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Cofilí ( Catalão; Valenciano )

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Cofilí: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Cophylinae és una subfamília de granotes endèmica de Madagascar.

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Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche (Cophylinae) sind eine Unterfamilie der Engmaulfrösche (Microhylidae). Ihre Verbreitung ist auf Madagaskar und die umliegenden Inseln beschränkt.

Merkmale

Die Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche sind in zwei Kladen eingeteilt. Die Arten der Klade mit den Gattungen Anodonthyla, Cophyla und Platypelis sind überwiegend kleine bis mittelgroße Froschlurche mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 16 bis 40 Millimeter, lediglich Platypelis grandis erreicht 43 bis 105 Millimeter.[1] Die anderen Arten sind sehr klein bis groß[1] und können eine Länge von 9 Millimetern bei Stumpffia contumelia bis 100 Millimetern bei Plethodontohyla inguinalis erreichen. Sie sind morphologisch sehr unterschiedlich. Ihre morphologischen Merkmale geben nicht immer die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse wieder, da es wegen der Anpassung an ökologische Nischen immer wieder zu konvergenten Entwicklungen und Homoplasien kam. Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass innerhalb der monophyletischen Gruppe noch zahlreiche Lücken im Stammbaum zu finden sind, die durch unentdeckte oder unbeschriebene Arten gefüllt werden könnten.[2] Im Jahr 2017 wurden allein 26 Arten der Gattung Stumpffia beschrieben.[3] Einige der Arten gehören zu den kleinsten Amphibien der Welt. Sie zeigen eine Reduktion der Zehen bis auf drei und der Finger bis auf einen bei Stumpffia contumelia.

Cophylinae haben ein paariges Siebbein, paarige Prävomer und gewöhnlich einen bezahnten Oberkiefer. Die Wirbel sind procoel (nach vorn konkav und nach hinten konvex). Das Thoracale (Knochen zwischen Brustbein und Schulterblatt) und das Procoracoid sind gut entwickelt.[1]

Kaulquappen

Ein gemeinsames Merkmal ist die Larvalentwicklung. Während die meisten Froscharten Larvenstadien besitzen, die Detritus aus dem Wasser filtern können, nehmen die Kaulquappen der Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche keine Nahrung zu sich. Sie entwickeln sich entweder in Kleinstgewässern, die sich in Vertiefungen von Pflanzen gebildet haben, wie Astlöcher und andere Phytotelmata oder sie leben in Schaumnestern auf dem Boden.[4]

Verbreitung und Lebensräume

Die Unterfamilie ist auf die Inselwelt Madagaskars endemisch. Madagaskar ist ein Biodiversitäts-Hotspot, in dem es eine große Artenvielfalt vieler Tiergruppen, darunter auch der Amphibien gibt. Zu den Fröschen zählen zum Teil sehr kleine Arten, die oft in einem flächenmäßig vergleichsweise winzigen Bereich endemisch sind. Von den Rodungen der Waldflächen geht die größte Gefahr für diese Artenvielfalt aus, deren Zentrum in den Regenwäldern im Norden Madagaskars liegt. Von hier aus nimmt die Artenvielfalt in Richtung der trockeneren Gebiete im Westen und im Süden erheblich ab.[5] Das gleiche Verbreitungsbild zeigt auch die mit den Madagaskar-Engmaulfröschen nahe verwandte Unterfamilie Scaphiophryninae.[6]

Die Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche besetzen unterschiedliche ökologische Nischen. Es gibt sowohl baumbewohnende, als auch am Boden oder in der Erde vergraben lebende Arten. Entsprechend ihren Lebensräumen ist auch ihr Verhalten und ihre Reproduktionsbiologie angepasst.[3]

Lebensweise

Die Männchen der Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche haben sehr einfache Ruflaute, bei denen ein einzelner Ton oft mehrere Minuten lang anhält. Nach einer kurzen Pause wird der Ruf regelmäßig wiederholt.[7]

Systematik

Im Jahr 2015 wurde von manchen Autoren die Gattung Stumpffia mit der Gattung Rhombophryne unter deren Namen zusammengelegt.[8] Andere Autoren behielten jedoch die Trennung der beiden Gattungen unter Ausgliederung der Art Stumpffia helenae bei.[9] Stumpffia helenae wurde dabei in eine eigene Gattung Anilany gestellt. Ebenso wurde in manchen Systematiken die Gattung Platypelis mit der Gattung Cophyla synonymisiert.[8] Die Unterfamilie umfasst derzeit 109 Arten[8] in 9 Gattungen.[9]

