Gürcü süsəni (lat. Iris iberica) - Süsənkimilər – (İridaceae Juss.) fəsiləsinin süsən cinsinə aid bitki növü.
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və statusu “Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar” kateqoriyasına aiddir –VU D2. Azərbaycanın nadir, Qafqazın endemik növüdür.
Çoxillik ot bitkisidir. Kökümsovu nazik, sürünəndir, gövdə 4—20 sm (30) hündürlükdə, bir iri təpə çiçəyindən ibarətdir. Yarpaqları boz-göyümtül, dar-xətvari, bəzən oraqvari əyilmişdir. Təpə yarpaqları otvari-pərdəlidir, neştərşəkilli, sivridir. Çiçəkyanlığının borucuğu uzun, silindrikdir. Çiçəkyanlığının xarici tərəfi 6 -7 sm uzunluğunda, ağımtıl – sarı və tünd –qara ləkə və orta hissədə dırnaqcıqda tünd –qara tükcüklər var. Çiçəkyanlığının daxili hissəsi yuxarıya doğru durandır, ağımtıl, ağ və ya mavidir. Sütuncuğun tərəfi bükülmüş, əsas tünd-boz, nisbətən parlaq, tozcuq ağdır. Qutucuq uzadılmış ellipsvari, 3 tilli, sivridir.[1][2]
Çiçəkləmə dövrü aprle ayına, meyvə əmələgətirmə may ayına təsadüf edir. Kökümsov və toxum vasitəsilə çoxalır. Aşağı dağ qurşağında daşlı, gilli və çınqıllı yamaclarda yayılmışdır. Mezokserofitdir.[1][3][4][5]
Naxçıvan – Sədərək kəndi ətrafında. Azerbaycandan kənarda – Ermənistan, İranda yayılmışdır.Aşağı və orta dağlıq qurşaqlarının quru, daşlı, cınqıllı yamaclarında bitir.Nəzərə çarpacaq dərəcədə azalmaqdadır. Bozqır yaylasında və Kür düzənliyində.[1][6][7]
Populyasiyalarının sayı azalır. Otarılma və tapdalanma nəticəsində yaşama ərazisi məhdudlaşır, populyasiyada azalma tendensiyası müşahidə olunur.[8][9]Məhdudlaşdırıcı amillər
Antropogen amillər (növün yığılması, otarılma) [10]
Mühafizə tədbirləri yoxdur. Yasaqlıqların yaradılması vacibdir.[6]
Toxumla və vegetativ yolla çoxalır.Çiçəkləyən bitkilərin toplanması, kök yumruların gəmirəcilər tərəfindən yeyilməsi bitkinin azalmasına səbəb olmuşdur. Azərbaycan Botanika İnstitutunun Botanika bağında becərilir. Xüsusi mühafizə tədbirlər hazırlanmamışdır.
Gürcü süsəni (lat. Iris iberica) - Süsənkimilər – (İridaceae Juss.) fəsiləsinin süsən cinsinə aid bitki növü.
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və statusu “Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar” kateqoriyasına aiddir –VU D2. Azərbaycanın nadir, Qafqazın endemik növüdür.
Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background (white, cream or pale blue) covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.
