dcsimg

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The fire ants, genus Solenopsis encompass about 285 species of stinging ants that use an alkaloid venom called solenopsin. To humans, the sting of a fire ant is a sensation similar to being burned with fire, hence the common name of these insects. These ants are also commonly known as ginger ants and red ants. Species of Solenopsis are native to countries world-wide, although the Neotropics is home to the greatest number. Most species are hypogaeic (nest underground) and they often live in the nests of other ants and termites, where they eat the other species brood. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, also known as RIFA, is native to South America but has been accidentally introduced through human commerce to countries around the world, including the southern United States, Australia, China and Hong Kong. RIFA are a very resilient and aggressive pest that kill any insects and small animals, such as lizards and birds in their territory, harm crops, and short out electrical equipment, and been economically very expensive in control and damage costs. Most other fire ant species are not invasive or excessively bothersome to humans. (Wikipedia 2012; Wikipedia 2011)

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
EOL authors

Atəş qarışqası ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Fire ants02.jpg

Atəş qarışqası (lat. Solenopsis) — Hymenoptera dəstəsindan bir həşərat növü.

Fire Ant Nest.jpg
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia AZ

Solenopsis ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
Crystal128-pipe.svg
Aquest article o secció no cita les fonts o necessita més referències per a la seva verificabilitat.

Les formigues colorides o de foc (Solenopsis), són un gènere de formigues picadores, amb més de 280 espècies en el món.

Aparença

El seu cos, com el de tot cos d'insecte, està separat en tres seccions: cap, tòrax, abdomen, i tres parells de potes, i un parell d'antenes. Pot distingir-se d'altres formigues pel seu cap bru i cos amb abdomen més fosc. Les "treballadores" són negrenca a vermelloses, i la seva grandària vària de 2 mm a 6. Aquestes diferències poden existir en el mateix niu. A Austràlia, la detecció i identificació per a ordenar la seva erradicació de diverses de la seva és complicat en Queensland per la seva semblança a una altra espècie invasora, la "costanera parda" (Pheidole megacephala).

Espècies

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Solenopsis Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Solenopsis: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Les formigues colorides o de foc (Solenopsis), són un gènere de formigues picadores, amb més de 280 espècies en el món.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Feuerameisen ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Schwärmende Geschlechtstiere

Solenopsis ist eine Gattung der Ameisen (Formicidae) aus der Unterfamilie der Knotenameisen (Myrmicinae). Eine Gruppe etwa zwanzig amerikanischer Arten dieser Gattung wird, wegen der schmerzhaft brennenden Stiche, Feuerameisen genannt, darunter die fast weltweit verschleppte Rote Feuerameise (Solenopsis invicta). Die anderen Arten der artenreichen Gattung sind klein und unscheinbar, die Arbeiterinnen selten länger als zwei Millimeter, bei den paläarktischen Arten von 1 bis 2,8 Millimeter.[1] Fast alle leben als „Einmieter“ (Inquilinen) in den Wänden der Nester anderer Ameisenarten, von denen sie Nahrung und Brut stehlen. Sie sind als Diebsameisen bekannt.

Merkmale

Solenopsis-Arten sind weit überwiegend weißlich bis blass gelblich gefärbt (fast alle „Diebsameisen“). Die größeren Arten der „Feuerameisen“ sind gelb, rötlich oder bräunlich, sehr selten schwarz, gefärbt. Sie sind überwiegend einfarbig, wenige Arten abgesetzt zweifarbig. Die Arbeiterinnen der Diebsameisen sind untereinander gleich (monomorph), während bei den Feuerameisen unterschiedlich große Arbeiterinnen (Unterkasten) im selben Volk nebeneinander vorkommen. Die Geschlechtstiere (Königinnen und Männchen) sind geflügelt und meist weitaus größer als die Arbeiterinnen.[2]

Wie bei allen Myrmicinae ist der freie Hinterleib (Gaster) bei Solenopsis durch ein „Stielchen“ (Petiolus) vom Rumpfabschnitt abgesetzt, auf das ein zweites, knotenförmig verdicktes Segment (Postpetiolus) folgt, deshalb Knotenameisen genannt. Arbeiterinnen der Gattung sind von verwandten Gattungen anhand folgender Merkmale unterscheidbar[2][3]:

Die Antennen bestehen aus zehn Segmenten (als sehr seltene Ausnahme nur neun), deren letzte beide als deutliche Keule abgesetzt sind. Ihr Grundglied (Scapus) ist im Regelfall recht kurz, zurückgelegt erreicht es nicht die Kopfhinterecken. Der Kopf trägt immer Komplexaugen, diese sind aber oft sehr klein (bei den Diebsameisen meist nur ein bis fünf Ommatidien). Die Mandibeln tragen vier Zähne (wenige Ausnahmen wie Solenopsis bucki nur drei davon). Der Clypeus trägt zwei Kiele, Frontalkiele sind nie vorhanden. Sein Vorderrand trägt meist zwei Zähnchen in Verlängerung der Kiele, oft ein zweites Paar etwas innerhalb (median), selten ein fünftes, unpaares Zähnchen in der Mitte, diese können selten auch ganz fehlen. Zwischen den Kielen befindet sich mittig am Vorderrand immer ein einzelnes abstehendes Haar oder eine Borste. Selten vereinigen sich die Kiele vorn und grenzen so eine abgesetzte erhöhte mittige Platte ab (ehemalige Gattung Carebarella[4]) Frontalloben seitlich der Antenneneinlenkung sind vorhanden, sie sind meist glatt, selten senkrecht gestreift. Die Maxillartaster sind zweigliedrig, die Labialtaster können zwei- oder eingliedrig sein.

Das Propodeum ist an der Hinterseite abgerundet und zeigt zwar kleinere Unebenheiten, trägt aber keine spitzen Dornen oder Auseckungen. Petiolus und Postpetiolus sind normal ausgebildet, oft ist der Petiolus höher als der Postpetiolus (bei Seitenansicht), aber breiter als dieser (bei Aufsicht). Die Körperoberfläche trägt kurze, abstehende Härchen in je nach Art unterschiedlicher Dichte. Die meisten Arten sind glatt ohne merkliche Skulpturierung des Exoskeletts, gelegentlich sind Kopf, Mesosoma, Petiolus oder Postpetiolus fein gestreift oder etwas rau.

Geschlechtstiere der Gattung[2] sind nur selten bis zur Art bestimmbar. Die Königinnen ähneln in den meisten Merkmalen den Arbeiterinnen. Sie sind immer größer als diese, die Antennen können sowohl zehn wie auch elf Glieder aufweisen. Die Männchen sind nahezu immer größer als die Arbeiterinnen, aber kleiner als die Königinnen. Ihre Antennen bestehen aus 12 bis 13 Gliedern, mit kurzem und dickem (fassförmigen) Scapus, der etwa doppelt so dick ist wie die Glieder der Antennengeißel. Der Clypeus ist abgerundet und merklich angeschwollen. Die Mandibeln sind nur schwach entwickelt, mit einem oder zwei Zähnen.

Die besonders artenreiche südamerikanische Fauna umfasst zahlreiche untereinander äußerst ähnliche Arten, deren Bestimmung und Abgrenzung traditionell problematisch ist. Edward O. Wilson wollte hier 1952 sogar nur noch drei, sehr variable, Arten anerkennen. Weiter kompliziert wird die Sachlage dadurch, dass viele Arten dort, wo ihre Verbreitungsgebiete überlappen (auch durch vom Menschen eingeführte Arten) oft miteinander hybridisieren. Die eigentlichen Feuerameisen bilden eine abgesetzte Klade, die saevissima-Artengruppe, ausgezeichnet durch mehrere Morphen von Arbeiterinnen mit unterschiedlicher Größe, einen langen Scapus und ein langes erstes Glied der Antennengeißel und Königinnen mit gering skulpturiertem Integument, die ein gut entwickeltes mittleres (medianes) Zähnchen am Clypeus-Vorderrand aufweisen.[5]

Ähnliche Arten

Feuerameisen sind im Habitus leicht mit Vertretern aus der Gattung Monomorium, Dolopomyrmex oder Carebara zu verwechseln, keine von diesen weist allerdings zehngliedrige Antennen mit zweigliedriger Fühlerkeule auf. Kleinere Arten aus der Gattung Carebara besitzen außerdem an der Clypeuskante paarweise angeordnete Haare anstatt eines einzelnen mittig abstehenden Haares. Auch das Propodeum zeigt bei Carebara deutliche Auseckungen oder spitze Dornen.

Verbreitung

Die Gattung Solenopsis ist weltweit verbreitet auf allen Kontinenten außer Antarktika. Auch auf zahlreichen ozeanischen Inseln kommen Arten vor. Einige südamerikanische Arten, so insbesondere die Rote Feuerameise Solenopsis invicta sind vom Menschen nahezu weltweit verschleppt worden und gelten, auch wegen ihrer schmerzhaften Stiche, als bedeutsame Schädlinge. Auch die tropische amerikanische Solenopsis geminata ist ebenfalls in große Teile der Alten und Neuen Welt verschleppt worden. Diese Art wird allerdings aus den meisten Lebensräumen wieder verdrängt, wenn auch Solenopsis invicta später dort ankommt. Auch die aus Südamerika nach Nordamerika eingeschleppte Solenopsis richteri ist von dieser weitgehend wieder verdrängt worden. In Nordamerika leben außerdem auch indigen weitere Arten, die ebenfalls zu den „Feuerameisen“ (den oberirdisch lebenden Arten der Solenopsis saevissima-Artengruppe) gehören.

Weltweit gibt es über 195 verschiedene Arten (22 davon mit mehreren Unterarten), zudem sind 9 Arten fossil, als Inklusen in Bernstein, beschrieben worden.[6]

Gut 80 Prozent der Arten leben indigen in Südamerika (Neotropis). In der Alten Welt sind die Artenzahlen geringer. Aus Ägypten sind vier Arten bekannt[3], von der arabischen Halbinsel sechs.[7] In Europa finden sich nur wenige Arten. Häufigste südeuropäische Art ist Solenopsis fugax[8], wobei die Artengruppe um diese Art taxonomisch problematisch ist, so dass die genaue Artenzahl von der jeweiligen taxonomischen Auffassung abhängt. Nördlich der Alpen ist nur eine einzige Art bekannt, die Gelbe Diebsameise (Solenopsis fugax).[9]

Lebensweise

Die meisten Arten der Gattung (die „Diebsameisen“) leben in unterirdischen Nestern, die (außer beim Schwärmen der geflügelten Geschlechtstiere) keinen Eingang und keine Verbindung zur Erdoberfläche haben. Die meisten Arten leben im tropischen Regenwald, besonders in Bereichen mit ausgeprägter Streuschicht. Die Art Solenopsis molesta kommt in Südamerika oft auch in Häusern vor, wo sie lästig werden kann. Die meisten Arten werden aber nur selten, bei gezielter Nachsuche nahe der Erdnester anderer Ameisenarten, gefunden. Drei Arten der Gattung sind Inquilinen anderer Solenopsis-Arten. Königinnen einiger Arten können unbefruchtete Eier legen, die als Nahrungsvorrat für Notzeiten dienen (sogenannte „trophische“ Eier). Arten der saevissima-Artengruppe bilden auch oberirdische Erdnester.