Stand: 23. August 2019

  • Gattung Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw & Crottini, 2016[10]
  • Gattung Anodonthyla Müller, 1892
  • Gattung Cophyla Boettger, 1880 (diese Gattung wurde im Jahr 2015 mit Platypelis synonymisiert, die Zusammenlegung ist jedoch umstritten)
  • Gattung Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974
  • Gattung Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences & Glaw, 2019[11]
  • Gattung Platypelis Boulenger, 1882 (diese Gattung wurde im Jahr 2015 mit Cophyla synonymisiert, die Zusammenlegung ist jedoch umstritten)
  • Gattung Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882
  • Gattung Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880
  • Gattung Stumpffia Boettger, 1881

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Laurie J. Vitt, Janalee P. Caldwell: Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 2013, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, ISBN 978-0123869197, S. 517.
  2. David R. Vieites, Katharina C. Wollenberg, Franco Andreone, Jörn Köhler, Frank Glaw & Miguel Vences: Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 20, S. 8267–8272, Mai 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810821106
  3. a b Andolalao Rakotoarison, Mark D. Scherz, Frank Glaw, Jörn Köhler, Franco Andreone, Michael Franzen, Julian Glos, Oliver Hawlitschek, Teppei Jono, Akira Mori, Serge H. Ndriantsoa, Noromalala Rasoamam-pionona Raminosoa, Jana C. Riemann, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Gonçalo M. Rosa, David R. Vieites, Angelica Crottini, Miguel Vences: Describing the smaller majority: integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagaskar. Journal of Vertebrate Zoology, 67, 3, 271–398, Oktober 2017 (PDF).
  4. Blommers-Schlösser: Observations on the larval development of some Malagasy frogs, with notes on their ecology and biology (Anura: Dyscophinae, Scaphiophryninae and Cophylinae). Beaufortia, 24, 1975, S. 7–26.
  5. Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina: An unexpected Rhombophryne record at Tsingy de Bemaraha confirms the presence of cophyline frogs in western Madagascar. Zootaxa, 1812, 2008, S. 46–48.
  6. Arie van der Meijden, Miguel Vences, Simone Hoegg, Renaud Boistel, Alan Channing, Axel Meyer: Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (Family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 3, 2007, S. 1017–1030. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008
  7. F. Glaw & M. Vences: A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3. Auflage, Vences & Glaw Verlag, Köln 2007.
  8. a b c Darrel R. Frost: Cophylinae, Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998–2017, abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2017
  9. a b Microhylidae, Gattungen und Arten der Engmaulfrösche bei AmphibiaWeb, abgerufen am 4. September 2017
  10. Mark D. Scherz, Miguel Vences, Andolalao Rakotoarison, Franco Andreone, Jörn Köhler, Frank Glaw, Angelica Crottini: Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, S. 372–381, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.019
  11. Scherz, M. D., C. R. Hutter, A. Rakotoarison, J. C. Riemann, M.-O. Rödel, S. H. Ndriantsoa, J. Glos, S. H. Roberts, A. Crottini, M. Vences, and F. Glaw. 2019. Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera. PLoS (Public Library of Science) One 14, 3: e0213314, S. 1–45, 2019
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Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Plethodontohyla inguinalis  src= Anodonthyla boulengerii

Die Madagaskar-Engmaulfrösche (Cophylinae) sind eine Unterfamilie der Engmaulfrösche (Microhylidae). Ihre Verbreitung ist auf Madagaskar und die umliegenden Inseln beschränkt.

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Cophylinae ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cophylinae is a subfamily of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. It has over 100 species in eight genera.[1][2] Members of this subfamily range from minute (< 10 mm adult body size) to fairly large (> 100 mm adult body size), and they are highly ecologically diverse. DNA barcode research has revealed a significant taxonomic gap in this subfamily, and an estimated 70+ candidate species were identified.[3] Many of these have subsequently been described, as well as numerous new discoveries (e.g. 26 species of Stumpffia described in 2017).[4]

Genera

As of December 2019, the following genera are recognised in the subfamily Cophylinae:[1][2][5]

