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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 17.1 years (captivity) Observations: It has been reported that these animals live up to 20 years (Lindenfors 2002), which is possible but has not been confirmed. Record longevity for this species belongs to one male specimen that was at least 17.1 year old, but probably older, when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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In Vietnamese folklore, pygmy slow lorises are called "khi gio", or "monkeys that move with the wind." They portend bad fortune and are used for black magic.

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises utilize a variety of verbal communications. When disturbed, they growl and hiss. They issue a rising tone during general contact and may whistle to the opposite sex during estrus. Mothers softly chirp to their infants, who respond with rapid clicks and squeaks when they are in distress.

Males mark their territory with urine, which also affects mating behavior (See Reproduction: Mating Systems).

Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises are considered threatened by the IUCN. Populations decreased by 30% between 1984 and 2008, and they continue to decline.

Populations of pygmy slow lorises drastically declined during the Vietnam War, as bombing, land clearing by Rome plows, and use of Agent Orange (2,4,5-T), other defoliants, and napalm destroyed the majority of their native habitat in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Bombing is estimated to have damaged 40% of Vietnamese forests, and herbicides affected 43% of the cultivated area. Prior to the Vietnam War, broad-leafed tropical forests with stands of bamboo and mangroves covered approximately one-half of the land area in these countries.

The use of pygmy slow lorises in traditional medicine, as well as the reluctance of consumers and doctors of traditional medicine to use alternatives, threatens the future of this species.

Lorises are frequently killed by logging and slash and burn agriculture. If they are not killed in the fire, they face habitat destruction, which may lead to their eventual disappearance from the area. The resulting fragmentation of forests further threatens the species.

Pygmy slow lorises were listed in Appendix II by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in February 1977. They were promoted to Appendix I in September 2007, which indicates trade of this species has not been properly controlled in the last few decades.

Although trade is restricted and capture and transport of pygmy slow lorises is illegal in all countries in their range, their small size makes slow lorises easy to traffic in boxes, baskets, and sacks from country to country. This process is physically stressful for the animals and also threatens their health. Rescue centers have been developed for confiscated slow lorises, but mortality rates remain high. These deaths are attributed to trauma, disease, and atypically close proximity to conspecifics.

US Federal List: threatened

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises may produce a toxin from modified sweat glands located near their elbows. They have a toxic bite which is dangerous to humans. The only account of a pygmy slow loris biting a human resulted in the adult woman entering anaphylactic shock.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, poisonous )

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises are commonly used in medicines in Cambodia. In Phnom Penh, they are found in local markets roasted, dried, and made into pre-mixed medicines with rice-wine, alcohol, honey, or charcoal. Doctors of traditional medicine reported in questionnaires that these medicines are primarily used to treat "women after childbirth, stomach problems, wounds, broken bones, and sexually transmitted diseases" (Starr et al. 2010). In the 1950s from Burma to Borneo, the fur of slow lorises was used to dress wounds and cuts because of its blood clotting properties, and it may still be used as such in some localities. Some researchers attribute the popularity of loris medicine to the lack of access to or education about biomedical alternatives and high levels of poverty.

Due to increased protection of this species, market price is increasing. Veteran hunters able to distinguish different species of loris and know species distributions in local forests yield high profits. Trade is driven by wealthy city dwellers who are able and willing to pay rural hunters for their illegal product.

Live trade of slow lorises occurs in high levels in the Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri, and Phnom Penh provinces of Cambodia. As many as 204 lorises were found in a single store in Phnom Penh. Slow lorises are the most popular pets that are listed on CITES Appendix I. They are primarily traded in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and the surrounding islands. Live trade of slow lorises most commonly affects Sunda slow lorises, Bornean slow lorises, and Javan slow lorises, but traders do not distinguish among species, and other slow lorises such as pygmy slow lorises are sometimes traded as well. This lack of differentiation among species leads to hybridization, improper care and health problems, as well as reintroduction of confiscated animals into improper habitat.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; source of medicine or drug

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Because they may consume a considerable amount of fruit, pygmy slow lorises may play a role in seed dispersal.

In Polish zoos, oocytes of the parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium, "crypto", have been found in the feces of pygmy slow lorises, indicating infection. Crypto is not typically studied in non-domesticated non-human primates, and little information is available regarding its prevalence.

An outbreak of ocular oxyspirurosis in a Moscow zoo was attributed to a pygmy slow loris from Vietnam. This condition is caused by the parasitic nematode Oxyspirura.

Pygmy slow lorises also act as hosts to some protozoan parasites (Entamoeba histoytica, Blantidium coli, Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia, Blastocystis hominis) and nematodes (Enterobius, Oxyrus, Trichuris).

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Cryptosporidium
  • Oxyspirura
  • Entamoeba histoytica
  • Blantidium coli
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Giardia
  • Blastocystis hominis
  • Enterobius
  • Oxyrus
  • Trichuris
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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Reports from local people of Cambodia suggest pygmy slow lorises eat mostly termites, tree parts, fruit, and bamboo. Though surveys confirm they do eat this variety of foods, the absolute preference for termites over the other foods is not clear. There is also great debate over the degree of insectivory in this species. Some suggest that insects make up approximately 33% of their diet (Duke Lemur Center 2011), while others state that they are frugivorous (Fleagle 1999). Although early accounts of the species (Harrison 1955) indicate that members of this species eat insects, lizards, eggs, and "anything edible" in addition to fruit, recent studies do not corroborate these observations.

At the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, captive pygmy slow lorises are offered fruit, vegetables, boiled eggs, milk powder, and insects, and the insects are the most readily accepted food item. However, this finding cannot be used to assert they are not frugivorous, because the cultivated fruit offered to them may not be what they prefer in the wild.

Captive animals also gouge fresh tree branches, indicating a preference for exudates. They have been observed licking Saraca dives, Sapindus and Vernicia montana trees for periods between 1 and 20 minutes. Pygmy slow loris scratch and break the bark of other species of trees, feeding on the gum.

Pygmy slow lorises develop fat stores by increasing their feeding and choosing more energy-rich foods in the last few weeks of autumn. These fat stores are useful during the food scarce winter months.

Despite the high-sugar diet and small body mass of close relatives Sunda slow lorises, they have a very low metabolism. This may be due to a need to detoxify the toxic secondary compounds in their food matter.

Animal Foods: eggs; insects

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; flowers; sap or other plant fluids

Other Foods: fungus

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore ); herbivore (Frugivore ); omnivore

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises, Nycticebus pygmaeus, are found in Vietnam, Laos, eastern Cambodia, and neighboring regions of southern China (southeast Yunnan province). It is unclear whether populations in China are native or introduced.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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In captivity, pygmy slow lorises are capable of reproduction as old as 14 years of age. They have been known to live 20 years in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
20 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
17.1 years.

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Zoologist J.L. Harrison describes pygmy slow lorises as "rather like a child's teddy-bear." They have thick light brown to deep reddish brown fur with a white or gray underside. Individuals have a unique pattern of lighter and darker colored markings on their face, which commonly include circles around the eyes and dorsal stripes starting at their crown and continuing down their back. During the winter, these markings become more prominent, and they acquire silver tips or "frosting." This seasonal coloration is thought to camouflage and protect the animals, as, during the winter, they must sit in exposed areas such as dense scrub or in the upper branches of trees that lack foliage.

Like other strepsirhine primates and members of the family Lorisidae, pygmy slow lorises have: forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision; a rhinarium, the moist naked surface around the nostrils; a tapetum lucidum, the reflective layer in the eye that improves night vision; a split upper lip; nails on all digits except for a grooming claw on the second digit of their feet; a dental formula of 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 with the lower incisors and canines forming a toothcomb; no tail; and reduced second digits on their hands.

Pygmy slow lorises and Bengal slow lorises evolved from a common ancestor and are similiar in appearance. The smaller body size in pygmy slow lorises is thought to be the result of character displacement, the accentuation of differences between similar species that share the same geographic distribution.

Pygmy slow lorises measure 15 to 25 cm in length and weigh from 120 to over 500 g (average 400 g). Males are generally larger than females. Members of this species can retard their growth if environmental conditions are not favorable. If their diet is restricted, they lose their juvenile fur and attain adult dentition before attaining adult size.

Pygmy slow lorises produce a toxin from modified sweat glands located near their elbows. They have been observed licking theses glands when alarmed. Their bite can be dangerous to humans; the only account of a pygmy slow loris biting a human resulted in an adult woman entering anaphylactic shock.

Range mass: 120 to 500+ g.

Average mass: 400 g.

Range length: 15 to 25 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Little is known regarding non-human predation of pygmy slow lorises. Although predation by Sumatran orangutans has been reported, the habitats of Sumatran orangutans and pygmy slow lorises do not overlap. Predation by reticulated pythons has also been reported. Pygmy slow lorises are cryptic, blending in well with their surroundings. This may contribute to low non-human predation rates.

Humans are the primary predators of pygmy slow lorises. Their prevalence in Cambodian and Vietnamese markets testifies to the intense hunting pressure on this species. Camobodian locals report hunting pygmy slow loris as a "non-target species," suggesting that the rate of hunting is not affected by abundance and will continue even as these animals become more scarce.

Pygmy slow lorises are easy prey because of their tapetum lucidum, the reflective layer in the eye that improves night vision, which glows when a spotlight is shone in their direction and by some accounts incapacitates them. This makes this species an easy target for night hunters.

Known Predators:

  • humans Homo sapiens
  • reticulated pythons Python reticulatus

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Pygmy slow lorises reside in rainforests and degraded habitats as well as bamboo thickets in Vietnam and evergreen forest in Laos. They have been observed at altitudes as great as 1500 m.

Locals in the Mondulkiri province of Cambodia suggest that pygmy slow lorises prefer thick, complex forested areas with bamboo to dry dipterocarp forest, and observations confirm their preference of mixed deciduous to semi-evergreen forests. Individuals of this species are usually seen at heights of 3 to 12 m in the canopy.

Range elevation: 1500 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Eric Sargis, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Although mating has been observed in captivity, little to nothing is known about mating of pygmy slow lorises in the wild.

Female pygmy slow lorises enter estrus between July and October. During this period, the female vagina and male testes become enlarged. Behavior also differs during this period; females are more likely to approach others and engage in lunging, while males are more likely to sniff and lick a female's genitals and mount them.

Pygmy slow lorises are polygynous. A male's territory typically includes several females with whom he mates. Males and females communicate with one another through whistles. Olfactory cues are also used to find mates. Males spread their scent through urination, and males thus produce more urine than females. Males that spread their scent over a large area have a competitive advantage, because marking territory is an indication of health, persistence, and energy. Females prefer males with a familiar odor to males they have not previously encountered, which may be related to infrequent contact between the sexes.

Mating System: polygynous

Pygmy slow lorises reproduce once every 12 to 18 months. Females enter estrus between July and October. After about 6 months, females give birth to 1 to 2 offspring, generally during the winter months. Twinning is common among this species. Birthing occurs in the open, and infants are born fully formed with fur and open eyes. Offspring are nursed for an average of 4.5 months, though in some cases weaning may take as long as 8 months. Females reach sexual maturity at about 9 months of age, while males reach sexual maturity at 18 to 20 months of age.

Breeding interval: Pygmy slow lorises breed once every 12 to 18 months.

Breeding season: Pygmy slow lorises generally breed from end of July to the beginning of October.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average gestation period: 6 months.

Range weaning age: 4 to 8 months.

Average weaning age: 4.5 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 18 to 20 months.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 23 g.

Average gestation period: 188 days.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
273 days.

Immediately after birth, pygmy slow lorises cling to their mother's underside. Later, mothers exhibit "parking" behavior, leaving their infants in a safe location while they leave to forage for food. Without the burden of a dependent, mothers can more efficiently gather food for themselves and their offspring.

Individuals in the San Diego Zoo have a similiar parenting style to that of other species of slow lorises. However, pygmy slow lorises spend more time in close proximity to their young, tending to huddle, sit or stand within 0.3 m of their offspring more than other species. Mothers and infants primarily establish closeness through passive ventral contact. Although mothers do not appear to directly defend their young, they tolerate the following behavior of their young as they get older. As infants age, they engage more often in adult social behaviors such as grooming and play, and less often in huddling and ventral contact.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Gray, M. 2011. "Nycticebus pygmaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nycticebus_pygmaeus.html
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Margaret Gray, Yale University
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
By day, lorises are known to sleep curled up in the fork of a tree (2), but during the night, these animals can be seen moving slowly and deliberately through the trees on all fours (2) (5). They walk and climb along tree limbs, and stretch between terminal branches to cross to a neighbouring tree (5). Pygmy lorises feed on insects, seizing flying insects in their hands whilst they grip a branch with both hindfeet (2). This protein-rich food is supplemented with fruit, as well as gum from trees (3). To digest these gums, lorises possess unusually large cecums, a bag joining the large intestine that houses bacteria which enables these sugary gums to be broken down (5). It is thought that this ability to feed on gum helps pygmy lorises survive times when there is a shortage of other food sources (3). The pygmy loris gives birth to just a single young each year, after a gestation period of 184 to 200 days. The young are weaned at the age of 123 to 146 days (3), but generally stay within their mother's territory until they are sexually mature and establish a range of their own (5). The life span of the pygmy loris is believed to be about 20 years (3).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Hunting and capture of the pygmy loris is illegal in Cambodia, China and Vietnam, although unfortunately, enforcement of these laws is lacking, and the penalties for those breaking the law are too low to deter others (3). Internationally, the pygmy loris receives some protection from the devastating effects of trade by being listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which prohibits any international commercial trade in this species (4). In addition, the pygmy loris occurs in a number of national parks and nature reserves throughout its range (3), which should hopefully protect some populations from the threat of habitat loss.
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This nocturnal, tree-dwelling Asian primate has short, thick, woolly hair that is light brownish-grey to deep reddish-brown in colour. The individual hairs often have silvery tips giving a 'frosted' appearance and a darker stripe runs along the spine. The underparts are lighter in colour, being almost white or greyish (2) (3). The large eyes of the pygmy loris, which provide good vision at night (5), are encircled with dark rings and separated by a streak of light fur (2). Like other lorises, each digit on the hands and feet bears a nail, except for the second digit on each foot which instead has what is known as a 'toilet' claw, used for grooming (5). Unlike many other primates, lorises do not possess a tail to assist with moving through their forest habitat, but instead a special arrangement of muscles in the hands and feet enable an effortless and powerful grasp, allowing the pygmy loris to grip tightly to a branch at lofty heights all day (2) (5).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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This tree-dwelling primate inhabits primary and secondary forests (2) (3).
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Range ( Inglês )