Viele Arten werden stark polygyn. Die Koloniegründung erfolgt selbstständig durch eine einzige Königin oder in Pleometrose durch wenige Königinnen. Neue Kolonien können innerhalb weniger Monate bereits aus mehreren tausend Individuen bestehen. Die Nester werden gewöhnlich unter Steinen oder im offenen Feld angelegt. Bei manchen Arten sind die Nester direkt mit fremden Ameisennestern verbunden. Diese Arten leben kleptoparasitär und nutzen die fremden Nahrungsvorräte oder stehlen die Brut. Feuerameisen mindestens der beiden Arten Solenopsis invicta und Solenopsis germinata sind dazu befähigt, Überschwemmungen zu überleben, indem sich die weiblichen Einzeltiere und Larven mit ihren Körpern zu einem Biwakfloß verketten.[10]

 src=
Biwakfloß der Roten Feuerameisen (Solenopsis invicta)

Stiche

Problematisch wegen der schmerzhaften Stiche sind die „Feuerameisen“ genannten größeren Arten der Gattung Solenopsis, beispielsweise sind dies Solenopsis invicta und Solenopsis geminata insbesondere im Südosten der USA. Die dort indigenen Arten Solenopsis xyloni und Solenopsis aurea[11] verfügen auch über Stichvermögen, sind aber meist unproblematisch. Feuerameisen können trotz geringer Körpergröße effektiv stechen, indem sich die Ameise mit ihren Mandibeln in der Haut festbeisst und, so verankert, zusticht, oft im Halbkreis darum mehrmals. Anders als Bienen- oder Wespenstiche ist der Stich noch nicht im ersten Augenblick schmerzhaft. Neben dem Schmerz wird eine Hautrötung und Juckreiz verursacht, die nach etwa zwei Stunden abklingen. Schlimmer sind die Folgen, wenn der Patient allergisch auf das Gift reagiert. Als Sofortreaktion kann sich ein juckendes Ödem bilden, das eine ganze Extremität betreffen kann und erst nach ein bis zwei Tagen abklingt. Ernsthafte systemische Reaktionen, die dann den ganzen Körper betreffen, treten bei etwa zwei Prozent der Patienten auf. Diese können in Einzelfällen auch tödlich sein. Kreuzreaktionen mit Wespenstich-Allergie sind verbreitet. Das Gift der Feuerameisen besteht zu über 90 Prozent aus Alkaloiden, insbesondere Piperidin-Alkaloiden wie Solenopsin.[12] Für die Allergien verantwortlich sind allerdings darin enthaltene Proteine, die von Sol i 1 bis Sol i 4 durchnummeriert werden.[13] Ihre biologische Funktion ist bisher unbekannt.[14]

Taxonomie, Phylogenie, Systematik

Innerhalb der Myrmicinae gehört Solenopsis in eine Artengruppe, die als Tribus Solenopsidini taxonomisch gefasst wird. Sie umfasst etwa 20 Gattungen, unter anderem auch Monomorium (mit der Pharaoameise). Die Zusammengehörigkeit der Gruppe wurde mit molekularen Methoden bestätigt.[15] Die Monophylie der Gattung Solenopsis war allerdings nur dann gegeben, wenn die frühere Gattung Carebarella in diese mit einbezogen wurde, sie wurde daher synonymisiert.

Arten (Auswahl)

Synonyme

Folgende Namen sind Synonyme für die Gattung Solenopsis:[16]

  • Diagyne Santschi, 1923
  • Disolenopsis Kusnezov, 1953
  • Euophthalma Creighton, 1930
  • Granisolenopsis Kusnezov, 1957
  • Labauchena Santschi, 1930
  • Oedalecerus Creighton, 1930
  • Paranamyrma Kusnezov, 1954
  • Synsolenopsis Forel, 1918

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. C.A. Collingwood & J. Kugler (1994): Solenopsis dentata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), new species from Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 28: 119–122.
  2. a b c José A. Pacheco & William P. Mackay: The systematics and Biology of the New World Thief Ants of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press, Lampeter 2013. 501 Seiten.
  3. a b Mostafa R. Sharaf, Brian Taylor, Christiana Klingenberg (2009): Ants of the Genus Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Egypt with a description of the worker castes of S. cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947. Zootaxa 2004: 49–58.
  4. Barry Bolton (1987): A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 54: 263–452. online bei www.biodiversitylibrary.org
  5. James P. Pitts, Joseph V. McHugh, Kenneth G. Ross (2005): Cladistic analysis of the fire ants of the Solenopsis saevissima species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoologica Scripta 34 (5): 493–505.
  6. Solenopsis Westwood, 1840. AntCat, an Online Catalog of the Ants of the World, by Barry Bolton. abgerufen am 4. September 2020.
  7. Mostafa R. Sharaf, Abdulrahman S. Aldawood (2012): Ants of the Genus Solenopsis Westwood 1840 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula with Description of a New Species, Solenopsis elhawagryi. PLoS ONE 7(11): e49485. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049485
  8. Christophe Galkowski, Janine Casevitz-Weulersse, Henri Cagniant (2010): Redescription de Solenopsis fugax (Latreille, 1798) et notes sur les Solenopsis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revue Française d'Entomologie 32 (3/4): 151–163.
  9. Bernhard Seifert: Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Görlitz/Tauer 2007, ISBN 978-3-936412-03-1
  10. C. Anderson, G. Theraulaz, J.-L. Deneubourg: Self-assemblages in insect societies. In: Insectes Sociaux, Band 49, Nr. 2, 2002, S. 99–110.
  11. vgl. James C. Trager (1991): A Revision of the Fire Ants, Solenopsis geminata Group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99 (2): 141–198.
  12. PubChem: Solenopsin A
  13. D.R. Hoffman (1995): Fire ant venom allergy. Allergy 50: 535–544.
  14. Aline S. Borer, Paul Wassmann, Margit Schmidt, Donald R. Hoffman, Jing-Jiang Zhou, Christine Wright, Tilman Schirmer, Zora Marković-Housley (2012): Crystal Structure of Sol i 2: A Major Allergen from Fire Ant Venom. Journal of Molecular Biology 415 (4): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.009
  15. Philip S. Ward, Sean G. Brady, Brian L. Fisher, Ted R. Schultz (2015): The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Phylogeny and evolution of myrmicine ants. Systematic Entomology 40: 61–81. doi:10.1111/syen.12090
  16. Hölldobler and Wilson: The Ants. Springer (1990) ISBN 3-540-52092-9

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
  • AntWeb Bilder verschiedener Solenopsis Arten
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Feuerameisen: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Schwärmende Geschlechtstiere

Solenopsis ist eine Gattung der Ameisen (Formicidae) aus der Unterfamilie der Knotenameisen (Myrmicinae). Eine Gruppe etwa zwanzig amerikanischer Arten dieser Gattung wird, wegen der schmerzhaft brennenden Stiche, Feuerameisen genannt, darunter die fast weltweit verschleppte Rote Feuerameise (Solenopsis invicta). Die anderen Arten der artenreichen Gattung sind klein und unscheinbar, die Arbeiterinnen selten länger als zwei Millimeter, bei den paläarktischen Arten von 1 bis 2,8 Millimeter. Fast alle leben als „Einmieter“ (Inquilinen) in den Wänden der Nester anderer Ameisenarten, von denen sie Nahrung und Brut stehlen. Sie sind als Diebsameisen bekannt.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Kuwitib ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ang mga kuwitib[1] (Ingles: fire ant [ Estados Unidos ], red ant [ sa U.K. ], wash foot ant), ay mga nangungukab na mga pulang langgam na kinabibilangan ng higit sa 280 uri sa buong daigdig. Marami silang mga pangkaraniwang katawagan katulad ng mga sumusunod: ginger ant [Ingles], tropical fire ant [Ingles], aka-kami-ari (Hapon), at feuerameise (Aleman). Sa Kastila, kilala ang mga kuwitib bilang hormiga colorada(langgam na may kulay) , hormiga roja (pulang langgam) o hormiga brava (mabangis na langgam). Sa Puwerto Riko, may katutubong napakaliliit na mga pulang langgam na napakabagal lumakad, at tinaguriang abayarde. Sa Portuges, tinatawag na formiga de fogo (langgam ng apoy; maapoy na langgam) at formiga lava-pé (hugas-paang langgam) ang mga kuwitib.

Mga uri

Narito ang mga uri ng mga kuwitib. Hindi buo ang talaang ito:

Sanggunian

May kaugnay na midya ang Wikimedia Commons ukol sa artikulong:
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Mga may-akda at editor ng Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Kuwitib: Brief Summary ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ang mga kuwitib (Ingles: fire ant [ Estados Unidos ], red ant [ sa U.K. ], wash foot ant), ay mga nangungukab na mga pulang langgam na kinabibilangan ng higit sa 280 uri sa buong daigdig. Marami silang mga pangkaraniwang katawagan katulad ng mga sumusunod: ginger ant [Ingles], tropical fire ant [Ingles], aka-kami-ari (Hapon), at feuerameise (Aleman). Sa Kastila, kilala ang mga kuwitib bilang hormiga colorada(langgam na may kulay) , hormiga roja (pulang langgam) o hormiga brava (mabangis na langgam). Sa Puwerto Riko, may katutubong napakaliliit na mga pulang langgam na napakabagal lumakad, at tinaguriang abayarde. Sa Portuges, tinatawag na formiga de fogo (langgam ng apoy; maapoy na langgam) at formiga lava-pé (hugas-paang langgam) ang mga kuwitib.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Mga may-akda at editor ng Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

தீ எறும்பு ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

தீ எறும்பு எனப்படுபவை உயிராபத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடிய ஒரு எறும்பு வகையாகும். இவை அதிகமாக அமெரிக்காவின் புளோரிடா மாநிலத்தில் காணப்படுகின்றன.

பண்புகள்

இவை மற்ற றும்புகளைப்போல் கடிக்கும் தன்மையுடையவை அல்ல; மாறாக தேனியைப் போல கொட்டும் தன்மை உடையவையாகும். அத்துடன் கொட்டும் போது விசத்தையும் பாய்ச்சி விடுகின்றன. இந்தவகை எறும்புகள் கொட்ட ஆரம்பித்து விட்டால் தொடர்ந்து கொட்டிக்கொண்டே இருக்கும். நூற்றுக்கணக்கான எறும்புகள் சேர்ந்து இவ்வாறு கொட்டும் போது தாக்கத்திற்கு உள்ளானவருக்கு உயிராபத்து ஏற்படவும் வாய்ப்புண்டு.

அச்சுறுத்தல்கள்

கிராமப்புறத்தில் நிலத்தில் வாழும் புழு, பூச்சி மற்றும் ஊர்வன போன்ற உயிரினங்களுக்கு இவை பெரும் அச்சுறுத்தலாய் உள்ளன. நகர்ப் புறங்களிலும் இவை வீடுகள் மற்றும் அலுவலகங்களில் புற்றுக்களை அமைத்து வாழ்வதால் பலரும் இதற்கு அச்சமடைந்து வாழவேண்டிய நிலை ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. சாரதிகளை கொட்டுவதால் வாகன விபத்துக்களும் ஏற்படுகின்றன.

உசாத்துணைகள்

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

தீ எறும்பு: Brief Summary ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

தீ எறும்பு எனப்படுபவை உயிராபத்தை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடிய ஒரு எறும்பு வகையாகும். இவை அதிகமாக அமெரிக்காவின் புளோரிடா மாநிலத்தில் காணப்படுகின்றன.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ( Canarês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Fire ants 01.jpg

ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಕಟ್ಟಿರುವೆ ಸಮೂಹದಲ್ಲಿ ೨೮೫ ಪ್ರಭೇಧಗಳಿವೆ. ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ ಇರುವೆ, ಒಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಂಪು ಇರುವೆಗಳೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಇರುವೆ ದೇಹವನ್ನು ತಲೆ, ಎದೆ, ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ ಭಾಗವೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ೨ ಮಿ.ಮೀ.ನಿಂದ ೬ಮಿ.ಮೀ ವರೆಗಿನ ದೇಹ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಇರುವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಬಹಳ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ. ಇದರ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಟಾಕ್ಸಿಕ್ ಅಲ್ಕಾಲಾಯ್ಡ್ ವಿಷ ಇದರ ಬಾಯಿಯ ಮುಳ್ಳಿನಿಂದ ಕಚ್ಚಿದಾಗ ದೇಹ ಸೇರಿ ಭಾರಿ ಉರಿ ಊತ ಉಂಟು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೆಂಕಿ ಸುಟ್ಟಂತಹ ಅನುಭವವಾಗುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಎಂದೇ ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತೆ. ಸಣ್ಣ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಇರು‍ವೆ ಮುಳ್ಳಿನಿಂದ ಕಡಿದ ಪಕ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ ತಕ್ಷಣ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ ನೀಡಿದರೆ ಗುಣವಾಗುತ್ತೆ. ಆದರೆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆಗಳು ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಣಕ್ಕೇ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ. ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಕಡಿತಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಶ್ವಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸರಾಸರಿ ೧೫ ಮಂದಿ ಸಾಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಪ್ರತಿವರುಷ ಕೋಟ್ಯಾಂತರ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ಬೆಳೆ ಹಾನಿಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.

