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Eucera ist eine Gattung aus der Familie der Apidae innerhalb der Bienen. Auf Deutsch werden diese Bienen „Langhornbienen“ genannt, der deutsche Name gilt jedoch auch für verwandte Gattungen und entspricht der Tribus Eucerini. Die Gattung enthält etwa 390 Arten und ist in der Palaearktis, vor allem in den Steppengebieten von Europa und Asien verbreitet.[1]
Auffällig und namensgebend sind bei den Männchen die ungewöhnlich langen Fühler (griechisch eu = wohl, gut, kéras = Horn), außerdem haben sie meistens ein gelbes Kopfschild. Die Weibchen haben einen breiten Hinterleib, meist mit hellen Haarbinden. Die Schienenbürste an den Hinterbeinen, die zum Pollensammeln dient, besteht aus kräftigen hellen Haaren. Die einheimischen Tiere sind 8 bis 20 mm lang.[2]
Langhornbienen haben nur eine Generation im Jahr, die Männchen schlüpfen meist zwei bis drei Wochen früher als die Weibchen, sind also proterandrisch. Sie halten sich teilweise bei den Nistplätzen auf, und haben manchmal typische Flugbahnen entlang ihrer Nektarquellen (z. B. bei E. nigrescens). Die Weibchen der einheimischen Eucera-Arten sind meist auf Pollen von Schmetterlingsblütlern spezialisiert, sind also oligolektisch. Man findet sie häufig auf Wicken und Platterbsen.[3]
Sie leben solitär und nisten in der Erde vor allem an wenig bewachsenen Stellen; manchmal sind die Nester in Kolonien. Die Männchen übernachten, teilweise gesellig, auf Blüten oder klammern sich an Pflanzen an. Auch bei ungünstiger Witterung sind sie so zu finden.[2] [3]
Im Mittelmeergebiet bestäuben die Männchen mancher Eucera-Bienen die Blüten von Orchideen der Gattung Ophrys. Diese imitieren im Aussehen und durch Geruch Bienenweibchen (Mimikry). Den dadurch angelockten Männchen wird beim Versuch einer Kopulation („Pseudokopulation“) ein Pollenpaket angeheftet, mit dem sie zur nächsten Blüte fliegen. So bestäubt z. B. Eucera longicornis die Hummelragwurz Ophrys holoserica.[4][anmerkungen 1]
Kuckucksbienen, die an einheimischen Eucera-Arten parasitieren, sind Nomada sexfasciata und N. nobilis,[2] sowie die Filzbiene Triepeolus tristis und die Kegelbiene Coelioxys polycentris.[5]
Die Gattung Eucera wurde kürzlich taxonomisch bearbeitet (sowohl morphologisch als auch mit DNA-Analyse).[1] Die bisherige Gattung[6] Tetralonia wird nun als Untergattung zu Eucera gestellt. Die vormalige Gattung Tetraloniella ist ein Synonym von Tetralonia. Die bisherige Gattung Cubitalia ist ein Synonym von Eucera (Untergattung Eucera). Die bisherigen Gattungen Notolonia und Ulugombakia[6] sind zu Tetralonia synonym.
Untergattungen[7][1] (ungefähre Anzahl der Arten in Klammern):
Eine weitere Analyse (die derzeit durchgeführt wird) wird voraussichtlich noch weitere taxonomische Änderungen notwendig machen, z. B. da die derzeitige Untergattung Xenoglossodes paraphyletisch ist.
In Österreich kommen 18 (Eucera incl. Tetralonia),[8][9] und in der Schweiz acht Arten vor,[10] in Deutschland acht Arten.[2] Nach Scheuchl sind in Mitteleuropa aktuell 20 Arten von Eucera s. l. nachgewiesen.[3] (Folgende Liste ist nicht vollständig.)
Eucera ist eine Gattung aus der Familie der Apidae innerhalb der Bienen. Auf Deutsch werden diese Bienen „Langhornbienen“ genannt, der deutsche Name gilt jedoch auch für verwandte Gattungen und entspricht der Tribus Eucerini. Die Gattung enthält etwa 390 Arten und ist in der Palaearktis, vor allem in den Steppengebieten von Europa und Asien verbreitet.
Eucera is a genus of bees in the family Apidae, which comprises more than 100 species. These bees are commonly known as long-horned bees due to their characteristically long antennae, especially in males. Eucera species can be found in diverse habitats, including meadows, fields, and urban gardens, primarily in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, covering parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America.
Eucera bees play a crucial role in pollinating a wide range of flowering plants. They are solitary bees, meaning that each female builds and provisions her own nest without forming social colonies like honeybees. Female Eucera bees construct their nests in the ground, typically in well-drained, sandy soils. They lay their eggs within the nest and provide a food supply for their offspring by collecting pollen and nectar from flowers.
Eucera bees are active from spring to fall, and their flight period often coincides with the blooming period of their preferred flowering plants. They are generalist pollinators, meaning they visit a wide variety of flowers, but some species show preferences for specific plants or families, such as legumes or sunflowers.