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The pygmy loris occurs in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Yunnan Province of China (2).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (4).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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Although, due to unstable political situations throughout its range, data on the pygmy loris are scarce (3), it is likely that it is threatened by the severe habitat degradation that is occurring in certain areas (3). For example, in Yunnan, China, forest cover has been reduced by 42 percent since the mid-1990s, while in Vietnam, only 30 percent of the original forest cover is left. The threat of habitat loss (the result of logging, military activities and defoliant spraying), is compounded by the impact of hunting. The pygmy loris is hunted for food, the pet trade, and is used in traditional medicines of the Khmer people (the predominant ethnic group in Cambodia). A dramatic increase in trade in recent years has been attributed to human population growth and improving economic situations in the countries in which this vulnerable primate occurs (3).
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Pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The pygmy slow loris was described by J. Lewis Bonhote, from a juvenile male collected from Vietnam in 1905 (3). In 1939, Pocock placed all slow lorises in one species, N. coucang (4). Osman Hill (5) listed the pygmy slow loris as N. c. pygmaeus, but said that it could be deemed "specific rank". In 1960, Dao Van Tien called a species from Hòa Bình Province, Vietnam, N. intermedius (7), but his specimens were adult pygmy slow lorises (8,9). Colin Groves said the pygmy slow loris was morphologically unique enough to be a distinct species (8,11). This was supported by studies of chromosomal structure (12), genetic distance determined by protein variation at polymorphic loci (13) and mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis (14,15). N. pygmaeus diverged earlier than other species (16), perhaps 2.7 million years ago (15). Analysis of nucleotide sequence diversity from lorises from boundary areas between southern China and Vietnam (an area of sympatry between the pygmy and Bengal species) show that the former is not subject to the same introgressive hybridization as the latter. The study's authors suggest that the low polymorphism of pygmy slow lorises may be due to a founder effect and the individuals they studied originate from an ancestor that lived in middle or southern Vietnam 1860-7350 years ago (18). The pygmy slow loris shares a common ancestor with the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis) and its smaller body size may be due to character displacement, the accentuation of differences between similar species sharing the same geographic distribution. The two species differ in the banding patterns on the chromosomes (12). J.L. Harrison said the pygmy slow loris is "rather like a child's teddy-bear." The loris has short, thick, light brownish-grey to deep reddish-brown woolly hair. The pattern of light and dark facial markings often includes brown rings around the eyes, which are lighter in older individuals. A white stripe runs from the nose to the forehead, there are silvery hairs at the sides, black ears, lacking furry tips, and dorsal stripes from the crown down the back (9,20) . In winter, the markings become more prominent and gain silver tips or "frosting" (20). This may camouflage and protect the loris, which sits in exposed areas such as dense scrub or in the upper branches of trees that lack foliage in winter. The lighter underparts are almost white or greyish (2,3). The black ears are about 23 mm (0.91 in) long (9) and lack fur on the tips (5). The presence or absence of a dorsal stripe and silvery hair tips seems to be seasonal and not a separate species, N. intermedius (28-30). The buff legs have silvery white hands and feet (31) and yellowish-white nails (5). The large, forward-facing eyes provide good stereoscopic vision at night (5). The tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer in the eye, improves night vision (26). The rhinarium is a moist naked surface around the nostrils. The upper lip is split. The dental formula is 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3. The lower incisors and canines tilt forward and form a toothcomb for grooming and feeding (25). The triangular third molar is only slightly smaller than the first molar; the second molar is largest (3). Each digit on the hands and feet has a nail, except the second digit on each foot which has a 'toilet' claw for grooming (5). The hand has a reduced second digit. A special arrangement of muscles in the hands and feet enables an effortless and powerful grasp, so a loris can grip tightly to a branch at lofty heights all day (2,5). The loris can grow to around 19-23 cm (7.5-9.1 in) long and has about a 1.8 cm (0.71 in) tail (9). It weighs 360-580 g (13- 20 oz) (22). Males tend to be slightly larger than females (9). Some individuals retard their growth in unfavourable environmental conditions. If the diet is restricted, they lose their juvenile fur and attain adult dentition before attaining adult size. There are large seasonal variations in weight and individuals may weigh up to 700 g (25 oz), being about 50% heavier in winter than the lowest weight in summer. Weight gains, due largely by increased feeding, are triggered by changes in the length of the day and night. This may help ensure survival in winter when food resources are scarce (23).

The loris occurs east of the Mekong River in eastern Cambodia, southernmost China (southeastern Yunnan), Lao PDR, and Vietnam (2,25,37,43,56). It seems to be absent or very scarce in the extreme west of the Mekong plain. It is unclear if lorises in southeast Yunnan are wild animals or captured animals brought into China from Viet Nam. The loris lives in various forest habitats, including primary evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests, tropical dry forests, forests on limestone, secondary and highly degraded habitats, mixed deciduous forests and bamboo thickets (2,3,25,43,56,62,67,68). It is found up to 1,500 m (64). The loris is nocturnal and arboreal. It is least active on cold, moonlit nights and is generally active on dark nights, despite temperature (33). It conserves energy in colder winter months by reducing movement, often being inactive (23). It lives in trees at heights of 3-12 m in the canopy. By day, it leeps curled up in the fork of a tree (2). At night, it forages alone, walking and climbing slowly and deliberately on all fours along branches (2,5). It stretches between terminal branches to cross to a neighbouring tree and does not leap (5). It produces an aprocrine secretion from brachial scent glands (modified sweat glands) near inside of the elbows. The clear, oily secretion has over 200 volatile and semi-volatile components, such as a secretoglobin protein, similar to an allergenic protein in cat dander (38). When startled or alarmed, the loris licks the secretion from the glands, so it is mixed with its saliva, creating a volatile, noxious toxin, which it applies to its head (38). The toxic bite can be dangerous to humans; a loris bit a woman and she entered anaphylactic shock (42). The loris uses various verbal calls, such as a short whistle; it issues a rising tone during general contact. When disturbed, it growls and hisses. It may live in groups of 2-4, usually with young, but often occurs alone (34). Males use scent marking to defend territories and mark their boundaries. The loris is omnivorous, eating fruits, protein-rich termites, ants and other insects, geckos, small arboreal mammals, eggs and chicks, tree sap and floral nectar (24,25,27,32,58,62). It may be more insectivorous than N. coucang, which may help it survive better in secondary habitat lacking big fruiting trees (62). It uses its toothcomb to scrape resin from tree bark. It seizes flying insects in its hands whilst it grips a branch with both hindfeet (2), while standing or hanging upside down from a branch. It usually consumes insects at heights below 10 m (33 ft) (57). It uses its toothcomb to clean an area of lichens and fungi before gouging trees to eat the released exudates (22,60). It scratches and breaks bark and licks gum from trees (3), preferably flowering trees (25). It feeds on gum for 1-20 minutes at heights over 8 m (26 ft) (57). This involves intense licking, sometimes with scratching and bark-breaking sounds. Seasonal colour variation in the dorsal stripe may be linked to exudate feeding (22). It eats insects exposed by its bamboo-gouging activities. The very large caecum houses bacteria that break down and digest sugary gum (5) and this may help the loris survive times when other food sources are scarce (3). It develops fat stores by feeding more on energy-rich foods in the last few weeks of autumn to help it during the food scarce winter months. Tree gum is less nutrient-rich than its preferred diet, but is available year-round (22,23,60). Despite its high-sugar diet and small body mass, the loris has a very low metabolism, perhaps because it must detoxify toxic secondary compounds in its food (57). As the loris may eat a lot of fruit, it may aid seed dispersal. It may be a host tovarious protozoans, nematodes and other parasites. There are reports of predation by Sumatran orang-utans and reticulated pythons (6), but the ranges of orangs and pygmy slow lorises do not overlap. The loris blends in well with its surroundings, which may lead to low non-human predation rates. Humans are the primary predators of the loris, which is sold in Cambodian and Vietnamese markets (25). The tapetum lucidum glows when a spotlight is shone in its direction and this may incapacitate the loris. The loris seems to be a seasonal, polygynous breeder. It reproduces every 12-18 months. A male's territory typically includes several females with whom he mates. The loris may whistle to the opposite sex and use olfactory cues to find mates during oestrus (July-October) (44), when the female vagina and male testes enlarge. Testosterone peaks of males coincide with female oestrogen peaks (45). The loris is monoestrous with one 4-5 day period of reproductive activity (49). Females are more likely to approach others and engage in lunging; males are more likely to sniff and lick a female's genitals and mount them. Males spread their scent through urination and produce more urine than females. Urine scent markings have a strong characteristic odour and are communicate information about social relationships. Males that spread their scent over a large area have a competitive advantage, as marking territory indicates health, persistence, and energy. Females prefer males with a familiar odour to males they have not previously met, which may be related to infrequent contact between the sexes (35,36). Males countermark, over or next to another individual's mark, to advertise competitive ability to females (36). Females actively prefer countermarking males to males whose odours have been countermarked (36). If there is only one male's scent in an area, he can defend the area and/or prevent rival males from marking (52). An oestrous female is mildly aggressive to her suitors and often lunges at males, usually after a long period of being approached and followed. Vocalizations during mating include whistling, most commonly by the oestrous female, as well as chittering and growling. The female gives birth to 1-2 young in early February to mid-March (45) after a gestation period of 184-200 days (62). Birthing occurs in the open and the fully formed infants have fur and open eyes and weigh @ 23 g. The birth sex ratio is 1 female to 1.68 males (18). As mothers of twins must divide time equally between offspring, they spend less time engaging in social grooming and play with their young (54), which may lead to a lower infant survival rate (18). The newborn infant clings to its mother's belly. When the young are a week old, their mothers show "parking" behaviour, leaving them in a safe location while they forage for food. This lets the mothers gather food more efficiently for themselves and their young. The young follow their mothers at about 2 weeks (54). Mothers softly chirp to their infants, which respond with rapid clicks and squeaks when in distress (43). Compared to other lorises, the mothers spend more time close to their young, tending to huddle, sit or stand within 0.3 m of their young more than do other species. Mothers and infants primarily establish closeness through passive ventral contact. While mothers do not seem to directly defend their young, they tolerate older young following them. Older infants engage more often in adult social behaviour, such as grooming and play and less often in huddling and ventral contact. The young are weaned at 4-6 months (3,18,45), but weaning may take 8 months. The young tend to stay in their mother's territory until they are sexually mature and establish a range of their own (5). Females become sexually mature at 9-16 months and males at 18-20 months. The loris can conceive by 18 months and give birth by 2 years (46); captives may still breed at 14 years. The life span is thought to be @ 20 years (3,21,56). The loris is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and is on Appendix I of CITES (2,4,17,64). This gives it some protection from the devastating effects of trade as international commercial trade is prohibited (4); capture and transport are illegal in all countries in its range (56,66,69). There is little enforcement of these laws and penalties are too low to deter others (3,66). It declined by 30% in 3 generations (24 years) from 1984-2008, due mainly to hunting for food and trade (22,28,43,53,55,56,68-70), but also habitat loss (3,10,19,56,62) and gold mine development (43). It may warrant listing in a higher category of threat if the rate of decline is @ 50%. Populations fell drastically during the Vietnam War, as bombing, burningland clearing. Agent Orange, other defoliants and napalm destroyed much of their habitat (2,4,5,21). Some people kill the loris as they think it is a crop pest (43). Laos exports lorises to Vietnam (70). Ratajszczak (88) said hundreds of lorises were traded as pets and for medicine in markets (56,62,63,68), but fewer are now found in Viet Namese markets, so populations are probably in major decline (25,66). The low reproduction rate cannot keep pace with these large-scale off-takes (56,66). The loris is used in traditional Khmer medicine in Cambodia (17,22,56) and is exported to Laos, Thailand and Vietnam and eventually China and Taiwan and Europe (50,56,59,63). In Phnom Penh, local markets roast, dry and make lorises into pre-mixed medicines with rice-wine, alcohol, honey or charcoal; this loris is the most commonly requested animal in the traditional medicine shops (51). Doctors say these medicines treat "women after childbirth, stomach problems, wounds, broken bones and sexually transmitted diseases" (51). In Vietnam, medicine such as bone glue of monkey, is mainly produced by local people, but some is used in restaurants or sold to visitors (55,56). The hair is assumed to have medicinal value (56). In the 1950s, the fur was used to dress wounds and cuts due to its blood clotting properties. Increased protection of the loris led to the market price rising. Traders in live lorises do not distinguish among species (94) and there may be hybridization, improper care and health problems; confiscared animals may be reintroduced into improper habitat. Transport in small containers stresses lorises and threatens their health. Mortality rates are high, due to trauma, disease, malnutrition and close proximity to other lorises (56). The loris is represented by about 175 individuals in at least 50 captive collections (39) and reported in at least 24 national parks and nature reserves (1,3,56,68,70). A pygmy slow loris in North America was kept at Honolulu Zoo in 1968. In 1986, about 37 pygmy lorises were exported from Vietnam and Laos to Sweden. In 1987, several wild-caught pairs were transferred to zoos in Cincinnati, San Diego and the Duke Lemur Center (48). In 1994, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a Species Survival Plan for the species, after a proposal by the Global Captive Action Plan for Primates to create a breeding program to maintain its genetic diversity (48). Up to 2008, most captives were born at the San Diego Zoo (41). In 2013, the species is the most common lorisid in North American zoos (40).
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Loris pigmeu ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El loris pigmeu (Nycticebus pygmaeus) és una espècie rara de loris que viu als boscos tropicals i subtropicals de frondoses secs del Vietnam, Laos, el sud de la Xina, i l'est del riu Mekong, a Cambodja.