ಭಾರತದ ಕೆಂಪು ಇರುವೆ ಅಥವಾ ಚಿಗುಳಿ

 src=
ದ್ರವ ಆಹಾರದ ಕೊಡುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆ (ಟ್ರೋಫೊಲಾಕ್ಸಿಸ್) ಓಕೋಫಿಲ್ಲಾ ಸ್ಮಾರಾಗ್ಡಿನಾ
  • ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮಲೆನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ‘ವೀವರ್ ರೆಡ್’ ಎನ್ನುವ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಇರುವೆಗಳು ಕುತೂಹಲವನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಮಲೆನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಇವನ್ನು ಚಿಗಳಿ, ಚಿಗುಳಿ, ಚವುಳಿ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟು ಸೇರಿಸಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟಿ ವಾಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗುವ ಒಂದು ಬಗೆಯ ರೇಷ್ಮೆಯನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿ, ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಎಳೆದು ಅಂಟು ಹಾಕಿ ಇವು ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವನ್ನು ಕೆಲವರು ಆಹಾರವಾಗಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಬಿಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವು ಬೇರೆ ದೇಶಗಳ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆಗಳಂತೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯರಿಗೆ ಇವುಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾಣಾಪಾಯವಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ದದ್ದುಗಳು ಏಳುತ್ತವೆ ಬೇಗ ಗುಣವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಹುಳಿವಾಸನೆ ರುಚಿ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. [೧][೨]

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ

  1. ಚಿಗಳಿ ದೋಸ್ತರು ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟಿದ ಕಥೆ;ಆದಿತ್ಯ ಬೀಳೂರು;Published: 07 ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2019,
  2. https://www.terminix.com/blog/home-garden/big-red-ants/ WHAT ARE THOSE BIG RED ANTS IN MY YARD?
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ: Brief Summary ( Canarês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Fire ants 01.jpg

ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಕಟ್ಟಿರುವೆ ಸಮೂಹದಲ್ಲಿ ೨೮೫ ಪ್ರಭೇಧಗಳಿವೆ. ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ ಇರುವೆ, ಒಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಂಪು ಇರುವೆಗಳೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಇರುವೆ ದೇಹವನ್ನು ತಲೆ, ಎದೆ, ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ ಭಾಗವೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ೨ ಮಿ.ಮೀ.ನಿಂದ ೬ಮಿ.ಮೀ ವರೆಗಿನ ದೇಹ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಇರುವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಬಹಳ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ. ಇದರ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಟಾಕ್ಸಿಕ್ ಅಲ್ಕಾಲಾಯ್ಡ್ ವಿಷ ಇದರ ಬಾಯಿಯ ಮುಳ್ಳಿನಿಂದ ಕಚ್ಚಿದಾಗ ದೇಹ ಸೇರಿ ಭಾರಿ ಉರಿ ಊತ ಉಂಟು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೆಂಕಿ ಸುಟ್ಟಂತಹ ಅನುಭವವಾಗುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಎಂದೇ ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತೆ. ಸಣ್ಣ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಇರು‍ವೆ ಮುಳ್ಳಿನಿಂದ ಕಡಿದ ಪಕ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ ತಕ್ಷಣ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ ನೀಡಿದರೆ ಗುಣವಾಗುತ್ತೆ. ಆದರೆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆಗಳು ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಪ್ರಾಣಕ್ಕೇ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ. ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆ ಕಡಿತಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಶ್ವಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸರಾಸರಿ ೧೫ ಮಂದಿ ಸಾಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಪ್ರತಿವರುಷ ಕೋಟ್ಯಾಂತರ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ಬೆಳೆ ಹಾನಿಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.

ಭಾರತದ ಕೆಂಪು ಇರುವೆ ಅಥವಾ ಚಿಗುಳಿ  src= ದ್ರವ ಆಹಾರದ ಕೊಡುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆ (ಟ್ರೋಫೊಲಾಕ್ಸಿಸ್) ಓಕೋಫಿಲ್ಲಾ ಸ್ಮಾರಾಗ್ಡಿನಾ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮಲೆನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ‘ವೀವರ್ ರೆಡ್’ ಎನ್ನುವ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಇರುವೆಗಳು ಕುತೂಹಲವನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಮಲೆನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಇವನ್ನು ಚಿಗಳಿ, ಚಿಗುಳಿ, ಚವುಳಿ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟು ಸೇರಿಸಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟಿ ವಾಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗುವ ಒಂದು ಬಗೆಯ ರೇಷ್ಮೆಯನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿ, ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಎಳೆದು ಅಂಟು ಹಾಕಿ ಇವು ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವನ್ನು ಕೆಲವರು ಆಹಾರವಾಗಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಬಿಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವು ಬೇರೆ ದೇಶಗಳ ಬೆಂಕಿ ಇರುವೆಗಳಂತೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯರಿಗೆ ಇವುಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾಣಾಪಾಯವಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಕಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ದದ್ದುಗಳು ಏಳುತ್ತವೆ ಬೇಗ ಗುಣವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಹುಳಿವಾಸನೆ ರುಚಿ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Fire ant ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis, which includes over 200 species. Solenopsis are stinging ants, and most of their common names reflect this, for example, ginger ants and tropical fire ants. Many of the names shared by this genus are often used interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as the term red ant, mostly because of their similar coloration despite not being in the genus Solenopsis. Both Myrmica rubra and Pogonomyrmex barbatus are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed red ants.[2]

None of these names apply to all species of Solenopsis nor only to Solenopsis species; for example the colloquial names for several species of weaver ants in the genus Oecophylla in Southeast Asia include "fire ants" because of their similar coloration and painful bites; the two genera, however, are not closely related. Wasmannia auropunctata is another unrelated ant commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent sting.[3]

Appearance

Fire ant mound
Fire ant mound
Detail of fire ant head
Detail of the head (Solenopsis geminata)

The bodies of mature fire ants, like the bodies of all typical mature insects, are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, with three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. Fire ants of those species invasive in the United States can be distinguished from other ants locally present by their copper brown head and thorax with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish and their size varies from 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 in). In an established nest these different sizes of ants are all present at the same time.[4]

Solenopsis spp. ants can be identified by three body features—a pedicel with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum, and antennae with 10 segments plus a two-segmented club.[5] Many ants bite, and formicine ants can cause irritation by spraying formic acid; myrmecine ants like fire ants have a dedicated venom-injecting sting, which injects an alkaloid venom, as well as mandibles for biting.[6]

Behavior

Fire ant worker, queen, and male
A fire ant worker, queen, and male (clockwise from bottom left)

A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants, insects and seeds. Fire ants often attack small animals such as small lizards and can kill them. Unlike many other ants, which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire (hence the name), and the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people.[7] Fire ants are more aggressive than most native species, so have pushed many species away from their local habitat. One such species that Solenopsis ants parasitically take advantage of are bees, such as Euglossa imperialis, a nonsocial orchid bee species, from which the ants enter the cells from below the nest and rob the cell's contents.[8]

These ants are renowned for their ability to survive extreme conditions. They do not hibernate, but can survive cold conditions, although this is costly to fire ant populations as observed during several winters in Tennessee, where 80 to 90% of colonies died due to several consecutive days of extremely low temperatures.[9]

Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies.[10][11] In Lycaena rubidus, the larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Fire ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupal stage in exchange for feeding on the fluid.[11] In Eurybia elvina, fire ants were observed to frequently construct soil shelters over later instars of larvae on inflorescences on which the larvae are found.[10]

Fire ants nest in the soil, often near moist areas, such as river banks, pond shores, watered lawns, and highway shoulders. Usually, the nest will not be visible, as it will be built under objects such as timber, logs, rocks, or bricks. If no cover for nesting is available, dome-shaped mounds are constructed, but these are usually only found in open spaces, such as fields, parks, and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of 40 cm (16 in),[4] but can be even higher on heavier soils, standing at 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) in height and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter.[12] Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a month or so, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest).[13]

Fire ants are resilient and can survive floods. During Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017, clumps of fire ants, known as rafts, were seen clumped together on the surface of the water. Each clump had as many as 100,000 individual ants, which formed a temporary structure until finding a new permanent home.[14] Ants so clumped, recognize different fluid flow conditions and adapt their behavior accordingly to preserve the raft's stability.[15]

Fire ants dig tunnels efficiently using about 30% of the population of the colony, thereby avoiding congestion in tunnels.[16]

Queens, males and workers

Solenopsis winged reproductive females, queens and workers
Solenopsis winged reproductive females, queens and workers

Queen

Fire ant queens, the reproductive females in their colony, also are generally the largest. Their primary function is reproduction. Typically, a fire ant queen will seek to establish a new colony following a nuptial flight, wherein it will use its special venom to paralyze offending competitors,[17] in the absence of workers for defense. Fire ant queens may live up to seven years and can produce up to 1,600 eggs per day, and colonies will have as many as 250,000 workers.[12][18] The estimated potential life span is around 5 years and 10 months to 6 years and 9 months.[19] Young, virgin fire ant queens have wings (as do male fire ants), but they often cut them off after mating. Although, occasionally a queen will keep its wings after mating and through her first year.

Males (drones)

Male fire ants mate with queens during a nuptial flight. After a male has successfully inseminated a queen, he will not get accepted back to the mother colony, and will eventually die outside the nest.[20]

Workers

The other roles in an ant colony are usually undertaken by workers. Fire ant workers are haphazardly divided into different size classes, namely minima, minor, media, and major workers.[21] The major ants are known for their larger size and more powerful mandibles typically used in macerating and storing food items (i.e. as repletes), while smaller workers take care of regular tasks (the main tasks in a colony are caring for the eggs/larvae/pupae, cleaning the nest, and foraging for food).[12] However, Solenopsis daguerrei colonies contain no workers, as they are considered social parasites.[22]

Invasive species

Fire Ant Festival Sign
Sign for the Fire Ant Festival in Ashburn, Georgia

Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive, Solenopsis invicta, known in the United States as the red imported fire ant (or RIFA), is an invasive pest in many areas of the world, including the United States, Australia, China and Taiwan.[23] The RIFA was believed to have been accidentally introduced to these countries via shipping crates, particularly with Australia when they were first found in Brisbane in 2001.[24] These ants have now since been spotted in Sydney for the first time.[25] They were believed to be in the Philippines, but they are most likely to be misidentified for Solenopsis geminata ants.[26]

In the US, the FDA estimates that more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately $750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss.[27] Over 40 million people live in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern United States.[28] It is estimated that 30–60% of the people living in fire ant-infested areas of the US are stung each year.[29] RIFA are currently found mainly in subtropical southeastern USA states including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California.[30]

Since September 2004, Taiwan has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national programs to control or eradicate the species, but with the exception of those in Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia, there is an intensive program costing A$175 million, although the fire ant has remained despite efforts.[31] By July 2013, multiple sites west of Brisbane were confirmed, including the Lockyer Valley, Muirlea and Goodna.[32] According to a study published in 2009, it only took seventy years for the lizards in parts of the United States to adapt to the ant's presence—they now have longer legs and new behaviors that aid them in escaping from the danger.[33]

Solenopsis invicta is the most famous species in this genus, especially in the US, however serveral other species are similarly dangerous and invasive, such as Solenopsis geminata, which has invaded most of the tropical countries, wreaking havoc in medical systems especially in unprepared countries and islands.[34]

Sting symptoms and treatment

Human leg three days after brief contact with fire ant colony
A human leg three days after brief contact with a fire ant colony

The venom of fire ants is mainly (>95%) composed of oily alkaloids structurally derived from piperidine (also known as solenopsins) mixed with a small amount of toxic proteins.[35][36] Fire ant stings are painful, characterised by a local burning sensation, followed by urticaria.[35] The sting site typically swells into a bump within hours, which can cause further pain and irritation, especially following several stings at the same place. The bump may develop into a white pustule within 24–36 hours which can become infected if scratched, but will spontaneously flatten within a few days if left alone. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, may cause scarring.[37] Some people may become allergic to the venom,[38] and if untreated, may become increasingly sensitive to the point of experiencing anaphylaxis following fire ant stings, which requires emergency treatment.[34] Management of an emergency visit due to anaphylaxis is recommended with the use of adrenaline.[39] · [34] It has been demonstrated that, whilst pustule formation results from the injected venom alkaloids,[40] allergy to fire ant stings is caused solely by venom allergenic proteins.[38]

First aid for fire ant stings includes external treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficacy, including immediate application of a solution of half bleach and half water, or aloe vera gel – the latter of which is also often included in over-the-counter creams that also include medically tested and verified treatments.[7] External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine, the antihistamine diphenhydramine, and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone.[7] Antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help reduce the itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions.[41] Oral medicine include antihistamines.[42] Severe allergic reactions to fire ant stings, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech,[43] can be fatal if not treated.[44] · [34]

Predators

Drosera with sticky leaves
A species of Drosera with its sticky leaves that trap many ants
Phorid fly parasitoid of fire ants
Pseudacteon curvatus, phorid fly parasitoid of fire ants

Phorid flies, or Phoridae, are a large family of small, hump-backed flies somewhat smaller than vinegar flies; two species in this family (Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus) are parasitoids of the red imported fire ant in its native range in South America. Some 110 species of the genus Pseudacteon, or ant-decapitating flies, have been described. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later.[45]

Pseudacteon flies appear to be important ecological constraints on Solenopsis species and they have been introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis, Brazos, and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as south central Alabama, where the ants first entered North America.[46]

The Venus flytrap, a carnivorous plant, is native only to North and South Carolina in the United States. About 33% of the prey of the Venus flytrap are ants of various species.[47] They lure their prey with a sweet sap. Once the prey has entered the trap and within about three seconds of touching two or three "trigger hairs" on the surface of the trap, the leaf closes around the prey and digests it. The majority of ants that are captured include non-native RIFAs, and three other species of ants.[47] Other carnivorous plants, such as sundews (Drosera) and various kinds of pitcher plants also trap many ants.

