회색 몸에 검은 문신 모양의 무늬가 그려진 흰 머리를 가졌으며, 꼬리와 다리, 배 부분이 검은색이라는 점에서 아프리카오릭스와 구별된다. 반사막지대 또는 사바나에 서식하며, 일부다처의 무리를 지어 생활한다. 주식은 나뭇잎이지만 뿌리, 열매도 먹는다. 임신기간은 280일 정도, 한배에 새끼를 1마리씩 낳는다. 천적은 사자, 점박이하이에나, 표범, 리카온 등이다. 나미비아, 남아프리카공화국, 보츠와나남아프리카에 분포하며, 대표적인 자생지는 칼라하리 사막이다. 나미비아의 국장에도 묘사되어 있다.[3] 야생에 약 373,000마리가 서식한다.[4]

어원

겜스복(Gemsbok)이라는 영어 낱말은 겜즈벅(/ˈɡɛmzbɒk/)이라고 발음하며,[5] 아프리칸스어에서 유래되었다. 원래 이 단어는 네덜란드어로 수컷 샤무아를 가리키는 말이었다.[6]

특징

겜스복은 어깨 높이가 1.2m,[7] 몸길이가 190-240cm, 꼬리 길이가 45-90cm,[8][9] 몸무게가 수컷이 180-240kg, 암컷이 100-210kg에 육박하는 오릭스속에서 가장 덩치가 큰 동물이다. 모피는 옅은 회갈색 색채를 띄지만 엉덩이 쪽 모피는 탈색된 듯 밋밋하며, 꼬리 전체가 검은 단모로 뒤덮여 있다. 가장 큰 특징은 검은 얼굴 문양이다.

각주

  1. “Oryx gazella”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 11월 13일에 확인함.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Least concern.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Oryx gazella. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. “Archived copy”. 2014년 6월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2014년 6월 27일에 확인함.. Downloaded on 14 July 2015.
  3. “National Symbols”. 《gov.na》. Government of Namibia. 2018년 7월 7일에 확인함.
  4. “보관된 사본”. 2012년 7월 21일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 1월 16일에 확인함.
  5. Dictionary.com: "Gemsbok". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  6. "Gemsbok, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 25 February 2019.
  7. Oryx Gemsbok. Zoo la Boissière-du-Doré
  8. Gemsbok videos, photos and facts – Oryx gazella Archived 2012-08-21 - 웨이백 머신.. ARKive. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  9. Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
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겜스복: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

겜스복(Gemsbok, 학명: Oryx gazella)은 오릭스속에 속한 영양의 일종으로, 남아프리카오릭스라고도 일컫는다. 오로지 남아프리카 등지에서만 서식하는 오릭스로, 현존하는 오릭스 가운데 개체 수가 으뜸이며 멸종의 우려가 가장 적다. 한때 아프리카오릭스를 겜스복의 아종 중 하나로 분류했으나, 현재는 같은 속에 소속된 서로 다른 종으로 분류한다.

어깨높이 최대 145cm, 몸무게 최대 270kg이다. 암수 모두 뿔이 있지만 수컷이 더 잘 발달되어 있다. 회색 몸에 검은 문신 모양의 무늬가 그려진 흰 머리를 가졌으며, 꼬리와 다리, 배 부분이 검은색이라는 점에서 아프리카오릭스와 구별된다. 반사막지대 또는 사바나에 서식하며, 일부다처의 무리를 지어 생활한다. 주식은 나뭇잎이지만 뿌리, 열매도 먹는다. 임신기간은 280일 정도, 한배에 새끼를 1마리씩 낳는다. 천적은 사자, 점박이하이에나, 표범, 리카온 등이다. 나미비아, 남아프리카공화국, 보츠와나남아프리카에 분포하며, 대표적인 자생지는 칼라하리 사막이다. 나미비아의 국장에도 묘사되어 있다. 야생에 약 373,000마리가 서식한다.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자