Biology

Cophylines are characterized by a derived mode of larval development: whereas most microhylids have a specialized filter-feeding tadpole, cophylines have non-feeding tadpoles that develop either in tree holes, terrestrial foam nests, or terrestrial jelly nests.[6] Most cophylines have very simple advertisement calls, consisting of single melodious notes that are repeated after regular intervals and for long periods of time, usually lasting several minutes. Correlated to the reproductive mode of the various cophyline lineages is their arboreal versus terrestrial or fossorial ecology, and apparently, multiple evolutionary shifts between arboreal and terrestrial habits have occurred in this subfamily.[7]

Origins and Evolution

There is little doubt that the Cophylinae originated on Madagascar, as they are restricted to the island. Their affinities with other subfamilies of the diverse Microhylidae have been a matter of some debate,[8][9][10][11][12] and only recently has a tentative consensus emerged that they are most closely related to the Scaphiophryninae, another Madagascar-endemic subfamily.[10][12] Thus, two subfamily units of Microhylidae are endemic to and probably originated on the island of Madagascar. What is also clear is that the third Madagascar-endemic subfamily, Dyscophinae, is not closely related to these two subfamilies, so microhylids colonised Madagascar at least twice. It is not however clear which subfamily is most closely related to Cophylinae+Scaphiophryninae, in part because the topology of deep nodes of the microhylid evolutionary tree is not satisfactorily resolved and remains unstable.[11]

The subfamily Cophylinae has its centre of diversity in the rainforests of northern Madagascar,[13][14] and today only few species are known from more arid areas in the drier west of the island.[15] As its sister subfamily Scaphiophryninae also has most of its centre of diversity in this area,[13] it is probable that these subfamilies originated in northern Madagascar and radiated thence outward across the island. It remains to be seen if the description of the 70+ undescribed candidate species of Cophylinae[3] will influence this pattern once described and incorporated into spatial analyses.

