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Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. 1823

Lysurus mokusin ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Lysurus mokusin, im deutschen Sprachraum bisweilen Orangeroter oder Eckigstieliger Fingerpilz genannt[1], ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Stinkmorchelverwandten (Phallaceae).

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale

Wie bei allen Vertretern der Phallaceae erscheinen die Fruchtkörper zunächst in Form eines sog. „Hexeneis“. Bei Reife öffnet sich dieses am Scheitel und gibt das Receptaculum frei. Das Receptaculum ist 6–16 cm hoch und besteht aus einem Stiel, welcher sich oben in 4–6 Arme aufteilt. Diese Arme bleiben normalerweise an ihren Spitzen verbunden, sind 0,8–3 cm lang, dick, rosa bis rötlich-orange gefärbt und gekrümmt, um eine laternenförmige Struktur zu bilden. Der Stiel ist 0,5–2 cm breit, im Querschnitt aus mehreren Röhren zusammengesetzt, eckig und besitzt senkrechte Rippen, welche der Anzahl der Arme entsprechen. Der Stiel ist oben rosa bis rosarot gefärbt und entspringt unten aus einer weißen Volva als Rest des „Hexeneis“. Selten kommen auch Exemplare mit komplett weiß gefärbtem Receptaculum vor.[2]

Das Fleisch ist zerbrechlich, besitzt kleine Kammern und hat eine weiße bis rosa Farbe.

Die Sporenmasse (Gleba) bedeckt die senkrechten Einbuchtungen zwischen den Armen. Sie ist schleimig, hellbraun bis olivbraun, wird beim Trocknen dunkler und besitzt den typischen, unangenehmen Stinkmorchelgeruch.

Mikroskopische Merkmale

Die Sporen sind 3,5–4,5 × 1,5–2 µ groß, länglich, glatt und fast hyalin.

Verbreitung

Lysurus mokusin stammt vermutlich aus China (Fujian),[3] Korea,[4] Japan[5] (einschl. Ogasawara-guntō)[6] und Australasien[7]. Auf den Kanarischen Inseln,[8] in Europa (Italien)[9] und den Vereinigten Staaten (Gebiet der Chesapeake Bay, Kansas, Kalifornien, Texas und Washington, D.C.) wurde die Art wahrscheinlich eingeführt.

Ökologie

Lysurus mokusin ist ein Saprobiont der einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen auf Rasenflächen, in Gärten und auf festgetretenen Böden erscheint. In Australien kommt er in der Laubschicht von Wäldern, auf Holzspänen und Kompost vor.[10] Auch aus Gewächshäusern ist die Art bekannt.

Ähnliche Arten

Lysurus cruciatus ist ähnlich, hat aber einen runden, nicht eckigen Stiel. Auch die Arme trennen sich meistens voneinander.

Bedeutung

Lysurus mokusin gilt als ungenießbar.

Quellen

  1. Eric Strittmatter: Lysurus mokusin (Linnaeus 1781 : Persoon 1801) Fries 1823 – Orangeroter Fingerpilz. In: Fungiworld.com. Pilz-Taxa-Datenbank. Abgerufen am 25. Juli 2015.
  2. Abbildung auf MushroomExpert.com
  3. N.L. Huang: Notes on Phalalles from Fujian China. In: Wuyi Science Journal. Band 5, 1985, S. 211–218.
  4. S.J. Seok, Y.S. Kim, Y.J. Ryu & D.S. Park: Higher Fungi in Korea. In: Korean Journal of Mycology. Band 23, Nr. 2, 1995, S. 144–152.
  5. D.M. Dring: Contributions towards a rational arrangement of the Clathraceae. In: Kew Bulletin. Band 35, Nr. 1, 1980, S. 75.
  6. T. Hongo: Higher fungi of the Bonin Islands. Part 2. In: Kinjin Kenkyusho kenkyū hōkoku (Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute). Band 16, 1978, S. 59–65.
  7. G.H. Cunningham: The Gasteromycetes of Australasia. XI. The Phallales, part II. In: Proceeding of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales. Band 56, Nr. 3, 1931, S. 182–200.
  8. T.E. Beltran, A. Banares-Baudet & J.L. Rodriguez-Armas: Gasteromycetes on the Canary Islands: Some noteworthy new records. In: Mycotaxon. Band 67, 1998, S. 439–453.
  9. U. Nonis: Presence in Italy of Lysurus mokusin new record. In: Micologia Italiana. Band 8, Nr. 2, 1979, S. 39–41.
  10. A.M. Young: A field guide to the Fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, NSW, Australien 2005, ISBN 0-86840-742-9, S. 198.