It is similar to Iris susiana, apart from its leaf and flower form.[2] It is classed as an Mezo-xerophyte,[3] (meaning they like intermediate dry conditions.[4]) or xeric species (similar to Seseli grandivittatum, Thymus tiflisiensis, Scorzonera eriosperma and Tulipa eichleri).[5]
It has a slender,[6] and compact rhizome,[7][8] that is not stoloniferous,[7] but up to 1.5 cm in diameter.[8]
They have 4–6 leaves,[8] that are glaucous,[6][9] grey-green,[7][10][11] and falcate,[8][9][10] (sickle shaped) or curved.[2][7][11] They can grow up to between 7.5–15 cm (3–6 in) long,[6] and are narrow,[10][11] being between 0.2 and 0.6 cm wide.[6][7][8] The leaves start to grow in Autumn (near to September), after a summer rest period after flowering.[3]
It has a short,[12] slender stem or peduncle,[13][14] that can grow up to between 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tall.[15][16][17]
The stem has a green, lanceolate, membranous,[6] spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are variable is size, between 3mm,[7] to 5 cm long.[6] The stems hold a solitary,[18][2][11] terminal (top of stem) flower, blooming in late spring,[7][10][11] between March and May.[18][19] In the UK, it blooms later between May and June.[9][20]: 192 The flowers can last between 120 and 145 days before fading.[3]
The flowers are 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter,[8][11][14] they are described as big and flouncy.[21]
The very variable,[6][8][9] bi-coloured flowers,[11] have a white,[8][19][22] silvery white,[23] cream,[6][24] or pale bluish background,[7][10][13] with heavily stippled,[16] spotted or veined in pale mauve,[18] violet,[19] dark purple, maroon,[7][12][23] or purple-brown.[9][11][17] Some forms can have a lilac background.[9]
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[20]: 17 The falls are spoon-shaped,[9][11][16] or obovate (rounded),[2][6][10] and reflexed,[12] or concave.[6] They are 3.5–6.5 cm (1–3 in) long,[18][7][8] and 2.7–6.5 cm wide.[18][8] In the center of the falls, is a velvet-like,[9][22] dark,[14] deep rich purple,[6] black-purple,[15] brown,[7] or blackish blotch or signal patch.[8][16] Also, in the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are brown,[9] or purplish brown.[7][8][15] The pale standards,[14] are round,[6][20]: 192 or orbicular,[8] and 4.5–10 cm (2–4 in) long.[7][8] They are normally less veined than the falls,[7][10] or have paler veining.[18][11][16]
It has style branches that are as long as the falls,[6][20]: 192 brown and3.5–7 cm (1–3 in) long,[7] with scalloped lobes.[7] The perianth tube is 2–3.5 cm long/[6][7]
After the iris has flowered, in June,[18][3] it produces a seed capsule,[25] which is 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, and 2–2.5 cm wide.[8] The capsule holds 56–60 wrinkled seeds,[3] which are about 0.5 cm in diameter.[8] Only between 10 and 30% of the seeds are fertile.[3]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[20]: 18 It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,[17] counted by Delauney in 1928. Then by Marc Simonet in 1932 and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.[15][26] It has an unnamed alkaloid (as of 1961), contained within its rhizome.[27]
Iris iberica is pronounced as EYE-ris eye-BEER-ee-kuh,[24] and is commonly known as Iberian Iris,[2][24][28] or Georgian Iris.[3][13][29]
One reference mistakenly lists its common name as 'Chalcedonian iris',[30] but this is normally used for Iris susiana.[31]
The Latin specific epithet iberica refers to ibericus -a -um, coming from the Georgian Caucasus,[32] or eastern Turkey.[33]
It was originally found in Transcaucasus,[15][16] and it was first published and described by Georg Franz Hoffmann in Vol.1 page 41 of Commentationes Societatis Physico-Medicae apud Universitatem Litteratum Caesaream Mosquensem Institutae (Commentat. Soc. Phys.-Med. Univ. Litt. Caes. Mosq.), published in Moscow in 1808.[15][34][35]
Although a few references state it was published by Steven in Fl. Taur.-Caucas. Vol.1 on page 30 in 1808,[1][36] as Iris iberica Steven.[27]
It was also published as Iris iberica in Gartenflora page3 in 1863, then in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Table 5847 in 1870 and Revue Horticole Vol.45 page 370 on 1 October 1873.[6][15]
