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Qurdvari kərtənkələlər (lat. Dibamidae) — Pulcuqlular dəstəsinə aid fəsilə.
Die Schlangenschleichen (Dibamidae) sind eine Familie der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata). Es gibt zwei Gattungen, Anelytropsis, die monotypisch ist und in Mexiko vorkommt und Dibamus, die mit über 20 Arten in Südostasien, Indonesien, auf den Philippinen und im westlichen Neuguinea lebt.
Schlangenschleichen sind klein und wurmförmig, ihre maximale Länge beträgt 25 Zentimeter, die Körperfarbe ist braun. Sie sind beinlos, nur die Männchen verfügen, ähnlich wie die Flossenfüße, über stummelartige Hinterbeine, mit denen sie sich bei der Paarung an den Weibchen festhalten. Äußere Ohröffnungen fehlen, die rudimentären Augen sind von einer Schuppe bedeckt.
Schlangenschleichen haben eine grabende Lebensweise, Anelytropsis hält sich in semiariden Gebieten, Buschland und in von Kiefern und Eichen dominierten Wäldern auf. Dibamus-Arten leben in tropischen lRegenwäldern unter Steinen und unter verrottendem Holz. Die Nahrung der Tiere ist unbekannt. Sie vermehren sich ovipar und legen pro Gelege nur ein Ei.
Die systematische Stellung der Schlangenschleichen ist umstritten. Einige Wissenschaftler nehmen eine Verwandtschaft mit den Doppelschleichen (Amphisbaenia) an und stellen die Schlangenschleichen mit diesen in die Skinkartigen (Scincomorpha).[1] Nach molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen stehen die Schlangenschleichen als primitivste Mitglieder an der Basis des Stammbaums der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata) und sind mit keiner anderen Gruppe näher verwandt.[2]
Zur Familie der Schlangenschleichen gehören derzeit folgende zwei Gattungen mit 25 rezenten Arten:[3]
Die Schlangenschleichen (Dibamidae) sind eine Familie der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata). Es gibt zwei Gattungen, Anelytropsis, die monotypisch ist und in Mexiko vorkommt und Dibamus, die mit über 20 Arten in Südostasien, Indonesien, auf den Philippinen und im westlichen Neuguinea lebt.
Ang Dibamidae ay isang pamilya ng mga butiking walang hita na matatagpuan sa mga kagubatang tropiko. Relatibong kaunti ang alam tungkol sa mga butiking ito. Ito ay katutubo sa Mehiko, Timog Silagangang sa Indonesia, Pilipinas at kanlurang New Guinea.[1] Ayon sa mas bagong pagsasaliksik henetiko, ang Dibamidae ang unang pangkat ng Squamata na sumanga mula sa ibang mga order.[2]
Tekst üüb Öömrang Dibamidae san en famile faan Skolepkrepdiarten (Squamata). Diar hiar tau sköölen tu; ään lewet uun Meksikoo an ään uun Süüduastaasien. Dibamidae like slaanger.
Dibamidae san en famile faan Skolepkrepdiarten (Squamata). Diar hiar tau sköölen tu; ään lewet uun Meksikoo an ään uun Süüduastaasien. Dibamidae like slaanger.
Ang Dibamidae ay isang pamilya ng mga butiking walang hita na matatagpuan sa mga kagubatang tropiko. Relatibong kaunti ang alam tungkol sa mga butiking ito. Ito ay katutubo sa Mehiko, Timog Silagangang sa Indonesia, Pilipinas at kanlurang New Guinea. Ayon sa mas bagong pagsasaliksik henetiko, ang Dibamidae ang unang pangkat ng Squamata na sumanga mula sa ibang mga order.
