Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
When the wings are raised, and the undersides are exposed, the adult butterfly resembles a dead leaf.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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Morphology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Polygonia progne, like all insects, has six legs and a segmented body. Its front legs are hairy and brush-like and are used for cleaning its antennae. The undersides of its wings are a charcoal gray with fine dark striations. When its wings are raised, the butterfly looks like a dead leaf and is camouflaged from predators. The upperside of the wing is a bright orange-brown. Its hindwings have a wide dark border covering about 1/4 of the wing. The border encloses a few small yellow spots. The wingspan of this insect is approximately 50 mm.
Average wingspan: 50 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Habitat
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
These butterflies live mainly in woodland or mountainous areas. They are predominantly found in the Coastal Redwood Forest and the Hudsonian Zone Woodlands. They can be found along dirt roads, streamsides, and within clearings in rich deciduous or coniferous woods. Often these areas are in hilly terrain or canyons.
Habitat Regions: terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Polygonia progne lives on the North American continent. It makes its habitat in the Northwestern Territories of the US and Eastern British Columbia. It ranges from the west along the Pacific Coast to central California. It can be found in the East through southern Canada, and the northern United States from Maine south to the Appalachians in North Carolina. It is also found in the southeast from Montana and the Dakotas to eastern Nebraska and central Kansas.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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Trophic Strategy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
While in its adult stage, grey commas feeds mainly on tree sap and flower nectar. They use a modified sucker tube (proboscis) as a mouth to suck up the juices of plants and trees. The butterfly uncoils its proboscis to drink its food and then curls the tube back up when it is not in use. In the larval stage, the caterpillar rarely travels from the plant where it is born, so it feeds mainly on the leaves of gooseberries and azaleas.
Plant Foods: leaves; nectar; sap or other plant fluids
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Nectarivore )
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Associations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Adult butterflies are important pollinators, and caterpillars damage teh foliage of the plants they eat. These butterflies are also likely eaten by other organisms.
Ecosystem Impact: pollinates
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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- Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Butterflies are important pollinators. Also, butterfly watching has become a hobby for many nature lovers.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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- Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
The larval stage of the Grey Comma butterfly eats the leaves off of gooseberries and azaleas, a behavior which can damage these plants if they become too abundant.
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- Power, C. 2002. "Polygonia progne" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polygonia_progne.html
- autor
- Chris Power, Southwestern University
- editor
- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
- editor
- Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Life Cycle
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
The adult butterfly lays eggs on the leaves of gooseberries and azaleas. The eggs hatch into larval caterpillars. These caterpillars eat leaves, then build a cocoon and go into hibernation. The caterpillar emerges from hibernation as an adult butterfly.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
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- Power, C. 2002. "Polygonia progne" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Polygonia_progne.html
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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- Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Conservation Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Grey commas are currently widespread and abundant and therefore are not considered threatened.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
- editor
- Matthew Wund, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Reproduction
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Animal Diversity Web
Grey comma butterflies are most often seen flying from April to May. It is during this time that adults are searching for mates. Males perch in the afternoon sun on shrubs and small trees, watching for females. When a female is spotted, the male forces it to land. Once the female has landed the male will flutter over her and try to mate. If the female lowers its wings the male will land on top of her and mate. If the female flies away or will not lower her wings the male will leave in search on a new mate. After fertilization occurs, the female will lay multiple eggs singly on the leaves of gooseberries and azaleas. The eggs hatch and produce caterpillars. These caterpillars eat leaves until they have stored enough food to survive their metamorphosis. They then encase themselves in cocoons and emerge in October as adult butterflies.
Breeding season: April to May
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; sexual ; oviparous
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- Chris Power, Southwestern University
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North American Ecology (US and Canada)
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por North American Butterfly Knowledge Network
Polygonia progne is resident in much of southern Canada and the northeastern United States, and is migratory in some parts of its range. There is also a western subspecies (Scott 1986). Habitats are woodlands. Host plants are shrubs and include species mostly restricted to three families, Grossulariaceae, Ericaceae, and Betulaceae. Eggs are laid on the host plant leaves. Individuals overwinter as adults. There are variable numbers of flights each year based on latitude, with one flight in late July in the northern part of their range and higher mountains, and two flights in the southern part of their range with approximate times June 15-July15, and late Aug. (Scott 1986).
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- Leslie Ries
Conservation Status
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
Not of concern.
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Cyclicity
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
One brood per year, appearing in early spring (April to May) and again in August to October.
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Distribution
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
This species is at home in the boreal forest, from the southern Yukon and the Mackenzie Valley of the Northwest Territories southeast across Canada to Newfoundland, south to North Carolina and Kansas (Layberry et al. 1998).
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General Description
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
"This is one of three commas with a dark, two-toned underside; distinguished from the Hoary Comma (P. gracilis) by the submarginal hindwing spots, which are clearly outlined and stand out against a solid dark border in progne, but are diffuse in gracilis. Greys lack the prominent patches of white wing fringes found in the Oreas Comma (P. oreas), which give the wing margin a more jagged appearance. The wing upperside of progne is also brighter orange with smaller black spots compared to oreas.
There are no described subspecies, although some authors consider the Oreas Comma (P. oreas) as a subspecies of the Grey. Both forms, however, occur together in parts of Alberta and British Columbia without apparent interbreeding (Bird et al. 1995, Guppy & Shepard 2001).
"
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Habitat
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
Primarily a forest species, found in openings in moist mixed-wood areas.
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Life Cycle
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
"The light green eggs have seven vertical ribs that project above the top, and are laid singly on the hostplant; they hatch within 8 or 9 days (Bird et al. 1995). The mature larvae are tan-coloured with black and paler brown oblique stripes across the back. They bear the branched spines typical of this genus, and these can be black, yellow or white. The pupae are mottled pinkish brown and green (Guppy & Shepard 2001).
Like other commas, adults emerge in late summer, are active until fall, then enter hibernation in sheltered areas such as hollow logs and buildings. They emerge from hibernation in the first warm days of early spring.
"
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Trophic Strategy
fornecido por University of Alberta Museums
The larvae reportedly feed primarily on gooseberry and currant (Ribes spp.) (Layberry et al. 1998). Adults feed on tree sap flows (Guppy & Shepard 2001).
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Polygonia progne
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Polygonia progne (Syn.: Nymphalis progne) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
Merkmale
Falter
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 44 bis 63 Millimetern.[1] Die Flügel sind am Außenrand stark gezackt und farblich variabel. Die Grundfarbe ist auf der Vorderflügeloberseite orange bis bräunlich. Die Hinterflügeloberseite zeigt in einer „Sommer-Generation“ ein breites dunkelbraunes Saumband, während die „Herbst-/Wintergeneration“ ein schmales dunkles Saumband zeigt. Alle Falter sind mit einem schwarzen, braunen und gelben Fleckenmuster versehen. Die Flügelunterseiten sind in abgestuften, dunklen Grautönen marmoriert, weshalb die Art im englischen Sprachgebrauch auch als Grey Comma bezeichnet wird. Auffällig ist ein weißes Zeichen in der Mitte der Hinterflügel, das der Form eines Komma-Satzzeichens oder dem Buchstaben L ähnelt.
Ei
Das Ei hat eine grüne Farbe. Es wird einzeln an der Unterseite von Blättern der Nahrungspflanze abgelegt.[2]
Raupe
Erwachsene Raupen zeigen eine gelbbraune, rötlich braune oder dunkelbraune Grundfärbung. Der gesamte Körper ist mit vielen kurzen, stark verzweigten Dornen überzogen. Außerdem sind orange Flecke oder Linien an den Seiten zu erkennen. Hinter jedem Segment befinden sich abwechselt schmale gelbe und braune ringartige Querlinien.[3]
Puppe
Die Puppe ist von schwarzbrauner bis rotbrauner Farbe. Sie besitzt einen sehr ausgeprägten Höcker sowie zwei kurze Spitzen am Kopf. Auf dem Rücken heben sich einige silbern oder golden schillernde Flecke ab.
Unterarten
Es sind folgende Unterarten bekannt:[4][5]
-
Polygonia progne progne (Cramer, 1775)
-
Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus (Scott, 1984)
Ähnliche Arten
Polygonia progne ähnelt aufgrund der Zeichnung auf den Flügeloberseiten vielen Polygonia-Arten, insbesondere zählen dazu:
- Der C-Falter (Polygonia c-album), der in Europa, Nordafrika und Asien heimisch ist und somit keine geographische Überlappung bildet.
-
Polygonia faunus unterscheidet sich durch eine Reihe grüner Punkte auf den Hinterflügelunterseiten.
-
Polygonia comma ist durch eine starke braune Marmorierung auf den Hinterflügelunterseiten zu unterscheiden.
-
Polygonia gracilis ist durch eine hellgraue Färbung auf den Hinterflügelunterseiten zu unterscheiden.
-
Polygonia satyrus zeigt eine mehr gelbbraune Färbung auf der Vorderflügeloberseite.
-
Polygonia interrogationis unterscheidet sich durch das zweigeteilte Komma-Zeichen.
Verbreitung und Lebensraum
Polygonia progne kommt in den südöstlichen Provinzen Kanadas vor, wurde aber auch in Neufundland und Nova Scotia nachgewiesen. Entlang der Pazifikküste reicht die Verbreitung bis zur Mitte Kaliforniens. Richtung Osten ist die Art durch den Norden der USA bis nach Maine, Richtung Süden bis nach Kansas verbreitet.[6] Die Tiere bevorzugen Waldgebiete, beispielsweise Gebiete mit Küstenmammutbaumbestand (Redwood forest).[2]
Lebensweise
Die Art bildet je nach der klimatischen Region des Vorkommens bis zu zwei Generationen pro Jahr. Die Falter der letzten Generation überwintern als Falter und fliegen wieder im Frühjahr des folgenden Jahres. In Ruhestellung sitzen sie gerne am Boden und klappen ihre Flügel aufrecht zusammen. Sie wirken dann wie ein verwelktes Blatt. Dadurch sind sie für Fressfeinde kaum zu erkennen. Die Falter besuchen nur selten Blüten. Stattdessen bevorzugen sie Wasserstellen, überreife Früchte und Dung zur Aufnahme von Nahrung und Mineralien. Die Raupen leben zumeist einzeln und ernähren sich von einer Vielzahl verschiedener Pflanzen, beispielsweise von Heidekrautgewächsen (Ericaceae) oder Johannisbeerarten (Ribes).
Quellen
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Butterflies and Moths of North America
-
↑ a b James A. Scott: The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1986, ISBN 0-8047-2013-4, S. 287/288.
-
↑ Raupe bei Bug Guide
-
↑ Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Markku Savela, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2015.
-
↑ Scott, James A. (1984): A Review of Polygonia progne (oreas) and P. gracilis (zephyrus) (Nymphalidae), including a new Subspecies from the Southern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 23(3): S. 197–210 PDF
-
↑ Animal Diversity Web
Literatur
- James A. Scott: The Butterflies of North America , Stanford University Press, Stanford CA., 1992, ISBN 0-8047-2013-4, S. 287/288
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Polygonia progne: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Flügelunterseite
Polygonia progne (Syn.: Nymphalis progne) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
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Polygonia progne
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Polygonia progne, the gray comma or grey comma, is a species of Polygonia that occurs in North America.
Description
Its wingspan is between 4.4 and 6.3 cm. The top of the wings is bright orange brown while the summer forms often have a dark border on the hindwing. Both winter and summer forms have few yellow spots on their wing borders. The underside of the wings have L-shaped silver markings and are charcoal gray.
Habitat
They can often be found around dirt roads and stream beds. Most often they are found in hilly terrain or canyon lands.
Life cycle
The adults are on wing two times a year, once in April and May and another in June and August. During the first flight the adults mate and lay eggs. These eggs will hatch and become the summer generation. The summer generation's eggs will hatch in October and hibernate.
Larval foods
Adult foods
References
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Polygonia progne: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Polygonia progne, the gray comma or grey comma, is a species of Polygonia that occurs in North America.
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Polygone gris
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Polygonia progne
Le Polygone gris, Polygonia progne, est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Nymphalidae, de la sous-famille des Nymphalinae, de la tribu des Nymphalini et du genre Polygonia.
Dénomination
Polygonia progne a été décrit par Pieter Cramer en 1775 sous le nom de Papilio progne.
Synonymes : Nymphalis progne (Cramer, 1775) ; Papilio progne Cramer, 1775 ; Polygonia l-argenteum Scudder, 1875[1].
Sous-espèces
![src=]()
Revers d'un Polygone gris
- Polygonia progne progne
-
Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus (Scott, 1984)[1].
Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus est parfois traitée comme une espèce à part entière[2]
Noms vernaculaires
Le Polygone gris se nomme Gray comma en anglais[1].
Description
Le Polygone gris est un papillon aux ailes très découpées, comme tous les Polygonia. Le dessus est de couleur rouge orange à large bordure marron avec une ornementation de quelques petites taches rondes marron et aux postérieures une suffusion rousse plus foncée.
Le revers grisâtre, finement strié de noir, est une livrée cryptique, faisant passer le Polygone gris pour une feuille morte. La marque argentée en forme de L à l'aile postérieure est petite. Son envergure est comprise entre 44 et 63 mm[3],[4],[2].
Chenille
La chenille est marron jaunâtre, ornée de lignes plus foncées et d'épines jaunes ou noires[3].
Biologie
Période de vol et hibernation
Le Polygone gris vole en deux génération. La génération hivernale émerge en octobre, hiverne et se réveille au printemps en avril. La femelle pond des œufs qui donneront les imagos de la génération estivale qui vole de juin à août et dont les œufs donnent les imagos de la génération hivernale[4].
Plantes hôtes
Les plantes hôtes des chenilles sont des Ribes dont Ribes inerme et Ribes leptanthum et des Rhododendron[1],[4].
Écologie et distribution
Il est présent en Amérique du Nord, dans toutes les provinces du Canada au sud de la toundra, il est absent du Labrador et du sud de la Colombie-Britannique. Aux USA, il est présent dans tout le nord jusqu'en Californie, au nord de l'Utah, au Colorado, au Kansas, au nord de l'Arkansas, de l'Indiana et dans les Appalaches jusqu'en Caroline du Nord[3],[2].
Biotope
Le Polygone gris réside dans les bois, les parcs, les jardins[4].
Protection
Pas de statut de protection particulier pour la forme nominale[2]..
Notes et références
Annexes
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Polygone gris: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Polygonia progne
Le Polygone gris, Polygonia progne, est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Nymphalidae, de la sous-famille des Nymphalinae, de la tribu des Nymphalini et du genre Polygonia.
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Polygonia progne
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Insecten Polygonia progne is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders. De spanwijdte bedraagt 37 tot 50 millimeter. De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika. De soort vliegt van eind maart tot en met oktober in twee generaties. De imago overwintert en paart in het voorjaar. De imago voedt zich met name met sappen, rottend fruit en dierlijke resten, en komt soms ook op bloemen.
Waardplanten
De waardplanten van Polygonia progne zijn van het geslacht Ribes.
Externe links
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Polygonia progne: Brief Summary
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Polygonia progne is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders. De spanwijdte bedraagt 37 tot 50 millimeter. De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika. De soort vliegt van eind maart tot en met oktober in twee generaties. De imago overwintert en paart in het voorjaar. De imago voedt zich met name met sappen, rottend fruit en dierlijke resten, en komt soms ook op bloemen.
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