Aquest primat és un animal nocturn que s'alimenta de fruits, insectes, petits mamífers i rèptils, flors, goma dels arbres, llimacs i cargols.[1] És arborícola i s'arrossega per les branques passant desapercebut, ja que es mou en silenci a través de les fulles gruixudes de les zones subtropicals.[1]

Els loris pigmeus poden créixer fins a entre 18 i 21 centímetres.[1] S'aparellen cada entre 12 i 18 mesos, i les femelles tenen una o dues cries, després d'un període de gestació mig de 190 dies. Durant els primers dies, les cries s'aferren al ventre de la mare, i després d'aproximadament 9 mesos són deslletats.[1]

Aquest loris gairebé va desaparèixer per la crema extensiva, i la tala i defoliació dels boscos del Vietnam produïdes durant la guerra.[1]

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Com altres loris, el loris pigmeu té un ulls molt grans, adaptats al seu estil de vida nocturn.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Loris pigmeu Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 «Pygmy slow loris». Bristol Zoo Gardens. [Consulta: 1r agost 2006]. (anglès)
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Loris pigmeu: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El loris pigmeu (Nycticebus pygmaeus) és una espècie rara de loris que viu als boscos tropicals i subtropicals de frondoses secs del Vietnam, Laos, el sud de la Xina, i l'est del riu Mekong, a Cambodja.

Aquest primat és un animal nocturn que s'alimenta de fruits, insectes, petits mamífers i rèptils, flors, goma dels arbres, llimacs i cargols. És arborícola i s'arrossega per les branques passant desapercebut, ja que es mou en silenci a través de les fulles gruixudes de les zones subtropicals.

Els loris pigmeus poden créixer fins a entre 18 i 21 centímetres. S'aparellen cada entre 12 i 18 mesos, i les femelles tenen una o dues cries, després d'un període de gestació mig de 190 dies. Durant els primers dies, les cries s'aferren al ventre de la mare, i després d'aproximadament 9 mesos són deslletats.

Aquest loris gairebé va desaparèixer per la crema extensiva, i la tala i defoliació dels boscos del Vietnam produïdes durant la guerra.

 src= Com altres loris, el loris pigmeu té un ulls molt grans, adaptats al seu estil de vida nocturn.
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Outloň malý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Outloň malý (Nycticebus pygmaeus) je malá poloopice z čeledi outloňovitých, která obývá pralesy Laosu, Kambodži a Vietnamu. Jedná se o nočního tvora, který se živí jak rostlinnou tak i živočišnou potravou. Samička rodí většinou jedno mládě, dvojčata jsou vzácnost.

Jedná se o samotářský druh, kdy samec žije sám v tlupě několika samic. Samci jsou významně teritoriální a své území si označují výměšky moči.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Outloň malý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Outloň malý (Nycticebus pygmaeus) je malá poloopice z čeledi outloňovitých, která obývá pralesy Laosu, Kambodži a Vietnamu. Jedná se o nočního tvora, který se živí jak rostlinnou tak i živočišnou potravou. Samička rodí většinou jedno mládě, dvojčata jsou vzácnost.

Jedná se o samotářský druh, kdy samec žije sám v tlupě několika samic. Samci jsou významně teritoriální a své území si označují výměšky moči.

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Zwerglori ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Zwerglori (Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus (Synonym: Nycticebus pygmaeus)) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Loris (Lorisidae).

Merkmale

Zwergloris sind kleiner als die Plumploris, sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 19 bis 23 Zentimeter und ein Gewicht von 360 bis 580 Gramm, der Schwanz ist rückgebildet und etwa 1,8 Zentimeter lang. Ihr Fell ist kurz und dicht, es ist im Sommer an der Oberseite rötlich-braun bis orange gefärbt mit einer weißlichen Unterseite und wird in der kühleren Jahreszeit dichter und dunkler mit einem dunkelbraunen bis schwärzlichen Streifen auf der Rückenmitte und einer weißlich-bräunlichen Bauchseite. Die Augen sind groß und rund, zwischen ihnen kann sich ein weißlicher Streifen erstrecken. Die schwarzen, kleinen, rundlichen Ohren ragen nur wenig aus dem Fell heraus. Ihre Spitzen sind unbehaart. Die Schnauze ist spitzer als die der Plumploris, die Nase ist schwarz, die Nase der Plumploris ist rosa.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Zwergloris in Indochina

Diese Primaten sind in Südostasien beheimatet, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom südlichen China (Yunnan, Kreis Lüchun) über Vietnam und Laos bis in den östlich des Mekong gelegenen Teil Kambodschas. Ihr Lebensraum sind primäre und sekundäre Regenwälder, Karstwälder und Bambusdickichte, wobei sie Regionen mit dichtem Unterholz und vielen blühenden Bäumen bevorzugen.[1]

Lebensweise

Zwergloris sind nachtaktive Baumbewohner, die selten auf den Boden kommen. Zum Schlafen rollen sie sich tagsüber im Pflanzendickicht zusammen, in der Nacht gehen sie auf Nahrungssuche. Ihre Bewegungen sind langsam und bedächtig. Dank ihrer modifizierten Hände haben sie einen festen Griff um die Äste.

Sie leben weitgehend einzelgängerisch. Die Männchen markieren ihr Revier mit Urin und reagieren aggressiv auf andere Männchen. Das Territorium eines Männchens kann sich jedoch mit dem mehrerer Weibchen überlappen.

Zwergloris ernähren sich vor allem von Baumsäften und Insekten; außerdem werden Nektar, kleine Früchte, Blüten und manchmal auch kleine Wirbeltiere, z. B. Geckos gefressen.[1] Bei der Jagd schleichen sie sich an ein Beutetier heran und können dann relativ schnell zugreifen. Das Männchen pflanzt sich mit den Weibchen fort, deren Reviere mit seinem überlappen. Nach einer rund 190-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen in der Regel Zwillinge zur Welt, während es bei Plumploris normalerweise ein einzelnes Jungtier ist.[2] Die Jungen klammern sich zunächst an den Bauch der Mutter, werden nach zwei bis drei Wochen aber häufig während der Nahrungssuche im Geäst zurückgelassen. Nach rund 24 Wochen werden sie entwöhnt und mit einem bis eineinhalb Jahren geschlechtsreif.[1]

 src=
Zeichnung von Herbert Goodchild aus der Erstbeschreibung der Art

Systematik

Der Zwerglori wurde 1907 durch den britischen Zoologen J. Lewis Bonhote erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben und dabei den Plumploris (Nycticebus) zugeordnet,[3] deren wissenschaftliche Bezeichnung 1812 durch den französischer Zoologen Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire geprägt wurde. Der Zwerglori unterscheidet sich jedoch durch zahlreiche morphologische, verhaltensbiologische, karyotypische und genetische Merkmale von den Plumploris. Außerdem hybridisiert er nicht mit den Plumploris, während Hybride zwischen verschiedenen Plumploriarten aus Zoohaltungen bekannt sind. Deshalb wurde der Zwerglori im März 2022 in die eigenständige, monotypische Gattung Xanthonycticebus gestellt. Der Gattungsname verweist auf die Fellfarbe und die nächtliche Lebensweise der Art (ξανθός xanthós Gr. = gelborange; νύξ nyx Gr. = Nacht; κῆβος kêbos Gr. = Affe). Evolutionär hat sich der zum Zwerglori führende Zweig wahrscheinlich vor etwa 10 Millionen Jahren von den Plumploris getrennt.[2]

Gefährdung

In Vietnam und Kambodscha werden Zwergloris intensiv bejagt, da es dort Menschen gibt, die ihnen eine heilende Wirkung zuschreiben. Teilweise werden sie auch zu Haustieren gemacht oder gegessen. Gebietsweise stellt auch die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums ein Problem dar. Die IUCN schätzt, dass in den letzten 24 Jahren (drei Generationen) die Gesamtpopulation um mehr als 30 % zurückgegangen ist und listet die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable).[1]

In Deutschland wird die Art in Augsburg, Dortmund, Leipzig und Stuttgart gehalten. Jedoch haben wenige Haltungen eine wirkliche Perspektive, da hinter den Kulissen gehalten wird oder Einzeltiere und beschlagnahmte Tiere gepflegt werden.[4]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e K. Anne-Isola Nekaris: Family Lorisidae (Angwantibos, Pottos and Lorises). in Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3. ISBN 978-8496553897. S. 235.
  2. a b K. Anne-Isola Nekaris und Vincent Nijman. 2022. A New Genus Name for Pygmy Lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, Primates). Zoosystematics and Evolution. 98(1); 87-92. DOI: 10.3897/zse.98.81942
  3. J. Lewis Bonhote (1907): On a Collection of Mammals made by Dr. Vassal in Annam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 77 (1): 3–11. Biodiversitylibrary.org
  4. [1] ZTL 17.6
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Zwerglori: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Zwerglori (Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus (Synonym: Nycticebus pygmaeus)) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Loris (Lorisidae).

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Pygmy slow loris ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The pygmy slow loris (Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus) is a species of slow loris found east of the Mekong River in Vietnam, Laos, eastern Cambodia, and China. It occurs in a variety of forest habitats, including tropical dry forests, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests. It was originally classified within Nycticebus until it was transferred to the genus Xanthonycticebus in 2022.[3] Two species are recognised, the northern pygmy loris X. intermedius from northern Vietnam, Laos and China and the southern pygmy loris X. pygmaeus from southern Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.[4] The animal is nocturnal and arboreal, crawling along branches using slow movements in search of prey. Unlike other primates, it does not leap. It lives together in small groups usually with one or two offspring. An adult can grow to around 19 to 23 cm (7.5 to 9.1 in) long and has a very short tail. It weighs about 450 g (1.0 lb). Its diet consists of fruits, insects, small fauna, tree sap, and floral nectar. The animal has a toxic bite, which it gets by licking a toxic secretion from glands on the inside of its elbows. The teeth in its lower jaw form a comb-like structure called a toothcomb that is used for scraping resin from tree bark.

The pygmy slow loris mates once every 12–18 months and has one or two offspring after an average gestation period of six months. For the first few days, the young loris clings to the belly of its mother. The offspring will be nursed for an average of 4.5 months, but weaning can sometimes take up to 8 months. The females reach sexual maturity at about 9 months, while the male reaches maturity by about 18–20 months. The pygmy slow loris is seasonally fertile during the months of July and October. Chemical signals play a role in the reproductive behavior of female pygmy slow lorises. Urine scent markings have a strong characteristic odor and are used to communication information about social relationships.

The habitat of the pygmy slow loris in Vietnam was greatly reduced due to extensive burning, clearing, and defoliating of forests during the Vietnam War. Extensive hunting for traditional medicines is currently putting severe pressure on Cambodian populations. The pygmy slow loris is seriously threatened by hunting, trade, and habitat destruction; consequently, it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and in 2020 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified it as endangered.

History, taxonomy, and phylogeny

The pygmy slow loris as illustrated in Bonhote's 1907 description of the species

The pygmy slow loris was first described scientifically by J. Lewis Bonhote in 1907. The description was based on a male specimen sent to him by J. Vassal, a French physician who had collected the specimen from Nha Trang, Vietnam (then called Annam, a French Protectorate) in 1905.[5] In 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock combined all slow lorises into a single species, Nycticebus coucang.[6]

In an influential 1953 publication, primatologist William Charles Osman Hill also consolidated all the slow lorises in one species, Nycticebus coucang, and considered other forms distinct at the subspecies level. Osman Hill thus listed Nycticebus coucang pygmaeus,[7] while acknowledging that "it may be deemed necessary to accede this form specific rank."[8] In 1960, Dao Van Tien reported a species from Hòa Bình Province, Vietnam, that he called N. intermedius,[9] but it turned out that his specimens were merely adults of the pygmy slow loris, which had originally been described on the basis of a juvenile.[10][11] After studying slow lorises from Indochina, primatologist Colin Groves proposed that the pygmy slow loris was morphologically unique enough to be considered a distinct species.[12][13] The validity of this opinion was later corroborated by studies of chromosomal structure,[14] genetic distance determined by protein variation at polymorphic loci,[15] and mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis.[16][17] Nekaris and Nijman (2022) combined morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data and suggested that pygmy lorises are best placed in their own genus, Xanthonycticebus.[18]

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Nycticebus have been studied with modern molecular techniques, using DNA sequences derived from the mitochondrial DNA markers D-loop and cytochrome b from 22 slow loris individuals. In this analysis, most of the recognized lineages of Nycticebus, including the pygmy slow loris, were shown to be genetically distinct, and the species was shown to have diverged earlier than the other slow loris species,[19] beginning perhaps 2.7 million years ago.[20] Analysis of nucleotide sequence diversity from individuals taken from the boundary areas between southern China and Vietnam (a region of sympatry between the pygmy slow loris and the Bengal slow loris) show that the pygmy slow loris is not subject to the same introgressive hybridization as the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis). The authors of the study suggest that the low polymorphism of pygmy slow lorises may be due to a founder effect, and that the individuals they used in the study originate from an ancestor that lived in middle or southern Vietnam between 1860 and 7350 years ago.[21]

Anatomy and physiology

Typical facial features include the overall rufous color, brown rings encircling large eyes, a white stripe from the nose to the forehead, and silvery gray hair at the sides of the head.

