nomes no trilho de navegação
Because one of the common names for Pholcus phalangioides is daddylongleg spider, it is often confused with the Harvestmen daddylong legs, which are a separate species that is not even a true spider. Also, despite the urban myth that the daddylongleg spider is the most poisonous spider in the world, there is no proof for this statement. It is thought that this rumor may have been started because P. phalangioides kill and eat other spiders, including the Redback Spiders, whose venom can be fatal to humans. But to be able to kill the Redback spider, the P. phalangioides need only to have a quicker bite, not be more venomous (Crew, Haudon).
Male spiders find a female spiders by tracking the pheromones she leaves. During mating, tactile communication is probably of some importance.
Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
When the web of P. phalangioides is disturbed, the spider swings its body around rapidly with its legs attached firmly to its web. It swings fast enough that the spider becomes very hard to see. This may be a form of camouflage.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Pholcus phalangioides is pale yellow-brown except for a large gray patch in the center of the cephalothorax. The body and legs are almost translucent. These spiders are covered with fine gray hairs. The head is a darker color around the eyes. A translucent line marks the dorsal vessel. There are eight eyes: two small eyes in front of the two triads of larger eyes.
Females are seven to eight millimeters in length and males are six millimeters.
Because of the translucent quality of this animal, using a microscope it is possible to see the moving blood cells in the legs and body of a living animal.
Range length: 6 to 8 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Pholcus phalangioides can live up to about three years.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 3 (high) years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 3 (high) years.
Pholcus phalangiodes can be found in undisturbed, low light locations. Some places one might encounter this spider are in basements, under stones, under ledges, and in caves. People most often associate these spiders with living on ceilings and in corners in homes. They make their webs large, loose, and flat, but they can make them in irregular shapes to fit into surrounding objects. Their webs are normally oriented horizontally. Pholcus phalangioides hangs upside down on the web it makes.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; caves
Pholcus phalangioides is found throughout the world. It is a common cellar spider throughout the United States.
Other Geographic Terms: cosmopolitan
Pholcus phalangioides seems to prefer other spiders and small insects as prey. Also, males and females have both been known to engage in cannibalism. Females have been seen invading another spider's web, eating that spider, and using the foreign web to catch new prey for themselves. These spiders kill and digest their prey using venom.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
At this time Pholcus phalangioides are not endangered or threatened, so there is no conservation underway (ESA).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
A mother P. phalangioides watches over her newly hatched young (prenymphs) for about nine days until the prenymphs shed their skins to become little spiders. The young spiders then leave the maternal web, and go look for a place to build their own webs.
Because their diet is primarily insects, these spiders play the important role of controlling the growth of insect populations.
Pholcus phalangioides helps control pest populations.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
These spiders often live inside houses, where humans do not normally want spiders and their webs.
Negative Impacts: household pest
In studies done by Gabriele Uhl at the University of Bonn, male P. phalangioides seemed to be attracted to and to mate with larger females more often than smaller females. This may increase reproductive success for males, because large females produce more eggs than smaller females.
Before mating, a male spider deposits some sperm onto a little web, and then sucks it into a special cavity within his pedipalp. During mating, which can take several hours, the male deposits his sperm into the female's epigynum, which is an opening on the underside of her abdomen. Females can store the sperm in a special cavity at the beginning of the uterus, called the uterus externus, until it is time for her eggs to be fertilized. Timing of fertilization and laying depends on the availability of food. Because the sperm are stored for some period of time, it is possible for a female to mate again. If this occurs, the sperm from the two males mixes in the uterus externa. However, the sperm of the last male mated with has priority in fertilizing the eggs. This is because of a mechanism of sperm removal during mating. Males perform rhythmic movements of their intromittent organs during copulation, which results in extrusion of most of the sperm already in the uterus externa.
After a female lays her eggs, she wraps them in silk strands and carries the package in her chelicera (jaws), located on the underside of her body.