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Lysurus mokusin: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Lysurus mokusin, im deutschen Sprachraum bisweilen Orangeroter oder Eckigstieliger Fingerpilz genannt, ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Stinkmorchelverwandten (Phallaceae).

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Lysurus mokusin ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Lysurus mokusin, commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn, the small lizard's claw, or the ribbed lizard claw, is a saprobic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae. The fruit body consists of a reddish, cylindrical fluted stipe that is capped with several "arms". The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a spire. The gleba—an olive-green slimy spore mass—is carried on the outer surface of the arms. The fruit body, which has an odor comparable to "fresh dog feces", "rotting flesh", or "sewage" when mature, is edible in its immature "egg" stage. The fungus is native to Asia, and is also found in Australia, Europe and North America, where it is probably an introduced species. It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy.

History, taxonomy, and phylogeny

The species was first described by the Catholic Priest and missionary Pierre-Martial Cibot in the publication Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae (New memoirs of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg) (1775), where he reported finding it near Peking (now Beijing).[2] This finding represents the earliest published scientific record of a fungus from China.[3] Cibot's original name for the lantern stinkhorn, Phallus mokusin, was sanctioned by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1801 Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.[4] In 1823, Elias Magnus Fries transferred it to the genus Lysurus in his Systema Mycologicum.[5] L. mokusin is the type species of the genus Lysurus.[6]

Flies are attracted to the lantern stinkhorn fungus by its strong scent

In 1938, Y. Kobayasi reported the form L. mokusin f. sinensis, which he said differed from the main species in having a head that was more angular and conical at the top;[7] the form sinensis was also reported in Korea in 1995.[8] Some authors have attempted to define forms of L. mokusin as new species based on the degree of separation of the apical arms. For example, to contrast with his concept of Lysurus in which the arms were either free or slightly fused, the genus Lloydia was created by Chow in 1935 to contain species in which the tips of the arms were fused. As a result of various differing interpretations of the limits of L. mokusin, and the desire of some authors to define new species based on perceived differences, the fungus has acquired a lengthy list of synonyms over the years.[1]

L. mokusin is commonly known as the "lantern stinkhorn", the "small lizard's claw",[9] or the "ribbed lizard claw".[10]

Lysuris mokusin has been included in a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of Gomphoid and Phalloid fungi published in 2006, and was shown to form a clade with Simblum sphaerocephalum, Lysurus borealis, and Protubera clathroidea.[11]

Description

Close-up of fruit body tip, showing separation of the "arms"

Immature fruit bodies of L. mokusin are white, gelatinous "eggs" measuring 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) in diameter, and are attached to the ground by thickened strands of mycelium called rhizomorphs. As the fungus matures, the egg ruptures as the fruit body rapidly expands, leaving volval remnants behind at the base. The stipe of the hollow, spongy mature fruiting body has dimensions of 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) by 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1.0 in), and ranges in color from white to pink to red, with 4–6 distinct deeply grooved sides divided lengthwise by ribs. The basis of distinction between L. mokusin and other species of Lysurus is the angular form of its stipe.[12] The sides branch out into 4–6 arms that are fused together at the tip to form a pointed apex, resembling a spire. As the mushroom matures, the arms may spread apart. The outer surface of the arms is coated by a brownish, slimy, foul-smelling spore mass called the gleba; its fetid odor helps it attract flies and other insects to assist in spore dispersal. The odor has been compared to "fresh dog feces",[13] "rotting flesh"[14] or sewage.[15]