The Cophylinae are highly ecologically labile over evolutionary time: in several instances, phylogenetic relationships based on DNA sequence data clearly indicate repeated transitions from e.g. terrestrial to arboreal habits and back.[16] This has resulted in extensive homoplasy in ecologically-related morphological traits among the frogs, which led also to taxonomic confusion when only sparse morphological data were available;[9][14][16] a problem that has been mostly but not fully rectified by the increased availability of DNA sequence data.[2] Among the repeated ecomorphs that have evolved is miniaturised body size. In 2019, five new species of miniaturised frogs were described, including the genus Mini, and members of the genera Rhombophryne and Anodonthyla.[17] The relationships of these frogs within the subfamily indicate that at least four different groups within this subfamily have independently evolved to be among the smallest frogs in the world.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Cophylinae Cope, 1889". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Scherz, Mark D.; Vences, Miguel; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Andreone, Franco; Köhler, Jörn; Glaw, Frank; Crottini, Angelica (2016). "Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 100: 372–381. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.019. PMID 27085671.
  3. ^ a b Vieites, David R.; Wollenberg, Katharina C.; Andreone, Franco; Köhler, Jörn; Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (2009-05-19). "Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (20): 8267–8272. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810821106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2688882. PMID 19416818.
  4. ^ Rakotoarison, A.; Scherz, M.D.; Glaw, F.; Köhler, J; Andreone, F.; Franzen, M.; Glos, J.; Hawlitschek, O.; Jono, T.; Mori, A.; Ndriantsoa, S.H.; Raminosoa Rasoamampionona, N.; Riemann, J.C.; Rödel, M.-O.; Rosa, G.M.; Vieites, D.R.; Crottini, A.; Vences, M. (2017). "Describing the smaller majority: Integrative fast-track taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar". Vertebrate Zoology. 67 (3): 271–398.
  5. ^ "AmphibiaWeb". Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  6. ^ Blommers-Schlösser RMA (1975). "Observations on the larval development of some Malagasy frogs, with notes on their ecology and biology (Anura: Dyscophinae, Scaphiophryninae and Cophylinae)". Beaufortia. 24: 7–26.
  7. ^ Andreone F; Vences M; Vieites DR; Glaw F; Meyer M (2005). "Recurrent ecological adaptations revealed through a molecular analysis of the secretive cophyline frogs of Madagascar" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (2): 315–322. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.013. PMID 15619444.
  8. ^ de Sá, Rafael O.; Streicher, Jeffrey W.; Sekonyela, Relebohile; Forlani, Mauricio C.; Loader, Simon P.; Greenbaum, Eli; Richards, Stephen; Haddad, Célio F. B. (2012-12-10). "Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12: 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-241. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3561245. PMID 23228209.
  9. ^ a b Parker, H. W. (1934). Monograph of the frogs of the family Microhylidae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, UK.
  10. ^ a b van der Meijden, Arie; Vences, Miguel; Hoegg, Simone; Boistel, Renaud; Channing, Alan; Meyer, Axel (2007-09-01). "Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (Family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (3): 1017–1030. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008. PMID 17369057.
  11. ^ a b Peloso, Pedro L.V.; Frost, Darrel R.; Richards, Stephen J.; Rodrigues, Miguel T.; Donnellan, Stephen; Matsui, Masafumi; Raxworthy, Cristopher J.; Biju, S.d.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty (2016-04-01). "The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow-mouthed frogs (Anura, Microhylidae)". Cladistics. 32 (2): 113–140. doi:10.1111/cla.12118. ISSN 1096-0031. S2CID 84925667.
  12. ^ a b Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-03). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
  13. ^ a b Brown, Jason L.; Sillero, Neftali; Glaw, Frank; Bora, Parfait; Vieites, David R.; Vences, Miguel (2016-01-06). "Spatial Biodiversity Patterns of Madagascar's Amphibians and Reptiles". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0144076. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1144076B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144076. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4703303. PMID 26735688.
  14. ^ a b Wollenberg, Katharina C.; Vieites, David R.; Van Der Meijden, Arie; Glaw, Frank; Cannatella, David C.; Vences, Miguel (2008-08-01). "Patterns of Endemism and Species Richness in Malagasy Cophyline Frogs Support a Key Role of Mountainous Areas for Speciation". Evolution. 62 (8): 1890–1907. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00420.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 18485110. S2CID 205781693.
  15. ^ Andreone, Franco; Randrianirina, Jasmin E. (2008). "An unexpected Rhombophryne record at Tsingy de Bemaraha confirms the presence of cophyline frogs in western Madagascar". Zootaxa. 1812: 46–48. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1812.1.2.
  16. ^ a b Andreone, Franco; Vences, Miguel; Vieites, David R.; Glaw, Frank; Meyer, Axel (2005-02-01). "Recurrent ecological adaptations revealed through a molecular analysis of the secretive cophyline frogs of Madagascar" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (2): 315–322. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.013. PMID 15619444.
  17. ^ a b Scherz, Mark D.; Hutter, Carl R.; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Riemann, Jana C.; Rödel, Mark-Oliver; Ndriantsoa, Serge H.; Glos, Julian; Hyde Roberts, Sam; Crottini, Angelica (2019-03-27). Crowther, Mathew S. (ed.). "Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213314. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413314S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213314. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6436692. PMID 30917162.
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Cophylinae: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cophylinae is a subfamily of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. It has over 100 species in eight genera. Members of this subfamily range from minute (< 10 mm adult body size) to fairly large (> 100 mm adult body size), and they are highly ecologically diverse. DNA barcode research has revealed a significant taxonomic gap in this subfamily, and an estimated 70+ candidate species were identified. Many of these have subsequently been described, as well as numerous new discoveries (e.g. 26 species of Stumpffia described in 2017).

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Cophylinae ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les Cophylinae sont une sous-famille d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae[1].

Elle a été créée en 1889 par Edward Drinker Cope, paléontologue et anatomiste américain.

Répartition

Les espèces des cinq genres de cette sous-famille sont endémiques de Madagascar.

Liste des genres

Selon Amphibian Species of the World (30 mars 2020)[2] :

Publications originales

  • Cope, 1889 : The Batrachia of North America. U.S. National Museum Bulletin, no 34, p. 1-525 (texte intégral).
  • Noble, 1931 : The Biology of the Amphibia. New York and London, McGraw-Hill, p. 1-577 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Cophylinae: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les Cophylinae sont une sous-famille d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae.

Elle a été créée en 1889 par Edward Drinker Cope, paléontologue et anatomiste américain.

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Cophylinae ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Cophylinae adalah salah satu subfamili dari famili Microhylidae yang ditemukan di daerah Madagaskar. Subfamili ini memiliki setidaknya 58 spesies dalam 7 genus.

Genus

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Cophylinae: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Cophylinae adalah salah satu subfamili dari famili Microhylidae yang ditemukan di daerah Madagaskar. Subfamili ini memiliki setidaknya 58 spesies dalam 7 genus.

