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Biology ( Inglês )

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There is currently a lack of detailed information about the life history of the Philippine brown deer. It is known that breeding most commonly occurs from September to January, with females giving birth to a single fawn marked with light coloured spots, which disappear after a few weeks. During the rut, females may form small groups of up to eight individuals, but the males remain solitary and are aggressive (7). Resting during the day, hidden in dense vegetation, the Philippine brown deer commences activity in the evenings which continues throughout the night until dawn. This species generally favours the edges of forests or forest clearings, browsing upon a variety of vegetation such as grasses, leaves, fallen fruit and berries (7). In the regions where it has been introduced, the Philippine brown deer has caused significant damage to indigenous ecosystems, preventing forest regeneration as well as eating large amounts of crops (6) (8) (9).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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In the areas where it has been introduced, the Philippine brown deer is afforded some protection, as it is illegal to hunt the deer on Saipan, and hunting regulations are in effect on Guam and Rota. Unfortunately, despite this regulation, illegal hunting continues unabated (8). In its native range, there are currently no specific measures in place to conserve the Philippine brown deer. In order to effectively protect this species, National Park regulations must be properly enforced and the protective area network expanded (1). Conservation International-Philippines is currently collaborating with the Field Museum in Chicago, the Haribon Foundation and local partners in the Philippines to identify and delineate Key Biodiversity Areas containing globally threatened or geographically restricted species. These areas will help to inform policy makers about where the most important areas requiring protection are situated (10).
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Description ( Inglês )

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The Philippine brown deer is a diminutive, compactly-built deer with relatively short antlers that only reach 20 to 40 centimetres in length. In general, this species is entirely brown, with the exception of the underside of the tail, which is white. However, there are regional variations in colour, such as one population found on Mindanao where the deer's coat has been reported to be a pale, sandy grey (2). Certain populations of the Philippine brown deer also differ significantly in body size (3). Consequently, the Philippine brown deer has been split by some authorities into a number of regionally separated subspecies (4) (5).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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The Philippine brown deer occupies a variety of habitats, from wooded lowlands to forested mountain slopes, up to 2,900 metres above sea level (2).
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Range ( Inglês )

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The Philippine brown deer occurs throughout most of the Philippines, with the exception of the islands of Negros, Panay, Palawan, Sulu, and the Babuyan and Batanes island groups (3). In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Islands and Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands (2). The Philippine brown deer was also historically introduced to Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct (6).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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The main threat to the Philippine brown deer is hunting for its meat, compounded by the ongoing destruction of its habitat (2) (8). Despite portions of this species' range being located in protected areas within the Philippines, poor enforcement of regulations allows widespread illegal logging activity, mining, and conversion of land to agriculture (10). As a consequence of these threats, the Philippine brown deer's population is highly fragmented and declining throughout most of its range (1).
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Rusa mariannus ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ


Rusa mariannus (lat. Rusa mariannus) - zambar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

Daky du lys d'Orient 5.jpg Heyvanlar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Rusa mariannus: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

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Rusa mariannus (lat. Rusa mariannus) - zambar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Karv Filipinez ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar c'harv Filipinez (Rusa marianna) a zo ur bronneg daskirier eus ar Filipinez.

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Cérvol de les Filipines ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El cérvol de les Filipines (Cervus mariannus) és una de les tres espècies de cérvol que són nadiues dels boscos de gran part de les Filipines.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cérvol de les Filipines Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Grubb, Peter. Wilson, D. E. (ed.); Reeder, D. M. (ed.). Mammal Species of the World. 3a ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, 16 novembre 2005, p. 669-670. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.


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Cérvol de les Filipines: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

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El cérvol de les Filipines (Cervus mariannus) és una de les tres espècies de cérvol que són nadiues dels boscos de gran part de les Filipines.

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Philippinenhirsch ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Philippinenhirsch (Cervus mariannus, Syn.: Rusa marianna) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hirsche (Cervidae).

Merkmale

Dieser Hirsch ist mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von 100 bis 151 Zentimetern, eine Schulterhöhe von 55 bis 70 Zentimetern und einem Gewicht von 40 bis 60 Kilogramm einer der kleinsten der Echten Hirsche. Sein Fell ist zumeist dunkelbraun gefärbt, wobei die Unterseite und die Beine etwas heller sind, nur die Unterseite des kurzen (rund 8 bis 12 Zentimeter langen) Schwanzes ist weiß. Einige Tiere, darunter eine auf Mindanao lebende Gruppe, haben hingegen ein gelbgraues Fell. Das Geweih, das wie bei fast allen Hirschen nur die Männchen tragen, ist verhältnismäßig klein.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Philippinenhirsche sind auf den Philippinen beheimatet, sie leben auf den Inseln Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao und Basilan. Von den Spaniern wurden sie auf mehreren westpazifischen Inselgruppen eingeführt – das Artepitheton mariannus leitet sich davon ab, dass die Art anhand von Tieren, die auf den Nördlichen Marianen lebten, erstbeschrieben wurde. Die Bestände auf diesen Inseln sind heute zumeist erloschen, lediglich auf Pohnpei gibt es nach einigen Autoren noch eine kleine Population.