The spores are cylindrical in shape, smooth, thin-walled, and hyaline (translucent), with dimensions of 4–6 by 2–2.5 µm.[15] Scanning electron microscopy reveals that one end of the spores has a hilar scar—an indentation in the spore wall that results during its separation from the sterigma of the basidium.[16] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually eight-spored, and the gleba composed of chains of roughly spherical, fusiform, ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped cells that are either 6.5–7.4 by 2.8–5.6 µm or 37.1–46.3 by 18–28 µm and also mixed with filamentous cells 2.3–4.5 µm wide. The hyphae of L. mokusin have clamp connections.[8]

Similar species

Lysurus cruciatus is similar is appearance to L. mokusin, but has a cylindrical stem without any flutings at the tip. Lysurus borealis is also similar, but its stipe is not fluted, and without the angles present in L. mokusin.[17]

Cross-sectional view of stipe

Edibility and other uses

This species is considered to be edible when still in the immature "egg" stage, and is thought to be a delicacy in China.[18] When mature, its foul odor would deter most individuals from attempting consumption. The fungus has been used medicinally in China as a remedy for ulcers.[19][20]

Habitat and distribution

Lysurus mokusin is saprobic, and grows solitarily or in small groups in forest litter, and wood chip mulch used in landscaping, and compost.[15] Documented sightings of L. mokusin include Australasia,[21] the Canary Islands,[12] Korea,[8] Japan,[22] China (Fujian Province),[23] and the Bonin Islands.[24] The species was unknown in Europe until it was reported in Italy in 1979;[25] it is considered an alien species in that continent.[26] In the United States, it has been collected from the states of California,[27] Texas, Northeast Oklahoma and Washington, D.C.[18] It was photographed in Frederick, Maryland on Sept 12, 2022.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b "Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. 1823". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  2. ^ Cibot P-M. (1775). "Descriptio Phalli quinquaguli seu fungi Sinensium Mo-ku-sin". Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae (in Latin). 19: 373. See also the illustration on Table 5.
  3. ^ Bo L, Johnson TW (1980). "A brief historical survey of fungal taxonomy and floristics in China". Mycologia. 73 (6): 1098–107. doi:10.2307/3759679. JSTOR 3759679.
  4. ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 245.
  5. ^ Fries EM. (1823). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Greifswald, Germany: Sumtibus Ernesti Mauritii. p. 286.
  6. ^ "Lysurus Fr". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  7. ^ Kobayasi Y. (1938). "Hymenogastrineae et Phallineae". In Nakai T, Honda M (eds.). Nova Flora Japonica. Tokyo, Japan: Sanseido Co. p. 52.
  8. ^ a b c Seok SJ, Kim YS, Ryu YJ, Park DS (1995). "Higher Fungi in Korea" (PDF). Korean Journal of Mycology. 23 (2): 144–52.
  9. ^ "Common names of the fungi of North America" (PDF). The Mushroom Hunter. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  10. ^ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 345. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
  11. ^ Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM (2006). "Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders". Mycologia. 98 (6): 949–59. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949. PMID 17486971.
  12. ^ a b Beltran TE, Banares Baudet A, Rodriguez-Armas JL (1998). "Gasteromycetes on the Canary Islands: Some noteworthy new records". Mycotaxon. 67: 439–53.
  13. ^ Armstrong WP. "The Amazing World of Fungi". Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  14. ^ Wood M, Stevens F. "Lysurus mokusin". California Fungi. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  15. ^ a b c Smith KN. (2005). A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia. Sydney, NSW, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-86840-742-9.
  16. ^ Burk WR, Flegler SL, Hess WM (1982). "Ultrastructural studies of Clathraceae and Phallaceae (Gasteromycetes) spores". Mycologia. 74 (1): 166–68. doi:10.2307/3792646. JSTOR 3792646.
  17. ^ Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 481. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.
  18. ^ a b Kuo M. "Lysurus mokusin: The Lantern Stinkhorn". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  19. ^ Rolfe F. (1974). The Romance of the Fungus World: An Account of Fungus Life in its Numerous Guises, both Real and Legendary. New York, NY: Dover Publications. p. 142. ISBN 0-486-23105-4.
  20. ^ Mao X, Ying J (1987). Icons of Medicinal Fungi from China. Beijing, China: Science Press. pp. 474–75. ISBN 7-03-000195-8.
  21. ^ Cunningham GH. (1931). "The Gasteromycetes of Australasia. XI. The Phallales, part II". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 56 (3): 182–200.
  22. ^ Dring DM. (1980). "Contributions towards a rational arrangement of the Clathraceae". Kew Bulletin. 35 (1): 1–96. doi:10.2307/4117008. JSTOR 4117008.
  23. ^ Huang N-L. (1985). "Notes on Phalalles from Fujian China". Wuyi Science Journal (in Chinese). 5: 211–18. ISSN 1001-4276.
  24. ^ Hongo T. (1978). "Higher fungi of the Bonin Islands. Part 2". Kinjin Kenkyusho Kenkyū Hōkoku (Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute). 16: 59–65. ISSN 0388-8266.
  25. ^ Nonis U. (1979). "Presence in Italy of Lysurus mokusin new record". Micologia Italiana (in Italian). 8 (2): 39–41. ISSN 0390-0460.
  26. ^ Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (2009). "List of species alien in Europe and to Europe". Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Invading Nature – Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Berlin: Springer. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4020-8279-5.
  27. ^ Cooke WB, Nyland G (1961). "Clathraceae in California". Madroño. 16 (2): 33–42.
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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wikipedia EN