Due to its variability of form, it has two known subspecies, Iris iberica ssp. elegantissima,[10][20]: 192 [35] (grows 20–30 cm in height with flowers 10 cm in diameter having a cream or pale yellow ground colour),[10] and Iris iberica ssp. lycotis.[1][12][14][37] Another known subspecies is Iris iberica subsp. iberica,[35] but this name is also used for the standard form of the iris as well.[17] In between I. iberica and I. iberica ssp. lycotis are a large range of forms.[20]: 192 [23]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then changed on 1 December 2004.[35]
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[38] and in the Catalogue of Life as Iris iberica Steven.[37]
Iris iberica is an accepted name by the RHS.[39]
It is native to temperate Asia.[7][35]
I. iberica and its subspecies comes from a wide range across the Caucasus mountains,[6][17][40] although I. iberica subsp. elegantissima is found in eastern Turkey from near the Armenian border to Lake Van. I. iberica subsp. lycotis is found in north western Iran near Hakkari, Turkey on the Iranian border and southern Armenia on the Iranian border.[10][12][35] I. iberica itself is found only in eastern Georgia,[19][36][41] (near Tbilisi,[2][12][42]) Armenia,[18] and western Azerbaijan.[13][23]
It grows on the dry grasslands of the steppes,[5][19][43] or on the dry stony slopes of the lower mountain belt.[18][10] It grows on steppes of Georgia with various spear grass communities (including Stipa pulcherrima, Stipa lessingiana, Stipa pontica and Stipa capillata),[5] with scattered shrubs of red juniper and berberis.[43] They can be found at an altitude of 400 to 700 m (1,300 to 2,300 ft),[18][19] or 1,000 to 3,000 m (3,300 to 9,800 ft) above sea level.[10]
The iris is rare and endangered species, and was listed in the Red Book of the USSR,[13] (in ) and on the Red List of Georgia.[3][19] Although, it was not included in the first edition of the Red Data Book of Armenia, (published in 1988,[44]) or also not included in the Annexes of CITES and that of the Bern Convention.[18] It is thought to be close to being extinct in Armenia, due to the effects of land development,[18] in Georgia it was fairly common in selected sites, but has been picked and sold in markets, which has affected the iris populations.[19] It is also affected by loss of habitat due to human activity.[18]
'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are generally harder to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises.[23] I. iberica is hardy to European Zone 4,[7] (meaning hardy to −5 to −10 °C (23 to 14 °F).[45] This includes parts of Europe, where it can be planted in a sunny,[24] rock garden position, in sandy soil.[2] Although it grows best within a cold frame or alpine house.[11] In order to protect the iris from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season.[23] They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation.[23] It can suffer from aphids, viruses and rots.[46] I. iberica is affected by fungal Puccinia iridis.[47] It is also the host plant of Mononychus schoenherrii Kolenati (a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the larvae feed on the seed and then pupates. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for aestivation (summer dormancy) and hibernation.[25] A specimen of the iris can be found in the Herbarium Hookerianum within the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[42]
Irises can generally be propagated by division,[48] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[49] Oncoyclus irises dislike division, but it should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded.[46] Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results.[46]
I. iberica has been used to make many various hybrids and cultivars. Most hybrids are sterile, only one hybrid produced a second generation seedling, that was from I. iberica x Iris pallida, produced by Professor M. Foster.[9] Mr Foster was one of the first to breed several hybrids, including Iris parabid is a hybrid between I. Iberica and Iris paradoxa,[40][50] I. ibpall (I. iberica x Iris pallida), I. ibvar (I. iberica x Iris variegata),[22] and I. iberica x Iris susiana and I. susiana x I. iberica.[6] The hybrids are very free flowering similar to Iris germanica.[51] Cornelius Gerrit Van Tubergen jr of Haarlem in Holland was another major breeder of irises, including I. iberica x Iris germanica macrantha which produced a large (6 in) blue flower with a black blue signal spot, but he found the irises need the dry baking heat in summer, so they do not freely produce flowers in Europe.[51]