Dibamidae or blind skinks is a family of lizards characterized by their elongated cylindrical body and an apparent lack of limbs.[1] Female dibamids are entirely limbless and the males retain small flap-like hind limbs, which they use to grip their partner during mating.[1][2] They have a rigidly fused skull, lack pterygoid teeth and external ears. Their eyes are greatly reduced, and covered with a scale.[2]
They are small insectivorous lizards, with long, slender bodies, adapted for burrowing into the soil.[3] They usually lay one egg with a hard, calcified shell, rather than the leathery shells typical of many other reptile groups.[2][4]
The family Dibamidae has two genera, Dibamus with 23 species native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and western New Guinea and the monotypic Anelytropsis native to Mexico.[5] Recent phylogenetic analyses place the dibamids as the sister clade to all the other lizards and snakes[6][7][8] or classify them as sharing a common ancestor with the infraorder Gekkota, with Dibamidae and Gekkota forming the sister clade to all other squamates.[9] Hoeckosaurus from the Oligocene of Mongolia represents the only fossil record of the group.[10]
Dibamids are burrower lizards characterized by their elongated bodies with blunt head and tail, and an apparent lack of limbs.[1][3] Relatively small, blind skinks can reach a maximum length of 250 mm (9.8 in) from head to tail[3] and the snout vent length (SVL) is variable between both genus Anelytropsis and Dibamus.[2] In Anelytropsis, the tail is longer than in Dibamus and represents between 34 and the 38% of the snout vent length which can range from 77 to 180 mm (3 to 7 in).[2] In Dibamus, the tail corresponds to 9 to 25% of the SVL that varies from 52 to 203 mm (2 to 8 in).[2]
Usually dibamids are dark colored, from brown to dark purple, with little to no variation along their body and frequently lack elaborate patterns.[2] It is common to find a color gradation from the darker back towards a lighter ventral side.[2] Scales are shiny and smooth and very similar and overlapping along with some variation in number and shape in the head and anal regions where males usually have additional scales to cover anal pores.[1][2] Scale row counts varies between both genera; Anelytropsis has 19 to 25 rows whereas Dibamus has 18 to 33.[2] In both groups osteoderms are absent.[1][2]
General characteristics of the soft tissue includes a tongue that is covered in lamellae except in the tip, heavily modified ears without external openings or middle ear cavity or eustachian tubes,[2] and highly reduced eyes that are covered by a scale and lack internal structure, particularly in Dibamus.[11]
Dibamids are lizards with highly reduced limbs but they are not completely limbless. Males and females have rudimentary poorly developed hind limbs containing a femur, tibia and fibula in males, and distal cartilage cap. These elements are more developed on Dibamus than in Anelytropsis.[12] Female Dibamus lack the tibia and the fibula.[12]
The skull is approximately 5 – 7 mm in length[13] with reduced kinesis and a more rigid skull for burrowing.[13][14] The combination of fossorial habits and small size, contributes to the development of a skull configuration that is frequently found in other groups of burrowers and miniaturized species.[14][15][16] Among those characteristics are the closure of the supratemporal fenestra and the post-temporal fenestra, the relative large braincase, tubular or scroll-like palatines and modified jaw suspension mechanism with the quadrate articulating with the lateral wall of the braincase.[13][14][16]
Other characteristics of the skull of blind skinks include the absence of a parietal foramen,[2] a well developed secondary palate formed by three different bones, the maxillae, vomers and palatines which are expanded ventromedially to form a scroll, and the lack of palatal teeth.[13] Nasal and frontal bones are paired and contact each other in a W-shape suture with no overlap between the two bones, and several bones are lost (lacrimal, postorbital and jugal) or highly reduced (supratemporal and squamosal).[13] The main cranial differences, besides sizes, between Anelytropsis and Dibamus is the presence of epipterygoid and postfrontal in the Central American genus.[2]
The mandible of Dibamidae bears less than 10 teeth and is composed of only three bones, the dentary, the coronoid and the compound bone.[2] A remnant of the splenial bone is only present in one species of Dibamus, Dibamus novaeguineae.[12]
The family Dibamidae contains two genera, Anelytropsis and Dibamus, and the close relationship of the genera was based on two morphological characteristics that are unique to these groups, the secondary palate and the lamellae covering the tongue, and additional cranial characteristics that can be shared with other groups of lizards.[2]