Breeding season: Peak breeding occurs between June and September.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); sperm-storing
The only parental care female P. phalangioides offer their young is nine days of protection as the prenymphs finish developing into spiders.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Female)
Pholcus phalangioides, anomenada popularment aranya de potes llargues (en anglès, també, daddy long-legs) i en alguns casos, cridada aranya calavera (en anglès skull spider) per l'aparença del seu cefalotòrax, és una espècie de la família dels fòlcids (Pholcidae).[2]
Les femelles tenen una longitud corporal de 9 mm; els mascles són lleugerament més petits. Les seves potes són de 6 a 7 vegades la longitud del seu cos (arribant a 7 cm d'envergadura en les femelles). Acostuma a viure en el sostre de les habitacions, coves, garatges o els cellers, la qual cosa li dóna un dels seus noms comuns: aranya de celler (cellar spider). Es consideren beneficioses en algunes parts de món perquè s'alimenta d'insectes i aràcnids molests presents a les cases.[3][4] Aquesta és l'única espècie d'aranya descrita pel entomòleg suís Johann Kaspar Füssli, que la va registrar el 1775 com a Aranea phalangoides.[5][1]
Originària de les zona europea,[6] per l'acció humana, aquesta sinantropia està distribuïda per tot el món. És capaç de viure en climes freds, i puntualment, es limita a viure en cases només en algunes zones.
Pholcus phalangioides acostuma a agitar la seva teranyina violentament quan és molestada com a mètode de defensa davant depredadors. Poden caçar i menjar fàcilment a altres aranyes (fins i tot a les quals són més grans que ella, com la Tegenaria duellica), mosquits i altres insectes, i caparretes. Quan escasseja l'aliment, practica el canibalisme.
Com són originàries dels tròpics, semblen no estar influenciades pels canvis estacionals i es reprodueixen en qualsevol època de l'any. La femella sosté de 20 a 30 ous en els seus pedipalps. Les cries són transparents, amb potes curtes i muden de 5 a 6 vegades fins que maduren.
Una llegenda urbana afirma que els fòlcuds són les aranyes més verinoses del món, però s'ha demostrat el contrari. Recerques recents mostren que el seu verí té un efecte relativament feble en insectes. En un episodi de Caçadors de mites han mostrat que les aranyes tenen uns quelícers (0,25 mm) que poden penetrar la pell humana (0,1 mm), però només va sentir una lleu sensació de cremor durant uns segons.[7]
Mascle amb una presa
Aranya de potes llargues portant les seves cries
Femella amb un sac d'ous
Femella amb les cries
Exemplar a Oxfordshire
Teranyina de Pholcus phalangioides
Pholcus phalangioides, anomenada popularment aranya de potes llargues (en anglès, també, daddy long-legs) i en alguns casos, cridada aranya calavera (en anglès skull spider) per l'aparença del seu cefalotòrax, és una espècie de la família dels fòlcids (Pholcidae).
Les femelles tenen una longitud corporal de 9 mm; els mascles són lleugerament més petits. Les seves potes són de 6 a 7 vegades la longitud del seu cos (arribant a 7 cm d'envergadura en les femelles). Acostuma a viure en el sostre de les habitacions, coves, garatges o els cellers, la qual cosa li dóna un dels seus noms comuns: aranya de celler (cellar spider). Es consideren beneficioses en algunes parts de món perquè s'alimenta d'insectes i aràcnids molests presents a les cases. Aquesta és l'única espècie d'aranya descrita pel entomòleg suís Johann Kaspar Füssli, que la va registrar el 1775 com a Aranea phalangoides.
Třesavka velká (Pholcus phalangioides) je pavouk z čeledi třesavkovití.
Třesavka velká dosahuje velikosti těla 7–12 mm, ovšem působí mnohem větší kvůli dlouhým končetinám (v rozpětí i více než 5 cm).