The pygmy slow loris has a head and body length (measured from the top of the head to the base of the tail) of 195–230 mm (7.7–9.1 in); there is no significant difference in size between the sexes.[22] The length of the skull is less than 55 mm (2.2 in).[23] The tail is short, averaging 1.8 cm (0.71 in) in length.[24] The bodyweight ranges between 360 and 580 grams (13 and 20 oz),[25] with an average mass of 420 grams (15 oz) for males and 428 grams (15.1 oz) for females. There are, however, large seasonal variations in bodyweight, and individuals up to 700 grams (25 oz) have been recorded. The animal tends to have significantly higher bodyweights during the winter months, about 50 percent higher than the lowest values in the summer. The weight gains, achieved largely by increasing food intake, are triggered by changes in the length of the day and night. This seasonal change in bodyweight occurs in both sexes, in both pregnant and non-pregnant females—an adaptation thought to help ensure survival during winter when food resources become scarce.[26] The species has distinctive teeth morphology: its third molar is triangular in outline and only slightly smaller than the first molar; its second molar is the largest.[27] The incisors and canines on its lower jaw are procumbent (tilt forward) and together form a toothcomb that is used in grooming and feeding.[28]

Palatal (left) and lateral (right) views of a pygmy slow loris skull

Like other strepsirrhine primates, the pygmy slow loris has tapeta lucida in its eyes to assist with night vision.[29] In adults, the rings circling the eyes are seal brown; they are darker in young individuals. There is a white stripe extending from the nose to the forehead, and the sides of the head and upper lip are silvery gray, while the rest of the face and top of the head is rufous.[23] It has small black ears, typically about 23 mm (0.91 in) long,[22] which do not have fur on the tips.[30] On the dorsal side of the animal, a rufous to brownish-black stripe runs from the nape to the middle of the lower back. The upper parts, including the shoulders and upper back, are russet to reddish-buff to brownish, and are sometimes "frosted" with silvery gray white hairs.[23] The presence or absence of a dorsal stripe and silvery hair tips appear to be a seasonal variation and have led some to postulate the existence of an additional species, N. intermedius,[31][32] although DNA analysis has since confirmed this to be an adult version of the pygmy slow loris.[33] The pygmy slow loris has buffy flanks, paler than the back. The upper sides of the arms are ochraceous, and have silvery hairs mingled with the darker ones. The buff legs are also tipped with silvery white hairs. The underparts are plumbeous (lead-colored) at the base, with ochraceous apical portions. The hands and feet are silvery white,[34] with yellowish-white nails.[30] Foot length is relatively consistent, averaging about 45 mm (1.8 in).[35]

The pygmy slow loris has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=50. Although the banding patterns on the chromosomes of all slow lorises are similar, this species may be distinguished from the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis) by distinct differences in the number and location of nucleolus organizer regions.[14]

Behavior

The pygmy slow loris is nocturnal, although it is least active on cold, moonlit nights and is generally active on dark nights, regardless of temperature.[36] In the wild, it is normally encountered alone, or in small groups of two to four individuals.[37] Males use scent marking to defend territories and mark their boundaries. Females prefer to mate with males whose scent is familiar.[38] Males will also countermark—mark over or adjacent to another individual's mark deposited earlier—to advertise competitive ability to females.[39] Females actively prefer countermarking males to males whose odors have been countermarked.[40]

The pygmy slow loris produces an apocrine secretion on scent glands near their elbow (brachial glands). This clear liquid, when mixed with its saliva, creates a volatile, noxious toxin. When startled, the slow loris licks its brachial glands and applies the secretion to its heads.[41] The oily secretion contains a complex mixture of volatile and semi-volatile components; one chemical analysis indicated over 200 components were present.[42] One of the components is a member of the secretoglobin family of proteins,[43] and similar to an allergenic protein found in cat dander.[44] The similarity between the brachial gland secretions and domestic cat allergens may account for anaphylaxis in susceptible individuals.[45]

Vocalizations of the pygmy slow loris include a short whistle, mother-infant contact calls,[46] and a whistling sound produced during estrus.[47]

Reproduction

The female is mildly aggressive to her suitors during estrus, and will often lunge at males, usually after a long period of being approached and followed. Vocalizations during mating include a whistling sound, most commonly by the female, usually during June and August, coinciding with female estrus. Other vocalizations recorded during estrus include chittering and growling. The testosterone levels of the males are seasonal, with peaks coinciding with female estrogen peaks.[48]

The pygmy slow loris can conceive by 18 months and give birth to its first offspring by two years of age. Studbook records show that the youngest male to sire offspring was around 18 months of age, and the youngest female conceived at 16 months.[49] Gestation length is 184–200 days, and the lactation period lasts 123–146 days.[50] Offspring are weaned at about 24 weeks of age.[51] The pygmy slow loris is monoestrous, experiencing a single four- to five-day period of reproductive activity between late July and early October in captivity,[52] with births occurring from early February to mid-March.[53] As a result, opportunities for mating are rare, and females rely heavily on scent to assess mate quality. Females show a strong preference for familiar-smelling males over novel-smelling males.[54] Research on the process of sexual selection in primates suggests that the exclusive presence of one male's scent in the area is a reliable cue that he is capable of defending the area and/or preventing rival males from marking.[55] Pygmy slow lorises usually have a litter size of one or two; separate studies have reported frequencies of twinning as either 50% or 100% of births.[56] Data collected from a seven-year captive breeding program indicates that they have a skewed birth sex ratio of 1 female to 1.68 males.[21] Because they must divide time equally between offspring, mothers of twins spend less time engaging in social grooming and play with their young,[57] which may lead to a lower infant survival rate.[21] Mothers will "park" their young at one week of age while foraging, and the young begin following their mothers at about two weeks.[58] The life span of the pygmy slow loris is about 20 years.[59]

Diet

Insect prey can be captured while hanging upside-down from a branch.

The pygmy slow loris is omnivorous, feeding on termites, ants, other insects, and fruit. Insects are captured with one or both hands while standing or hanging upside-down from a branch. Insect prey is typically consumed at heights less than 10 m (33 ft).[60] A Vietnamese study concluded that the diet of the pygmy slow loris consists largely of tree exudates (gum) (63%) and animal prey (33%), with other food types making up the remainder.[61] A study on recently reintroduced individuals found similar results—40% insects, 30% gum, and 30% other exudates.[62] The pygmy slow loris will gouge trees to feed on the released exudates.[63] Although tree gum is not as nutrient-rich as its preferred diet, it is available year-round. The pygmy slow loris is a specialized gummivore,[63] a trait that helps it overcome difficulties in finding food during times of shortage. Unable to leap from tree to tree, the pygmy slow loris has a restricted range from which it may obtain food sources. Having generalist dietary preferences allows them to overcome difficult environmental conditions; gum allows them to live at a low energy level with a reduced metabolism.[64] Trees from which exudates are eaten are from the following families: Sapindaceae (Sapindus), Euphorbiaceae (Vernicia), Fabaceae (Saraca), Anacardiaceae (Spondias), and Burseraceae.[25] Feeding on gum takes place over a time period ranging from one to twenty minutes and involves intense licking, sometimes accompanied by audible scratching and bark-breaking sounds. Feeding on exudates usually occurs at heights over 8 m (26 ft).[65] The seasonal color variation that occur in the dorsal stripe of Vietnamese individuals may be related to the need to engage in exudate feeding.[66]

The diet of the pygmy slow loris is seasonal. In north Vietnam, for example, the winter is characterized by low rainfalls and temperatures as low as 5 °C in the north of its range, when there is little growth of vegetation in forests, few insects, and limited food resources.[67] The pygmy slow loris will also consume insects that have been exposed by its bamboo-gouging activities. It will use its toothcomb to clean an area of lichens and fungi prior to gouging.[68] The animals conserve energy in the colder winter months by reducing movement, often to the point of complete inactivity.[69]

Habitat and distribution

The pygmy slow loris is nocturnal and arboreal, and is most commonly found in semi-evergreen, secondary,[70][71][72] and mixed deciduous forests.[73] It is distributed east of the Mekong River in Vietnam, eastern Cambodia, Laos, and Yunnan province in southern China.[74][2] In China it has been recorded only from Pingbian, Hekou, Jinping, and Lüchun counties of Yunnan.[72] In Vietnam, the pygmy slow loris was widespread throughout the country,[75] but concern is increasing with conservation and rehabilitation efforts in Cat Tien National Park. In Laos, populations have been recorded in Phou Khaokhoay, Nam Kading, Nam Theun, Nakai–Nam Theun, Khammouane Limestone, Dakchung Plateau, and Bolaven Northeast.[72] Its encounter rate, determined from two field studies from Laos and Vietnam combined, was 0.05–0.08 lorises/km.[76] In Cambodia, this value ranged from 0 in Mondulkiri Protected Forest to 0.10 in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary.[77]

Conservation

The pygmy slow loris has declined in numbers as a result of extensive habitat degradation throughout its range, including north-eastern Cambodia, the Yunnan Province of China, and Vietnam. In Yunnan province, nearly all primary evergreen forests have vanished and secondary forests have been heavily degraded;[78][79] as of 2005, forest cover has been reduced by 42% since the mid-1990s.[59] The use of defoliants, such as Agent Orange, during the Vietnam War and the ongoing clearing of forests in Vietnam have resulted in a considerable loss of habitat.[80] As of 2003, the forest cover had been reduced to 30% of its original area, with only 10% of the remaining forest consisting of the closed-canopy forests preferred by the pygmy slow loris.[59]

The pygmy slow loris is captured for use in traditional medicine throughout its range.

Due to a combination of unstable political situations in its range, and its nocturnal, arboreal lifestyle, population data for the pygmy slow loris are scarce. The population in China has been estimated at less than 500 individuals.[59] In the 1980s, one estimate placed the population at roughly 72,000 individuals,[81] while another estimate from the same period placed the number around 600–700 individuals.[82] This enormous discrepancy underlines the difficulty to calculate population size without detailed field studies.[59] In Laos, the wildlife status report of 1999 describes the species as "little known" and "common",[83] based on availability of potential habitat. In 2020 the IUCN classified the pygmy slow loris as endangered,[1] as did the Vietnam Red Data Book the same year. The European Union (EU) (2005) describes the population status in Laos as "apparently widespread, but not common anywhere".[59]

In addition to habitat destruction, the pygmy slow loris is seriously threatened by hunting and trade.[84][82] Within its geographic range and neighbor countries, the trade in the pygmy slow loris has recently increased due to economic changes and human population growth,[85] and the trend is expected to continue.[72] Decreased sightings in the field and at animal markets indicate that wild populations are being depleted since the low reproduction rate of the pygmy slow loris cannot keep pace with these large-scale off-takes.[86][87] Accordingly, conservationists and field biologists fear local extinctions in the near future.[82] Between 1998 and 2006, 70% of pygmy slow lorises seized by authorities died before reaching a sheltering zoo, resulting in replacement demand and additional captures from the wild.[88]

Within the whole Indochinese region, populations of the pygmy slow loris have drastically decreased as a result of military activities, defoliant spraying, logging, and massive off-takes,[89] especially in Vietnam. It has been extirpated in the northern part of this country due to the belief that it is a crop pest.[73] The demand of the pet and the medicinal markets is further aggravating the situation, which is reflected by its abundance in many local markets.[90][82] This demand has recently increased due to human population growth and improved economic conditions within the region. According to CITES, this activity is considered unsustainable.[87]

The population in southern China has been reduced to a few hundred individuals, and by another report, may be locally extinct. The decreasing number of pygmy slow lorises for sale corroborates reports of rapid declines in Vietnamese populations. By 2007, field sightings were becoming scarce, and there were reports that it had disappeared from large parts of its range,[87] particularly in areas with intense logging and agriculture.[91] In Cambodia, widespread declines have been associated with increases in hunting pressure during 2001 and 2002. In one field survey, three areas with high encounter rates in early 2008 were resurveyed in late 2008 and 2009, but no individuals were encountered. This change was thought to be due to both high hunting pressures and gold mine development.[73]

Both the Bengal slow loris and pygmy slow loris are found in more than 20 protected areas, although their populations are either low or insufficiently recorded.[92][93] The pygmy slow loris is protected in most of its range states: in Cambodia, China, and Vietnam. This makes hunting and capture illegal, and in China and Vietnam, possession and storage are also illegal.[94] Under Vietnamese law it has had the highest level of wildlife protection since 1992,[86] all exploitation and use of the pygmy slow loris is illegal.[95] However, enforcement is poor while minor penalties have little deterring effect.[86] In terms of international protection, the species was elevated to Appendix I of CITES in 2007.[2] In addition, since October 2001, the European Union prohibits imports for all wild specimens of pygmy slow loris from Laos and Cambodia for conservation reasons.[95]

The species has been recorded in at least 6 national parks and 12 nature reserves.[75] In China, Daweishan, Fenshuiling, and Huanglianshan Reserve maintained approximately 80% of that country's population of the species in 2007.[96] However, the species is still vulnerable to hunting, even in protected areas.[97] In Laos, the species has been recorded in seven National Biodiversity Conservation Areas.[83]

In Vietnam, confiscated pygmy lorises are usually taken to the Endangered Primate Rescue Centre in Cúc Phương National Park, to be reintroduced into the wild.[96] Non-experts may find it difficult to distinguish between the pygmy slow loris and the Sunda slow loris, as both have similarly reddish fur, which is variable in colors.[98] In international shipments, pygmy lorises may be even mixed up with pottos or lemurs.[96]

Trade

Pygmy slow lorises obtained from animal markets suffer from stress, neglect, malnutrition, and infection. As a consequence, they seldom live long.