The anatomical characteristics that dibamids share with other squamates contributed to the formulation of different taxonomic hypothesis.[2] Dibamids, and particularly Dibamus was considered to be part of geckos and precisely the family of legless geckos;[17] snakes, considering the organization of the skull and jaw muscles;[18] or was proposed to be closely related to a group of fossorial skinks with elongated bodies and reduced limbs.[19][16]
The relationships within Dibamidae have only be assessed until recently in a phylogenetic analysis that included DNA sequences from seven nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene for 8 species, seven species of Dibamus and the one species of Anelytropsis.[20] This analysis shows that there are two major clades within Dibamidae, one that includes the one species form the genus Anelytropsis, Analytropsis papillous, and the species of Dibamus that are distributed along continental Southeast Asia (Dibamus greeri, Dibamus montanus, and Dibamus bourreti). The other clade includes species that are currently distributed in the peninsular Southeast Asia and Islands (Dibamus tiomanensis, Dibamus novaeguineae, Dibamus seramensis, and Dibamus celebensis).[20] These clades diverged 72 million years ago.[20] Anelytropsis diverged from all mainland Dibamus at approximately 69.2 million years ago.[20]
The relationship of Dibamidae with other Squamata (lizards and snakes) has a long history of phylogenetic studies in which the morphological characteristics are used to determine those relationships.[21] Those analysis found close relationships between Dibamidae and all other lizards with elongated bodies, limb reduction and usually, a fossorial habit like amphisbaenians, snakes or fossorial skinks.[15][22][21] In morphology based phylogenies, dibamids are sister taxa to amphisbaenians and the clade that includes amphisbaeninas and dibamids is sister to all snakes.[21] The close relationships of this groups are the result of convergent evolution among this groups since some of the morphological traits have evolved independently in different groups.[15]
More recent phylogenies using DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes include a large taxonomic sample of squamates and place dibamids as the sister group to all other lizards and snakes, or with Gekkota as the sister group to all other squamates.[6][23][9] Phylogenetic evidence supports dimabids being the most basal squamates, being sister to all other lizards and snakes, and indicates that they diverged during the late Triassic, around 210 million years ago.[8]
There are two recognized genera within the family, Anelytropsis and Dibamus.[1] According to The Reptile Database,[5] Anelytropsis is monotypic and Dibamus includes 23 species:
For additional details, see here
An extinct monotypic genus, Hoeckosaurus was recently proposed from the description of fossil material from the early Oligocene of the Valley of Lakes in Central Mongolia.[10]
Dibamids have a disjunct distribution with one genus living in Northern Mexico, Anelytropsis, and the other one, Dibamus, living in South East Asia.[1] Biogeographical studies suggest that the separation between Anelytropsis and Dibamus, specifically the clade with species that are distributed in continental South East Asia, occurred approximately 69 million years ago during the late Cretaceous and the migration from Asia to North America took place during the Late Paleocene or Eocene through Beringia.[20]
Blind skinks are insectivorous and feed on arthropods and earthworms.[3] Blind skinks are characterized by their fossorial or burrowing habits.[1] They can dig their own burrows, use old burrows or other openings in the ground,[1] or dwell under the leaf litter or logs.[2]
Species of the genus Dibamus are frequently found in primary and secondary forests in a wide range of altitudinal variation (from the sea level to approximately 1300 meters above sea level).[2] Anelytropsis is found in drier environments and is adapted to xeric conditions of different environments in northern Mexico.[2]
Little is known about the reproduction of this group of lizards, but the inspection of female specimens from herpetological collections indicate that dibamids lays single egg[2] with hardened shell,[1] and eggs are laid frequently, at least in Dibamus.[1]
None of the species of Dibamidae are listed as endangered species in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES.[26]
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) include some of the species of the genus Dibamus and the single species of Anelytropsis in the red list of endangered species, most are in the category of least concern, and two species, Dibamus kondaoensis and Dibamus tiomanensis are listed as nearly threatened and endangered respectively.[27]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Dibamidae or blind skinks is a family of lizards characterized by their elongated cylindrical body and an apparent lack of limbs. Female dibamids are entirely limbless and the males retain small flap-like hind limbs, which they use to grip their partner during mating. They have a rigidly fused skull, lack pterygoid teeth and external ears. Their eyes are greatly reduced, and covered with a scale.