Zbarvení je šedobílé s neurčitou tmavší kresbou. Má osm očí, které lze vidět jen při zvětšení lupou. Oči jsou seskupené po třech na stranách hlavohrudi (dvě triády) a mezi nimi se nachází jedna dvojice očí zřetelně menších.
Nápadný pavouk s bizarním vzhledem. Délka těla 11-12 mm (hlh. 3 mm). Hlavohruď je kruhovitá, vpředu s vystouplým očním hrbolkem, na kterém jsou oči uspořádány po třech na obou stranách a dvě uprostřed. Ve středu hlavohrudi je jednolitá tmavá skvrnka. Sternum je jednobarevné šedavé. Zadeček je protáhlý, u samic, které čekají kokon je zadeček oválný. Na svrchní straně zadečku bývají tmavší skvrnky, zejména u samců. Celkové zbarvení je šedavé, béžové. Nohy jsou nápadně dlouhé a tak pavouk připomíná sekáče. Na kloubech noh jsou tmavší skvrnky.
Vzhledově, zejména dlouhýma nohama připomíná sekáče – tak získala druhové jméno phalangioides (sekáči – Phalangioidea). Ovšem při bližším pohledu je zřetelně vidět rozdělení těla (tenkou stopkou) na hlavohruď a zadeček.
Je hojná na mnoha místech Evropy, přičemž v severních částech střední Evropy je vzácnější.
V České republice je doložena od roku 1959, přičemž pvní nález pochází ze Semil (Jan Buchar).[1]
Třesavka velká je nepůvodní druh zavlečený do Evropy ze Středomoří a rychle se rozšiřuje ve střední Evropě.
Dle dat České arachnologické společnosti byla v ČR nejčastěji pozorována samice, a to v květnu, v nadmořské výšce 300–350 m v interiéru budov.[2]
Synantropní druh, který se vyskytuje převážně v budovách, hlavně ve vyhřívaných a suchých sklepích i v místnostech, také v kůlnách, garážích atp. Přezimuje výhradně v nezamrzajících prostorách. Ve volné přírodě ho téměř nenalezneme.
Zpravila na rozhraní stěny a stropu snová řídké sítě s nepravidelně uspořádanými vlákny a zavěšuje se hřbetem dolů, přichycena koncovými drápky končetin. Při vyrušení rozkmitá tělo zavěšené v síti (odtud český název rodu třesavka a čeledi třesavkovití), takže se v zorném poli predátora rozostří a nelze ji postřehnout.
Živí se hmyzem (např. rybenkami), stínkami a také jinými pavouky včetně třesavky sekáčovité, druhu v ČR původního. Ulovenou kořist zabalí – drží ji třetím párem nohou a omotává ji vláknem pomocí čtvrtého páru nohou. Usmrcuje ji poměrně silným jedem. Současně s ním vstříkne do těla kořisti trávicí enzymy, takže potravu přímá natrávenou (mimotělní trávení); po chvíli z těla vysaje řídkou kašovitou hmotu. Zvláštností je neuvěřitelně výkonný savý žaludek (např. pakomára vysaje jedním otvorem v jeho noze).[3][4]
Jed třesavky velké působí i na případné predátory, viz lehké přiotrávení pouštního pavoukovce solifugy, která třesavku pozřela. Člověku ale jed třesavky neublíží – třesavka není schopná prokousnout lidskou kůži.[3]
Výsledky studie Novotného a Huly naznačují, že třesavka velká může negativně ovlivnit populace našich (ČR) původních druhů pavouků, protože dospělci konzumují mláďata jiných druhů. To může mít škodlivý účinek na budoucí populace našich původních synantropních druhů. Testováno bylo pět druhů: skákavka skleníková (Hasarius adansoni), třesavka Simonova (Psilochorus simoni), snovačka skleníková (Parasteatoda tepidariorum), pokoutník tmavý (Tegenaria atrica) a pokoutník domácí (Tegenaria domestica).[5]
Galerie třesavka velká ve Wikimedia CommonsTřesavka velká (Pholcus phalangioides) je pavouk z čeledi třesavkovití.