Lysurus mokusin: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Lysurus mokusin, commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn, the small lizard's claw, or the ribbed lizard claw, is a saprobic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae. The fruit body consists of a reddish, cylindrical fluted stipe that is capped with several "arms". The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a spire. The gleba—an olive-green slimy spore mass—is carried on the outer surface of the arms. The fruit body, which has an odor comparable to "fresh dog feces", "rotting flesh", or "sewage" when mature, is edible in its immature "egg" stage. The fungus is native to Asia, and is also found in Australia, Europe and North America, where it is probably an introduced species. It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Lysurus mokusin ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lysurus mokusin, le satyre de Mokusin est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Phallaceae ou Clathraceae. Il est nommé localement Lanterne pékinoise, Satyre (Phallus) de Mokusin, ou Champignon-pinces (ツマミタケ).

Description

  • Sporophore : D'abord un œuf blanc, 1-3,5 cm, de consistance gélatineuse, d'où s'érige, à l'éclosion, une tige à base quadrangulaire ou polygonale portant 3-7 bras, le plus souvent réunis en pointe de flèche au sommet, parfois s'écartant à maturité, évoquant une pince à glace (à griffes), ou une lanterne de jardin, selon la cohésion des bras.
  • Gleba sur la face intérieure des bras. Odeur nauséabonde (d'excréments frais, de cadavre en putréfaction, ou de vase.)
  • Stipe : 10-15 x 1,5-2,5 cm, spongieux blanc rosâtre, rose saumoné à rouge orangé, formé de 4 à six côtés aux arêtes saillantes, plus ou moins rainurés longitudinalement.
  • Comestibilité : consommé au stade d’œuf. Il a été utilisé en médecine traditionnelle chinoise comme remède contre les ulcères (référence ?).
  • Références bibliographiques : FAMM 11 p. 10-13[1] : CD 1751[2] ; IH2 897[3] ; DM 100 p. 265[4] ; IOH 515[5] ; Kinoko Field Book p. 277[6].
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Lysurus mokusin 1999 1001 18 DRG
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Lanterne pékinoise, Satyre de Mokusin, Champignon-pince (ツマミタケ) , Japon

Taxinomie

L'espèce a été publiée pour la première fois en 1775 sous le binôme de Phallus mokusin par le missionnaire jésuite en Chine Pierre-Martial Cibot[7], qui l'a récoltée aux environs de Pékin. Cette description, sanctionnée par Persoon, constitue la plus ancienne publication valide d'un taxon de la fonge chinoise.