Key natural enemies of fire ants also include other ant species which will attack prospective queens during the nest founding period, when there is an absence of workers to defend the emergent colony.[48] Frequent competitors of fire ant founding queens include other Solenopsis thief ant species, and some invasive pest species, such as the tawny crazy ant, and the black crazy ant.[17]

A number of entomopathogenic fungi are also natural enemies of fire ants, such as Beauveria bassiana[49] and Metarhizium anisopliae[50]. The latter is commercially available for the biological control (as an alternative to conventional pesticides) of various pest insects, and a new proposed technology has increased its shelf life and efficiency against fire ants.[51]

Species

The genus Solenopsis contains over 200 species.[1] Not all species included in the genus are known as fire ants, but most are small slow-moving ants which are unable to sting, called thief ants. "True" fire ants are but a group of about 20 species of Solenopsis which are larger, and will viciously sting in swarms whenever disturbed.[52] Some of the most studied species include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bolton, B. (2014). "Solenopsis". AntCat. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  2. ^ Reins, Dusty. "Species: Pogonomyrmex barbatus - Red Harvester Ant". Wildcat Bluff Nature Center. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  3. ^ "Wasmannia auropunctata". Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR). Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Fire ant identification". Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Queensland Government). 30 July 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  5. ^ "Red Imported Fire Ant - UC Statewide IPM Program". University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  6. ^ Yi, GB; McClendon, D; Desaiah, D; Goddard, J; Lister, A; Moffitt, J; Meer, RK; deShazo, R; Lee, KS; Rockhold, RW (2002). "Fire ant venom alkaloid, isosolenopsin A, a potent and selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase". International Journal of Toxicology. 22 (2): 81–6. doi:10.1080/10915810305090. PMID 12745988. S2CID 23324548.
  7. ^ a b c Drees, Bastiaan M. (December 2002). "Medical Problems and Treatment Considerations for the Red Imported Fire Ant" (PDF). Texas A&M University (Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project). Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  8. ^ Roberts, R. B.; Dodson, Calaway H. (1967). "Nesting biology of two communal bees, Euglossa imperialis and Euglossa ignita (Hymenoptera: Apidae), including description of larvae". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 60 (5): 1007–1014. doi:10.1093/aesa/60.5.1007.
  9. ^ Walter R. Tschinkel (2006). The Fire Ants. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-674-02207-2.
  10. ^ a b Horvitz, Carol C.; Turnbull, Christine; Harvey, Donald J. (1987-07-01). "Biology of Immature Eurybia elvina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a Myrmecophilous Metalmark Butterfly". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 80 (4): 513–519. doi:10.1093/aesa/80.4.513. ISSN 0013-8746.
  11. ^ a b Watt, Loren (2001). "Lycaena rubidus". Animal Diversity Web.
  12. ^ a b c Lockley, Timothy C. "Imported Fire Ants". University of Minnesota (IPM World Textbook). Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  13. ^ Kintz-Early, Janet; Parris, Leslie; Zettler, Jennifer; Bast, Josh (September 2003). "Evidence of polygynous red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South Carolina". Florida Entomologist. 86 (3): 381–382. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0381:EOPRIF]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  14. ^ "Floating fire ants form rafts in Houston floodwaters". BBC. London. August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  15. ^ Ouellette, Jennifer (16 September 2022). "Fire ant rafts form because of the Cheerios effect, study concludes". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  16. ^ Gorman, James (2018-08-16). "The Secret to Ant Efficiency Is Idleness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  17. ^ a b Fox, Eduardo G.P.; Wu, Xiaoqing; Wang, Lei; Chen, Li; Lu, Yong-Yue; Xu, Yijuan (February 2019). "Queen venom isosolenopsin A delivers rapid incapacitation of fire ant competitors". Toxicon. 158: 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.428. PMID 30529381. S2CID 54481057.
  18. ^ Vinson, S.B.; Sorenson, A.A. (1986). Imported Fire Ants: Life History and Impact. Austin, Texas: The Texas Department of Agriculture.
  19. ^ Tschinkel, Walter R. (1987). "Fire Ant Queen Longevity and Age: Estimation by Sperm Depletion" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 80 (2): 263–266. doi:10.1093/aesa/80.2.263. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  20. ^ "Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project". fireant.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
  21. ^ Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson; Pianaro, Adriana; Solis, Daniel Russ; Delabie, Jacques Hubert Charles; Vairo, Bruno Cunha; Machado, Ednildo de Alcântara; Bueno, Odair Correa (2012). "Intraspecific and Intracolonial Variation in the Profile of Venom Alkaloids and Cuticular Hydrocarbons of the Fire Ant Solenopsis saevissima Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2012: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2012/398061. ISSN 0033-2615.
  22. ^ Briano, Juan A.; Calcaterra, Luis A.; Wojcik, D.P.; Williams, D.F.; Banks, W.A.; Patterson, R.S. (1997). "Abundance of the Parasitic Ant Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South America, a Potential Candidate for the Biological Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in the United States". Environmental Entomology. 26 (5): 1143–1148. doi:10.1093/ee/26.5.1143. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  23. ^ Ascunce, M. S.; Yang, C.-C.; Oakey, J.; Calcaterra, L.; Wu, W.-J.; Shih, C.-J.; Goudet, J.; Ross, K. G.; Shoemaker, D. (24 February 2011). "Global Invasion History of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta". Science. 331 (6020): 1066–1068. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1066A. doi:10.1126/science.1198734. PMID 21350177. S2CID 28149214.
  24. ^ Murphy, Damien (13 December 2014). "Red fire ants will make thongs a thing of the past". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  25. ^ "'Aggressive' red ants found at Sydney port". The Australian. Australian Associated Press. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  26. ^ Wetterer, James K. (2013). "Exotic spread of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beyond North America". Sociobiology. 60: 53–63. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.50-55.
  27. ^ McDonald, Maggie (February 2006). "Reds Under Your Feet (interview with Robert Vander Meer)". New Scientist. 189 (2538): 50.
  28. ^ Solley, GO; Vanderwoude, C; Knight, GK (3 June 2002). "Anaphylaxis due to Red Imported Fire Ant sting". The Medical Journal of Australia. 176 (11): 521–3. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04548.x. PMID 12064982. S2CID 33650493. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  29. ^ Oi, David H. (25 June 2008). "Public health significance of Urban Pests" (PDF). World Health Organization Technical Report. Pharaoh ants and fire ants. p. 175. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  30. ^ "Service Unavailable" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
  31. ^ Condon, Matthew (27 July 2013). "Queensland launched a war against the fire ant invasion, but 12 years later, they're still on the march". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  32. ^ McCarthy, John; Williams, Brian (25 July 2013). "Mayors warn fire ants are dominating in south east Queensland as infestations double". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  33. ^ Bryner, Jeanna (26 January 2009). "Lizards' Dance Avoids Deadly Ants". Live Science. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  34. ^ a b c d Hoffmann, Benjamin D; Ducarme, Frédéric; Bradford, DanaKai; Martinez, Santiago (2023). "Spread of stinging ants to oceanic islands, and the need to raise awareness of prevention and treatment of ant stings". Emergency Medicine Australasia. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.14165. PMID 36596650. S2CID 255469772.
  35. ^ a b Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson (2014), "Venom Toxins of Fire Ants", Venom Genomics and Proteomics, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6649-5_38-1, ISBN 9789400766495, retrieved 2018-12-07
  36. ^ dos Santos Pinto, José R. A.; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Saidemberg, Daniel M.; Santos, Lucilene D.; da Silva Menegasso, Anally R.; Costa-Manso, Eliúde; Machado, Ednildo A.; Bueno, Odair C.; Palma, Mario S. (2012-09-07). "Proteomic View of the Venom from the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta Buren". Journal of Proteome Research. 11 (9): 4643–4653. doi:10.1021/pr300451g. ISSN 1535-3893. PMID 22881118.
  37. ^ deShazo RD, Butcher BT, Banks WA (1990). "Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant". New England Journal of Medicine. 323 (7): 462–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008163230707. PMID 2197555.
  38. ^ a b Diaz, Bruno L.; Machado, Ednildo A.; Atella, Georgia C.; Araujo, Maria F. C.; Araujo, Almair Ferreira de; Poublan, Luiz E.; Gama, Diogo; Monteiro, Ana Paula; Fox, Eduardo G. P. (2018-09-26). "The allergic response mediated by fire ant venom proteins". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 14427. Bibcode:2018NatSR...814427Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32327-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6158280. PMID 30258210.
  39. ^ Lee, Jason; Betschel, Stephen (2013). "A case of the first documented fire ant anaphylaxis in Canada". Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 9 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-25. PMC 3711928. PMID 23837799.
  40. ^ Javors, M.A.; Zhou, W.; Maas, J.W.; Han, S.; Keenan, R.W. (1993-01-01). "Effects of fire ant venom alkaloids on platelet and neutrophil function". Life Sciences. 53 (14): 1105–1112. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90546-F. ISSN 0024-3205. PMID 8396703.
  41. ^ Talcott, Patricia A.; Peterson, Michael E. (2013). Small animal toxicology (3rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier. pp. 584–585. ISBN 978-1455707171. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  42. ^ "Fire Ant Bites". American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  43. ^ "Insects and Scorpions". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  44. ^ Prahlow, JA; Barnard, JJ (June 1998). "Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 19 (2): 137–42. doi:10.1097/00000433-199806000-00007. PMID 9662108. S2CID 39162329.
  45. ^ Ehrenberg, Rachel (18 September 2009). "Venom attracts decapitating flies". Science News. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  46. ^ Porter, Sanford D.; Graham, L. C. “Fudd”; Johnson, Seth J.; Thead, Larry G.; Briano, Juan A. (June 2011). "The Large Decapitating Fly (Diptera: Phoridae): Successfully Established on Fire Ant Populations in Alabama". Florida Entomologist. 94 (2): 208–213. doi:10.1653/024.094.0213.
  47. ^ a b Ellison, DM; Gotelli, NJ (2009). "Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants—Darwin's 'Most Wonderful plants in the world'". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (1): 19–42. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern179. PMID 19213724.
  48. ^ Greenberg, Les; Kabashima, John N.; Allison, Clinton J.; Rust, Michael K.; Klotz, John H.; Hurvois, Jean-Pierre; Paine, Timothy D. (2008-11-01). "Lethality of Red Imported Fire Ant Venom to Argentine Ants and Other Ant Species". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101 (6): 1162–1168. doi:10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1162. ISSN 0013-8746. S2CID 83922482.
  49. ^ Siebeneicher, Stacy R.; Bradleigh^Vinson, S.; Kenerley, Charles M. (1992-05-01). "Infection of the red imported fire ant by Beauveria bassiana through various routes of exposure". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 59 (3): 280–285. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(92)90133-O. ISSN 0022-2011.
  50. ^ Angelone, Steven; Bidochka, Michael J. (2018-07-01). "Diversity and abundance of entomopathogenic fungi at ant colonies". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 156: 73–76. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2018.07.009. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 30017951. S2CID 51677575.
  51. ^ Qiu, Hua-Long; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Qin, Chang-Sheng; Zhao, Dan-Yang; Yang, Hua; Xu, Jin-Zhu (2019-07-01). "Microcapsuled entomopathogenic fungus against fire ants, Solenopsis invicta". Biological Control. 134: 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.03.018. ISSN 1049-9644. S2CID 132021733.
  52. ^ Pitts, James P.; Camacho, Gabriela P.; Gotzek, Dietrich; Mchugh, Joseph V.; Ross, Kenneth G. (April 2018). "Revision of the Fire Ants of the Solenopsis saevissima Species-Group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 120 (2): 308–411. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.120.2.308. ISSN 0013-8797. S2CID 91162352.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Fire ant: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis, which includes over 200 species. Solenopsis are stinging ants, and most of their common names reflect this, for example, ginger ants and tropical fire ants. Many of the names shared by this genus are often used interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as the term red ant, mostly because of their similar coloration despite not being in the genus Solenopsis. Both Myrmica rubra and Pogonomyrmex barbatus are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed red ants.