They are small insectivorous lizards, with long, slender bodies, adapted for burrowing into the soil. They usually lay one egg with a hard, calcified shell, rather than the leathery shells typical of many other reptile groups.
The family Dibamidae has two genera, Dibamus with 23 species native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and western New Guinea and the monotypic Anelytropsis native to Mexico. Recent phylogenetic analyses place the dibamids as the sister clade to all the other lizards and snakes or classify them as sharing a common ancestor with the infraorder Gekkota, with Dibamidae and Gekkota forming the sister clade to all other squamates. Hoeckosaurus from the Oligocene of Mongolia represents the only fossil record of the group.
Los dibámidos (Dibamidae) son una familia de saurópsidos (reptiles) escamosos. Se distribuyen por Asia, Nueva Guinea y México. Filogenéticamente constituye el grupo más basal de los escamosos.
Se distinguen los siguientes:[1]
Los dibámidos (Dibamidae) son una familia de saurópsidos (reptiles) escamosos. Se distribuyen por Asia, Nueva Guinea y México. Filogenéticamente constituye el grupo más basal de los escamosos.
Dibamidae Sauriaren barruan sailkatzen den narrasti familia bat da. Asiako ekialdean eta hego-ekialdean, Ginea Berrian eta Mexikon bizi dira. 25 bat zentimetro dituzte, emeek ez dituzten hankak eta arrek hanka bestigialak dituzte.
Dibamidae Sauriaren barruan sailkatzen den narrasti familia bat da. Asiako ekialdean eta hego-ekialdean, Ginea Berrian eta Mexikon bizi dira. 25 bat zentimetro dituzte, emeek ez dituzten hankak eta arrek hanka bestigialak dituzte.
Les Dibamidae ou Dibamidés, unique représentant de l'infra-ordre des Dibamia, sont une famille de sauriens. Elle a été créée par George Albert Boulenger en 1884.
Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Asie du Sud-Est, dans le sud de l'Asie de l'Est, en Nouvelle-Guinée et au Mexique.
Ces squamates mènent une vie de fouisseur, ils peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 25 cm. Les femelles ne possèdent pas de pattes et les mâles présentent des vestiges atrophiés.
Certaines espèces ont la particularité d'être aveugle, chez le genre Anelytropsis les yeux étant recouverts d'écailles non transparentes.
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (3 sept. 2012)[1] :
Phylogénie des familles actuelles de squamates (en dehors du clade Toxicofera) d'après Wiens et al., 2012[2] et Zeng et Wiens, 2016[3] :
Squamata DibamiaLes Dibamidae ou Dibamidés, unique représentant de l'infra-ordre des Dibamia, sont une famille de sauriens. Elle a été créée par George Albert Boulenger en 1884.
A dos es dibámidos (Dibamidae) é unha familia de réptiles escamosos da suborde dos lacertilios a única incluída na infraorde dos dibamios.[1]
A infraorde foi descita en 1968 polo zoólogo francés, especialista en anatomía comparada, Jean-Pierre Gasc,[2] como suborde dos escamosos,[3] en: Gasc, J-P. (1968): '"Contribution à l'ostéologie et à la myologie de Dibamus novaeguineae Gray (Sauria, Reptilia). Discussion systématique". Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie et biologie animale, vol. 10, pp. 127-150.
A única familia da actual suborde fora descrita en 1884 polo biólogo belga, nacionalizado británico George Albert Boulenger,[4][5] en Boulenger, C. A. (1884): "Synopsis of the families of existing Lacertilia". Annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 5, vol. 14, pp. 117-122. (texto completo)
A familia comprende unicamente os dous xéneros seguintes:[4][5][6]
Os nomes científicos da infraorde, e da familia, están contruídos sobre a base da raíz do seu xénero tipo Dibamus, tirado do grego antigo διβάμος dibámos, "de dúas patas",[7] coa adición dos sufixos do latín científico -ia, incicando plural, e -idae, propio dos nomes das familias de animais, respectivamente.