Die Große Zitterspinne (Pholcus phalangioides) ist eine Webspinnenart aus der Familie der Zitterspinnen (Pholcidae). Der Name „Zitterspinne“ leitet sich vom Defensiv-Verhalten dieser Spinnen ab. Fühlen sie sich bedroht, beginnen sie, sich und damit ihr Netz in Schwingung zu versetzen. Dadurch verschwimmt ihr Körper vor dem Hintergrund und sie werden fast unsichtbar (vor den hellen, ungemusterten Wänden in Häusern funktioniert das weniger gut). Die Ausprägung dieses Verhaltens nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter der Tiere und durch Kontakt mit Menschen ab.
Die Große Zitterspinne entstammt den Subtropen und hat sich von dort aus nahezu weltweit verbreitet. Lediglich in kühlen und kalten Klimaten fehlt sie. Als ausgesprochene Höhlenart ist sie heute in fast jedem Gebäude, besonders in Kellern, zu finden.
Von der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft wurde die Große Zitterspinne zur Spinne des Jahres 2003 gewählt.
Die Große Zitterspinne ist in allen gemäßigten Klimazonen der Erde vertreten. In der Wüste und jenseits des Polarkreises kommt sie nicht vor, ebenso nicht in den tropischen Regionen Afrikas. Vertreten ist sie allerdings im Regenwald von Südamerika.
Die Große Zitterspinne wird oft in Gebäuden bzw. Kellern und ruhigen Korridoren angetroffen, wo sie mit dem Bauch nach oben in ihrem Netz auf Beute lauert. Ihr grau-braun gemusterter Körper ist stabförmig, Männchen werden um die sechs, Weibchen selten bis zu zehn Millimeter lang. Wegen ihrer bis zu fünf Zentimeter langen Beine wird sie, wie auch andere Zitterspinnen, oft mit den Weberknechten (Opiliones) verwechselt. Eine nahe Verwandte der Großen Zitterspinne, die Kleine Zitterspinne, trägt daher bezeichnenderweise den Namen Pholcus opilionoides (weberknechtähnlich). Im Gegensatz zum ovalen, ungegliedert erscheinenden Körper der Weberknechte ist der Körper der Zitterspinnen, wie bei allen Webspinnen, deutlich in Vorderkörper (Prosoma) und Hinterleib (Opisthosoma) untergliedert. Bei den Männchen sind die Taster durch die Geschlechtsorgane keulenförmig verdickt, während die Weibchen dünne Taster besitzen.
Die Große Zitterspinne ernährt sich hauptsächlich von kleineren Tieren wie Fliegen, Mücken oder Kellerasseln, lediglich bei anhaltendem Nahrungsmangel auch von Artgenossen. Sie kann aber durch ihre spezielle Fangtechnik selbst die Kleinen Winkelspinnen („Hausspinnen“), die erheblich größer sind, überwältigen. Das Netz der ecribellaten Spinne ist ein unregelmäßiges und lockeres Gewebe und besitzt nicht-klebrige Fäden, die extrem elastisch und dauerhaft wirksam sind. Hat die Spinne durch die Erschütterungen im Netz Beute wahrgenommen, läuft sie darauf zu und webt sie mit weiteren Fesselfäden ein.
Die Weibchen können bis zu drei Jahre alt werden, Männchen sterben in der Regel früher. Große Zitterspinnen sind ganzjährig paarungsbereit. Das Weibchen legt im Durchschnitt etwa 20 Eier, die in einen dünnen Kokon eingesponnen und vom Muttertier so lange mit sich herumgetragen werden, bis die Jungen schlüpfen. Es wird demnach in gewissem Umfang Brutfürsorge betrieben. Die Jungen bleiben nach dem Schlüpfen noch kurze Zeit im Kokon, bevor sie die Mutter verlassen und auf sich allein gestellt sind.