None of these names apply to all species of Solenopsis nor only to Solenopsis species; for example the colloquial names for several species of weaver ants in the genus Oecophylla in Southeast Asia include "fire ants" because of their similar coloration and painful bites; the two genera, however, are not closely related. Wasmannia auropunctata is another unrelated ant commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent sting.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Solenopsis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Las hormigas coloradas u hormigas de fuego (Solenopsis) son un género de hormigas picadoras, con más de doscientas ochenta especies en el mundo. No todas son coloradas (por ejemplo, la hormiga negra, Solenopsis richteri). Además existen algunas hormigas no relacionadas que también llevan este nombre común (p. ej., Myrmica rubra y Pogonomyrmex barbatus). Igualmente, el nombre común hormigas de fuego se aplica solamente a algunas especies de poderosa y dolorosa picadura, no a todas las especies de este género.[2]

Apariencia

Su cuerpo, como todo cuerpo de insecto, está separado en tres secciones: cabeza, tórax, abdomen, tres pares de patas y un par de antenas. Puede distinguirse de otras hormigas por su cabeza parda bronceada y cuerpo con abdomen más oscuro. Tienen «antenas de diez segmentos con una clava de dos segmentos» y un aguijón.[3]​ Las obreras son negruzcas a rojizas, y su tamaño varía de 2 a 6 mm. Estas diferencias pueden existir en el mismo nido. En Australia es difícil detectarlas e identificarlas para ordenar su erradicación de varias de este género; en Queensland por su semejanza a otra especie invasora, la "hormiga leona" (Pheidole megacephala).

Una colonia de hormigas típica produce grandes montículos en áreas abiertas; se alimentan principalmente de plantas jóvenes, semillas, y a veces de grillos, cucarachas, etc. A menudo atacan animales pequeños y pueden llegar a matarlos. A diferencia de muchas otras hormigas, que pican y luego arrojan un ácido en la herida , las hormigas coloradas solo pican para asirse y luego aguijonean (con el abdomen) inyectando un alcaloide venenoso (piperidina). En humanos, duele fuertemente, con una sensación similar al ardor que produce el fuego; la picadura puede causar la muerte de individuos sensibles. El veneno es tanto insecticida como antibiótico. Se cree que las obreras niñeras asperjan su cría para protegerla de microorganismos.

Anidan en el suelo, con frecuencia cerca de áreas húmedas, como cauces, bordes de estanques, césped y autopistas. Usualmente el nido no es visible por hacerlo bajo de objetos como madera, ramas, rocas, ladrillos, etc. Si no hay cobertura para el nido, hacen montículos con forma de cúpula, pero esto usualmente solo se halla en áreas desnudas abiertas como campos, parques y césped. Esos montículos pueden alcanzar 40 cm de alto y más.

Las colonias se fundan por grupos pequeños de reinas o por una sola reina. Aunque una sola de ellas sobreviva, en seis meses la colonia puede llegar a miles de individuos.[3]​ Algunas colonias pueden ser poliginas (múltiples reinas por nido); habiéndose visto una colonia de más de cien reinas.

La reina pone huevos a diario, en un promedio mil seiscientos cada día.[3]

Castas

Reinas

 src=
Reinas.

Una reina es generalmente el individuo más grande de la colonia. Su función primaria es la reproducción; puede vivir desde seis a siete años y producir cerca de unos 1,600 huevos por día y llegar a tener 250,000 obreras.[4]​ Muchas de las colonias de hormigas rojas tienen más de una reina; pueden llegar a albergar unas ocho reinas inactivas que volarían del nido en el caso en que este estuviera amenazado y activarse sexualmente más adelante para formar otra colonia.[3]

Machos

El macho tiene la única función de aparearse con la reina, dando continuidad a la especie con sus genes. Desde que emergen como adultos hasta que mueren, aproximadamente cuatro días después, los machos continúan buscando otras reinas para ser fecundadas.

Obreras

Son hembras estériles que construyen y reparan el nido, cuidan de las larvas, ayudan a los soldados a defender el nido, y alimentan tanto a los jóvenes como a los adultos. Las hormigas obreras también se aventuran lejos del nido para ir a buscar suministros para el bienestar de la colonia.[3]

Soldados

Son hembras estériles que se encargan de la defensa del nido. Se diferencian de las obreras por sus poderosas mandíbulas.

Taxonomía

Solenopsis

Solenopsis geminata

     

Solenopsis daguerrei

       

Solenopsis quinquecupsis

   

Solenopsis macdonaghi

       

Solenopsis megergates

     

Solenopsis invicta

     

Solenopsis richteri

     

Solenopsis interrupta

     

Solenopsis altipunctata

   

Solenopsis weyrauchi

       

Solenopsis saevissima

   

Solenopsis pythia

     

Solenopsis electra

   

Solenopsis pusillignis

                   

Especies introducidas

 src=
Solenopsis

Solenopsis invicta y Solenopsis richteri son plagas invasoras en muchas áreas del mundo, notablemente en EE. UU., Australia, Filipinas, China, Taiwán. Fue accidentalmente introducida a EE. UU. vía marítima desde Brasil al puerto de Mobile, Alabama, en los años 1930, y ahora infesta la mayoría del sur y sudoeste del país.

En EE. UU., la FDA estima en más de cinco mil millones de dólares estadounidenses gastados anualmente en tratamientos médicos, daños y control de áreas infestadas. Además ocasionan aproximadamente setecientos cincuenta millones de dólares estadounidenses en daños/año a la agricultura, incluyendo pérdidas veterinarias y de cultivos.[5]​ Desde septiembre de 2004, la isla de Taiwán ha sido seriamente afectada por esta especie.

EE. UU., Taiwán y Australia intentaron erradicar las especies exóticas, aunque nada ha sido especialmente efectivo salvo en Australia, donde un programa intensivo está costando ciento setenta y cinco millones de dólares australianos ya, a febrero de 2007, erradicando el 99 % de la especie del sudeste de Queensland.[cita requerida]

Síntomas y primeros auxilios

 src=
Una pierna, tres días después de picaduras con esta especie

El veneno de las especies introducidas causa picazón e inflamación en el hematoma, puede ser muy irritante y doloroso a veces, especialmente ante repetidas picaduras por muchas de ellas a la vez. Suele formarse una pústula blanca, que corre el riesgo de infectarse. Las pústulas son desagradables cuando están activas y, si se infecta, puede quedar una cicatriz. Adicionalmente, algunas personas alérgicas al tóxico, como con muchas alergias, pueden experiementar anafilaxis, requiriendo tratamiento de emergencia.[6]​ Un antihistamínico o corticosteroides tópicos ayudan a reducir el picor.

Los primeros auxilios incluyen tratamientos externos y medicamentos orales.

En pacientes que ya han experimentado reacciones severas a las picaduras de insectos, se recomienda que visiten un centro médico u hospital inmediatamente, antes que esas reacciones puedan causar la muerte.

Nombres comunes

En español son conocidas como hormigas rojas, hormigas coloradas u hormigas bravas.

Especies

Este género tiene muchas especies de hormiga colorada u hormiga de fuego.

Referencias

  1. «Solenopsis solenopsidis» (en inglés). ITIS. Consultado el 18 de abril de 2009.
  2. Reins, Dusty. «Species: Pogonomyrmex barbatus - Red Harvester Ant». Wildcat Bluff Nature Center. Archivado desde el original el 2 de abril de 2015. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2014.
  3. a b c d e Lockley, Timothy C. (1996). «Hormigas de fuego importadas». Archivado desde el original el 30 de diciembre de 2014. Consultado el 21 de abril de 2015.
  4. Vinson, S.B.; Sorenson, A.A. (1986). Imported Fire Ants: Life History and Impact. P. O. Box 12847, Austin, Texas 78711: The Texas Department of Agriculture.
  5. McDonald, Maggie (febrero de 2006). «Reds Under Your Feet (interview with Robert Vander Meer)». New Scientist 189 (2538): 50.
  6. deShazo, RD; Butcher, BT; Banks, WA (1990). «Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant». N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (7): 462-6. PMID 2197555.

Bibliografía

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Solenopsis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Las hormigas coloradas u hormigas de fuego (Solenopsis) son un género de hormigas picadoras, con más de doscientas ochenta especies en el mundo. No todas son coloradas (por ejemplo, la hormiga negra, Solenopsis richteri). Además existen algunas hormigas no relacionadas que también llevan este nombre común (p. ej., Myrmica rubra y Pogonomyrmex barbatus). Igualmente, el nombre común hormigas de fuego se aplica solamente a algunas especies de poderosa y dolorosa picadura, no a todas las especies de este género.​

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Solenopsis (fourmi) ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Le genre Solenopsis comprend des fourmis piqueuses (266 espèces), dont la fourmi de feu (Solenopsis invicta).

Liste des espèces

Voir aussi

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Solenopsis (fourmi): Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Le genre Solenopsis comprend des fourmis piqueuses (266 espèces), dont la fourmi de feu (Solenopsis invicta).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Semut api ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Semut api adalah salah satu genus semut yaitu genus Solenopsis.[1] Panjang semut pekerjanya mencapai 3mm dan panjang ratu semut mencapai 6mm.[2] Jenis semut ini berwarna coklat agak kemerahan.[2] Serangga ini biasanya hidup dalam koloni dengan jumlah koloni bisa mencapai hingga 100.000 ekor semut.[2] Tiap koloni semut api dipimpin oleh ratu semut yang menghasilkan telur antara 150 dan 200 telur setiap hari.[2] Semut api membuat gundukan tanah yang tingginya dapat mencapai hingga 2 kaki.[2] Gundukan tinggi tersebut biasanya dibuat di tempat yang terbuka dan terkena sinar matahari.[2] Semut api mampu menyengat binatang dan juga manusia.[2] Sengatan dari semut api tersebut terasa menyakitkan.[2] Spesies dari genus ini dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan mikroskop untuk mengetahui ciri-cirinya.[1] Ciri serangga tersebut adalah pertama pinggang antara perut dan dada dapat dilihat dengan jelas.[1] Kedua, masing-masing antena memiliki 10 segmen.[1] Jenis semut ini tidak memiliki gigi atau propodeal.[1]


Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e "Genus Solenopsis - Fire Ants and Thief Ants". Bug Guide. Diakses tanggal 25 Juni 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pengendalian Semut dari Rentokil". Rentokil. Diakses tanggal 7 Juni 2014.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Semut api: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Semut api adalah salah satu genus semut yaitu genus Solenopsis. Panjang semut pekerjanya mencapai 3mm dan panjang ratu semut mencapai 6mm. Jenis semut ini berwarna coklat agak kemerahan. Serangga ini biasanya hidup dalam koloni dengan jumlah koloni bisa mencapai hingga 100.000 ekor semut. Tiap koloni semut api dipimpin oleh ratu semut yang menghasilkan telur antara 150 dan 200 telur setiap hari. Semut api membuat gundukan tanah yang tingginya dapat mencapai hingga 2 kaki. Gundukan tinggi tersebut biasanya dibuat di tempat yang terbuka dan terkena sinar matahari. Semut api mampu menyengat binatang dan juga manusia. Sengatan dari semut api tersebut terasa menyakitkan. Spesies dari genus ini dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan mikroskop untuk mengetahui ciri-cirinya. Ciri serangga tersebut adalah pertama pinggang antara perut dan dada dapat dilihat dengan jelas. Kedua, masing-masing antena memiliki 10 segmen. Jenis semut ini tidak memiliki gigi atau propodeal.


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Eldmaur ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Eldmaur er heiti yfir nokkrar tegundir í ættkvíslinni Solenopsis. Þær eru hinsvegar minnihluti í ættkvíslinni, sem telur yfir 200 tegundir af Solenopsis á heimsvísu. Solenopsis eru stingandi maurar.[1]

Tegundir

Listi yfir Solenopsis tegundir Ættkvíslin inniheldur yfir 200 tegundir.[2] Þar á meðal:

Tilvísanir

  1. Reins, Dusty. „Species: Pogonomyrmex barbatus - Red Harvester Ant“. Wildcat Bluff Nature Center. Sótt 30. desember 2014.
  2. Bolton, B. (2014). "Solenopsis". AntCat. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

Viðbótarlesning

 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
Wikilífverur eru með efni sem tengist
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IS

Eldmaur: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Eldmaur er heiti yfir nokkrar tegundir í ættkvíslinni Solenopsis. Þær eru hinsvegar minnihluti í ættkvíslinni, sem telur yfir 200 tegundir af Solenopsis á heimsvísu. Solenopsis eru stingandi maurar.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IS

Solenopsis (zoologia) ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 è un genere di formiche appartenente alla sottofamiglia Myrmicinae.[1][2]

Le specie di questo genere, in particolare le invasive S. invicta e S. richteri, sono note con il nome comune di formiche di fuoco (fire ants) e sono di particolare interesse medico-sanitario in alcune aree del mondo in quanto le loro punture possono produrre gravi reazioni allergiche nell'uomo.[3]

Descrizione

 src=
Primo piano di operaia di Solenopsis abdita

Caratteristiche comuni a tutte le specie del genere sono un peziolo bisegmentato, l'assenza di spine sul propodeo e la presenza di lunghe setole al centro del clipeo (subito al di sopra delle mandibole). Le operaie si caratterizzano per il numero di articoli delle antenne, che sono dieci, gli ultimi due claviformi. La maggior parte delle specie ha occhi piccoli o rudimentali e mandibole strette, armate di 3-4 denti.[4][5]

I maschi sono alati, privi di pungiglione, di dimensioni maggiori di quelle delle operaie ma inferiori a quelle delle regine. Le regine sono alate, e si caratterizzano per un gastro notevolmente voluminoso; subito dopo l'accoppiamento perdono le ali.