Os dibámidos caracterízanse polo seu corpo delgado, cilíndrico, alongado e por unha aparente falta de extremidades.[8] A femias carecen completamente de extremidades, e os machos presentan só as extremidades posteriores, moi pequenas e con forma de aleta, que utilizan para agarraren a súa parella durante o apareamento.[8][9]
O seu cranio está rixgidamente fusionado, carecen de dentes pterigoides e de oído externo. Os seus ollos están moi reducidos e cubertos por una escama.[9]
Os dibámidos habitan en México, o sueste asiático, nas illas Filipinas e no oeste de Nova Guinea.[10] Son pequenos lagartos insectívoros, de corpo longo e delgado, adaptados para escavaren no solo.[10] Polo xeral, poñen un só ovo, cunha casca dura e calcificada, en lugar das cascas coriáceas típicas de moitos outros grupos de réptiles.[9][11]
Recentes análises filoxenéticas sitúan aos dibámidos como un clado irmán de todos os outros lagartos e dos serpes. [12]
A dos es dibámidos (Dibamidae) é unha familia de réptiles escamosos da suborde dos lacertilios a única incluída na infraorde dos dibamios.
Dibamidae atau kadal buta adalah sebuah keluarga kadal bercirikan tubuh silinder panjang dan kurangnya bagian anggota gerak.[1] Dibamidae betina sama sekali tidak memiliki anggota gerak tubuh dan dibamidae jantan memiliki anggota gerak berukuran kecil seperti kelopak pada bagian belakangnya, yang dimana mereka gunakan untuk memegang pasangan mereka saat perkawinan.[1][2] Mereka memiliki tulang yang kaku, kurangnya tulang pterygoid, tulang dan daun telinga. Mata mereka rabun, dan tertutup sisik.[2]
Kadal buta terdapat di Meksiko, Asia Tenggara, dan bagian barat Papua Nugini.[3] Mereka adalah kadal insektivor, dengan tubuh yang panjang dan ramping untuk mengubur diri kedalam tanah.[3] Mereka biasanya menaruh telur mereka kedalam cangkang yang keras.[2][4]
Dibamidae punya dua genera, Dibamus dengan 23 spesies dan Anelytropsis.[5] Analisa filogeni terbaru menentukan dibamidae berhubungan dengan klad seluruh kadal dan ular.[6]
Dibamidae atau kadal buta adalah sebuah keluarga kadal bercirikan tubuh silinder panjang dan kurangnya bagian anggota gerak. Dibamidae betina sama sekali tidak memiliki anggota gerak tubuh dan dibamidae jantan memiliki anggota gerak berukuran kecil seperti kelopak pada bagian belakangnya, yang dimana mereka gunakan untuk memegang pasangan mereka saat perkawinan. Mereka memiliki tulang yang kaku, kurangnya tulang pterygoid, tulang dan daun telinga. Mata mereka rabun, dan tertutup sisik.
Kadal buta terdapat di Meksiko, Asia Tenggara, dan bagian barat Papua Nugini. Mereka adalah kadal insektivor, dengan tubuh yang panjang dan ramping untuk mengubur diri kedalam tanah. Mereka biasanya menaruh telur mereka kedalam cangkang yang keras.
Dibamidae punya dua genera, Dibamus dengan 23 spesies dan Anelytropsis. Analisa filogeni terbaru menentukan dibamidae berhubungan dengan klad seluruh kadal dan ular.