Notes et références

  1. Ostrovidow S., « Un Gasteromycetes oriental rare en Europe : Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. », Bulletin semestriel de la Fédération des Associations Mycologiques Méditerranéennes,‎ 1997, p. 10-13
  2. Régis Courtecuisse et Bernard Duhem, Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe, Delachaux & Niestlé, 1994 (ISBN 2-603-00953-2)
  3. (ja) Imazeki, R. & Hongo, T., 原色日本新菌類図鑑 (Colored Illustrations of Mushrooms of Japan), Vol. II, Tome 2, Nouvel atlas en couleur des champignons du Japon (2ème partie), Osaka, Hoikusha,‎ 1989 (ISBN 4-586-30076-0)
  4. Documents Mycologiques, fasc. triple 98-100, Regis (ed.) Courtecuisse, 1995
  5. (ja) Imazeki, R., Otani, Y. & Hongo, T., 日本のきのこ (Fungi of Japan), 山渓カラー名鑑,‎ 1988 (ISBN 4-635-09020-5)
  6. (ja) Hongo, T., Ueda ,T . & Izawa, M., きのこ Kinoko Field Book, 新装版山溪フィールドブックス,‎ 1994 (ISBN 4-635-06064-0)
  7.  Phallus mokusin Cibot (1775) , Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae, serie 2, 19, p. 373, tab. 5 (Basionyme) Sanctionnement : Persoon (1801)
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wikipedia FR

Lysurus mokusin: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lysurus mokusin, le satyre de Mokusin est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des Phallaceae ou Clathraceae. Il est nommé localement Lanterne pékinoise, Satyre (Phallus) de Mokusin, ou Champignon-pinces (ツマミタケ).

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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Lysurus mokusin ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
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Przekrój przez trzon
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Wierzchołek dojrzałego owocnika

Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. – gatunek grzybów z rodziny sromotnikowatych (Phallaceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Lysurus, Phallaceae, Phallales, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1753 r. Karol Linneusz nadając mu nazwę Phallus mokusin. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1823 r. Elias Fries, przenosząc go do rodzaju Lysurus[1].

Morfologia

Niedojrzałe owocniki są białe, jajowate, o gąbczastej konsystencji, średnicy 1-3 cm. Są przytwierdzone do podłoża pasmami grzybni określanymi jako ryzomorfy. Dojrzewający owocnik pęka i bardzo szybko się rozrasta, a pozostałości osłony owocnika w postaci pochwy pozostają przy podstawie korzenia. Trzon grzyba jest pusty w środku, gąbczasty, o wymiarach 10–15 cm x 1,5–2,5 cm, o barwie od białej, różowej lub czerwonej. W przekroju ma 4-6 ścian porozdzielanych wydatnymi żebrami. Wielokątny przekrój korzenia jest cechą odróżniającą L. mokusin od innych gatunków rodzaju. Ściany korzenia ku górze rozdzielają się na 4–6 ramion, połączonych na szczycie owocnika tworząc szpic, przypominający nieco hełm wieży. U dojrzałego owocnika ramiona mogą się rozewrzeć. Wewnętrzna powierzchnia ramion jest pokryta brązowawą, lepką masą zarodnikową o odstręczającym zapachu. Woń grzyba zwabia owady, które następnie roznoszą zarodniki grzyba.

Zarodniki są cylindryczne, gładkie, cienkościenne, szkliste. Mają wymiary 4–6 × 2–2,5 µm. Podobny gatunek L. cruciatus ma również cylindryczne i gładkie zarodniki.