Biologia

Formano colonie di migliaia di esemplari, talora poliginiche, cioè con più di una regina per nido.[6]

Nidificano nel terreno, spesso in vicinanza di aree umide quali le rive dei fiumi o degli stagni. L'ingresso dei nidi si trova spesso al riparo di oggetti quali tronchi, rocce, mattoni; in caso contrario le formiche ereggono tumuli a forma di cupola, alti sino a 40 cm[7]. Alcune specie (p.es. S. fugax) costruiscono i nidi nei pressi di quelli di altre specie di formiche (Lasius spp. e Formica spp.) creando comunicazioni con queste attraverso gallerie che permettono loro di saccheggiarne le riserve di cibo.

La maggior parte delle specie sono onnivore e si nutrono principalmente di vegetali e semi; sono tuttavia anche dei predatori molto aggressivi, in grado di attaccare prede anche molto più grandi di loro quali cavallette, libellule e talora anche piccoli vertebrati.

 src=
I postumi di un assalto di formiche di fuoco sulla gamba di un essere umano

Difendono aggressivamente il nido da tutto ciò che può rappresentare una minaccia: se disturbate fuoriescono in massa dal nido e assaltano l'intruso risalendo lungo le sue gambe. Il loro morso provoca un forte dolore nell'essere umano, sensazione simile a quella di una bruciatura, da cui il nome comune di "formiche di fuoco". A differenza di molte altre formiche che mordono e poi spruzzano acido formico sulla ferita, le formiche di fuoco usano le mandibole solo come ancoraggio e quindi utilizzano il pungiglione per iniettare un veleno, un alcaloide chiamato solenopsina, appartenente alla classe delle piperidine, con proprietà emolitiche e citotossiche. Il veleno ha anche proprietà insetticide e antibiotiche, e viene spruzzato sulle larve per proteggerle dall'aggressione di microrganismi. Viene inoltre utilizzato come repellente nelle interazioni con altre specie.[8]

Sintomi del morso nell'uomo

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Puntura di formiche di fuoco.

La puntura della formica di fuoco provoca un dolore urente che regredisce dopo 20 minuti; in seguito nel sito della puntura compare una vescica sierosa, circondata da un'area edematosa e molto calda. Le vesciche molto spesso si ulcerano e tendono a sovrainfettarsi.[9]

In alcuni soggetti, ipersensibili al veleno, possono aversi fenomeni di anafilassi, che comprendono dolore toracico, nausea, sudorazione profusa, dispnea, edema della glottide, il cui esito può anche essere fatale se non si interviene tempestivamente con le cure appropriate.[10].

Tassonomia

Specie

Il genere Solenopsis comprende le seguenti specie viventi:[1]

Sono state inoltre descritte le seguenti specie fossili:[1]

Sinonimi

Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[2]

  • Bisolenopsis Kusnezov, 1953
  • Diagyne Santschi, 1923
  • Euophtalma Creighton, 1930
  • Euophthalma Creighton, 1930
  • Euopthalma Creighton, 1930
  • Granisolenopsis Kusnezov
  • Labauchena Santschi, 1930
  • Lilidris Kusnezov
  • Octella Forel, 1915
  • Oedaleocerus Creighton, 1930
  • Oedalocerus Creighton, 1930
  • Oligomyrmex (Octella) Forel, 1915
  • Paranamyrma Kusnezov
  • Solenapsis Westwood, 1840
  • Solenopsis (Diplorrhoptum) latroides bogatshevi Arnol'di, 1948
  • Solenopsis amica Eidmann, 1936
  • Solenopsis bogatshevi Arnol'di, 1948
  • Solenopsis callida Smith, 1915
  • Solenopsis latroides subsp. bogatshevi Arnol'di, 1948
  • Solenopsis manni Creighton, 1930
  • Solonopsis Westwood, 1840
  • Sonelopsis Westwood, 1840
  • Synsolenopsis Forel, 1918

Lotta biologica

 src=
Operaia di Solenopsis sp. decapitata da Pseudacteon sp. (Phoridae)

Le formiche del genere Solenopsis sono spesso parassitate dalle larve dei ditteri del genere Pseudoacteon (Phoridae). Questi ditteri si riproducono deponendo le loro uova nel torace delle formiche. Le larve di I stadio migrano nella testa dell'insetto e, nutrendosi dell'emolinfa, del tessuto muscolare e del tessuto nervoso, portano rapidamente a morte la formica, provocando il distacco della testa dal resto del corpo. A questo punto le larve si impupano all'interno di ciò che rimane della testa della formica, emergendone dopo circa due settimane.[11]

Nei paesi nordamericani in cui la invasione delle formiche di fuoco sudamericane è divenuto un problema di salute pubblica, i foridi sono stati utilizzati come mezzo di lotta biologica. Il loro interesse risiede nella selettività della relazione trofica: in particolare, è stato riscontrato che fra le specie di Pseudoacteon che parassitizzano il genere Solenopsis, alcune, di origine neotropicale, sono strettamente associate alle formiche sudamericane del gruppo S. saevissima, mentre altre, a distribuzione neartica, sono associate alle formiche del gruppo S. geminata, diffuse nel Nord e Centro America. Introdotti artificialmente negli USA, alcuni Pseudoacteon di origine sudamericana si sono rivelati efficaci nel controllo biologico delle formiche di fuoco esotiche mentre ignorano quelle autoctone, a loro volta controllate dagli Pseudoacteon indigeni.[12].

Note

  1. ^ a b c Solenopsis, in AntWeb. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2013.
  2. ^ a b HOL - Hymenoptera Online, su hol.osu.edu. URL consultato il 7 luglio 2013.
  3. ^ Stafford CT, Hypersensitivity to fire ant venom, in Annals of allergy, asthma, & immunology 1996; 77(2): 87–99, DOI:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63493-X.
  4. ^ Emery C., Fauna Entomologica Italiana - Hymenoptera - Formicidae (PDF), in Boll. Soc. Entom. Ital. 1916; 47: 79-275, pp. pp.163-167.
  5. ^ Solenopsis richteri, in Animal Diversity Web. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2013.
  6. ^ Kintz-Early J, Parris L, Zettler J, and Bast J, Evidence of polygynous Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South Carolina, in Florida Entomologist 2003; 86(3): 381-382.
  7. ^ Fire Ants, in Local Pest Control Services, USA (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 gennaio 2013).
  8. ^ Obin MS, Vander Meer RK, Gaster flagging by fire ants (Solenopsis spp.): Functional significance of venom dispersal behavior, in Journal of Chemical Ecology 1985; 11 : 1757–1768, DOI:10.1007/BF01012125.
  9. ^ deShazo RD, Butcher BT, Banks WA, Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant, in N Engl J Med 1990; 323(7): 462–6.
  10. ^ Prahlow JA, Barnard JJ, Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings, in Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998; 19: 137-42.
  11. ^ Ehrenberg R, Ant Venom Attracts Decapitating Flies, in Science News 18 settembre 2009. URL consultato il 4 maggio 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º ottobre 2012).
  12. ^ Lloyd W. Morrison, Pseudoacteon spp. (Diptera: Phoridae), in Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America, Cornell University.

Bibliografia

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Solenopsis (zoologia): Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 è un genere di formiche appartenente alla sottofamiglia Myrmicinae.

Le specie di questo genere, in particolare le invasive S. invicta e S. richteri, sono note con il nome comune di formiche di fuoco (fire ants) e sono di particolare interesse medico-sanitario in alcune aree del mondo in quanto le loro punture possono produrre gravi reazioni allergiche nell'uomo.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Semut api ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS
Fire ants 01.jpg
 src=
Gambar semut api.

Semut api termasuk dalam genus Solenopsis merujuk kepada semut yang bewarna merah dan mampu mengigit. Gigitannya amat menyakitkan, dikatakan semut api dinamakan sedemikian kerana gigitannya seperti dibakar api.

Gigitannya mampu menyebabkan tempat yang digigit berair, dan bagi mereka yang mempunyai alahan, mampu menyebabkan mata dan telinga berdarah.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia MS

Vuurmieren ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten
 src=
Been dat door vuurmieren gebeten is

Vuurmieren (Solenopsis) zijn insecten die behoren tot de mieren en gevreesd zijn om hun pijnlijke steek, waaraan de Nederlandse naam te danken is.

In de Zuidelijke Verenigde Staten komt een vuurmierensoort (Solenopsis invicta) voor die in de jaren 20 van de vorige eeuw uit Zuid-Amerika is ingevoerd en nu een belangrijke plaag in tuinen vormt. Dit is de soort die meestal wordt bedoeld als men het over 'fire ants' heeft.

Soorten

Het geslacht Solenopsis omvat de volgende soorten:

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Vuurmieren: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL
 src= Been dat door vuurmieren gebeten is

Vuurmieren (Solenopsis) zijn insecten die behoren tot de mieren en gevreesd zijn om hun pijnlijke steek, waaraan de Nederlandse naam te danken is.

In de Zuidelijke Verenigde Staten komt een vuurmierensoort (Solenopsis invicta) voor die in de jaren 20 van de vorige eeuw uit Zuid-Amerika is ingevoerd en nu een belangrijke plaag in tuinen vormt. Dit is de soort die meestal wordt bedoeld als men het over 'fire ants' heeft.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Brannmaur ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO
Question book-new.svg
Denne artikkelen mangler kildehenvisninger, og opplysningene i den kan dermed være vanskelige å verifisere. Kildeløst materiale kan bli fjernet. Helt uten kilder. (10. okt. 2015)
 src=
Arbeider, dronning og hann hos en brannmaur (Solenopsis)
 src=
Småeitermaur, som finnes i Norge. Foto April Nobile / © AntWeb.org.

Brannmaur eller ildmaur og tilsvarende på andre språk (f.eks. engelsk fire ant og spansk hormiga de fuego) brukes om maur hvis stikk etterlater en brennende smerte. Brannmaur er ingen taksonomisk gruppe, men de fleste artene tilhører underfamilien Myrmicinae. Navnet brukes til dels synonymt med slekten Solenopsis, selv om artene i slekten ikke har spesielt smertefulle stikk sammenlignet med en del andre maur. Mest kjent er antagelig Solenopsis invicta, som siden 1930-årene er innført en rekke steder og har spredt seg svært hurtig, og som enkelte steder finnes i enormt antall (invicta betyr den uovervinnelige). Den hører opprinnelig hjemme i Sør-Amerika, men forekommer også i bl.a. USA (hvor den har spredt seg til alle sørlige delstater), Australia, Taiwan og Kina. I Norge kalles småeitermaur også ildmaur.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NO

Brannmaur: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO
 src= Arbeider, dronning og hann hos en brannmaur (Solenopsis)  src= Småeitermaur, som finnes i Norge. Foto April Nobile / © AntWeb.org.

Brannmaur eller ildmaur og tilsvarende på andre språk (f.eks. engelsk fire ant og spansk hormiga de fuego) brukes om maur hvis stikk etterlater en brennende smerte. Brannmaur er ingen taksonomisk gruppe, men de fleste artene tilhører underfamilien Myrmicinae. Navnet brukes til dels synonymt med slekten Solenopsis, selv om artene i slekten ikke har spesielt smertefulle stikk sammenlignet med en del andre maur. Mest kjent er antagelig Solenopsis invicta, som siden 1930-årene er innført en rekke steder og har spredt seg svært hurtig, og som enkelte steder finnes i enormt antall (invicta betyr den uovervinnelige). Den hører opprinnelig hjemme i Sør-Amerika, men forekommer også i bl.a. USA (hvor den har spredt seg til alle sørlige delstater), Australia, Taiwan og Kina. I Norge kalles småeitermaur også ildmaur.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NO

Solenopsis ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Solenopsisrodzaj mrówek z podrodziny Myrmicinae. Obejmuje 195 opisanych gatunków.