I Dibamidi (Dibamidae Boulenger, 1884) sono una famiglia di sauri, unica famiglia dell'infraordine Dibamia.[1]
Le femmine sono del tutto prive di arti mentre nei maschi essi sono ridotti a vestigia prive di funzione ambulatoria. Gli occhi sono anch'essi vestigiali e sono ricoperti da una squama. Le ossa del cranio sono fuse insieme e formano una struttura compatta atta allo scavo.[2]
Sono organismi fossori che vivono nel sottosuolo delle foreste.[2]
La famiglia comprende due generi:[1]
Le specie del genere Dibamus sono diffuse nelle foreste tropicali del sudest asiatico, dell'Indonesia, delle Filippine e della Nuova Guinea. L'unica specie del genere Anelytropsis (A. papillosus) è endemica del Messico.[2]
Per spiegare un tale areale disgiunto sono stati ipotizzati due differenti scenari: una dispersione dal Paleartico al Neartico attraverso lo stretto di Bering avvenuta tra il Paleocene superiore e l'Eocene ovvero una dispersione trans-oceanica attraverso il Pacifico che estenderebbe l'epoca di dispersione al Cretacico superiore.[3]
I Dibamidi (Dibamidae Boulenger, 1884) sono una famiglia di sauri, unica famiglia dell'infraordine Dibamia.
Dibamidae (-arum, m.pl.) sunt familia Squamatorum caecorum pedibus carentium in silvis tropicis, praecipue Mexicanis, Asiae Meridio-Orientalis, Indonesiacis, Australianis, Philippinis i., et Novae Guineae occidentalis endemicorum. Antea Dibamidae habebantur Gekkonidarum propinqui, sed studia molecularia novissima indicant Dibamidas basalissima esse Squamata, nam nec linguà bifidà (ut Gekkonidae etc.) praediti sunt nec uno ovi dente (ut Scincidae etc.), sed duobus.
─o Squamata Oppel, 1811 ├─o Dibamia Vidal & Hedges, 2005 │ └─o Dibamidae Boulenger, 1884 │ ├── Anelytropsis papillosus Cope, 1885 │ └── Dibamus Duméril & Bibron, 1839 └─o Bifurcata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 ├── Gekkota └─o Unidentata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 ├── Scinciformata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 └─o Episquamata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 ├─o Laterata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 │ ├── Teioidea sive Teiformata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 │ └── Lacertibaenia Vidal & Hedges, 2005 └─o Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005 ├─o Pythonomorpha Cope, 1869 │ ├── Mosasauroidea │ └── Ophidia Guntherus, 1867 └─┬── Iguania Cope, 1864 └── Anguimorpha Fürbringer, 1900
Haec stipula ad reptile spectat. Amplifica, si potes! Dibamidae (-arum, m.pl.) sunt familia Squamatorum caecorum pedibus carentium in silvis tropicis, praecipue Mexicanis, Asiae Meridio-Orientalis, Indonesiacis, Australianis, Philippinis i., et Novae Guineae occidentalis endemicorum. Antea Dibamidae habebantur Gekkonidarum propinqui, sed studia molecularia novissima indicant Dibamidas basalissima esse Squamata, nam nec linguà bifidà (ut Gekkonidae etc.) praediti sunt nec uno ovi dente (ut Scincidae etc.), sed duobus.
Blindøgler er en familie av øgler. Én art i slekten Anelytropsis finnes i nordøstre Mexico, mens de 22 artene i slekten Dibamus lever i Sørøst-Asia fra Nikobarene og Malakkahalvøya til Sør-Kina, Filippinene og vestlige deler av Ny-Guinea.
De er små og ormaktige med en kroppslengde på 8–20 cm. Hunnene mangler helt bein, mens hannene har finneaktige rester av bakbein, som de bruker for å holde seg fast under paring. Blindøglene har ikke synlig øreåpning, og øynene er dekt av skjell. Beinene i skallen er vokst sammen, og blindøglene har ikke tenner på ganebeinet. På hodet har de store, plateaktige skjell, og begge kroppsendene er butte.[1]
Alle blindøgler har et gravende levevis. Anelytropsis lever både i halvtørre områder, og i eike- og furuskoger.[2] Dibamus finnes i tropisk regnskog og tåkeskog der de lever under steiner og råtne trestammer.[3] Det er ukjent hva blindøglene eter, men det kan være insekter. De er eggleggende, og ungene har to eggtenner. Eggeskallet er bare kjent fra arten Dibamus alfredi, som har et hardt eggeskall med mye kalk.