The pygmy slow loris is traded mainly for its purported medicinal properties, for the pet trade, or, to a lesser extent, as food for local consumption.[83][31] According to a 2003 report, the animals were sold for 30,000–50,000 Vietnamese đồng (US$1.50–2.50 or €1.10–1.80).[99] Other reports have found them to cost US$2–10.[87] In Cambodia, the species is used in Traditional Khmer Medicine. Surveys conducted at Cambodian markets showed that the species was the third most common mammal for sale, offered at prices ranging from US$0.85–6.25 (€0.65–4.70).[87] In Vietnam, the pygmy slow loris is used for food, medicine, and often as a pet[87] and is among the most frequently sold species. Formerly, hundreds of pygmy lorises were traded monthly in major markets,[91] but recently numbers seem to have decreased, due to shortages in supply.[86] In southern Vietnam, lorises are among the most popular wildlife dishes in wildlife meat restaurants.[100]

Exporting countries reported a total of 111 pygmy slow lorises traded internationally between 1977 and 2004, whereas importing countries reported 131 animals. In Laos, large numbers of native lorises are exported to Vietnam.[83] In Japan, pet shops occasionally offer pygmy slow lorises for US$2,000–3,800 (€1,500–2,800).[95]

There are also parts and derivatives of pygmy lorises in trade, such as the skin and the hair. All parts of the animal are used in traditional Khmer medicine.[87] In Vietnam, medicine such as bone glue of monkey, is mainly produced by local people, but a smaller portion is also destined for restaurants or sold to visitors.[95][99] The species is especially used for the assumed medicinal value of its hair.[95] Traders have reported that they have difficulty keeping pace with demand—one trader claimed to have sold nearly 1,200 pygmy slow lorises during 2001–2002.[101] In Cambodia, the deeply rooted tradition of using the Bengal and pygmy slow loris in traditional medicine is widespread,[102] and the pygmy slow loris is the most commonly requested animal in traditional medicine shops in Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh.[103]

Illegal trade routes are known to exist from Cambodia, to Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, with much of this trade destined for China.[90] Surveys from 1998 and 1999 show that 80 to 90 animals were imported from Vietnam though Hekou Port into Yunnan province, making it the most commonly recorded animal in the surveys.[95] China is the primary destination of most Vietnamese slow lorises, although they are also smuggled to other countries,[98] including Taiwan. In one noted incident, 102 animals were confiscated during transit to Ho Chi Minh City in August 1993; of these, only four survived.[104] Pygmy lorises may cost up to US$400 on the Taiwanese pet market. In the USA, occasionally, pygmy lorises smuggled from Vietnam have been confiscated. The Endangered Primate Rescue Centre reports that the pygmy slow loris is the most often rescued species,[95] which reflects their abundance in trade. In Europe, illegal purchases have been reported from Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, and Moscow.[95][90]

In captivity

The first documented pygmy slow loris in North America was kept at Hawaii's Honolulu Zoo in 1968. In 1986, about 37 pygmy lorises were exported from Vietnam and Laos to Sweden. A year later, several pairs caught from the wild were transferred to zoos in Cincinnati, San Diego, and the Duke Lemur Center.[105] In 1994, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a Species Survival Plan for the species, following a proposal by the Global Captive Action Plan for Primates to create a breeding program to maintain its genetic diversity.[106] As of 2008, the captive population in North America had grown to 74 individuals, with most of them born at the San Diego Zoo;[107] as of 2013, the species is the most common lorisid primate kept in North American zoos.[108] About 175 pygmy lorises live in breeding facilities worldwide.[109]

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  107. ^ Fitch-Snyder & Livingstone 2008, p. 14.
  108. ^ Fuller et al. 2013, p. 97.
  109. ^ "Pygmy Slow Loris – Overview". Duke Lemur Center. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.

Literature cited

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Pygmy slow loris: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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The pygmy slow loris (Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus) is a species of slow loris found east of the Mekong River in Vietnam, Laos, eastern Cambodia, and China. It occurs in a variety of forest habitats, including tropical dry forests, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests. It was originally classified within Nycticebus until it was transferred to the genus Xanthonycticebus in 2022. Two species are recognised, the northern pygmy loris X. intermedius from northern Vietnam, Laos and China and the southern pygmy loris X. pygmaeus from southern Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. The animal is nocturnal and arboreal, crawling along branches using slow movements in search of prey. Unlike other primates, it does not leap. It lives together in small groups usually with one or two offspring. An adult can grow to around 19 to 23 cm (7.5 to 9.1 in) long and has a very short tail. It weighs about 450 g (1.0 lb). Its diet consists of fruits, insects, small fauna, tree sap, and floral nectar. The animal has a toxic bite, which it gets by licking a toxic secretion from glands on the inside of its elbows. The teeth in its lower jaw form a comb-like structure called a toothcomb that is used for scraping resin from tree bark.

The pygmy slow loris mates once every 12–18 months and has one or two offspring after an average gestation period of six months. For the first few days, the young loris clings to the belly of its mother. The offspring will be nursed for an average of 4.5 months, but weaning can sometimes take up to 8 months. The females reach sexual maturity at about 9 months, while the male reaches maturity by about 18–20 months. The pygmy slow loris is seasonally fertile during the months of July and October. Chemical signals play a role in the reproductive behavior of female pygmy slow lorises. Urine scent markings have a strong characteristic odor and are used to communication information about social relationships.

The habitat of the pygmy slow loris in Vietnam was greatly reduced due to extensive burning, clearing, and defoliating of forests during the Vietnam War. Extensive hunting for traditional medicines is currently putting severe pressure on Cambodian populations. The pygmy slow loris is seriously threatened by hunting, trade, and habitat destruction; consequently, it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and in 2020 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified it as endangered.

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Nycticebus pygmaeus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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El loris lento pigmeo (Nycticebus pygmaeus) es una rara especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lorisidae que se encuentra en las áreas más espesas de los bosques tropicales, subtropicales secos y matorrales de bambú, en China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos, y partes de Camboya.

Descripción

Adultos miden entre 18 y 21 cm de largo[3]​ y virtualmente no tienen cola. Pesa unos 500 g.

Comportamiento

Sus hábitos son nocturnos y arbóreos. Se mueven lenta y cautelosamente entre las ramas, solos o en pequeños grupos. Se alimentan de frutos, insectos, caracoles huevos y pequeños mamíferos. Produce una toxina dentro de los codos que coloca en su boca para dar mordiscos venenosos cuando se ve atacado.

El macho se acopla con la hembra cuando ésta le comunica mediante silbidos que está en la época de estro. Cada 12 a 18 meses la hembra queda embarazada y tras 180 a 190 días de gestación tiene una o dos crías, que permanecen con la madre por lo menos 4 meses, durante los cuales ella las protege de los predadores untándolas con saliva tóxica. Las hembras maduran sexualmente a los 9 meses y los machos entre los 17 y 20 meses.

Población

Sobreviven cerca de 72.000 ejemplares en su hábitat y 200 en cautividad.[4]​ Los eventos de la Guerra de Vietnam contribuyeron a disminuir su población.

Referencias

  1. Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 122-123. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group (2000). «Nycticebus pygmaeus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 29 de agosto de 2006.
  3. «Pygmy slow loris». Bristol Zoo Gardens. Archivado desde el original el 26 de agosto de 2006. Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2006.
  4. Maryann Mott (2006). «Photo in the News: Baby Loris Beefs Up in Zoo Nursery». National Geographic. Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2006.

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Nycticebus pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El loris lento pigmeo (Nycticebus pygmaeus) es una rara especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lorisidae que se encuentra en las áreas más espesas de los bosques tropicales, subtropicales secos y matorrales de bambú, en China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos, y partes de Camboya.

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Nycticebus pygmeaus ( Basco )

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Nycticebus pygmeaus Lorinae primate espezie bat da, hiruetan txikiena. Oso geldi mugitzen da, begi handiak ditu aurrerantz orientatuak. Belarriak txikiak dira, ia ezkutuan, eta biribilduak. Isatsa ia desagertua dago. Gauez bizi da zuhaitzen goikaldean. Helduak direnean 18-21 zentimetro arte neurtu dezakete eta 450 gramo inguruko pisua dute.

Vietnam, Laos, Txinako hegoaldean eta Kanbodian bizi dira.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Nycticebus pygmeaus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Nycticebus pygmeaus Lorinae primate espezie bat da, hiruetan txikiena. Oso geldi mugitzen da, begi handiak ditu aurrerantz orientatuak. Belarriak txikiak dira, ia ezkutuan, eta biribilduak. Isatsa ia desagertua dago. Gauez bizi da zuhaitzen goikaldean. Helduak direnean 18-21 zentimetro arte neurtu dezakete eta 450 gramo inguruko pisua dute.

Vietnam, Laos, Txinako hegoaldean eta Kanbodian bizi dira.

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Loris paresseux pygmée ( Francês )

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Nycticebus pygmaeus

Le loris paresseux pygmée (Nycticebus pygmaeus) est une espèce de loris pouvant se rencontrer à l'est du fleuve Mékong au Vietnam, au Laos, dans l'est du Cambodge et en Chine. Il se rencontre dans divers habitats forestiers, y compris les forêts tropicales sèches, semi-sempervirentes et à feuilles persistantes.

L'animal est nocturne et arboricole et il se déplace rampant le long des branches en utilisant des mouvements lents à la recherche de proies. Contrairement à d'autres primates, il ne saute pas. Il vit en petits groupes, généralement avec un ou deux petits. Un adulte peut atteindre une taille, en longueur, comprise entre 19 et 23 centimètres et possède une queue très courte. Le poids moyen chez cette espèce est d'environ 450 grammes.

Son régime alimentaire se compose de fruits, d'insectes, de petits animaux, de sève d'arbre et de nectar floral. L'animal possède une morsure toxique, qu'il obtient en léchant une sécrétion toxique des glandes à l'intérieur de ses coudes. Les dents de sa mâchoire inférieure forment une structure en forme de peigne appelée peigne dentaire. Ce peigne dentaire est utilisé pour gratter la résine de l'écorce des arbres. Le loris paresseux pygmée se reproduit une fois tous les 12-18 mois et aura un ou deux petits après une période de gestation moyenne de six mois. Pour les premiers jours, le jeune loris s'accroche au ventre de sa mère. Après six mois, le bébé sera sevré, les femelles atteindront leur maturité sexuelle vers 16 mois, tandis que les mâle l'atteindront vers 18 mois. La période de reproduction s'étend au cours des mois de juillet et août. Les signaux chimiques jouent un rôle dans le comportement reproducteur des loris paresseux pygmées femelles. Les marquages d'odeur d'urine ont une forte odeur caractéristique et sont utilisés pour communiquer et pour d'autres relations sociales.

L'habitat du loris pygmée au Vietnam a été considérablement réduit en raison de la destruction, du défrichement et de la défoliation des forêts pendant la guerre du Vietnam. La chasse intensive des loris paresseux pygmée pour la médecine traditionnelle exerce actuellement de fortes pressions sur les populations cambodgiennes. Le loris paresseux pygmée est sérieusement menacé par la chasse, le commerce et la destruction de son habitat ; par conséquent, il est inscrit à l'Annexe I de la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (CITES) et en 2006, il est classé vulnérable sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.

Histoire, taxonomie et phylogénie

Le loris pygmée a été décrit scientifiquement par J. Lewis Bonhote en 1907. La description était basée sur un spécimen masculin qui lui avait été envoyé par J. Vassal, un médecin français qui avait prélevé le spécimen à Nha Trang au Vietnam (alors appelé Annam, un protectorat français)[1] en 1905. En 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock a combiné tous les loris paresseux en une seule espèce, Nycticebus coucang[2].

Dans une publication majeure de 1953, le primatologue William Charles Osman Hill a également considérés tous les loris paresseux comme étant une seule espèce, Nycticebus coucang, et a considéré d'autres formes distinctes au niveau des sous-espèces . Osman Hill a ainsi listé Nycticebus coucang pygmaeus[3],[4], tout en reconnaissant qu '«il peut être jugé nécessaire d'accéder à ce grade spécifique de forme»[4]. En 1960, Dao Van Tien a rapporté une espèce de la province de Hòa Bình au Vietnam, qu'il a appelée Nycticebus intermedius[5], mais il s'est avéré que ses spécimens étaient simplement des loris paresseux pygmées adultes, qui avaient été décrit sur la base d'un juvénile[3],[6]. Après avoir étudié des loris paresseux pygmée originaire d'Indochine, le primatologue Colin Groves a avancé que le loris paresseux pygmée était morphologiquement assez unique pour être considéré une espèce distincte[7],[3]. La validité de cette hypothèse a été corroborée plus tard par des études de structure chromosomique, distance génétique déterminée par la variation de protéine aux locus polymorphes, et analyse d'enzymes de restriction d'ADN mitochondrial[8].

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Nycticebus pygmaeus tel que décrit par Bonhote en 1907

Les relations phylogénétiques au sein du genre Nycticebus ont été étudiées avec des techniques moléculaires modernes, en utilisant des séquences d'ADN dérivées des marqueurs d'ADN mitochondrial D-loop et du Cytochrome b de 22 loris paresseux pygmées. Dans cette analyse, la plupart des lignées reconnues de Nycticebus, y compris les loris paresseux pygmées, étaient génétiquement distinctes, et l'espèce avait divergé plus tôt que les autres espèces de loris lent, il y a environ 2,7 millions d'années[9],[8]. L'analyse de la diversité des séquences nucléotidiques chez des individus prélevés dans les zones limitrophes entre le sud de la Chine et le Vietnam (région de sympatrie entre le loris paresseux pygmée et le loris lent du Bengale) montre que les loris paresseux pygmées ne sont pas soumis à la même hybridation introgressive contrairement à Nycticebus bengalensis. Les auteurs de l'étude suggèrent que le faible polymorphisme des loris paresseux pygmées pourrait être dû à un effet fondateur, et que les individus utilisés dans l'étude proviennent d'un ancêtre qui vivait au Vietnam du centre ou au Vietnam du Sud il y a 1860 et 7350 ans[10].

Anatomie et physiologie

 src=
Crâne de loris paresseux pygmée

Le loris paresseux pygmée est un animal trapu. Il a une longueur de tête et de corps (les mesures ont été effectuées depuis le sommet de la tête jusqu'à la base de la queue) comprise entre 195 et 230 mm, selon les individus[11]; il n'y a pas de différence significative de taille entre les sexes[12]. La longueur du crâne est inférieure à 55 mm[13]. La queue est courte, avec une longueur moyenne de 1,8 cm[12]. La masse varie entre 360 et 580 grammes[14], avec une masse moyenne de 420 grammes pour les mâles et de 428 grammes pour les femelles. Il y a, cependant, de grandes variations saisonnières sur la masse de cette espèce, ce qui explique que des individus pouvant peser jusqu'à 700 grammes ont été enregistrés. L'animal a tendance à avoir une masse significativement plus élevée pendant les mois d'hiver, environ 50 % de plus que les valeurs les plus faibles en été. Les gains de poids, obtenus en grande partie par l'augmentation de l'apport alimentaire, sont déclenchés par des changements dans la durée du jour et de la nuit. Ce changement saisonnier du poids corporel se produit chez les deux sexes, chez les femelles gravides et chez les femelles non gravides, une adaptation censée assurer la survie en hiver lorsque les ressources alimentaires se raréfient[15]. L'espèce a une morphologie dentaire distincte: sa troisième molaire est de forme triangulaire et légèrement plus petite que la première molaire; sa deuxième molaire est la plus grande[1]. Les incisives et les canines sur sa mâchoire inférieure sont couchées (s'inclinent vers l'avant) et forment ensemble une dent qui est utilisée dans le toilettage et l'alimentation[16]. La durée de vie du loris paresseux pygmée est d'environ 20 ans.

 src=
Gros plan de la tête

Comme les autres primates du sous-ordre des Strepsirrhini, le loris paresseux pygmée a des yeux dotés de tapetum lucidum pour faciliter sa vision nocturne.[17],[18] Chez les adultes, les cercles entourant les yeux sont brunis ; ils sont plus foncés chez les jeunes individus. Il y a une bande blanche qui s'étend du nez au front, et les côtés de la tête et de la lèvre supérieure sont gris argentés, tandis que le reste du visage et le sommet de la tête sont roux[13]. Il a de petites oreilles noires, généralement d'environ 23 millimètres[12], n'ayant pas de fourrure sur les côtés[4]. Du côté dorsal de l'animal, une bande, dont la couleur varie du roux à un brun-noir court de la nuque au milieu du bas du dos. Les parties supérieures, y compris les épaules et le haut du dos, sont rousses, et sont parfois «décolorée» avec la présence de poils blancs-gris argentés[3]. La présence ou l'absence d'une bande dorsale et de pointes de poils argentés semblent être une variation saisonnière et ont conduit certains à avancer l'existence d'une espèce supplémentaire, Nycticebus intermedius[19],[12] , bien que l'analyse de l'ADN ait confirmé qu'il s'agissait d'une variation saisonnière chez l'adulte loris paresseux pygmée[20]. Le loris paresseux pygmée a les flancs plus pâles que le dos. Les côtés supérieurs des bras sont ochracés et ont des poils argentés mêlés aux poils les plus foncés. Les pattes, de couleur brun clair, sont également inclinées avec des poils blancs argentés. Les parties inférieures sont plombées à la base, avec des parties taches ochracées. Les mains et les pieds sont d'un blanc argenté[21], avec des ongles blanc-jaunâtre[4]. La longueur du pied est relativement constante, avec une moyenne d'environ 45 mm[12].