Gatunki

Przypisy

  1. Solenopsis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia POL

Solenopsis: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Solenopsis – rodzaj mrówek z podrodziny Myrmicinae. Obejmuje 195 opisanych gatunków.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia POL

Formiga-lava-pés ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O nome popular formigas-lava-pés (ou "lavapés"), também conhecidas como formigas-de-fogo,[1] é usado no Brasil para denominar um grupo distinto de cerca de 20 espécies de formigas pertencentes ao gênero Solenopsis.[2] No Brasil, a espécie Solenopsis saevissima é a mais comum[3] As formigas-lava-pés diferem das demais do gênero por serem maiores, mais ágeis e capazes de ferroar animais vertebrados.[4]

Nomes

Também são conhecidas pelos nomes caga-fogo, formiga-brasa, formiga-de-cemitério, formiga-de-defunto, formiga-quente, formiga-malagueta, formiga-ruiva, itaciba, jequitaia, jiquitaia, lava-pé, mordedeira, mossoró, queima-queima, pititinga, pixixica, taciba, taçuíra, taviriri, taçuva e uaiatu.[5]

Descrição

São assim conhecidas por causa dos seus hábitos agressivos e pela ferroada dolorida.[6] Estas formigas tipicamente constroem formigueiros expostos feitos de terra, e reagem de forma agressiva e em grandes números quando são perturbadas. São comuns acidentes envolvendo pessoas e animais domésticos, dado o hábito de algumas espécies de formigas-lava-pés de fazerem seus ninhos em gramados e beiras de estrada próximos a construções humanas.[7] Isto se dá por serem formigas onívoras, podendo se alimentar de muitos tipos de plantas, animais ou alimentos domésticos.[8] É comum encontrar agrupamentos desta formigas depois de grandes chuvas, pois por flutuarem na água elas agarram-se uma nas outras em casos de inundações atingirem seus ninhos.[9][10]

Seus hábitos prejudicam tanto animais como plantas, e são considerados organismos ecologicamente dominantes.[11] Têm importância econômica principalmente pelos danos que ocasionam na agricultura. Os prejuízos podem ser ocasionados pela destruição de sementes germinadas, plantas em viveiros, ou em desenvolvimento vegetativo avançado

Geralmente as operárias destas formigas são polimórficas, de coloração variando de tons amarelados, avermelhados e marrons. São formigas de pequeno porte, onde as maiores alcançam de 3,5 a 5,0 mm de comprimento.[8] Essas formigas constroem grandes formigueiros normalmente em locais abertos, que se caracterizam pelo amontoado de partículas finas de terra na entrada.

As ferroadas das formigas-lava-pés ardem por causa da presença de uma mistura complexa de alcalóides piperidínicos tóxicos e insolúveis em água.[12] O veneno destas formigas é mais de 95% feito destes alcalóides,[13] chamados de "solenopsinas". Ao serem injetados na pele, estes alcalóides geram uma resposta inflamatória local, geralmente seguida da formação de uma pústula purulenta no local da ferroada.[12] Em virtude da irritação e coceira local, estas pústulas podem se romper com o atrito com as unhas, abrindo espaço para possíveis infecções secundárias.[14] Algumas pessoas podem desenvolver alergia a ferroadas de formigas-lava-pés.[15] Exatamente qual a fração da população brasileira que é atingida por este problema ainda não foi determinado, mas estimativas apontam que cerca de 30% dos acidentes com ferroadas de insetos que são registrados em hospitais sejam causados por formigas-lava-pés.[16] A reação alérgica é diretamente causada por proteinas tóxicas no veneno,[15] que representam cerca de 1/1000 do total em peso.[17] As proteínas de veneno da formiga lava-pés Solenopsis invicta somente foram estudadas a fundo somente mais recentemente,[18] devido a dificuldades práticas anteriores de se obter veneno em quantidade suficiente para análise.[17]

Como em quase todas espécies de formigas, o indivíduos responsáveis pela reprodução são fêmeas e machos alados que tem órgãos sexuais desenvolvidos. Fêmeas estéreis e sem asas são operárias, responsáveis por diversas funções na colônia.[19] Depois de um voo nupcial, as fêmeas aladas copuladas buscam um local abrigado para fundarem seus formigueiros, ou podem ser adotadas por um formigueiro receptivo a diversas rainhas. Enquanto estas jovens rainhas carecem de soldados para defende-la, elas utilizam seu veneno como um inseticida para afastar espécies competidoras.[20] Operárias de formigas-lava-pés não possuem ovários.

Como todas as formigas, as lava-pés se desenvolvem por metamorfose completa, ou seja, elas nascem como larvas e precisam passar um um estágio de pupa para emergirem como insetos adultos definitivos. Todas as formigas-lava-pés passam por três mudas enquanto larvas, resultando na existência de quatro instares larvais. As larvas destas formigas possuem pelos e mandibulas e formatos de corpo diferentes a cada instar larval, que caracterizam cada estádio de desenvolvimento.[21]

O controle pode ser através da realização de pulverizações de inseticidas específicos, registrados para as culturas.[22]

Por causa do alastramento de três espécies invasoras (S. geminata, S. invicta, S. richteri) em escala global, as formigas lava-pés são hoje em dia insetos intensamente estudados. Dentre estas, a espécie mais agressiva S. invicta tornou um dos insetos mais estudados da atualidade.[8]

Espécies

Referências

  1. Infopédia. «formiga-de-fogo | Definição ou significado de formiga-de-fogo no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 24 de junho de 2021
  2. Pitts, James P.; Camacho, Gabriela P.; Gotzek, Dietrich; Mchugh, Joseph V.; Ross, Kenneth G. (abril de 2018). «Revision of the Fire Ants of the Solenopsis saevissima Species-Group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)». Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (em inglês). 120 (2): 308–411. ISSN 0013-8797. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.120.2.308
  3. Ross, Kenneth G.; Gotzek, Dietrich; Ascunce, Marina S.; Shoemaker, D. DeWayne (14 de dezembro de 2009). «Species Delimitation: A Case Study in a Problematic Ant Taxon». Systematic Biology (em inglês). 59 (2): 162–184. ISSN 1076-836X. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp089
  4. Trager, J. C. 1991. A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 141–198.
  5. LENKO, Karol (1979). Insetos no Folclore. São Paulo: Conselho Estadual de Artes e Ciêncais Humanas. pp. 518 pp.
  6. «ANIMAIS PEÇONHENTOS». www.saude.sp.gov.br. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2018
  7. FERNANDES, Elisa Furtado; SANTOS-PREZOTO, Helba Helena; PREZOTO, Fábio. FORMIGAS LAVA-PÉS EM AMBIENTES URBANOS: BIOECOLOGIA E RISCO DE ACIDENTES. CES Revista, [S.l.], v. 30, n. 1, p. 25-42, jun. 2016. ISSN 1983-1625. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 15 nov. 2018.
  8. a b c 1940-, Tschinkel, Walter R. (Walter Reinhart),. The fire ants First Harvard University Press paperback edition ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [s.n.] ISBN 9780674072404. OCLC 858577601
  9. Haight, K. L. (fevereiro de 2006). «Defensiveness of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is increased during colony rafting». Insectes Sociaux (em inglês). 53 (1): 32–36. ISSN 0020-1812. doi:10.1007/s00040-005-0832-y
  10. «Formigas lava-pes são mais um- risco nas ruas inundadas de Houston - As formigas são naturais da América do Sul». www1.folha.uol.com.br Jornal Folha de S. Paulo
  11. Feener, Donald H.; Orr, Matthew R.; Wackford, Kirt M.; Longo, Jose M.; Benson, Woodruff W.; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (julho de 2008). «GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN RESOURCE DOMINANCE–DISCOVERY IN BRAZILIAN ANT COMMUNITIES». Ecology (em inglês). 89 (7): 1824–1836. ISSN 0012-9658. doi:10.1890/07-0659.1
  12. a b Gopalakrishnakone, P.,; Calvete, Juan J.,. Venom genomics and proteomics Living Reference Work ed. Dordrecht: [s.n.] ISBN 9789400766495. OCLC 968345667 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  13. Baer, Harold; Liu, T.-Y.; Anderson, Martha C.; Blum, Murray; Schmid, William H.; James, Frank J. (janeiro de 1979). «Protein components of fire ant venom (Solenopsis invicta)». Toxicon. 17 (4): 397–405. ISSN 0041-0101. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90267-8
  14. Vogt, James T.; Kozlovac, Joseph P. (junho de 2006). «Safety Considerations for Handling Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis Spp.) in the Laboratory and Field». Applied Biosafety (em inglês). 11 (2): 88–97. ISSN 1535-6760. doi:10.1177/153567600601100205
  15. a b Zamith-Miranda, Daniel; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Monteiro, Ana Paula; Gama, Diogo; Poublan, Luiz E.; de Araujo, Almair Ferreira; Araujo, Maria F. C.; Atella, Georgia C.; Machado, Ednildo A. (26 de setembro de 2018). «The allergic response mediated by fire ant venom proteins». Scientific Reports (em inglês). 8 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. PMC . PMID 30258210. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32327-z
  16. Castro, F.F.M., Palma, M.S. Alergia a venenos de insetos. Barueri: Manole; 2009. 228 pp.
  17. a b Gonçalves Paterson Fox, Eduardo; Russ Solis, Daniel; Delazari dos Santos, Lucilene; Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose Roberto; Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Anally; Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Rafael; Sergio Palma, Mario; Correa Bueno, Odair; de Alcântara Machado, Ednildo (abril de 2013). «A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)». Toxicon. 65: 5–8. ISSN 0041-0101. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.009
  18. dos Santos Pinto, José R. A.; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Saidemberg, Daniel M.; Santos, Lucilene D.; da Silva Menegasso, Anally R.; Costa-Manso, Eliúde; Machado, Ednildo A.; Bueno, Odair C.; Palma, Mario S. (22 de agosto de 2012). «Proteomic View of the Venom from the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta Buren». Journal of Proteome Research (em inglês). 11 (9): 4643–4653. ISSN 1535-3893. doi:10.1021/pr300451g
  19. «controle de formiga lava pés»
  20. «Queen Venom Isosolenopsin A Delivers Rapid Incapacitation of Fire Ant Competitors». Toxicon (em inglês). 4 de dezembro de 2018. ISSN 0041-0101. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.428
  21. Bueno, Odair Correa; Souza, De; Fernando, Rodrigo; Delabie, Jacques Hubert Charles; Rossi, Mônica Lanzoni; Solis, Daniel Russ; Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson (2012). «Comparative Immature Morphology of Brazilian Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis)». Psyche: A Journal of Entomology (em inglês). doi:10.1155/2012/183284. Consultado em 5 de dezembro de 2018
  22. «formiga lava pé»

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Formiga-lava-pés: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O nome popular formigas-lava-pés (ou "lavapés"), também conhecidas como formigas-de-fogo, é usado no Brasil para denominar um grupo distinto de cerca de 20 espécies de formigas pertencentes ao gênero Solenopsis. No Brasil, a espécie Solenopsis saevissima é a mais comum As formigas-lava-pés diferem das demais do gênero por serem maiores, mais ágeis e capazes de ferroar animais vertebrados.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Eldmyror ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Eldmyror (Solenopsis)[1] är ett släkte av myror. Eldmyror ingår i familjen myror.[1][2]


Dottertaxa till eldmyror, i alfabetisk ordning[1][2]


Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (10 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/solenopsis/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Solenopsis


Externa länkar


Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om myror saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Eldmyror: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Eldmyror (Solenopsis) är ett släkte av myror. Eldmyror ingår i familjen myror.


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Kiến lửa ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
 src=
Một con kiến lửa

Kiến lửa là tên gọi chỉ chung cho nhiều loài kiến trong chi kiến Solenopsis (điển hình là loài kiến lửa đỏ). Kiến lửa là những con kiến nhỏ màu vàng đỏ như lửa, hay đốt và đốt đau. Nếu bị gây hấn, chúng phản ứng rất dữ dội và có thể chích rất đau, tạo mụn mủ sau khoảng 48 giờ. Loài kiến này là loài dịch hại chính trong nông nghiệp và ở các khu đô thị, phá hoại mùa màng và tấn công các khu dân cư cả trong nhà và ngoài trời.