Other I. iberica crosses include; Iris susiana X I. iberica: 'Charcoal Grey',[52] and 'Van Houteii'.[53] Iris lortetii X I. Iberica: 'Iberian Gem',[54] 'Mustapha Kemal',[55] and 'Shah-Shah' (Soft cream white standards; cream falls, stippled and dotted dark henna, black signal).[56] I. iberica X Iris sari: 'Iblup'.[57] I. iberica and Iris paradoxa: 'Koenigii'.[58] I. iberica X Onco-hybrid: 'Indigent Arab' (Silver grey ground with light brown veining, falls heavily veined brown, small dark brown signal),[59] and 'Ord Mountain' (Grey standards, heavily veined and dotted dark red brown; near black falls in center with grey ground speckling at hafts and on edge, it is a collected natural hybrid of Iris lycotis, X Iris 'Vulcan's Forge').[60] Oncocyclus Hybrid X I. iberica: 'Judas' (White standards, veined and flushed greyed purple; white falls, almost completely obscured by coarse veining and speckling of greyed purple, large black violet signal, C. G. White W-201 X I. iberica).[61] Iris korolkowii X I. iberica crosses; 'Agatha',[62] 'Aglaia' (with purple, silver/grey and violet blooms),[63] 'Antigone' (with black, lavender and violet blooms),[64] 'Belisane' (I. korolkowii var. concolor X I. iberica 'Van Houtteii'),[65] 'Bianca' (I. korolkowii var. concolor X I. iberica),[66] 'Dardanus' (Violet standards; buff violet falls, veined darker, I. korolkowii concolor X I. iberica),[67] 'Eunice' (I. korolkowii var. concolor X I. iberica),[68] 'Eva' (I. korolkowii X I. iberica),[69] 'Hecate' (Iris korolkowi violacea x I. iberica),[51] 'Iphigenia' (blue blooms),[70] 'Irene' (white blooms),[71] 'Isis' (I. korolkowii var. violacea X I. iberica),[72] 'Ismene',[73] 'Jocaste',[74] 'Leucothea' (I. korolkowii var. concolor X I. iberica),[75] 'Mars',[76] 'Persephone' (lavender blooms),[77] 'Polyhymnia' (I. korolkowii var. violacea X I. iberica),[78] 'Psyche' (Black, lavender, silver/grey, wine blooms)[79] 'Sophrosyne' (I. korolkowii var. violacea X I. iberica),[80] 'Teucros' (I. korolkowii var. concolor X I. iberica, silver lilac, veined dark maroon),[81] 'Urania' (I. korolkowii var. violacea X I. iberica, wine coloured blooms),[82] and 'Venus' (I. korolkowii var. violacea X I. iberica, yellow blooms).[83]
Other known hybrids include;Iris iberica X Iris pallida crosses; 'Dilkash',[84] 'Giran',[85] 'Ismali',[86] 'Mestor',[87] 'Pandora',[88] 'Shiraz' (has wine coloured blooms),[89] 'Shirin',[90] 'Sir Dighton Probyn',[91] 'Sir Trevor Lawrence',[92] and 'Vulcan'.[93] Iris pallida X Iris iberica : 'Nazarin',[94] 'Nefert',[95] 'Semele'.[96] unknown and Iris iberica: 'Dusky Nomad' (Grey standards, heavily veined dark purple; falls same but darker, dark signal, a natural hybrid collected by J. Archibald in Persian Azerbaijan) affiliated with Iris lycotis).[97] I. iberica X Iris cengialti : 'Dorak',[98] Iris iberica X Iris germanica : 'Ib-Mac'.[99] Iris iberica X Iris 'Ricardi' (a form of Iris mesopotamica mixed with Iris cypriana) : 'Ib-Ric' (wine coloured blooms).[100] Iris iberica X Iris trojana : 'Ib-Troy'.[101] I. camaeiris alba X I. iberica: 'Monsieur Steichen'.[15][102]
Known Iris iberica cultivars include: 'Bellii' (dark lilac standards),[6][40] 'Elegantissima', 'Heterochroa', 'Iberica Aurea', 'Iberica Cremea', 'Iberica Flavissima', 'Iberica Ochracea' (falls of ochraceous brown colour),[6][40] 'Iberica Van Houtteii', 'Insignis', Lycotis, 'Lycotis Magnifica', 'Lycotis Pardus', 'Lycotis Typica', 'Pantera', 'Perryana' (flowers smaller than the type, with pale lilac standards),[6][40] 'Robudtasorun', 'Robusta',[15] 'Rustavi' (found in Rustavi region, has pale standards, deep chocolate veins and coffee coloured signal patch).[103] and 'Van Houttei'.[40]
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[104]
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help) {{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help) {{cite web}}
: Missing or empty |title=
(help) Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background (white, cream or pale blue) covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.
Iris iberica es una especie de planta del género Iris, también está en el subgénero Iris y en la sección Oncocyclus. Es una rizomatosa perenne, de las montañas del Cáucaso de Armenia, el este de Georgia y el oeste de Azerbaiyán.
Tiene hojas estrechas, glaucas, de color verde grisáceo y en forma de hoz, tallo corto que sostiene una sola flor a fines de la primavera. Tiene un fondo pálido (blanco, crema o azul pálido) cubierto de vetas espesas en malva pálido, violeta, violeta oscuro, granate o marrón violeta. Tiene un parche de señalización negro o violeta oscuro y una barba marrón o marrón violeta.