Le loris paresseux pygmée a un nombre de chromosomes diploïdes de 2n=50. Bien que les profils de bandes sur les chromosomes de tous les loris de la famille des Nycticebus soient similaires, cette espèce peut être distinguée du loris lent du Bengale (Nycticebus bengalensis) par des différences distinctes dans le nombre et la localisation des régions organisatrices du nucléole[9].

Comportement

Le loris paresseux pygmée est nocturne, bien qu'il soit moins actif les nuits froides et éclairées par la lune et qu'il soit généralement actif les nuits sombres, quelle que soit la température[22]. Les vocalises des loris paresseux pygmées comprennent un sifflement court, des appels de contact mère-nourrisson et un sifflement produit pendant l'oestrus[11]. Dans la nature, on le rencontre généralement seul ou en petits groupes composés de deux à quatre individus[23]. Les mâles utilisent le marquage des odeurs pour défendre leur territoire et marquer les limites de ce dernier. Les femelles préfèrent s'accoupler avec des mâles dont l'odeur leur est familière[24]. Les mâles vont aussi contremarquer - marquer au-dessus ou à côté de la marque d'un autre individu déposée plus tôt - pour annoncer leur capacité concurrentielle aux femelles[25]. Les femelles préfèrent les mâles contre-marquant les marquages des autres mâles à ceux dont les odeurs ont été contre-marquées[25].

Pour se défendre, le loris paresseux pygmée produit une sécrétion apocrine sur les glandes odoriférantes près de leur coude (glandes brachiales). Ce liquide clair, lorsqu'il est mélangé avec sa salive, crée une toxine volatile et toxique. Lorsqu'il est effrayé, le loris paresseux pygmée lèche ses glandes brachiales et applique la sécrétion sur sa tête[26]. La sécrétion huileuse contient un mélange complexe de composants volatils et semi-volatils; une analyse chimique a indiqué que plus de 200 composants étaient présents[26]. Un des composants est un membre de la famille de protéines des sécrétoglobine[26], et est semblable à une protéine allergénique trouvée dans les squames de chat[26]. La similitude entre les sécrétions des glandes brachiales et les allergènes de chat domestiques peut expliquer l'anaphylaxie chez les individus sensibles[27].

Reproduction

La femelle est légèrement agressive envers ses prétendants pendant l'œstrus avant d'accepter son partenaire, habituellement après une longue période d'approche et de suivi. Les vocalises utilisées pendant l'accouplement comprennent un sifflement, le plus souvent produit par la femelle, généralement en juin et en août, coïncidant avec l’œstrus de la femelle. D'autres vocalises enregistrées pendant l’œstrus incluent le grondement. Les taux de testostérone chez les mâles sont saisonniers, les pics coïncidant avec les pics d'œstrogènes chez les femelles[28].

Le loris paresseux pygmée peut concevoir à 18 mois et donner naissance à sa première progéniture à l'âge de deux ans. Certains registres montrent que le plus jeune mâle ayant donné une progéniture avait environ 18 mois, et la plus jeune femelle avait 16 mois[29]. La durée de la gestation est comprise entre 184 et 200 jours, et la période de lactation dure de 123 à 146 jours[30]. La progéniture est sevrée quand l'âge de 24 semaines est atteint[28]. Le loris paresseux pygmée connaît une période de reproduction de quatre à cinq jours de juillet à début d'octobre[31], en captivité, avec des naissances de début février à mi-mars[28]. En conséquence, les occasions d'accouplement sont rares, et les femelles dépendent fortement de l'odeur pour évaluer la qualité du partenaire. Les femelles montrent une forte préférence pour les mâles à l'odeur familière plutôt que pour les mâles à l'odeur inconnue[32]. Des recherches sur le processus de sélection sexuelle chez les primates suggèrent que la présence exclusive de l'odeur d'un mâle sur un territoire est une indication fiable sur le fait qu'il soit capable de défendre son territoire et/ou d'empêcher les mâles rivaux de marquer dessus[33]. Les loris paresseux pygmées ont habituellement une portée de un ou deux petits. Des études distinctes ont indiqué que les fréquences de jumelage d'une portée représentaient entre 50 % et 100 % des naissances[10]. Les données recueillies dans le cadre d'un programme d'élevage en captivité sur sept ans indiquent qu'elles ont un sex-ratio asymétrique de 1 femelle pour 1,68 mâles[10]. Les loris paresseux femelle ayant donné naissance à des jumeaux passent moins de temps à se toiletter socialement et à jouer avec leurs petits[34] car elles doivent diviser leur temps également entre leurs petits, ce qui peut conduire à un taux de survie infantile plus faible[10]. Les mères vont mettre leurs petits âgés d'une semaine sur leur dos, tout en cherchant de la nourriture, et les jeunes commencent à suivre seuls leur mère à environ deux semaines[34].

Alimentation

Le loris paresseux pygmée est Omnivore. Il se nourrit de fourmis, de termites, d'autres d'insectes et de fruits[35]. Les insectes sont capturés par les loris avec une ou deux mains lorsqu'ils sont debout ou suspendus à l'envers d'une branche. Les insectes sont généralement consommées à des hauteurs inférieures à 10 m[36]. Une étude vietnamienne a conclu que le régime du loris paresseux pygmée se compose principalement d'exsudats d'arbres (gomme) (63 %) et de proies animales (33 %), les autres types d'aliments constituant le reste[37]. Une étude sur des individus récemment réintroduits a trouvé des résultats similaires - 40 % d'insectes, 30 % de gomme et 30 % d'autres exsudats[38]. Les loris paresseux pygmées creuseront les arbres pour se nourrir des exsudats libérés. Le loris paresseux pygmée est donc partiellement gommivore, ce qui l'aide à surmonter les difficultés pour trouver de la nourriture durant les périodes de pénurie[39]. Incapable de sauter d'arbre en arbre, le loris paresseux pygmée a une zone restreinte à partir de laquelle il peut obtenir de la nourriture. Avoir des préférences alimentaires généralistes permet aux loris de surmonter des conditions environnementales difficiles; la gomme leur permet de vivre à un faible niveau d'énergie avec un métabolisme réduit[36]. Les arbres dont les exsudats sont consommés par les loris proviennent majoritairement des familles suivantes : Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae et Burseraceae[14]. L'alimentation en gomme se déroule sur une période allant de une à vingt minutes et implique un léchage intense, parfois accompagné de grattements audibles et de bruits semblables à des aboiements[36]. Les exsudats dont se nourrissent les loris se trouvent généralement à des hauteurs de plus de 8 m[36]. La variation de couleur saisonnière qui se produit dans la bande dorsale des individus vietnamiens peut être liée à la nécessité de se nourrir d'exsudats[14].

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Gomme naturelle de prunier

Le régime alimentaire des loris paresseux pygmées est saisonnier. Au nord du Vietnam, par exemple, où l'hiver est caractérisé par de faibles précipitations et des températures pouvant descendre jusqu'à 5 °C, que la végétation est peu développée dans les forêts, et que les insectes et les ressources alimentaires sont en quantité limitées[40], le loris paresseux pygmée consommera également des insectes qu'il aura sorti pendant qu'il grattait des bambous pour se nourrir de leurs exsudats[41]. Il utilisera également sa dentition pour nettoyer une zone de lichens et de champignons afin de faire sortir les insectes qui s'y cachent[41]. Les loris paresseux pygmées économisent de l'énergie durant les mois d'hiver les plus froids en réduisant les mouvements, souvent jusqu'à l'inactivité complète[40].

Répartition et habitat

Le loris paresseux pygmée se trouve le plus souvent dans les forêts caducifoliées semi-persistantes, secondaires[42],[43], et mixtes[44] mais également dans les forêts de bambous[45]. On peut le rencontrer à l'est du Mékong au Vietnam, à l'est du Cambodge, au Laos et dans la province du Yunnan dans le sud de la Chine, où il a été enregistré seulement dans les comtés de Pingbian, de Hekou, de Jinping, et de Lüchun[46]. Au Vietnam, le loris paresseux pygmée était présent dans tout le pays, mais les efforts de conservation et de réhabilitation dans le parc national de Cat Tien sont de plus en plus nombreux, ce qui peut laisser penser que les efectifs sont en train de diminuer. Au Laos, des populations ont été recensées à Phou Khao khoay, à Nam Kading, à Nam Theun, à Nakai-Nam Theun, à Khammouane Limestone, au plateau Dakchung et à Bolaven Northeast. Son taux de rencontre, déterminé à partir de deux études de terrain combinées au Laos et au Vietnam, était de 0,05-0,08 loris / km. Au Cambodge, cette valeur variait de 0 dans la forêt protégée de Mondulkiri à 0,10 dans le sanctuaire de la faune de Phnom Prich[47],[48].

Statut et conservation

Le nombre de loris paresseux pygmées a diminué en raison de la dégradation de son habitat dans l'ensemble de son aire de répartition, notamment dans le nord-est du Cambodge, dans la province du Yunnan en Chine et au Vietnam. Dans la province du Yunnan, presque toutes les forêts primaires sempervirentes ont disparu et les forêts secondaires ont été fortement dégradées; entre le milieu des années 1990 et 2005, le couvert forestier a été réduit de 42 % dans cette région. L'utilisation de défoliants, comme l'agent Orange , pendant la guerre du Vietnam et le défrichement des forêts au Vietnam ont également entraîné une perte considérable d'habitat pour cet animal. En 2003, le couvert forestier avait été réduit à 30 % de sa superficie d'origine, avec seulement 10 % de la forêt restante constituée des forêts à canopée fermée préférées par les loris paresseux pygmées. Le loris paresseux pygmée est capturé pour une utilisation en médecine traditionnelle dans toute son aire de répartition.

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Loris utilisé dans la médecine traditionnelle

En raison de la combinaison de situations politiques instables dans son aire de répartition et de son mode de vie nocturne et arboricole, les données démographiques sur les loris paresseux pygmées sont rares. La population en Chine a été estimée à moins de 500 individus. Dans les années 1980, une estimation situait la population à environ 72 000 individus, tandis qu'une autre estimation de la même période situait le nombre d'individus autour de 600 à 700 individus. Cet énorme décalage souligne la difficulté de calculer la taille de la population sans études de terrain détaillées. Au Laos, le rapport sur l'état de la faune de 1999 décrit les espèces comme «peu connues» et «communes», selon la disponibilité de l'habitat potentiel. En 2000, l'UICN a classé le loris paresseux pygmée dans la catégorie « Vulnérable »[48]. L'Union européenne décrit, en 2005, le statut de la population de loris paresseux au Laos comme étant «apparemment répandue, mais pas dans tout le pays». En plus de la destruction de son habitat, le loris paresseux pygmée est sérieusement menacé par la chasse et le commerce. Que ce soit dans les pays composants son aire de répartition géographique ou bien dans les pays voisins, le commerce du loris paresseux pygmée a récemment augmenté en raison des changements économiques et de la croissance démographique humaine, et la tendance devrait se poursuivre. La diminution des observations sur le terrain et sur les marchés d'animaux indique que les populations sauvages sont épuisées puisque le faible taux de reproduction des loris paresseux pygmées ne peut pas suivre le rythme de ces prélèvements à grande échelle. Par conséquent, les conservationnistes et les biologistes de terrain craignent des extinctions locales dans un proche avenir. Entre 1998 et 2006, 70 % des loris paresseux pygmées saisis par les autorités sont morts avant d'atteindre un zoo d'abri, entraînant une demande de remplacement et des captures supplémentaires dans la nature.

Dans l'ensemble de la région indochinoise, les populations de loris paresseux pygmées ont considérablement diminuées du fait des activités militaires, de la pulvérisation de défoliants, de l'exploitation forestière et des prélèvements massifs, en particulier au Vietnam. Il a été éliminé dans le nord du pays à cause d'une croyance pensant que cet animal était un ravageur de cultures. La demande des marchés des animaux domestiques et des médicaments traditionnels aggrave encore la situation, ce qui se reflète dans l'abondance de cet animal sur de nombreux marchés locaux. Cette demande a récemment augmenté en raison de la croissance de la population humaine et de l'amélioration des conditions économiques dans la région. Selon la CITES , cette activité est considérée comme non durable. De plus des médias comme YouTube peuvent mettre ces populations en danger; en effet, en 2009, une vidéo d'un homme chatouillant son animal domestique, un loris paresseux pygmée, est devenue virale[49]. Or des études ont été menées et 70 % des commentaires déclaraient vouloir un loris chez soi et demandait où en trouver[49].