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Cophylinae ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Le Cofiline (Cophylinae Cope, 1889) sono una sottofamiglia di rane della famiglia Microhylidae, endemiche del Madagascar.

Biologia

La sottofamiglia comprende specie sia terricole che fossorie che arboricole; tale differenza di comportamento è probabilmente il frutto di multipli adattamenti, occorsi in differenti momenti della storia evolutiva della sottofamiglia.[1].

Lo sviluppo larvale dei Cophylinae differisce da quello della maggior parte dei microilidi. I loro girini si sviluppano in raccolte di acqua all'interno di buchi degli alberi (fitotelmi) o di nidi schiumosi o gelatinosi deposti sul terreno, e completano il loro sviluppo nutrendosi esclusivamente del tuorlo delle uova[2].

La maggior parte dei Cophylinae hanno dei canti di richiamo molto semplici, consistenti in una singola nota melodiosa, ripetuta ad intervalli regolari, per parecchi minuti.

Tassonomia

Analisi di genetica molecolare indicano che Scaphiophryninae e Cophylinae formano un clade endemico del Madagascar, mentre le Dyscophinae appartengono ad una linea evolutiva separata, imparentata con i microilidi dell'Asia[3].

La sottofamiglia Cophylynae comprende i seguenti generi[4]:

  • Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw, and Crottini, 2016 (1 sp.)
  • Anodonthyla Müller, 1892 (12 sp.)
  • Cophyla Boettger, 1880 (23 sp.)
  • Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974 (1 sp.)
  • Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences, and Glaw, 2019 (3 sp.)
  • Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882 (11 sp.)
  • Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880 (20 sp.)
  • Stumpffia Boettger, 1881 (42 sp.)

Alcune specie

Note

  1. ^ Andreone F, Vences M, Vieites DR, Glaw F, Meyer M, Recurrent ecological adaptations revealed through a molecular analysis of the secretive cophyline frogs of Madagascar, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005; 34: 315-322.
  2. ^ Blommers-Schlösser RMA, Observations on the larval development of some Malagasy frogs, with notes on their ecology and biology (Anura: Dyscophinae, Scaphiophryninae and Cophylinae), in Beaufortia 1975; 24: 7-26.
  3. ^ Van der Meijden A, Vences M, Hoegg S, Boistel R, Channing A, Meyer A, Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (Family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007; 44: 1017-1030.
  4. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Cophylinae Cope, 1889, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 15 settembre 2020.

Bibliografia

  • Glaw F. and Vences M., Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar 3rd edition, Köln, M. Vences and F. Glaw Verlags GbR., 2007.
  • Glaw F., Vences M., Amphibians (PDF), in The Natural History of Madagascar, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp.883-898.

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Cophylinae: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Le Cofiline (Cophylinae Cope, 1889) sono una sottofamiglia di rane della famiglia Microhylidae, endemiche del Madagascar.

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Smalbekkikkers van Madagaskar ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

De smalbekkikkers van Madagaskar[1] (Cophylinae) zijn een onderfamilie van kikkers uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae).[2] De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Edward Drinker Cope in 1889. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rhombophryninae gebruikt.

Er zijn 72 soorten in zeven geslachten, alle soorten komen uitsluitend voor op het Afrikaanse eiland Madagaskar.[3]

Taxonomie

Onderfamilie Cophylinae

*=Stumpffia wordt wel als zustergeslacht van Rhombophryne gezien.

Referenties
  1. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V:Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 490. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Cophylinae.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Microhylidae.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Cophylinae - Website Geconsulteerd 14 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Microhylidae - Website
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Smalbekkikkers van Madagaskar: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De smalbekkikkers van Madagaskar (Cophylinae) zijn een onderfamilie van kikkers uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae). De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Edward Drinker Cope in 1889. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rhombophryninae gebruikt.

Er zijn 72 soorten in zeven geslachten, alle soorten komen uitsluitend voor op het Afrikaanse eiland Madagaskar.

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia NL

Cophylinae ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cophylinae là danh pháp khoa học của một phân họ trong họ Nhái bầu (Microhylidae), đặc hữu của khu vực Madagascar. Hiện tại phân họ này được công nhận chứa 7 chi và 57 loài. Nghiên cứu của Meijden và ctv (2007)[1] cho rằng phân họ này có quan hệ chị-em với phân họ Scaphiophryninae. Tuy nhiên, Bossuyt và Roelants (2009) lại cho rằng đơn vị phân loại này là một họ tách biệt vì nguòn gốc cổ xưa của nó[2].