Występowanie

Gatunek opisywano z Australazji[2], Wysp Kanaryjskich[3], Korei[4], Japonii[5], Chin[6], Włoch[7], japońskich wysp Oceanii[8], i Stanów Zjednoczonych: Kalifornii[9], Teksasu, Waszyngtonu.

Owocniki L. mokusin zwykle rosną w małych grupkach, zazwyczaj w ściółce leśnej, odpadkach drzewnych, kompoście[10].

Zastosowanie

Stosowany jest w tradycyjnej chińskiej medycynie jako składnik preparatów stosowanych w leczeniu owrzodzeń[11][12]. Niedojrzałe owocniki uważane są za jadalne, i w Chinach są bardzo cenione jako smakołyk[13]. W przypadku dojrzałych owocników odrażający zapach uniemożliwia spożycie grzyba.

Dojrzałe owocniki L. mokusin charakteryzują się odrażającym zapachem, porównywanym do świeżych psich odchodów[14], padliny[15] lub ścieków[10]; niedojrzałe są jednak jadalne.

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-11-12].
  2. Cunningham GH. (1931). The Gasteromycetes of Australasia. XI. The Phallales, part II. Procedding of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 56(3): 182-200.
  3. Beltran TE, Banares Baudet A, Rodriguez-Armas JL. (1998). Gasteromycetes on the Canary Islands: Some noteworthy new records. Mycotaxon 67(0): 439-453.
  4. Seok S-J, Kim Y-S, Ryu Y-J, Park D-S. (1995). Higer Fungi in Korea. Korean Journal of Mycology 23(2): 144-152.
  5. Dring DM. (1980). Contributions towards a Rational Arrangement of the Clathraceae. Kew Bulletin 35(1): 1-96.
  6. Huang N-L. (1985). Notes on Phalalles from Fujian China. Wuyi Science Journal 5: 211-218.
  7. Nonis U. (1979). Presence in Italy of Lysurus mokusin New Record. Micologia Italiana 8(2): 39-41.
  8. Hongo T. (1978). Higher fungi of the Bonin Islands. Part 2. Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 16: 59-65.
  9. Cooke WB, Nyland G. (1961). Clathraceae in California. Madrone 16(2): 33-42.
  10. a b Smith, Kay Nolte (2005). A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia. Sydney, NSW, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. p. 198. ​ISBN 0-86840-742-9
  11. F.W. Rolfe: The Romance of the Fungus World. Courier Dover Publications, 1974 ​ISBN 0-486-23105-4​ s. 142
  12. Xiaolan Mao; Ying Jianzhe. (1987). Icons of Medicinal Fungi from China. Crc Pr I Llc. pp. 474-475. ​ISBN 7-03-000195-8​.
  13. Lysurus mokusin: The Lantern Stinkhorn Dostęp 18 stycznia 2009
  14. The Amazing Fungi, waynesword.palomar.edu [dostęp 2017-11-25] .
  15. California Fungi: Lysurus mokusin, www.mykoweb.com [dostęp 2017-11-25] .
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Lysurus mokusin: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

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Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr. – gatunek grzybów z rodziny sromotnikowatych (Phallaceae).

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Lysurus mokusin ( Szl )

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Lysurus mokusin je grzib[3], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł L., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Elias Fries 1823. Lysurus mokusin nŏleży do zorty Lysurus i familije Phallaceae.[4][5] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[4]

Przipisy

  1. 1,0 1,1 Fr. (1823), In: Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2):288
  2. L. (1782), In: Suppl. Pl.:514
  3. E.M. Fries (1823), In: Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2):288
  4. 4,0 4,1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.): Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands., 2019. [dostymp 24 września 2012].
  5. Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23
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original
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wikipedia SZL

Lysurus mokusin: Brief Summary ( Szl )

fornecido por wikipedia SZL

| fotkaraktär = bar | sporavtrycksfärg = }}

Lysurus mokusin je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł L., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Elias Fries 1823. Lysurus mokusin nŏleży do zorty Lysurus i familije Phallaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SZL