La population dans le sud de la Chine a été réduite à quelques centaines d'individus, et selon un autre rapport, elle pourrait être localement éteinte. La diminution du nombre de loris paresseux pygmées sur les marchés corrobore les rapports de déclin rapide des populations vietnamiennes. En 2007, les observations sur le terrain se raréfiaient et des disparitions dans de grandes parties de son aire de répartition ont été signalées, en particulier dans les zones d'exploitation forestière intensive et d'agriculture. Au Cambodge, des baisses généralisées ont été associées aux augmentations de la chasse en 2001 et 2002. Dans une étude de terrain, trois zones avec des taux de rencontre élevés au début de 2008 ont été réévaluées à la fin de 2008 et en 2009, mais aucun individu n'a été rencontré. Ce changement peut être relié à l'augmentation de la prospection d'or et à la chasse intensive Le loris lent du Bengale et le loris paresseux pygmée sont présents dans plus de 20 aires protégées, bien que leurs populations soient faibles ou insuffisamment enregistrées. Le loris paresseux pygmée est protégé dans la plupart des pays qui constituent son aire de répartition: au Cambodge, en Chine et au Vietnam. Cela rend la chasse et la capture illégales, et en Chine et au Vietnam, la possession et le stockage de loris sont également illégaux. Selon la loi vietnamienne, le niveau de protection de la faune est le plus élevé depuis 1992, toute exploitation et utilisation du loris pygmée est illégale. Cependant, l'application de ces lois reste rare tandis que les sanctions mineures ont peu d'effet dissuasif. En termes de protection internationale, l'espèce a été élevée à l' Annexe I de la CITES en 2007. En outre, depuis octobre 2001, l'Union européenne interdit les importations de tous les spécimens sauvages de loris paresseux pygmées du Laos et du Cambodge à des fins de conservation. L'espèce a été observée dans au moins 6 parcs nationaux et 12 réserves naturelles. En Chine, la réserve de Huanglianshan a maintenu environ 80 % de la population de l'espèce en 2007. Cependant, l'espèce est toujours vulnérable à la chasse, même dans les zones protégées. Au Laos, l'espèce a été observée dans sept aires nationales de conservation de la biodiversité.

Au Vietnam, les loris paresseux pygmées confisqués sont généralement transportés au centre de sauvetage des primates en voie de disparition du parc national de Cúc Phương pour être réintroduits dans la nature. Les non-experts peuvent trouver difficile de faire la distinction entre le loris paresseux pygmée et le loris lent , car tous les deux ont la même fourrure rougeâtre, qui est variable dans les couleurs. Dans le commerce international, les loris pygmées peuvent même être confondus avec des pottos ou avec des lémuriens.

Commerce

Le loris paresseux pygmée est vendu principalement pour ses prétendues propriétés médicinales, pour le commerce des animaux domestiques ou, dans une moindre mesure, pour la consommation locale. Selon un rapport de 2003, les loris étaient vendus pour 1,50-2,50 US$ soit 1,10-1,80 € pièce. D'autres rapports ont indiqué que le prix oscillait entre 2 et 10 US$. Au Cambodge, l'espèce est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle khmère. Des études menées sur les marchés cambodgiens ont montré que l'espèce était le troisième mammifère le plus vendu, offert à des prix allant de 0,85 à 6,25 dollars soit des prix compris entre 0,65 et 4,70 euros. Au Vietnam, le loris paresseux pygmée est utilisé pour l'alimentation, la médecine et souvent comme animal de compagnie et fait partie des espèces les plus vendues. Auparavant, des centaines de loris paresseux pygmées faisaient l'objet d'échanges mensuels sur les principaux marchés, mais récemment les chiffres semblent avoir diminué, en raison des pénuries d'approvisionnement. Dans le sud du Vietnam, les loris sont parmi les plats les plus populaires de faune locale dans les restaurants de la viande de faune locale.

Les pays exportateurs ont signalé un total de 111 loris lents pygmées échangés internationalement entre 1977 et 2004, alors que les pays importateurs ont déclaré 131 animaux. Au Laos, un grand nombre de loris indigènes sont exportés vers le Vietnam. Au Japon, les animaleries proposent parfois des loris paresseux pygmées pour 2 000-3 800 dollars (1 500 à 2 800 euros).

Certains organes du loris paresseux pygmée se retrouvent également dans le commerce, tels que la peau et les poils. Toutes les parties de l'animal sont utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle khmère. Au Vietnam, les médicaments tels que la colle d'os à base d'organes de loris paresseux pygmées, sont principalement produits par les populations locales, mais une plus petite partie est également destinée aux restaurants ou est vendue aux visiteurs. L'espèce est particulièrement utilisée pour la valeur médicinale supposée de ses poils. Les négociants ont signalé qu'ils avaient de la difficulté à suivre la demande - un commerçant affirmait avoir vendu près de 1 200 loris lents pygmées en 2001-2002. Au Cambodge, la tradition profondément enracinée d'utilisation du loris lent du Bengale et des loris paresseux pygmées en médecine traditionnelle est répandue, et le loris paresseux pygmée est l'animal le plus demandé dans les magasins de médecine traditionnelle de la capitale du Cambodge, Phnom Penh.

On sait que des routes commerciales illégales existent entre le Cambodge, le Laos, la Thaïlande et le Vietnam, une grande partie de ce commerce étant destinée à la Chine. Les enquêtes de 1998 et 1999 montrent que 80 à 90 animaux ont été importés du Vietnam par le port de Hekou dans la province du Yunnan, ce qui en fait l'animal le plus fréquemment enregistré dans les enquêtes. La Chine est la principale destination de la plupart des loris paresseux vietnamiens, bien qu'ils soient également introduits clandestinement dans d'autres pays, y compris à Taïwan. Dans un incident noté, 102 animaux ont été confisqués pendant le transit vers Ho Chi Minh en août 1993; parmi ceux-ci, seuls quatre ont survécu. Les loris paresseux pygmées peuvent coûter jusqu'à 400 $ US sur le marché des animaux de compagnie taïwanais. Aux États-Unis, de temps à autre, des loris pygmées introduits clandestinement du Vietnam ont été confisqués. Le Centre de sauvetage des primates en voie de disparition signale que les loris paresseux pygmées sont les espèces les plus souvent sauvées, ce qui reflète leur abondance dans le commerce. En Europe, des achats illégaux ont été signalés en Allemagne, aux Pays-Bas, en Pologne et à Moscou.

En captivité

Le premier loris paresseux pygmée répertorié en Amérique du Nord a été conservé au Honolulu Zoo (en) d'Hawaii en 1968. En 1986, environ 37 loris paresseux pygmées ont été exportés du Vietnam et du Laos vers la Suède. Un an plus tard, plusieurs couples capturés dans la nature ont été transférés aux zoos de Cincinnati, San Diego et au Duke Lemur Center. En 1994, l'Association mondiale des zoos et aquariums (WAZA) a établi un plan de survie des espèces pour l'espèce, à la suite d'une proposition du Plan d'action global captif pour les primates de créer un programme d'élevage pour maintenir sa diversité génétique. En 2008, la population captive en Amérique du Nord était passée à 74 individus, la plupart d'entre eux étant nés au zoo de San Diego; en 2013, l'espèce est le primate le plus commun de la famille lorisidae à être conservé dans les zoos nord-américains. Environ 175 loris paresseux pygmées vivent dans des installations d'élevage dans le monde entier. En France, les zoos de Lille et de Trégomeur abritent des Loris paresseux pygmées[50],[51].

Notes et références

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Annexes

Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article.

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Loris paresseux pygmée: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Nycticebus pygmaeus

Le loris paresseux pygmée (Nycticebus pygmaeus) est une espèce de loris pouvant se rencontrer à l'est du fleuve Mékong au Vietnam, au Laos, dans l'est du Cambodge et en Chine. Il se rencontre dans divers habitats forestiers, y compris les forêts tropicales sèches, semi-sempervirentes et à feuilles persistantes.

L'animal est nocturne et arboricole et il se déplace rampant le long des branches en utilisant des mouvements lents à la recherche de proies. Contrairement à d'autres primates, il ne saute pas. Il vit en petits groupes, généralement avec un ou deux petits. Un adulte peut atteindre une taille, en longueur, comprise entre 19 et 23 centimètres et possède une queue très courte. Le poids moyen chez cette espèce est d'environ 450 grammes.

Son régime alimentaire se compose de fruits, d'insectes, de petits animaux, de sève d'arbre et de nectar floral. L'animal possède une morsure toxique, qu'il obtient en léchant une sécrétion toxique des glandes à l'intérieur de ses coudes. Les dents de sa mâchoire inférieure forment une structure en forme de peigne appelée peigne dentaire. Ce peigne dentaire est utilisé pour gratter la résine de l'écorce des arbres. Le loris paresseux pygmée se reproduit une fois tous les 12-18 mois et aura un ou deux petits après une période de gestation moyenne de six mois. Pour les premiers jours, le jeune loris s'accroche au ventre de sa mère. Après six mois, le bébé sera sevré, les femelles atteindront leur maturité sexuelle vers 16 mois, tandis que les mâle l'atteindront vers 18 mois. La période de reproduction s'étend au cours des mois de juillet et août. Les signaux chimiques jouent un rôle dans le comportement reproducteur des loris paresseux pygmées femelles. Les marquages d'odeur d'urine ont une forte odeur caractéristique et sont utilisés pour communiquer et pour d'autres relations sociales.

L'habitat du loris pygmée au Vietnam a été considérablement réduit en raison de la destruction, du défrichement et de la défoliation des forêts pendant la guerre du Vietnam. La chasse intensive des loris paresseux pygmée pour la médecine traditionnelle exerce actuellement de fortes pressions sur les populations cambodgiennes. Le loris paresseux pygmée est sérieusement menacé par la chasse, le commerce et la destruction de son habitat ; par conséquent, il est inscrit à l'Annexe I de la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (CITES) et en 2006, il est classé vulnérable sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.

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Kukang kerdil ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Kukang kerdil (Nycticebus pygmaeus Bonhote, 1907) adalah sejenis kukang yang menyebar di timur Sungai Mekong di Vietnam, Laos, Kamboja, dan Tiongkok. Kukang ini menghuni berbagai tipe hutan, termasuk hutan-hutan tropika dan ugahari yang kering, serta hutan-hutan yang selalu hijau (evergreen). Panjang tubuh hewan dewasa mencapai 19-23 cm, dan bobotnya sekitar 450 g.

Referensi

  1. ^ Streicher, U.; Vu Ngoc Thanh; Nadler, T.; Timmins, R.J.; Nekaris, K.A.I. 2008. "Nycticebus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  2. ^ a b UNEP-WCMC. "CITES species database: Nycticebus pygmaeus". UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  3. ^ Bonhote, J.L. 1907. "On a collection of mammals made by Dr. Vassal in Annam". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 77(1): 4. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x.
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Kukang kerdil: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Kukang kerdil (Nycticebus pygmaeus Bonhote, 1907) adalah sejenis kukang yang menyebar di timur Sungai Mekong di Vietnam, Laos, Kamboja, dan Tiongkok. Kukang ini menghuni berbagai tipe hutan, termasuk hutan-hutan tropika dan ugahari yang kering, serta hutan-hutan yang selalu hijau (evergreen). Panjang tubuh hewan dewasa mencapai 19-23 cm, dan bobotnya sekitar 450 g.

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Nycticebus pygmaeus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il loris lento pigmeo (Nycticebus pygmaeus) è una specie di primate strepsirrino appartenente alla famiglia dei lorisidi.

Alcuni studiosi ritengono questi animali abbastanza simili a Nycticebus coucang da rappresentarne una sottospecie, e non quindi una specie a sé stante.

Distribuzione

È diffuso in Cina (Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam, Cambogia e Thailandia. Preferisce le aree di foresta pluviale. I Lori lenti pigmei vivono nella vegetazione più fitta delle Foreste pluviali tropicali. Essi si trovano anche nei Boschetti di Bambù.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

È più piccolo delle specie congeneri (da qui il nome), misurando 15–25 cm di lunghezza, per un peso di circa 1/2 kg.

Aspetto

Il manto, corto e folto, va dal bruno-grigiastro al bruno-rossiccio, con una banda scolor nocciola che va dalla nuca al posteriore (non sempre presente).
Gli occhi sono grandi ed orientati frontalmete, le orecchie piccole e rotonde, quasi nascoste dal pelo.
La coda è vestigiale, ma questi animali sono ugualmente ben adattati a una vita arboricola: hanno un pollice opponibile, mentre il dito indice è assai ridotto, permettendo una presa fortissima sui rami. Nelle zampe sono presenti sacche per l'accumulo di sangue, il che permette loro di restare saldamente aggrappati a un supporto anche per ore, senza che la circolazione ne risenta. Gli indici delle mani posteriori hanno un'unghia specializzata per il grooming.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali notturni ed arboricoli: vivono in gruppi che comprendono più femmine ed un unico maschio, che è assai territoriale e stabilisce un territorio che marca con l'urina.
Di giorno questi animali dormono appallottolati fra i rami od in cavità dei tronchi, mentre di notte si muovono da soli alla ricerca di cibo: per i loro movimenti cauti e ponderati sono stati definiti "lemur-camaleonte", anche se sono capaci di muoversi piuttosto velocemente. A differenza dei lemuri e dei galagoni, non saltano mai di ramo in ramo.
A differenza degli altri lorisidi, sono più propensi all'emissione di suoni: come gli altri lori lenti, emettono una sostanza tossica e dal forte odore da ghiandole nell'incavo dei gomiti, che poi portano alla bocca.

Alimentazione

Le prede (generalmente insetti, ma anche piccoli vertebrati) vengono catturate avvicinandosi lentamente: quando si trova ad una distanza sufficiente, l'animale si rizza sulle zampe posteriori e scatta in avanti, catturando la preda con le due mani anteriori.

Riproduzione

Ogni maschio si accoppia con più femmine, le quali comunicano lo stato di estro emettendo dei fischi. Le femmine si accoppiano una volta l'anno od anche di meno: la gestazione dura sei mesi circa, al termine dei quali nasce un unico cucciolo ben sviluppato, il quale si aggrappa alla madre e viene trasportato aggrappato alla sua schiena per i primi tempi. In seguito, la femmina lascia il cucciolo su un ramo dopo averlo cosparso di saliva tossica, mentre lei va a cercare il cibo.
I piccoli vengono svezzati attorno ai 4 mesi d'età: le femmine sono ricettive a partire dal nono mese, mentre i maschi diventano sessualmente maturi non prima dell'anno e mezzo.