Tiene muchas formas híbridas debido a su variabilidad y tiene dos subespecies conocidas: Iris iberica elegantissima y Iris iberica lycotis. Se cultiva como planta ornamental en regiones templadas, ya que es más resistente que otras especies de Oncocyclus.
Es nativa de las zonas templadas de Asia.
Crece en las praderas secas de las estepas, o en las laderas secas y pedregosas del cinturón montañoso inferior.
Crece en las estepas de Georgia con varias comunidades de pastos Stipa (incluidas Stipa pulcherrima, Stipa lessingiana, Stipa pontica y Stipa capillata), con arbustos dispersos de enebro rojo y berberis. Se pueden encontrar a una altitud de 400 a 700 m (1312,3 a 2296,6 pies), o 1000 a 3000 m (3280,8 a 9842,5 pies) sobre el nivel del mar.
Como muchos otros iris, la mayoría de las partes de la planta son venenosas (rizomas y hojas) y si se ingieren por error pueden causar dolores de estómago y vómitos. Además, la manipulación de la planta puede provocar irritación de la piel o una reacción alérgica.[1]
Iris iberica es una especie de planta del género Iris, también está en el subgénero Iris y en la sección Oncocyclus. Es una rizomatosa perenne, de las montañas del Cáucaso de Armenia, el este de Georgia y el oeste de Azerbaiyán.
Tiene hojas estrechas, glaucas, de color verde grisáceo y en forma de hoz, tallo corto que sostiene una sola flor a fines de la primavera. Tiene un fondo pálido (blanco, crema o azul pálido) cubierto de vetas espesas en malva pálido, violeta, violeta oscuro, granate o marrón violeta. Tiene un parche de señalización negro o violeta oscuro y una barba marrón o marrón violeta.
Tiene muchas formas híbridas debido a su variabilidad y tiene dos subespecies conocidas: Iris iberica elegantissima y Iris iberica lycotis. Se cultiva como planta ornamental en regiones templadas, ya que es más resistente que otras especies de Oncocyclus.
Iris iberica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Diên vĩ. Loài này được Steven miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.[1]
Iris iberica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Diên vĩ. Loài này được Steven miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.
Iris iberica Hoffm. (1803)
non Steven ex M.Bieb. (1808), nom. illeg.
Ирис иберийский, или ирис грузинский (лат. Iris iberica) — вид многолетних травянистых корневищных растений рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae), произрастающий в Центральном и Южном Закавказье. Название вида происходит от древнего названия Восточной Грузии (Иберия)[2].
Корневище из коротких, прижатых друг к другу, приподнимающихся звеньев. Листья располагаются по 3—5 в пучках или при основании цветоноса, узкосерповидные, 3—6 (8) мм шириной, 8—12 (20) см длиной.
Цветонос 10—25 (35) см высотой. Цветки крупные, 8—10 (12) см в поперечнике (в распластанном виде до 16—19 см), без аромата. Наружные доли околоцветника с ложковидно вогнутой внутрь пластинкой, на беловато-желтом фоне в центре — чёрно-коричневое пятно, волоски образуют широкую бородку; внутренние доли с округлой пластинкой, превышающей или равной пластинке наружных долей; окраска варьирует от почти белой или чуть голубоватой до кремовой с бледно-лиловыми или светло-голубыми жилками; трубка околоцветника почти равна завязи[2].
Семена грушевидные, темно-коричневые, 4—7 мм длиной, 3—4 мм шириной, с крупным молочно-белым присемянником.
Вид Ирис иберийский входит в секцию Oncocyclus рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae) порядка Спаржецветные (Asparagales).
В рамках вида выделяют несколько подвидов:
Некоторые авторы считают Iris elegantissima Sosn. и Iris lycotis Woronow самостоятельными видами[5].
Ирис иберийский, или ирис грузинский (лат. Iris iberica) — вид многолетних травянистых корневищных растений рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae), произрастающий в Центральном и Южном Закавказье. Название вида происходит от древнего названия Восточной Грузии (Иберия).