As in most members of the tribe Eucerini, the antennae of males are very long. Old World Eucera can be identified through having five or six maxillary palpomeres, with the first flagellomere shorter than the scape and the clypeus protruding in front of the compound eye by at least the width of the eye in side view. These characteristics are found in both sexes. Additionally, the males have convergent carinae on their sixth ventral abdominal segment (sternite). Eucera species nest in the ground.[2]
Eucera have a thick layer of fur and are dark in color. They have a protuberant clypeus and are typically around 0.4 to 0.7 inches long.[3] The size of bees in the genus Eucera range from 11–18 mm.[4] When emerging from nests, an immature Eucera nigrilabris male will be somewhat red in color and a bit sluggish. A mature Eucera nigrilabris male will appear grey in color and more active.[5]
In Eucera berlandi, males have long antennae containing three times the amount of neurons for olfaction and ten times more pore plates than females.[6]
Eucera is holarctic.[2][7] Research shows that the Eucera complex originated in the Nearctic region in the late Oligocene and dispersed twice. The first dispersal having occurred as far as 24.2-16.6 million years ago during the warmer summer season and later again 13.9-12.3 million years ago during the springtime, allowing Eucera to thrive in cooler regions.[8]
Eucera belongs to the tribe Eucerini and makes up roughly 50% of the tribe.[8] Historically, the genus had 219 species classified in five subgenera, of which 78 species were known from Europe.[1] However, six genera have recently been added to the genus Eucera as new subgenera: Tetralonia, Peponapis, Syntrichalonia, Cemolobus, Xenoglossodes and Xenoglossa.[8]
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In the Middle East, Eucera are active in the months of February to May.[4]
Eucera have a spring flight season.[3]
Eucera are solitary bees that nest within the ground. They tend to nest in areas that are composed of clay or sand.[3] It is a characteristic of all bees of the genus Eucera to have vertical and elongated cells within nests. There are around two to three cells per nest, which are found branching off of the main tunnel. In Eucera nigrilabris, each tunnel harbors four to six cells. The first few cells are false cells and are not used for reproductive purposes. The cells below the false cells are used to lay eggs. Also, the entirety of the tunnel is lined with wax. For nesting, Eucera nigrilabris prefers soil of lower sodicity and salinity that has low calcium carbonate concentrations. They make lined nests that are about 85 cm into the ground. There has not been any observed occurrences of kleptoparasitism around Eucera nigrilabris nesting sites.[5] Eucera palaestinae use their Dufour's gland to secrete a mixture of hydrocarbons, methyl esters, and unsaturated fatty acids which provide the nest with an odor. This odor helps the bees locate their home when living in a dense aggregation of nests.[9]
Eucera kullenbergi is known to fall victim to sexual deception by Ophrys leochroma flowers that mimic the sex pheromones of female bees.[10] Eucera palaestinae live in dense nest aggregations with males emerging from their nests in the ground about a week before the females to take a look around the nesting site. Once the females emerge, males of the species will engage in aggressive competition to mate with them. Shortly after mating, the female becomes unreceptive. The initial attraction towards a female is by sight, but there is additional research suggesting that virgin females are distinguished by their specific scent and therefore are sought after more aggressively. It is thought that the cause of this sex attraction is due to small glands located on tergites on the abdomen.[11] In Eucera nigrilabris, the males also emerge a few days earlier than females. Once the female emerges from the nest, males will fight with each other to mate. Mating time in this species occurs for 3–6 minutes, and once the female has mated, she becomes unresponsive.[5]
Eucera can be generalists or specialists in foraging preference.[3] They are able to pollinate both agricultural and naturally occurring plants.[8] They pollinate plants in the deserts of Israel and the Mediterranean.[4] Eucera, like other efficient foragers, avoid going back to the same food source after it has been previously depleted. Research suggests that Eucera use a combination of reward-based-patch-leaving rule and scent marking strategy to avoid returning to previously visited sites. Eucera resemble bumblebees in this matter but it is believed that they use different strategies (bumblebees use a numerical strategy) suggesting that the difference in strategies may reflect the lower learning capabilities of solitary bees like Eucera when compared to the social bumblebee.[4] Eucera cinerea has specialized thick bristles that curve and are used for foraging for pollen within flowers that have hidden anthers.[12] Eucera from southwest France are known to mainly forage from Fabaceae and Brassicaceae plants.[12] Peponapis and Xenoglossa are known to be specialists for squash plants, such as Cucurbita pepo. Peponapis pruinosa specializes on squash plants, and so the current distribution of this species in North America is due to the expansion of plant cultivation throughout North America. The species moved from Mesoamerica into the more temperate regions of North America.[13]
Eucera, similar to the rest of the tribe Eucerini, are solitary by nature.[8] In some highly eusocial bee species, such as honey bees, males are raised and fed in their colonies. Males of Eucera live their lives independently.[6]
Eucera do not produce or respond to alarm pheromones as social bees do. Social bees are able to identify and avoid inflorescences that have the smell of dead bees of their species. This is possibly due to injured social bees releasing signals known as alarm signals to warn others of danger. Eucera do not showcase this behavior of avoiding inflorescences marked by dead bees and instead respond similarly to flowers that have predation alarm signals and flowers that do not have such alarm signals.[14]
The bee genus Nomada, a genus that typically lays their eggs in the nests of other bees, is most likely to kleptoparasitize Eucera bees.[3]
Eucera is a genus of bees in the family Apidae, which comprises more than 100 species. These bees are commonly known as long-horned bees due to their characteristically long antennae, especially in males. Eucera species can be found in diverse habitats, including meadows, fields, and urban gardens, primarily in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, covering parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America.