Note

Bibliografia

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Nycticebus pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il loris lento pigmeo (Nycticebus pygmaeus) è una specie di primate strepsirrino appartenente alla famiglia dei lorisidi.

Alcuni studiosi ritengono questi animali abbastanza simili a Nycticebus coucang da rappresentarne una sottospecie, e non quindi una specie a sé stante.

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Kleine plompe lori ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De kleine plompe lori (Nycticebus pygmaeus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de loriachtigen (Lorisidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Bonhote in 1907.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
07-08-2012
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Kukang mały ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Kukang mały[3], lori mały (Nycticebus pygmaeus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny lorisowatych zamieszkujący lasy deszczowe Wietnamu, Laosu, Chin i Kambodży. Przez niektórych biologów uważany za podgatunek kukanga większego.

Wygląd

Długość ciała wynosi 15–25 cm. Masa ciała wynosi ok. 1 kg. Krótkie, wełniste futro przybiera barwy od szarobrązowej do rudobrązowej. Na grzbiecie i szyi mogą występować ciemne pasy. Oczy są duże, okrągłe, umieszczone z przodu głowy. Uszy małe, zazwyczaj zakryte futrem. Zwierzę nie posiada ogona. Łapy bardzo silne, wyposażone w przeciwstawny kciuk, palce zakończone paznokciami, z wyjątkiem drugiego palca tylnej nogi zaopatrzonego w pazur.

Tryb życia

Prowadzą nocny tryb życia, dzień przesypiają zwinięte w kłębek. Żyją w luźnych stadach złożonych z 1 samca i kilku samic. Samce agresywnie bronią swego terytorium, jego granice znaczą moczem. Ich głównymi zmysłami są wzrok i węch. Poruszają się zazwyczaj bardzo powoli, mogą na długi czas zastygnąć w bezruchu. Przestraszone jednak potrafią szybko uciec, skacząc z gałęzi na gałąź.

Pożywienie

Ich dieta jest różnorodna. Żywią się owadami, mięczakami, jajami, jaszczurkami, ptakami, małymi ssakami, owocami i innymi częściami roślin.

Rozmnażanie

Lori mały rozmnaża się co 12–18 miesięcy. Samce posiadają haremy złożone z kilku samic. Po trwającej ok. 190 dni ciąży samica rodzi 1–2 młode, które karmi mlekiem przez ok. 9 miesięcy. Małe po narodzinach są w pełni rozwinięte i pokryte futrem. Młode przez jakiś czas podróżują uczepione brzucha matki. Gdy nieco podrosną, samica często zostawia je ukryte wśród roślin. Gdy są już dostatecznie duże, podążają za matką i obserwują ją, ucząc się, jak zdobywać pożywienie. Samice osiągają dojrzałość płciową w wieku 9 miesięcy, samce potrzebują na to 17–20 miesięcy.

Zagrożenie

Człowiek nie poluje na lori małe dla mięsa, głównie z powodu wielkości zwierzęcia. Części ciał tych naczelnych są jednak używane w medycynie naturalnej, lori są także chwytane w celu oswojenia i zamienienia w zwierzęta domowe. Głównym zagrożeniem jest dla nich wycinka lasu. W czasie wojny wietnamskiej wskutek niszczenia lasów gatunek ten niemal wyginął.

Przypisy

  1. Nycticebus pygmaeus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. U. Streicher, V. Ngoc Thanh,T. Nadler, R.J. Timmins, A. Nekaris 2008, Nycticebus pygmaeus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 [online], wersja 2016-2 [dostęp 2016-11-18] (ang.).
  3. W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński, W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 34. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.ang.)

Bibliografia

  1. N. Bharti: Nycticebus pygmaeus (ang.). Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 9 czerwca 2010].
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Kukang mały: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Kukang mały, lori mały (Nycticebus pygmaeus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny lorisowatych zamieszkujący lasy deszczowe Wietnamu, Laosu, Chin i Kambodży. Przez niektórych biologów uważany za podgatunek kukanga większego.

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wikipedia POL

Nycticebus pygmaeus ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Nycticebus pygmaeus[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Bonhote 1907. Nycticebus pygmaeus ingår i släktet tröglorier, och familjen lorier (primater).[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]

Utseende

Arten når en kroppslängd av 15 till 25 cm och svansen finns bara rudimentär. Individerna väger 120 till 500 g och hanar är vanligen större än honor. Pälsen har på ovansidan en ljusbrun till rödbrun färg medan undersidan är ljusgrå till vit. Ofta förekommer en mörkare strimma på ryggens mitt. Mörka ringar kring ögonen samt en vit strimma på näsan bildar en ansiktsmask. Kroppens hår får under den kalla årstiden silvervita spetsar. Denna vinterpäls är ett kamouflage när buskar och träd saknar blad.[7]

Pekfingret är förminskad och vid andra tån av bakfötterna finns en klo för att vårda pälsen. Alla andra tår bär naglar. Vid artens armbåge finns en svettkörtel som producerar ett giftigt ämne. Individer som känner sig hotade slickar vätskan innan de biter. Människor som blev biten fick en chock.[7]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna primat förekommer i Sydostasien i Vietnam, Laos och Kambodja och kanske i angränsande delar av Kina. Arten vistas i låglandet och i låga bergstrakter upp till 1500 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar och andra områden med träd eller tät växtlighet, till exempel bamboo.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna är aktiva på natten och letar ensam efter föda. De äter växtdelar som frukter och jagar mindre djur som insekter, ödlor och fågelungar. En studie från 1998 utförd av Ratajszczak et al. tyder på att ungarna föds under kallare årstider.[1]

Nycticebus pygmaeus är mera rörlig än de andra arterna i släktet tröglorier. Vid matbrist kan de falla längre tider i ett stelt tillstånd (torpor). Reviret av en hane överlappar med reviren av flera honor. Hanen markerar sitt revir med urin och andra doftmärken. En hane som sätter många doftmärken anses av honorna som frisk och den får oftare tillfälle att para sig.[7]

Mellan två kullar ligger 12 till 18 månader. Parningen sker mellan juli och oktober och efter cirka 6 månader dräktighet föds under vintern ett eller två ungar. De har vid födelsen päls och öppna ögon. Ungarna klamrar sig i början fast i moderns päls vid buken. Efter en tid lämnas de på en gren i området där modern letar efter föda. Ungarna diar sin mor cirka 4,5 månader och i sällsynta fall upp till 8 månader. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter ungefär 9 månader och för hanar efter 18 till 20 månader.[7]

Individer som hölls i djurparker hade upp till 14 år parningsförmåga och deras livslängd gick upp till 20 år.[7]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2008 Nycticebus pygmaeus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (2005) , website Nycticebus pygmaeus, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/nycticebus+pygmaeus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b c d e] M. Gray (14 april 2011). ”Pygmy slow loris” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_pygmaeus/. Läst 6 oktober 2015.

Externa länkar

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Nycticebus pygmaeus: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV


Nycticebus pygmaeus är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Bonhote 1907. Nycticebus pygmaeus ingår i släktet tröglorier, och familjen lorier (primater). IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Cu li chậm lùn ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cu li nhỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Nycticebus pygmaeus) là một loài cu li thuộc phân họ Cu li. Loài linh trưởng này sống ở các khu vực rừng lá rộng khô cận nhiệt đới và nhiệt đới ở Việt Nam, Lào, Trung Quốc và Campuchia. Khoảng 72.000 con sống trong hoang dã và khoảng 200 con đang bị nhốt nuôi.[2]

Chúng ăn côn trùng, các loại hoa quả, hạt.

Tại Việt Nam, cu li nhỏ được xếp vào Danh mục các loài thực vật, động vật nghiêm cấm khai thác, sử dụng vì mục đích thương mại [3].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Streicher, U.; Vu Ngoc Thanh; Nadler, T.; Timmins, R. J.; Nekaris, K. A. I. (2008). Nycticebus pygmaeus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2010.4. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2011.
  2. ^ Maryann Mott (ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2006). “Photo in the News: Baby Loris Beefs Up in Zoo Nursery”. National Geographic. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 8 năm 2006. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp)
  3. ^ Nghị định số 32/2006/NĐ-CP ngày 30 tháng 3 năm 2006 của Chính phủ về quản lý thực vật rừng, động vật rừng nguy cấp, quý, hiếm.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cu li chậm lùn  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cu li chậm lùn


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cu li chậm lùn: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cu li nhỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Nycticebus pygmaeus) là một loài cu li thuộc phân họ Cu li. Loài linh trưởng này sống ở các khu vực rừng lá rộng khô cận nhiệt đới và nhiệt đới ở Việt Nam, Lào, Trung Quốc và Campuchia. Khoảng 72.000 con sống trong hoang dã và khoảng 200 con đang bị nhốt nuôi.

Chúng ăn côn trùng, các loại hoa quả, hạt.

Tại Việt Nam, cu li nhỏ được xếp vào Danh mục các loài thực vật, động vật nghiêm cấm khai thác, sử dụng vì mục đích thương mại .

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Малый лори ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Nycticebus pygmaeus
Bonhote, 1907
Ареал
изображение

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ITIS 572891 NCBI 101278 Международная Красная книга
Status iucn3.1 VU ru.svg
Уязвимые виды
IUCN 3.1 Vulnerable: 14941

Малый лори, или медленный лори, или маленький толстый лори[1], или карликовый лори[2] (лат. Nycticebus pygmaeus) — вид приматов из семейства лориевых. Распространен в Юго-восточной Азии — во вторичных лесах Вьетнама, Лаоса и Камбоджи. Ведет древесный образ жизни. Ведут преимущественно одиночный образ жизни и имеют индивидуальные участки.

Длина взрослых особей может достигать 18—21 см.

Размножение и забота о потомстве

Обычно рождается один детёныш, но иногда бывают двойни. Сразу после рождения детеныш вцепляется в материнскую шерсть на груди и крепко держится здесь. Лактация продолжается более 4-х месяцев. Мать носит детеныша на себе 35—50 дней. Самец не принимает участия в воспитании потомства.

Питание

Едят фрукты, цветы, нектар, насекомых, любят яйца птиц. Лори имеют две особенности в характере питания: они едят камедь (смола деревьев) и многие виды ядовитых беспозвоночных — например, ядовитых насекомых и гусениц.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 85. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 456. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
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Малый лори: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Малый лори, или медленный лори, или маленький толстый лори, или карликовый лори (лат. Nycticebus pygmaeus) — вид приматов из семейства лориевых. Распространен в Юго-восточной Азии — во вторичных лесах Вьетнама, Лаоса и Камбоджи. Ведет древесный образ жизни. Ведут преимущественно одиночный образ жизни и имеют индивидуальные участки.

Длина взрослых особей может достигать 18—21 см.

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小懶猴 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Nycticebus pygmaeus
Bonhote, 1907

小懶猴(學名Nycticebus pygmaeus),別名倭蜂猴,是一種體型很小的懶猴,生活在中國越南老撾柬埔寨等國的熱帶和亞熱帶乾燥闊葉林中。目前全世界大約野生小懶猴大約有72,000隻,圈養的有183隻。

成年的小懶猴體長18-21釐米,幾乎沒有尾巴,體重大約450克。

小懶猴是一種夜行動物,樹栖性,以果實、昆蟲、小型哺乳動物蝸牛等為食。

孕期190天,每胎1-2仔。斷奶期為9個月,雌性成熟期與此相當,雄性成熟期則為17-20個月。

參考

  1. ^ Nycticebus pygmaeus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000.
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小懶猴: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

小懶猴(學名Nycticebus pygmaeus),別名倭蜂猴,是一種體型很小的懶猴,生活在中國越南老撾柬埔寨等國的熱帶和亞熱帶乾燥闊葉林中。目前全世界大約野生小懶猴大約有72,000隻,圈養的有183隻。

成年的小懶猴體長18-21釐米,幾乎沒有尾巴,體重大約450克。

小懶猴是一種夜行動物,樹栖性,以果實、昆蟲、小型哺乳動物蝸牛等為食。

孕期190天,每胎1-2仔。斷奶期為9個月,雌性成熟期與此相當,雄性成熟期則為17-20個月。

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维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

피그미늘보로리스 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

피그미늘보로리스 (Nycticebus pygmaeus)는 베트남라오스, 중국, 캄보디아메콩 강 동쪽의 열대 및 아열대 광엽수림에서 발견되는 희귀종의 하나이다.

영장류는 야행성 동물의 일종이며, 과일과 곤충 그리고 작은 포유류와 파충류, 꽃. 나무 수지, 버섯, 민달팽이, 달팽이 등을 먹는다.

나무 위에서 생활하는 수상 동물로, 아열대 지방의 두꺼운 나뭇잎 사이로 조용히 움직이기 때문에, 눈에 잘 띄지 않게 나뭇가지 위를 슬금슬금 네발로 움직인다. 보통, 한 두마리의 새끼와 함께 작은 집단을 이루며 산다.

다 자라면 약 18-21 cm까지 클 수 있으며,[3] 꼬리는 거의 없다. 몸무게는 약 450 그램 정도이다.

12~18개월마다 짝짓기를 하고, 한 두마리의 새끼를 낳으며, 임신 기간은 평균 190일이다. 태어나서 처음 며칠 동안은 새끼 로리스는 어미의 배에 꽉 매달려 생활한다. 9개월이 지나면 새끼는 젖을 떼고, 그 쯤 되면 암컷들은 성적으로 성숙하게 된다. 반면에 수컷들 17개월에서 20개월이 되어야 성적으로 성숙해지게 된다.

이 로리스는 베트남 전쟁 동안, 베트남에서 산림을 대규모로 불태웠고, 개간 그리고 고엽제 살포를 통한 산림 제거 등으로 거의 사라졌다. 캄보디아 지역에서는 전통 의약품으로 사용하기 위한 대규모 사냥 때문에 이 종의 생존이 심각한 위협이 받고 있다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 122-123쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Nycticebus pygmaeus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 1일에 확인함.
  3. “Pygmy slow loris”. 《Bristol Zoo Gardens》. 2006년 8월 26일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2006년 8월 1일에 확인함.
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