I de klassiske oversiktene over krypdyr skrevet av Gray (1845) og Boulenger (1887) ble det antatt at slekten Dibamus bare omfattet én vidt utbredt art, Dibamus novaeguinae. Nyere forskning viser derimot at D. novaeguinae bare finnes vest på Ny-Guinea. I resten av utbredelsesområdet er slekten representert med andre arter, og nye arter i slekten blir fortsatt oppdaget.[4] De fleste artene er bare kjent i noen få eksemplarer.
Både Anelytropsis og Dibamus regnes tradisjonelt som spesialiserte skinker, eller nære slektninger av skinkene. Det ble etter hvert klart at de to slektene utgjorde en egen gruppe.[5] Molekylærgenetisk forskning tyder på at de er søstergruppen til alle andre skjellkrypdyr, og at de skilte seg ut allerede i trias for omtrent 220 millioner år siden.[6] Fossile blindøgler er aldri blitt funnet.
En fylogenetisk studie viser at Dibamus er parafyletisk med hensyn til Anelytropsis. Det vil si at noen Dibamus-arter er mer i slekt med Anelytropsis, enn med resten av Dibamus. Blindøgler kan ha krysset Beringlandbrua i sen paleocen eller eocen. En alternativ forklaring er at de har krysset Stillehavet ved å seile på flåter av røtter og jord.[7]
Blindøgler er en familie av øgler. Én art i slekten Anelytropsis finnes i nordøstre Mexico, mens de 22 artene i slekten Dibamus lever i Sørøst-Asia fra Nikobarene og Malakkahalvøya til Sør-Kina, Filippinene og vestlige deler av Ny-Guinea.
De er små og ormaktige med en kroppslengde på 8–20 cm. Hunnene mangler helt bein, mens hannene har finneaktige rester av bakbein, som de bruker for å holde seg fast under paring. Blindøglene har ikke synlig øreåpning, og øynene er dekt av skjell. Beinene i skallen er vokst sammen, og blindøglene har ikke tenner på ganebeinet. På hodet har de store, plateaktige skjell, og begge kroppsendene er butte.
Alle blindøgler har et gravende levevis. Anelytropsis lever både i halvtørre områder, og i eike- og furuskoger. Dibamus finnes i tropisk regnskog og tåkeskog der de lever under steiner og råtne trestammer. Det er ukjent hva blindøglene eter, men det kan være insekter. De er eggleggende, og ungene har to eggtenner. Eggeskallet er bare kjent fra arten Dibamus alfredi, som har et hardt eggeskall med mye kalk.
I de klassiske oversiktene over krypdyr skrevet av Gray (1845) og Boulenger (1887) ble det antatt at slekten Dibamus bare omfattet én vidt utbredt art, Dibamus novaeguinae. Nyere forskning viser derimot at D. novaeguinae bare finnes vest på Ny-Guinea. I resten av utbredelsesområdet er slekten representert med andre arter, og nye arter i slekten blir fortsatt oppdaget. De fleste artene er bare kjent i noen få eksemplarer.
Både Anelytropsis og Dibamus regnes tradisjonelt som spesialiserte skinker, eller nære slektninger av skinkene. Det ble etter hvert klart at de to slektene utgjorde en egen gruppe. Molekylærgenetisk forskning tyder på at de er søstergruppen til alle andre skjellkrypdyr, og at de skilte seg ut allerede i trias for omtrent 220 millioner år siden. Fossile blindøgler er aldri blitt funnet.
En fylogenetisk studie viser at Dibamus er parafyletisk med hensyn til Anelytropsis. Det vil si at noen Dibamus-arter er mer i slekt med Anelytropsis, enn med resten av Dibamus. Blindøgler kan ha krysset Beringlandbrua i sen paleocen eller eocen. En alternativ forklaring er at de har krysset Stillehavet ved å seile på flåter av røtter og jord.
Dibamidae – rodzina jaszczurek z rzędu łuskonośnych (Squamata)[1].