Eucera bees play a crucial role in pollinating a wide range of flowering plants. They are solitary bees, meaning that each female builds and provisions her own nest without forming social colonies like honeybees. Female Eucera bees construct their nests in the ground, typically in well-drained, sandy soils. They lay their eggs within the nest and provide a food supply for their offspring by collecting pollen and nectar from flowers.
Eucera bees are active from spring to fall, and their flight period often coincides with the blooming period of their preferred flowering plants. They are generalist pollinators, meaning they visit a wide variety of flowers, but some species show preferences for specific plants or families, such as legumes or sunflowers.
Eucera plumigera, female
Eucera es un género de abejas en la familia Apidae subfamilia Apinae.
Miden de 11 a 18 mm.[1] Las antenas de los machos son muy largas. Su función es olfativa usada en localizar a las hembras.
Las especies de Eucera anidan en el suelo. Como todas las abejas Eucerini, son abejas solitarias, no forman colonias.[2] Vuelan en la primavera. Son polinizadores importantes de la alfalfa. También visitan plantas de las familias Fabaceae y Brassicaceae.[3]
El género Eucera es de distribución holártica.[4] Se originó en el Neártico en el Oligoceno y se dispersó dos veces al Paleártico. Están presentes en la mayor parte de Europa (78 especies en Europa), en oriente en la ecozona paleártica y en el Cercano Oriente.[2]
Algunas especies
Eucera Scopoli, 1770 è un genere di insetti apoidei della famiglia Apidae, diffuso in Europa, Nord Africa e Asia[1].
Comprende le seguenti specie:[2]
Eucera Scopoli, 1770 è un genere di insetti apoidei della famiglia Apidae, diffuso in Europa, Nord Africa e Asia.
Eucera is een geslacht van vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1770 door Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.[1]
Eucera komt voor in het Holarctisch gebied. Er zijn meer dan 200 soorten gekend, waarvan 78 in Europa.[2]
Het zijn solitaire bijen. De wijfjes leggen hun eitjes in nesten in de grond. Deze bijen worden weleens "langhoornbijen" genoemd, omwille van de kenmerkende lange voelsprieten van de mannetjes. De eerste soort die Scopoli noemde in dit geslacht was trouwens de gewone langhoornbij Eucera longicornis, die planten uit de vlinderbloemenfamilie waaronder rode klaver[3], luzerne[4] en heggenwikke[5] bestuift.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Kornutka (Eucera) – rodzaj pszczół (Apoidea) z rodziny porobnicowate (Anthophoridae), zaliczany do pszczół samotnic.
Gniazda zakładają w ziemi, niekiedy tworzą kolonie. Odznaczają się dwiema komórkami kubitalnymi na przednich skrzydłach i długim języczkiem. Samice mają ciało długości pszczoły miodnej, ale szersze, słabo owłosione, zwykle z białymi przerywanymi przepaskami w tylnej części odwłoka. Samce o długich czułkach, czasem dochodzących do długości ciała.
W Polsce klika gatunków kornutki dobrze zapyla rośliny motylkowe (wykę, lucernę, koniczynę czerwoną).
Kornutka (Eucera) – rodzaj pszczół (Apoidea) z rodziny porobnicowate (Anthophoridae), zaliczany do pszczół samotnic.
Gniazda zakładają w ziemi, niekiedy tworzą kolonie. Odznaczają się dwiema komórkami kubitalnymi na przednich skrzydłach i długim języczkiem. Samice mają ciało długości pszczoły miodnej, ale szersze, słabo owłosione, zwykle z białymi przerywanymi przepaskami w tylnej części odwłoka. Samce o długich czułkach, czasem dochodzących do długości ciała.
W Polsce klika gatunków kornutki dobrze zapyla rośliny motylkowe (wykę, lucernę, koniczynę czerwoną).
Эуцеры[1] (лат. Eucera) — род пчёл из трибы Eucerini семейства Apidae.
Палеарктика[2]. В Европе около 80 видов. Для СССР указывалось около 50 видов (Радченко, Песенко, 1994)[3].
Усики самцов очень длинные. Собирательные волоски образуют так называемую корзинку. Гнездятся в земле. Ряд видов - важные опылители люцерны[4].
Более 200 видов.
Эуцеры (лат. Eucera) — род пчёл из трибы Eucerini семейства Apidae.