Các chi

Sinh học

Các loài trong phân họ này có đặc trưng là phương thức phái sinh trong phát triển của ấu trùng: trong khi phần lớn các nhóm khác trong họ Nhái bầu có nòng nọc chuyên biệt hóa kiểu kiếm ăn bằng phương thức lọc thì các loài trong phân họ này lại có nòng nọc không kiếm ăn, phát triển hoặc là trong các lỗ trên thân cây hay trong các tổ dạng bọt trên mặt đất hay các tổ dạng "thạch hoa quả" trên mặt đất[3]. Phần lớn các loài trong phân họ này có tiếng kêu rất đơn giản, chỉ bao gồm các tiếng đơn điệu, lặp lại sau một khoảng thời gian đều đặn nhất định và trong một khoảng thời gian dài, thường kéo dài vài phút. Tương ứng với phương thức sinh sản của các dòng dõi khác trong phân họ này là sinh thái học trên cây đối lại với sinh thái học trên mặt đất hay đào bới đất, và dường như các dịch chuyển tiến hóa nhiều lần giữa kiểu sống trên cây và kiểu sống trên mặt đất đã xảy ra trong phân họ này[4].

Phát sinh chủng loài

Cây phát sinh chủng loài dưới đây lấy theo Andreone và ctv. (2005)[4], không có chi Madecassophryne.

Cophylinae


Anodonthyla




Platypelis



Cophyla




Plethodontohyla group 1 = Plethodontohyla




Stumpffia




Plethodontohyla group 2 = một phần của Rhombophryne



Rhombophryne





Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Van der Meijden A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (Family Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44: 1017-1030.
  2. ^ Bossuyt F., K. Roelants. 2009. Anura trong: Hedges S. B., S. Kumar (chủ biên), The Timetree of Life. Nhà in Đại học Oxford, New York, Hoa Kỳ, tr. 357-364.
  3. ^ Blommers-Schlösser RMA (1975). “Observations on the larval development of some Malagasy frogs, with notes on their ecology and biology (Anura: Dyscophinae, Scaphiophryninae and Cophylinae)”. Beaufortia (24): 7–26.
  4. ^ a ă Andreone F., Vences M., Vieites D. R., Glaw F., Meyer M. (2005). “Recurrent ecological adaptations revealed through a molecular analysis of the secretive cophyline frogs of Madagascar” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (34): 315–322.

Tham khảo

  • Vences M., Glaw F., Köhler J. & Wollenberg K. Molecular phylogeny, morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylid frogs of the genus Anodonthyla from Madagascar. Contributions to Zoology 2010; 79(1): 1-32. toàn văn


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licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Cophylinae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cophylinae là danh pháp khoa học của một phân họ trong họ Nhái bầu (Microhylidae), đặc hữu của khu vực Madagascar. Hiện tại phân họ này được công nhận chứa 7 chi và 57 loài. Nghiên cứu của Meijden và ctv (2007) cho rằng phân họ này có quan hệ chị-em với phân họ Scaphiophryninae. Tuy nhiên, Bossuyt và Roelants (2009) lại cho rằng đơn vị phân loại này là một họ tách biệt vì nguòn gốc cổ xưa của nó.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Изменчивые узкороты (подсемейство) ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Cophylinae Cope, 1889

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

ITIS 661434 NCBI 165822

Изменчивые узкороты (лат. Cophylinae) — подсемейство бесхвостых земноводных из семейства Узкороты, эндемичное для Мадагаскара.

Внешний вид и строение

Размеры от 1 до 10 см.

Распространение

Эндемики Мадагаскара.

Образ жизни

Включает древесные и роющие виды.

Размножение

Древесные виды выводят потомство в заполненных водой дуплах деревьев и пазухах листьев, а роющие — на земле, в небольших ямках, заполненных водой. Головастики не питаются, пока не превратятся в лягушат. Самцы присматривают за потомством и охраняют его, пока головастики не пройдут метаморфоз.

Питание

Многие виды Cophylinae кормятся муравьями.

Роды

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 93-102. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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Изменчивые узкороты (подсемейство): Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Изменчивые узкороты (лат. Cophylinae) — подсемейство бесхвостых земноводных из семейства Узкороты, эндемичное для Мадагаскара.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии