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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon gemmatum var. echinatum (Pers.) Fr., Lycoperdon hoylei Berk. & Broome, Utraria echinata (Pers.) Qul.Spiny Puffball, DE: Igel-StublingSlo.: jeasta pranicaDat.: Sept. 20. 2014Lat.: 46.35183 Long.: 13.67390Code: Bot_839/2014_DSC4335Habitat: old mountain Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies, south inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, warm and relatively dry place, in shade, under a Fagus sylvatica tree, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.025 m (3.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest ground, organic debris on soil, mostly Fagus sylvatica leaves. Place: Lower Trenta valley, Lemovlje flats, near mountain trail to Mt. Bavki Grintavec, above the settlement Lemovlje, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: It is generally easy to recognize members of the genus Lycoperdon, although some species of genus Handkea, Vascellum or Scleroderma may cause confusion. The shape of their fruit bodies is more or less pear like and kids know very well they expel 'smoke' if they touch mature fruit bodies. However, to determine them on species level is more difficult. For example: If substrate is buried in the ground Lycoperdon pyriforme (which grows on wood) can easily be confused by Lycoperdon perlatum (which grows on ground); an old already brownish Lycoperdon perlatum can appear quite similar to Lycoperdon molle, etc. Neither shape nor color or surface of sporocarps or other individual morphological traits are reliable. All these vary significantly during life span of sporocarps and growing conditions. Only after gathering experience based on several finds in different conditions it gradually becomes easier to recognize them. Lycoperdon echinatum is an exception in this regard. Its sometimes up to 5 mm long spines covering the surface of the fruit bodies and distinctly brown color almost from the beginning of their development make the determination easy. Growing solitary, fruit body diameter 4.8 cm (spines included), stem-like base height 1.8 cm, diameter about 1.5 cm; spines up to 3 mm long, partly solitary and partly two to four fused at the top; SP and mature gleba brown-gray with slight purple-lilac tint, oac638 (but darker).Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 4,4 [4,9 ; 5] 5,5 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,9] 5,3 , Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 37; C = 95%, Me = 4,9 x 4,8 ; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Leg.: Jernej Trnkoczy(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1087. (3) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 326.(4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328.(5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. e(6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 390. (7) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 142.
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El Moncayo, Tarazona: Aragn (Espaa)En bosques de coniferas de montaa o en prados al borde de los mismos ,en verano y en otoo.Filo: BasidiomycotaClase: AgaricomycetesOrden: AgaricalesFamilia: Agaricaceae.Identificado en biodiversidadvirtual
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Gemeinde Schalkenmehren, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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The camera's flash shows up the puffballs' gleba as a greenish mass, visible through the open holes in the tops. Normally, it looks dark as the light doesn't reach it inside the puffball.Photographed in Mt Field National Park, along the Russell and Horseshoe Falls track.
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Brockenhurst, England, United Kingdom
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Lycoperdon pyriforme Schff.:Pers.Stump Puffball, DE: Birnen-StublingSlo.: hrukasta pranicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2775Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus Sylvatica dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade, relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: short, highly disintegrated and moss overgrown log of Picea abies lying on ground.Place: Bovec basin; south slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: Lycoperdon pyriforme has probably the most beautiful form of all our puffballs. It is a rather common species, which often grows in large tufted groups. It has almost global distribution (not present in Africa). In Himalaya it climbs up to 4.000 m elevation (Ref.:3). It is easy recognized by its typical form and the fact that it grows on rotten wood of conifers and broadleaved trees contrary to other puffballs, which grow on soil. Frequently the wood is almost totally decomposed or partly buried in ground, so it superficially appears that the mushrooms grow on soil. Further, white subgleba, which remains white also in mature sporocarps, is a sure identification characteristic. Photographed sporocarps were growing in a small group of six fruit bodies.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 3.7 [4.1 ; 4.2] 4.6 x 3.5 [3.9 ; 4] 4.4 microns; Q = [1 ; 1.06] 1.1; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 x 4 microns; Qe = 1. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.com.(2) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 934.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 152.(4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 430. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 394.
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Villaggio Mirastelle, Abruzzi, Italy