Đặc điểm chung

Đầu và thân có màu đồng hoặc nâu, bụng màu tối hơn. Kiến chúa dài 15mm. Kiến thợ dài 3–6mm. Solenopsis có râu hai nhánh rất đặc biệt, thường nhìn thấy ở phía trước kiến cái sinh sản. Sau khi làm thành đàn trong tổ và giao phối, kiến chúa tìm một nơi thích hợp để đẻ trứng. Khi đó, nó có thể để đến 125 quả trứng vào cuối mùa xuân. Thức ăn của kiến thợ bao gồm xác động vật chết, kể cả côn trùng, giun đất và động vật có xương sống. Vị trí của tổ có thể được xác định bởi sự xuất hiện của các đống đất cao 40 cm hoặc cạnh các vật nằm trên mặt đất chẳng hạn như khúc gỗ.

Tấn công người

Với chỉ một vết cắn của kiến lửa có thể không gây đau đớn đáng kể nhưng hai mươi vết cắn của kiến lửa chắc chắn sẽ khiến nạn nhân có những con đau cực kỳ khó chịu. Độc tố được tiết ra khi kiến lửa rất độc hại, nó có thể gây đau đớn kịch liệt và dẫn đến cái chết nếu đủ liều. Ở Mỹ từng có câu chuyện về một phụ nữ Mỹ xấu số vừa bị kiến lửa cắn và chết trong vòng tay của chồng trong lúc làm đám tang cho mẹ, người qua đời một ngày trước đó, nạn nhân vốn bị dị ứng nghiêm trọng với kiến lửa. Những vết cắn sưng to khiến cô không thể thở được.

Kiến lửa rất nhiều ở Việt Nam, vết đốt của kiến lửa không gây nguy hiểm đến tính mạng, nhưng cảm giác nhói buốt dai dẳng thật sự là một điều rất kinh khủng. Nọc của một số loài kiến lửa có thể gây ra những triệu chứng như chóng mặt, hoa mắt, thở gấp hay sốc, phụ thuộc vào hệ miễn dịch của người bị đốt. Nếu vết cắn bị rộp thì không được chọc vỡ mà phải lấy miếng gạc đặt nhẹ lên vì nếu vết rộp vỡ có thể dẫn tới nhiễm trùng.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Kiến lửa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
 src= Một con kiến lửa

Kiến lửa là tên gọi chỉ chung cho nhiều loài kiến trong chi kiến Solenopsis (điển hình là loài kiến lửa đỏ). Kiến lửa là những con kiến nhỏ màu vàng đỏ như lửa, hay đốt và đốt đau. Nếu bị gây hấn, chúng phản ứng rất dữ dội và có thể chích rất đau, tạo mụn mủ sau khoảng 48 giờ. Loài kiến này là loài dịch hại chính trong nông nghiệp và ở các khu đô thị, phá hoại mùa màng và tấn công các khu dân cư cả trong nhà và ngoài trời.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Solenopsis ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Solenopsis (значения).
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Hymenopterida
Инфраотряд: Жалящие
Надсемейство: Formicoidea
Семейство: Муравьи
Подсемейство: Мирмицины
Триба: Solenopsidini
Род: Solenopsis
Международное научное название

Solenopsis Westwood, 1840

Синонимы
Виды Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 154237NCBI 13685EOL 33045

Solenopsis (лат.)род жалящих муравьёв, насчитывающий более 200 видов, обитающих в различных частях мира, и включающий группу опасных инвазивных огненных муравьёв (Solenopsidini).

Распространение

Всесветное (с учётом инвазивных видов). В России 3 вида: Solenopsis deserticolum Ruzsky 1905, Solenopsis fugax (Latreille 1798), Solenopsis japonica Wheeler 1928 и Solenopsis juliae (Кабардино-Балкарская республика)[1].

Внешний вид

 src=
Рабочий Solenopsis invicta

Мелкие муравьи, размер их тела составляет 1—5 мм. Окраска у разных видов варьирует от бледно-жёлтой до красно-коричневой и буровато-чёрной. Тело имеет три отдела: голову, грудь и брюшко, три пары конечностей и пару усиков. Заднегрудка округлая без проподеальных шипиков. Усики рабочих и самок 10—11-члениковые (12—13 у самцов) с 2-члениковой булавой. Формула щупиков 1,2. Встречаются мономорфные, диморфные и сильно полиморфные виды. У огненных муравьёв в одном муравейнике можно обнаружить особей различных размеров[2].

Поведение

Типичная колония огненных муравьёв чаще всего строит муравейники на открытых пространствах и питается в основном молодыми побегами растений, семенами и, в редких случаях, сверчками. Огненные муравьи нередко нападают на мелких животных и могут стать причиной их гибели. В отличие от многих других муравьёв, которые наносят укус, а затем впрыскивают в рану кислоту, огненные муравьи кусают, лишь чтобы закрепиться на теле, а затем с помощью жала, находящегося в брюшном отделе, заносят токсичный алкалоидный яд соленопсин, соединение класса пиперидинов. Для человека подобный укус болезнен и по ощущениям сходен с ожогом от огня — благодаря чему эти муравьи и получили своё название, — а для людей с повышенной чувствительностью последствия укуса могут представлять смертельную опасность[3]. Яд обладает как инсектицидным, так и антибиотическим действием. Исследователи полагают, что рабочие муравьи-няньки опрыскивают им расплод, чтобы защитить его от микроорганизмов.

Генетика

Диплоидный набор хромосом 2n = 22, 32, 38[4].

Систематика

Выделяют около 200 видов, среди которых особую группу Solenopsis saevissima species-group составляют знаменитые своим ядовитым жалом огненные муравьи.

Ссылки

Примечания

  1. Юсупов З. М. 2013. Два новых для фауны России вида муравьев (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) с Северного Кавказа. Зоологический журнал, 2013, том 92, № 10, с. 1291—1292 (на Северном Кавказе впервые зарегистрированы Leptothorax gredleri Mayr 1855 и Solenopsis juliae)
  2. 1 2 Pacheco, Jose A. & Mackay, William P. The systematics and biology of the New World thief ants of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). — Lewiston, New York.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. — 501 p.
  3. Яд огненных муравьёв Solenopsis
  4. Lorite P.& Palomeque T. Karyotype evolution in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a review of the known ant chromosome numbers. — Myrmecologische Nachrichten (Wien). — 2010. Volume 13, Pages 89-102. (Проверено 12 декабря 2010)
  5. 1 2 Стриганова Б. Р., Захаров А. А. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных: Насекомые (латинский-русский-английский-немецкий-французский) / Под ред. д-ра биол. наук, проф. Б. Р. Стригановой. — М.: РУССО, 2000. — С. 295. — 1060 экз.ISBN 5-88721-162-8.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Solenopsis: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Solenopsis (лат.) — род жалящих муравьёв, насчитывающий более 200 видов, обитающих в различных частях мира, и включающий группу опасных инвазивных огненных муравьёв (Solenopsidini).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

火蟻屬 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
Antistub.svg
本条目需要擴充。(2013年1月14日)
请協助改善这篇條目,更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。
 src=
德州火蟻群

火蟻屬Solenopsis Westwood, 1840)隸屬於蟻科家蟻亞科,大約有380個物種[1],其中最知名的為入侵紅火蟻Solenopsis invicta),其腹部末端帶有螫針,動物被螫傷後毒素會進入體內,嚴重的情况下會因全身性過敏而休克,甚至導致死亡。「火蟻」(Fire Ants)俗名是在描述被其螫刺後如火灼傷般疼痛感,有些情況會出現如灼傷般的水泡,值得注意的是,Solenopsis是一個組成複雜的屬,其生態行為也多樣,因此,「火蟻」(Fire Ants)的俗名適用於那些較具侵略性的物種。

火蟻屬是一個組成複雜、龐大且難以分類的屬,大部分的物種體型微小、具單形性(monomorphic)、且生活在土壤之下,這些體型微小的物種有些被稱作為「賊蟻」(thief ants),賊蟻生活在其他體型較大的白蟻或螞蟻的巢中。有些新世界的物種體型較大且為多形性(polymorphic),他們的群落大小可以達到相當大的規模,且工蟻為極具侵略性的表層掠食者,這些物種也就是俗稱的「火蟻」(fire ants)[2]

种系发生

火蟻屬

Solenopsis geminata

     

Solenopsis daguerrei

       

Solenopsis quinquecupsis

   

Solenopsis macdonaghi

       

Solenopsis megergates

     

Solenopsis invicta

     

Solenopsis richteri

     

Solenopsis interrupta

     

Solenopsis altipunctata

   

Solenopsis weyrauchi

       

Solenopsis saevissima

   

Solenopsis pythia

     

Solenopsis electra

   

Solenopsis pusillignis

                   

参考文献

  1. ^ AntWeb. Genus: Solenopsis Westwood, 1840. [2019/01/08]. 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  2. ^ Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 1986.


小作品圖示这是一篇與昆虫相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

火蟻屬: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 德州火蟻群

火蟻屬(Solenopsis Westwood, 1840)隸屬於蟻科家蟻亞科,大約有380個物種,其中最知名的為入侵紅火蟻(Solenopsis invicta),其腹部末端帶有螫針,動物被螫傷後毒素會進入體內,嚴重的情况下會因全身性過敏而休克,甚至導致死亡。「火蟻」(Fire Ants)俗名是在描述被其螫刺後如火灼傷般疼痛感,有些情況會出現如灼傷般的水泡,值得注意的是,Solenopsis是一個組成複雜的屬,其生態行為也多樣,因此,「火蟻」(Fire Ants)的俗名適用於那些較具侵略性的物種。

火蟻屬是一個組成複雜、龐大且難以分類的屬,大部分的物種體型微小、具單形性(monomorphic)、且生活在土壤之下,這些體型微小的物種有些被稱作為「賊蟻」(thief ants),賊蟻生活在其他體型較大的白蟻或螞蟻的巢中。有些新世界的物種體型較大且為多形性(polymorphic),他們的群落大小可以達到相當大的規模,且工蟻為極具侵略性的表層掠食者,這些物種也就是俗稱的「火蟻」(fire ants)。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

열마디개미속 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

열마디개미속개미과에 속하는 개미의 한 이다. 전 세계에 걸쳐 약 280종의 개미를 포함하는 속이다. 우리나라에는 2종, 열마디개미일본열마디개미가 서식하며 최근 붉은불개미가 들어올 조짐을 보이고 있다.

생김새

모든 곤충처럼 머리, 가슴, 로 나뉘며, 이들은 이름그대로 더듬이에 열개의 마디가 있다. 머리는 구릿빛이고, 일개미들은 검은색과 빨간색 사이의 어떤 색이다. 일개미들의 크기는 2~6mm이다.

행동

열마디개미속의 개미들은 탁 트인 곳에 둥지를 만들며, 주식은 어린 식물, 씨앗, 그리고 가끔 귀뚜라미도 먹는다. 가끔 곤충이 아닌 작은 동물도 공격하여 죽인다. 일반 개미들은 상처를 내고 그 상처에 개미산을 뿌리는데 비하여 열마디개미속의 개미들은 일단 물고 나서, 계속 물고 있는 상태로 자신들의 침으로 찌른다. 침에는 솔레놉신이 있다. 인간에게는 솔레놉신이 상당히 고통스럽고, 불타는 듯한 통증이 이는데, 이때문에 열마디 개미속의 개미들은 영어로는 'Fire ant'라고 한다. 솔레놉신은 살충제 역할과 살균제 역할을 하는데, 이때문에 연구자들은 유모 개미들이 유충들을 미생물로부터 보호하기 위하여 솔레놉신을 뿌릴거라고 주장한다.

군락은 주로 축축한 흙에서 만들어지며 대체로 잘 보이지 않는데 이는 '뚜껑'이되는 물체, 예를 들어 목재, 돌, 벽돌 등이 군락 입구를 가리기 때문이다. 만약 이런 '뚜껑'이 없으면 돔모양의 더미를 형성하는데, 들판 등에서 이런 더미를 관찰할 수 있다. 이러한 더미들은 약 40cm까지 커진다. 군락에는 여러 여왕이 있을 수 있고 한 여왕이 있을 수도 있는데 한 마리만 있어도 한 달 만에 군락의 개체 수가 수천으로 불어날 수 있다.

각 계급의 역할

열마디개미속의 개미들은 간단히 세 계급으로 나뉜다.

  • 여왕: 가장 큰 개체. 알을 낳으며, 6~7년을 산다. 하루에 알을 약 1500개까지 낳을 수 있다. 몇 종에서는 여왕이 군락에 여러마리 있다.
  • 수개미: 약 3일을 산다. 여왕과 짝짓기를 하여 정자를 제공한다.
  • 일개미: 불임의 암컷으로 온갖 잡일을 한다. 예를 들어 먹이 찾기, 유충 기르기 등이다.
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자