Gatunki z rodzaju Dibamus występują w południowo-wschodniej Azji, na Filipinach i Archipelagu Malajskim. Jedyny gatunek z rodzaju Anelytropsis żyje w Meksyku. Przebywają w glebie, pod skałami lub w ściółce wilgotnych lasów. Niektóre analizy molekularne sugerują, że niektóre gatunki z rodzaju Dibamus są bliżej spokrewnione z Anelytropsis niż z pozostałymi Dibamus – konkluzji takiej nie wspierają jednak dane morfologiczne. Datowanie przy użyciu zegara molekularnego wskazuje, że Dibamidae wyewoluowały w późnej kredzie. Połączenie danych molekularnych, paleogeograficznych i paleoklimatologicznych sugeruje, że przedstawiciele linii ewolucyjnej obejmującej Anelytropsis migrowali z Azji do Ameryki Północnej przez Beringię w późnym paleocenie lub eocenie[2]. Nie są znani kopalni przedstawiciele Dibamidae; możliwe, że najbliżej spokrewniona z nimi jest Sineoamphisbaena z późnej kredy[3].
Są jajorodne. Osiągają do 25 cm długości. Samice są beznogie, a samce mają płetwowate kończyny tylne.
W przeciwieństwie do innych łuskonośnych, Dibamidae charakteryzują się nierozdwojonym językiem, co wspiera wyniki analiz molekularnych, których większość sugeruje, że są one taksonem siostrzanym dla kladu Bifurcata, obejmującego wszystkie pozostałe Squamata[4][5]. Niektóre z badań molekularnych wskazują jednak, że Dibamidae to grupa siostrzana dla kladu Gekkota[6][3]. Analizy morfologiczne z kolei sugerują przynależność Dibamidae do Scleroglossa i prawdopodobne bliskie pokrewieństwo z amfisbenami i wężami[7] lub ze scynkami i amfisbenami, na co wskazuje wiele potencjalnych synapomorfii osteologicznych[8].
Do rodziny należą następujące rodzaje[9]:
Dibamidae – rodzina jaszczurek z rzędu łuskonośnych (Squamata).
Gatunki z rodzaju Dibamus występują w południowo-wschodniej Azji, na Filipinach i Archipelagu Malajskim. Jedyny gatunek z rodzaju Anelytropsis żyje w Meksyku. Przebywają w glebie, pod skałami lub w ściółce wilgotnych lasów. Niektóre analizy molekularne sugerują, że niektóre gatunki z rodzaju Dibamus są bliżej spokrewnione z Anelytropsis niż z pozostałymi Dibamus – konkluzji takiej nie wspierają jednak dane morfologiczne. Datowanie przy użyciu zegara molekularnego wskazuje, że Dibamidae wyewoluowały w późnej kredzie. Połączenie danych molekularnych, paleogeograficznych i paleoklimatologicznych sugeruje, że przedstawiciele linii ewolucyjnej obejmującej Anelytropsis migrowali z Azji do Ameryki Północnej przez Beringię w późnym paleocenie lub eocenie. Nie są znani kopalni przedstawiciele Dibamidae; możliwe, że najbliżej spokrewniona z nimi jest Sineoamphisbaena z późnej kredy.
Są jajorodne. Osiągają do 25 cm długości. Samice są beznogie, a samce mają płetwowate kończyny tylne.
Dibamidae este o familie de șopârle.
Acest articol referitor la subiecte din zoologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
장님도마뱀과(Dibamidae)는 뱀목에 속하는 무족도마뱀류 파충류 과이다.[1] 열대 기후 지역 숲에서 발견된다. 장님도마뱀류는 비교적 덜 알려져 있고, 멕시코와 동남아시아 그리고 필리핀 제도, 뉴기니섬 서부 지역에서 서식한다. 작은 식충성 도마뱀이며, 땅 속을 파고 들어가는 위해 몸을 길고 가늘게 적응시켰다.
다음은 2013년 피론(Pyron, R.A.) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[2]
인룡상목 뱀목