Sie bewohnen verschiedene Habitate von offenem Buschland über tropische Regenwälder bis zu Gebirgswäldern bis in 2900 Metern Seehöhe.

Lebensweise

Über die Lebensweise ist wenig bekannt. Philippinenhirsche sind scheue, nachtaktive Tiere, die einzelgängerisch oder in kleinen Gruppen leben. Die Nahrung besteht aus Gräsern und Kräutern.

Bedrohung

Die Bejagung und die Zerstörung des Lebensraumes stellen die Hauptbedrohung für die Philippinenhirsche dar. In abgelegenen Regionen sind sie noch häufig, generell gehen aber die Bestände zurück. Von der IUCN wird die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable) eingestuft.

Systematik

Es haben sich zahlreiche Unterarten gebildet, die sich in der Färbung so voneinander unterscheiden, dass E. H. Taylor 1934 in seinem Werk Philippine Land Mammals noch acht verschiedene Arten beschrieb, die nach heutiger Auffassung aber alle dieser Art zuzuordnen sind. Als eigene Art wird hingegen der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch der Visayas betrachtet.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Philippinenhirsch: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Der Philippinenhirsch (Cervus mariannus, Syn.: Rusa marianna) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hirsche (Cervidae).

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Philippine deer ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), also known as the Philippine sambar or Philippine brown deer, is a vulnerable deer species endemic to the Philippines.[1] It was first described from introduced populations in the Mariana Islands, hence the specific name.

Taxonomy

Cervus mariannus was the scientific name proposed by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1822. It was subordinated to the genus Rusa.[2] Four subspecies are currently recognized:[1]

  • R. m. marianna in Luzon biogeographic region
  • R. m. barandana in Mindoro
  • R. m. nigella in isolated upland areas of Mindanao
  • R. m. nigricans in lowland sites of Mindanao

Characteristics

Philippine Deer
An adult female Philippine Deer on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines

The Philippine brown deer is relatively smaller than its relative, the sambar deer. Its head-and-body length and shoulder height measures 100 to 151 cm (39 to 59 in), and 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), respectively. Its weight usually ranges from 40 to 60 kg. Generally, its color is brown with white tail underside. Antlers are common among males which measures 20 to 40 cm. Variations in morphology were observed especially in Mindanao populations, but is still unknown at present.

Distribution and habitat

The Philippine deer is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in the islands of Luzon, Polillo and Catanduanes, Mindoro, Samar, Mindanao and Leyte. It is possibly extinct in Biliran, Bohol and Marinduque.[3][4][5] It has also been declared extinct in Dinagat and Siargao Islands.[6][7] Across the country, its population is severely fragmented and reduced.

The Philippine brown deer generally thrives in a terrestrial environment from sea level up to at least 2,900 m (9,500 ft). It prefers to forage in grasslands under primary and secondary forests.[8][9][10][11] However, due to forest denudation and excessive hunting, they are driven uphill to hide in the remaining patches of forests.[1]

It was introduced to Guam by Mariano Tobias sometime around 1771 to 1772 to be used in recreational hunting. The deer subsequently populated other neighboring locales in Micronesia, including the islands of Rota, Saipan and Pohnpei. However, in the absence of a natural predator, its population is rapidly expanding in Guam, posing serious threats to the native ecosystem and agricultural lands due to overgrazing. Hence, management programs are imposed to significantly reduce the deer population.[12] In addition, there have been reports of introduction in Ogasawara Islands, Japan during the late 18th and 19th centuries, which immediately went extinct in 1925. A population from Guam was re-introduced after World War II, but followed the same fate years later.[13]

Behaviour and ecology

Philippine deer are generally nocturnal, foraging for food (grasses, leaves, fallen fruits and berries) at night. During the daytime, they rest in the dense forest thickets.

The mating season is usually from September to January. During this time, females gather in small groups, composed of at most eight deer; males are drawn to them by the females' pheromones. During these intense few months, males are virile, more vocal (to call females), and aggressively solitary. As with some other species of deer, one male will defend an area about the size of a football field against any intruding males. The two males will huff, scrape the ground and lock antlers. Fights do not often lead to bloodshed or death, but hormones are nonetheless heightened at this time. Many tense encounters between males result in nothing more than bluff charges, and the loser willingly retreats or is chased off of the boundaries of the territory. These boundaries are constantly updated through urinating, defecating in key spots, and rubbing oil scent glands on surrounding plants. Any other male setting foot within another's range is seen as a potential threat.

Once the mating season comes to an end, males will often reconvene into their small bachelor herds. However, some male deer may spend time alone, regardless of mating success, before joining any others' company. After approximately six months, females give birth to a single fawn with light-colored spots, which will eventually disappear after several weeks.

As a cultural keystone

The Bagobo-Tagabawa tribe in Barangay Sibulan, Toril, Davao City identified the Philippine brown deer as a "cultural keystone species" (CKS). This means that the deer plays a vital role in their culture. As a matter of fact, tribesmen claimed that their tribe would be incomplete without the deer. To preserve their cultural pride by avoiding over-hunting, the tribe has declared hunting and non-hunting zones in the forest.[14]

Threats

There are several threats that contribute to the rapidly declining population of the Philippine brown deer. Habitat loss and fragmentation drive the deer to hide in the remaining patches of forest with scarce food to eat. While they forage in grasslands, the deer prefer forest shade as hiding places, especially during daytime. The deer also has low fertility, giving birth to a single fawn in each conception. This means that excessive hunting has a high tendency of declining their population. The deer is hunted for meat, usually sold at PhP150-250 per kilogram. Ethnoecological evidences also reveal that the antler of the deer aside from being a common household decoration, is also used to treat stomach ache, tooth ache, fever, etc. This is done by scratching the surface of the antler with a sharp object (e.g. knife), then adding the powder into a glass of water before drinking.[15]

Conservation

The deer was rare (R) in 1994, data deficient (DD) in 1996, and vulnerable (VU) since 2008 up to present. This is because of the rapid population decline estimated to be more than 30% in the last 24 years or three generations due to excessive hunting, shrinkage in distribution, and habitat loss and fragmentation.[1]

Fossil record

In prehistoric times, the Sunda island of Borneo might have been connected to Palawan during the penultimate and previous glacial events, judging from the molecular phylogeny of murids.[16] In Palawan, two articulated phalanx bones of a tiger were found amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools in Ille Cave near the village of New Ibajay. The other animal fossils were ascribed to deer, macaques, bearded pigs, small mammals, lizards, snakes and turtles. From the stone tools, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, it would appear that early humans had accumulated the bones.[17][18]

Using the work of Von den Driesch,[19] all chosen anatomical features of appendicular elements' anatomical features which were chosen, besides molars, were measured to distinguish between taxa that had close relationships, and see morphometric changes over ages, though not for pigs or deer. For the latter two, cranial and mandibular elements, besides teeth of deer from Ille Cave were compared with samples of the Philippine brown deer, Calamian hog deer, and Visayan spotted deer, and thus two taxa of deer have been identified from the fossils: Axis and Cervus.[20] Throughout deposits of the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene at Ille Cave, elements of deer skeletons are regular, gradually becoming less before vanishing in the Terminal Holocene. One 'large' and one 'small' taxon can be easily differentiated by the significant change in size observed in the postcranial elements and dentition.[20] The Philippine brown deer from Luzon appears to be closely matched to the 'large' taxon of deer found in the Palawanese fossils, from dental biometric comparisons which are similar between the latter and extant members of the genus Cervus or Rusa, particularly the Philippine brown deer (C. mariannus) and spotted deer (C. alfredi). However, the Philippine brown deer shows significant variation across its range, with populations on Mindanao Island being smaller than those of Luzon. Thus, it is possible that the overlap between the Luzonese brown deer and the archaeological material is coincidental, and that the fossils could belonged to another species of Cervus that had occurred in Palawan, with the taxonomic classification being unresolved.[21] Otherwise, members of the genus Cervus are no longer seen in the region of Palawan.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e MacKinnon, J.R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). "Rusa marianna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4274A22168586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4274A22168586.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  2. ^ Meijaard, I. and Groves, C. P. 2004. Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications. Journal of Zoology 263: 179–196.
  3. ^ Oliver, W.L.R., Dolar, M L. and Alcala, E. 1992. The Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi Sclater,conservation program. Silliman Journal 36: 47–54.
  4. ^ Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R., Heidman, P.D. and Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1993. The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi islands, Philippines. Fieldiana: Zoology 72: 1–62.
  5. ^ Oliver, W.L.R., Dolar, M L. and Alcala, E. 1992. The Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi Sclater,conservation program. Silliman Journal 36: 47–54.
  6. ^ Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dollar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C., Ingle, N.R., Lepiten, M.V., Oliver, W.L.R., Ong, P.S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza Jr., B.R. and Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology (New Series) 88: 1–61.
  7. ^ Heaney, L.R., Gonzales, P.C., Utzurrum, R.C.B. and Rickart, E.A. 1991. The mammals of Cataduanes Island: Implications for the biogeography of small land-bridge islands in the Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 104(2): 399–415.
  8. ^ Taylor, E.H. 1934. Philippine land mammals. Manila.
  9. ^ Sanborn, C.C. 1952. Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-1947. Fieldiana: Zoology 33: 89–158.
  10. ^ Rabor, D. S. 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna. Natural Resources Management Centre. Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines.
  11. ^ Heaney, L. R., Balete, D. S., Dollar, M. L., Alcala, A. C., Dans, A. T. L., Gonzales, P. C., Ingle, N. R., Lepiten, M. V., Oliver, W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E. A., Tabaranza Jr., B. R. and Utzurrum, R. C. B. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana: Zoology (New Series) 88: 1–61.
  12. ^ Wiles, G., Buden, D., & Worthington, D. (1999). History of introduction, population status, and management of Philippine deer (Cervus mariannus) on Micronesian Islands. Mammalia 63(2). doi:10.1515/mamm.1999.63.2.193
  13. ^ Miura, S. and Yoshihara, M. 2002. The fate of Philippine brown deer Cervus mariannus of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Mammalia 66: 451–452.
  14. ^ Villegas, J.P. 2017. The Tree Horn: A Story of the Philippine Brown Deer (Rusa marianna)
  15. ^ Villamor, C.I. 1991. Deer captive breeding practices at a glance. Canopy International (Philippines):10–12.
  16. ^ Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011). "15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)". Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–347. ISBN 9781444391282.
  17. ^ Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode:2008PPP...264..123P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.
  18. ^ Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017). "Tiger". In Monks, G. (ed.). Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective. Springer. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-9-4024-1106-5.
  19. ^ Von den Driesch, A. (1976). "A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.
  20. ^ a b c Piper, Philip J.; Ochoa, Janine; Robles, Emil C.; Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor (March 15, 2011). "Palaeozoology of Palawan Island, Philippines". Quaternary International. Elsevier. 233 (2): 142–158. Bibcode:2011QuInt.233..142P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.009.
  21. ^ Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2004). "Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications". Journal of Zoology. London. 263 (263): 179–196. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005011.
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Philippine deer: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), also known as the Philippine sambar or Philippine brown deer, is a vulnerable deer species endemic to the Philippines. It was first described from introduced populations in the Mariana Islands, hence the specific name.

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Rusa marianna ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El sambar filipino (Rusa marianna) es un cérvido endémico de algunas islas de Filipinas en peligro de extinción. Ha sido introducido en las islas Marianas; concretamente, se describió por vez primera un ejemplar de la isla de Guam.[2]

Se reconocen cuatro subespecies:[1]

  • Rusa m. marianna de Luzón e islas adyacentes;
  • R. m. barandana de Mindoro;
  • R. m. nigella de montanos en Mindanao;
  • R. m. nigricans las tierras bajas en Mindanao y la isla adyacente de Basilán.

Galería

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Ong, P. & Gonzales, J.C (2008). «Rusa marianna». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN versión 2013.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 9 de septiembre de 2013.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

 title=
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Rusa marianna: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El sambar filipino (Rusa marianna) es un cérvido endémico de algunas islas de Filipinas en peligro de extinción. Ha sido introducido en las islas Marianas; concretamente, se describió por vez primera un ejemplar de la isla de Guam.​

Se reconocen cuatro subespecies:​

Rusa m. marianna de Luzón e islas adyacentes; R. m. barandana de Mindoro; R. m. nigella de montanos en Mindanao; R. m. nigricans las tierras bajas en Mindanao y la isla adyacente de Basilán.
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Rusa marianna ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Rusa marianna Rusa generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cervinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. Desmarest (1822) 2 Mammalogie 436. or..
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Rusa marianna: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Rusa marianna Rusa generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cervinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Cerf des Philippines ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cervus mariannus

Le cerf des Philippines (Cervus mariannus ou Rusa marianna) est un mammifère herbivore de la famille des cervidés. Il provient, comme son nom l'indique, des Philippines.

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Rusa marianna ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il cervo delle Filippine (Rusa marianna Desmarest, 1822), noto anche come sambar delle Filippine, è una specie vulnerabile di cervo diffusa nelle foreste e nelle praterie di quasi tutte le isole maggiori delle Filippine, sebbene il suo areale si sia molto frammentato a causa della deforestazione e della caccia. Anche il cervo macchiato delle Visayas e il cervo delle Calamian sono originari delle Filippine, ma hanno areali più limitati.

Tassonomia

Dato l'areale insulare, col tempo si sono formate numerose sottospecie di cervo delle Filippine, che differiscono l'una dall'altra soprattutto per la colorazione; E. H. Taylor, nel suo Philippine Land Mammals (1934) ne elencò ben otto, tra cui il cervo macchiato delle Visayas, considerato attualmente una specie separata. Attualmente gli studiosi ne riconoscono quattro[1]:

  • R. m. marianna Desmarest, 1822 (Luzon e isole vicine);
  • R. m. barandana Heude, 1888 (Mindoro);
  • R. m. nigella Hollister, 1913 (zone montuose di Mindanao);
  • R. m. nigricans Brooke, 1876 (zone pianeggianti di Mindanao e Basilan).

Descrizione

Il cervo delle Filippine misura 100-151 cm di lunghezza, 55-70 cm di altezza al garrese e pesa 40-60 kg; è, quindi, uno dei più piccoli rappresentanti della tribù dei Cervini. Ha generalmente un manto di color marrone scuro, con le regioni inferiori e le zampe più chiare e solo la parte inferiore della breve coda (8-12 cm) bianca. Alcuni esemplari, tra cui quelli che vivono su Mindanao, presentano, tuttavia, una colorazione grigio-giallastra. I palchi, presenti, come in quasi tutti i cervi, solo nei maschi, sono relativamente piccoli.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il cervo delle Filippine, endemico di queste isole, vive sulle isole di Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao e Basilan. È stato introdotto dagli spagnoli in diversi gruppi di isole del Pacifico occidentale - l'epiteto specifico marianna, infatti, deriva dal fatto che la specie è stata descritta sulla base di esemplari catturati nelle Isole Marianne Settentrionali. La maggior parte di queste popolazioni introdotte, però, è quasi scomparsa; solo su Pohnpei è ancora presente una piccola popolazione.

Si incontra in vari habitat, dalle boscaglie aperte delle foreste pluviali tropicali alle foreste alpine a 2.900 metri di altitudine.

Biologia

La biologia del cervo delle Filippine è ancora in gran parte sconosciuta. È un timido animale notturno che vive da solo o in piccoli gruppi. La sua dieta consiste di erba e piante.

Conservazione

I principali fattori che minano la sopravvivenza del cervo delle Filippine sono la caccia e la deforestazione. Nelle regioni più remote, la specie è ancora piuttosto numerosa, ma nelle altre è in diminuzione ovunque. La IUCN lo inserisce tra le specie «vulnerabili».

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Rusa marianna, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Ong, P. & Gonzales, J.C. 2008, Rusa marianna, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

Bibliografia

 title=
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Rusa marianna: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il cervo delle Filippine (Rusa marianna Desmarest, 1822), noto anche come sambar delle Filippine, è una specie vulnerabile di cervo diffusa nelle foreste e nelle praterie di quasi tutte le isole maggiori delle Filippine, sebbene il suo areale si sia molto frammentato a causa della deforestazione e della caccia. Anche il cervo macchiato delle Visayas e il cervo delle Calamian sono originari delle Filippine, ma hanno areali più limitati.

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Filipinų elnias ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Filipinų elnias (lot. Rusa marianna) – elninių šeimos rūšis, gyvenanti didžiosiose Filipinų salose.[1]

Apibūdinimas

Kūno ilgis nuo 100 iki 150 cm, svoris nuo 40 iki 60 kg. Kailis tamsiai rudas, apačia ir galūnės yra šiek tiek šviesesnės. Turi palyginti trumpus ragus.

Galerija

Šaltiniai

  1. „Rusa marianna“. departments.bucknell.edu. Suarchyvuotas originalas 2016-03-03. Nuoroda tikrinta 2016-06-10.
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Filipinų elnias: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Filipinų elnias (lot. Rusa marianna) – elninių šeimos rūšis, gyvenanti didžiosiose Filipinų salose.

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Filipijnse sambar ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Filipijnse sambar (Cervus mariannus soms ook wel Rusa mariannus) is een zeldzame hertensoort die van oorsprong alleen op de Filipijnen voorkomt.

Algemeen

De Filipijnse sambar is gemiddeld van grootte met een rossig bruine vacht. Een gemiddeld mannetje weegt zo'n 40 tot 60 kilogram.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De Filipijnse sambar komt van oorsprong alleen op de Filipijnen voor. De soort is echter ook geïntroduceerd op de Marianen. In de Filipijnen kan de soort op veel plaatsen gevonden worden, met uitzondering van Batanes, de Negros-Panay bioregio, Palawan en de omliggende eilanden en de Sulu-eilanden.

Het leefgebied van de Filipijnse sambar zijn de oerwouden en bossen tot zo'n 2900 meter hoogte.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Cervus mariannus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Filipijnse sambar: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Filipijnse sambar (Cervus mariannus soms ook wel Rusa mariannus) is een zeldzame hertensoort die van oorsprong alleen op de Filipijnen voorkomt.

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Sambar filipiński ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sambar filipiński[4] (Rusa marianna) – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny jeleniowatych (Cervidae), blisko spokrewniony z sambarem sundajskim i sambarem jednobarwnym, najmniejszy z sambarów.

Występowanie i biotop

Naturalny zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje Filipiny. Jego siedlisko to wilgotne lasy i tereny trawiaste. Został introdukowany na Wyspach Mariańskich i w Japonii.

Charakterystyka ogólna

Podstawowe dane

Długość ciała Wysokość w kłębie Długość ogona Masa ciała Dojrzałość płciowa Ciąża Liczba młodych
w miocie 170-270 cm 55-75 cm 8-12 cm 40-60 kg 18 miesięcy 245-285 dni 1

Morfologia

Ubarwienie ciemnobrązowe, spodem jaśniejsze. Poroże krótkie, 30-40 cm. Żywi się trawami i ziołami.

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Populacja sambara filipińskiego jest uważana za stabilną. Za potencjalne zagrożenie uznaje się polowania oraz ograniczony zasięg występowania. Nie jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii VU (vulnerable – narażony na wyginięcie)[3]

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Rusa marianna, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Cervus mariannus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 2 sierpnia 2011]
  3. a b MacKinnon, J.R., Ong, P. & Gonzales, J. 2015, Rusa marianna [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-06] (ang.).
  4. Nazwa polska za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 176. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.

Bibliografia

  • Komosińska Halina, Podsiadło Elżbieta: Ssaki kopytne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2002. ISBN 83-01-13806-8.
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Sambar filipiński: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Sambar filipiński (Rusa marianna) – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny jeleniowatych (Cervidae), blisko spokrewniony z sambarem sundajskim i sambarem jednobarwnym, najmniejszy z sambarów.

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Rusa marianna ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Rusa marianna (även Cervus mariannus) är ett däggdjur som ingår i familjen hjortdjur. Ett stort antal underarter finns beskrivna men några av dessa är omstridd. Alfreds hjort som tidigare räknades till arten utgör numera en självständig art.

Kännetecken

Med en kroppslängd av 100 till 150 centimeter, en mankhöjd mellan 55 och 70 centimeter och en vikt mellan 40 och 60 kilogram är arten en av de minsta i underfamiljen Cervinae. Pälsen har en mörkbrun färg och undersidan samt extremiteterna är lite ljusare. Bara den 8 till 12 cm långa svansen har en helt vit undersida. Horn finns liksom hos de flesta hjortdjur bara hos hannarna och är jämförelsevis korta.

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer på Filippinerna, till exempel på öarna Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao och Basilan. Djuret infördes av spanska nybyggare på andra öar i västra Stilla havet. Artens epitet marianna syftar på ögruppen Nordmarianerna där den först blev införd och senare beskriven på vetenskapligt sätt. Beståndet på dessa öar är numera utdött, bara på Pohnpei ska det enligt olika auktorer finnas individer kvar.

Rusa marianna lever i olika habitat som buskland, tropisk regnskog och bergsregioner upp till 2 900 meter över havet.

Levnadssätt

Det är inte mycket känt om artens beteende. Individerna är aktiva på natten och lever ensamma eller i små grupper. Födan utgörs av gräs och örter.

Hot

Djuret hotas av förstöringen av levnadsområdet. Det antas att ett större bestånd lever i avlägsna regioner. IUCN listar arten som sårbar (vulnerable).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 28 november 2008.
  1. ^ [a b] Rusa mariannaIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Oliver, W. et. al. (2008), besökt 18 dec 2008.

Externa länkar

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Rusa marianna: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Rusa marianna (även Cervus mariannus) är ett däggdjur som ingår i familjen hjortdjur. Ett stort antal underarter finns beskrivna men några av dessa är omstridd. Alfreds hjort som tidigare räknades till arten utgör numera en självständig art.

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Filipinler sambar geyiği ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR
? Filipinler sambar geyiği Cervus Mariannus.jpg Bilimsel sınıflandırma Âlem: Animalia Şube: Chordata Sınıf: Mammalia Takım: Artiodactyla Alt takım: Ruminantia Familya: Cervidae
Alt familya: Cervinae Cins: Cervus
Tür: Cervus mariannus
Desmarest (1822) Korunma durumu
IUCN Kırmızı Listesi 2.3 (1994) sürümü :
Veri yetersiz

Filipinler sambar geyiği, Filipinler sambarı ya da Filipinler kahverengi geyiği (Cervus mariannus) geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından Filipinler'e özgü bir geyik türüdür. Japonya, Guam ve Kuzey Mariana Adaları'na insanlar tarafından sokulmuştur.

Stub icon Çift toynaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Hươu nâu Philippines ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Rusa marianna là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Desmarest mô tả năm 1822.[2] Đây là loài bản địa từ các khu rừng và đồng cỏ trên hầu hết các đảo lớn của Philippines, Những hòn đảo lớn mà loài này không hiện diện là Negros, Panay, Palawan, Sulu, và Babuyan và Batanes. Nai Philippines là một loài kích thước trung bình, nhưng thường nhỏ hơn nhiều so với loài anh em họ của nó, là nai. Chiều dài đầu và thân là 100–151 cm, chiều cao vai là 55–70 cm, và trọng lượng cơ thể là 40–60 kg. Chúng chủ yếu có màu nâu đồng đều, ngoại trừ mặt dưới của đuôi màu trắng. Ở Mindanao, màu lông được ghi nhận có màu xám cát và nhợt nhạt. Con đực có sừng khá nhỏ, chỉ dài 20–40 cm.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Ong, P. & Gonzales, J.C. (2008). Rusa marianna. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 4 năm 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Rusa marianna”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Cervus mariannus tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hươu nâu Philippines: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Rusa marianna là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Desmarest mô tả năm 1822. Đây là loài bản địa từ các khu rừng và đồng cỏ trên hầu hết các đảo lớn của Philippines, Những hòn đảo lớn mà loài này không hiện diện là Negros, Panay, Palawan, Sulu, và Babuyan và Batanes. Nai Philippines là một loài kích thước trung bình, nhưng thường nhỏ hơn nhiều so với loài anh em họ của nó, là nai. Chiều dài đầu và thân là 100–151 cm, chiều cao vai là 55–70 cm, và trọng lượng cơ thể là 40–60 kg. Chúng chủ yếu có màu nâu đồng đều, ngoại trừ mặt dưới của đuôi màu trắng. Ở Mindanao, màu lông được ghi nhận có màu xám cát và nhợt nhạt. Con đực có sừng khá nhỏ, chỉ dài 20–40 cm.

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Филиппинский замбар ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Оленевые
Подсемейство: Настоящие олени
Род: Rusa
Вид: Филиппинский замбар
Международное научное название

Rusa marianna
(Desmarest, 1822)

Синонимы
  • Cervus mariannus
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 898213NCBI 1826171EOL 313990

Филиппинский замбар[1] (лат. Rusa marianna) — млекопитающее семейства оленевых.

Описание

Филиппинский замбар достигает в длину от 100 до 151 см, высота в холке — от 55 до 70 см, вес — от 40 до 60 кг. Шерсть имеет преимущественно тёмно-коричневый окрас, причём нижняя часть тела и ноги немного светлее. Нижняя сторона короткого (длиной примерно от 8 до 12 см) хвоста белая. Несколько животных, в том числе группа, обитающая на Минданао, имеют, напротив, жёлто-серый окрас шерсти. Рога самцов относительно небольшие.

Cervus mariannus.jpg

Распространение

Филиппинский замбар обитает на Филиппинских островах Лусон, Миндоро, Минданао и Басилан. Испанцы интродуцировали этот вид на несколько западно-тихоокеанских островов. Но на сегодняшний день сохранилась лишь одна маленькая популяция на острове Понпеи.

Они населяют различные биотопы от открытого буша и тропических влажных джунглей до горных лесов вплоть до высоты 2 900 метров над уровнем моря.

Образ жизни

Об образе жизни известно мало. Это робкие, ночные животные, которые ведут одиночный образ жизни или живут в маленьких группах. Питаются травой.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 126. — 10 000 экз.
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Филиппинский замбар: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Филиппинский замбар (лат. Rusa marianna) — млекопитающее семейства оленевых.

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필리핀사슴 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

필리핀사슴(Philippine deer, 학명: Rusa marianna)은 필리핀 대부분의 주요 섬의 숲과 초원 지대에서 발견되는 사슴의 일종이다.[2] 잘 발견되지 않는 주요 섬 지역은 네그로스섬파나이섬, 바부얀 제도, 바탄 제도 등이다. 필리핀삼바사슴(Philippine sambar) 또는 필리핀갈색사슴(Philippine brown deer)으로도 알려져 있다. 서식지 감소와 과도한 사냥때문에 개체군 서식 지역의 파편화가 증가하여 국제자연보전연맹(IUCN)이 멸종 취약종으로 분류했다.

필리핀사슴은 중형 크기의 사슴으로 근연종인 삼바사슴보다 일반적으로 작은 편이다. 머리에서 몸까지의 길이는 100~151cm이고, 어깨 높이는 55~70cm, 몸무게는 40~60kg 정도이다.[3] 흰색을 띄는 꼬리 안쪽을 제외하고, 주로 갈색을 띤다. 민다나오섬에서 연한 갈색을 띠는 경우가 일부 전해지고 있다. 수컷은 일반적으로 20~40cm 정도의 아주 짧은 가지뿔을 갖고 있다.[3]

필리핀의 다양한 서식지에서 발견된다. 저지대 숲부터 산악 숲 경사면까지, 해발 고도 2900m까지 높이에서 서식한다. 짝짓기 철은 대개 9월부터 1월로 암컷이 한번에 한 마리의 새끼를 낳고, 새끼의 몸에 나타나는 연한 색의 반점은태어난 지 수주 후에 사라진다. 발정기 동안 암컷은 최대 8마리로 이루어진 작은 무리를 형성하는 반면에 수컷은 홀로 생활하며 호전적이다. 필리핀사슴은 야행성 동물로 대부분의 활동을 밤에 하며, 낮에는 울창한 숲의 잡목 속에서 휴식을 취한다. 일반적으로 자연 숲 주변에 모여 살며, 풀과 나뭇잎 그리고 떨어진 열매 등을 먹이로 먹는다.[3]

사진

각주

  1. “Rusa marianna”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 4월 8일에 확인함. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
  2. Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 669–670쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. “보관된 사본”. 2017년 9월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 25일에 확인함.
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필리핀사슴: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

필리핀사슴(Philippine deer, 학명: Rusa marianna)은 필리핀 대부분의 주요 섬의 숲과 초원 지대에서 발견되는 사슴의 일종이다. 잘 발견되지 않는 주요 섬 지역은 네그로스섬파나이섬, 바부얀 제도, 바탄 제도 등이다. 필리핀삼바사슴(Philippine sambar) 또는 필리핀갈색사슴(Philippine brown deer)으로도 알려져 있다. 서식지 감소와 과도한 사냥때문에 개체군 서식 지역의 파편화가 증가하여 국제자연보전연맹(IUCN)이 멸종 취약종으로 분류했다.

필리핀사슴은 중형 크기의 사슴으로 근연종인 삼바사슴보다 일반적으로 작은 편이다. 머리에서 몸까지의 길이는 100~151cm이고, 어깨 높이는 55~70cm, 몸무게는 40~60kg 정도이다. 흰색을 띄는 꼬리 안쪽을 제외하고, 주로 갈색을 띤다. 민다나오섬에서 연한 갈색을 띠는 경우가 일부 전해지고 있다. 수컷은 일반적으로 20~40cm 정도의 아주 짧은 가지뿔을 갖고 있다.

필리핀의 다양한 서식지에서 발견된다. 저지대 숲부터 산악 숲 경사면까지, 해발 고도 2900m까지 높이에서 서식한다. 짝짓기 철은 대개 9월부터 1월로 암컷이 한번에 한 마리의 새끼를 낳고, 새끼의 몸에 나타나는 연한 색의 반점은태어난 지 수주 후에 사라진다. 발정기 동안 암컷은 최대 8마리로 이루어진 작은 무리를 형성하는 반면에 수컷은 홀로 생활하며 호전적이다. 필리핀사슴은 야행성 동물로 대부분의 활동을 밤에 하며, 낮에는 울창한 숲의 잡목 속에서 휴식을 취한다. 일반적으로 자연 숲 주변에 모여 살며, 풀과 나뭇잎 그리고 떨어진 열매 등을 먹이로 먹는다.

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