Pholcus phalangioides im World Spider Catalog
Die Große Zitterspinne (Pholcus phalangioides) ist eine Webspinnenart aus der Familie der Zitterspinnen (Pholcidae). Der Name „Zitterspinne“ leitet sich vom Defensiv-Verhalten dieser Spinnen ab. Fühlen sie sich bedroht, beginnen sie, sich und damit ihr Netz in Schwingung zu versetzen. Dadurch verschwimmt ihr Körper vor dem Hintergrund und sie werden fast unsichtbar (vor den hellen, ungemusterten Wänden in Häusern funktioniert das weniger gut). Die Ausprägung dieses Verhaltens nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter der Tiere und durch Kontakt mit Menschen ab.
Die Große Zitterspinne entstammt den Subtropen und hat sich von dort aus nahezu weltweit verbreitet. Lediglich in kühlen und kalten Klimaten fehlt sie. Als ausgesprochene Höhlenart ist sie heute in fast jedem Gebäude, besonders in Kellern, zu finden.
Von der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft wurde die Große Zitterspinne zur Spinne des Jahres 2003 gewählt.
De Grote Beverspinne oder (oostfr.) Grote Trillspinn (Pholcus phalangioides) is en Aart mank de Echten Weevspinnen. Se höört to de Familie vun de Beverspinnen (Pholcidae) mit to. De Naam „Beverspinne“ kummt dor vun her, datt düsse Spinnen in Gefohr bigaht, un „bevert“. Dat maakt se so, datt se anfangt, ehr Lief un ok dat Nett bannig gau hen un her swingen to laten. So is ehr Lief vor den Achtergrund nich mehr goot to sehn un to griepen. Wenn de Deerter oller weert oder länger mit Minschen to doon hefft, laat se dat Bevern mit’e Tied na. De Grote Beverspinne kummt ut de Subtropen. Vun dor hett se sik meist over de ganze Welt utbreedt. Bloß, wo ehr dat to koolt is, fehlt se. An un for sik is düsse Aart in Höhlen tohuse. Vundeswegen is se hüdigendags meist in all Hüser, sunnerlich in Kellers, to finnen. Vun de Arachnoloogsche Sellschop is de Grote Beverspinne to de Spinne vun dat Johr 2003 wählt wurrn.
De Grote Beverspinne is faken in Kellers un ruhige Floren to sehn, wo se mit’n Buuk na boven in’t Nett sitt un luert, datt se Büte maken kann. Dat graubrune Lief hett de Form vun en Staff. De Heken weert bi 6 un de Seken bit hen to 10 mm lang. Wegen ehre langen (bit hen to 5 cm) un dünnen Been warrt se faken dör’nannersmeten mit de Schoosters (Opiliones). De Lüttje Beverspinne is en nohen Verwandten vun de Grote Beverspinne. Se heet mit wetenschopplichen Naam Pholcus opilionoides (schoosterhaftig), vunwegen, datt se liek, as de Schoosters utsehn deit. Man anners, as bi de Schoosters mit ehr oval Lief, dat nich updeelt is, deelt sik dat Lief vun de Beverspinnen (un all Weevspinnen) up in Vörlief (Prosoma) un Achterlief. Bi de Heken sünd de Pedipalpen dör de Geslechtsorgane dicker, wieldes de Seken man dünne Pedipalpen uptowiesen hefft.
De Grote Beverspinne fritt sunnerlich lüttje Deerter, as Flegen, Muggen oder Kellerswiene. Bloß, wenn dat nix to freten gifft, versmaht se ok Büte vun de egen Aart nich. Dör ehre spezielle Fangtechnik kann se avers ok de grötteren Huusspinnen unner kriegen un vertehren. Dat Nett is en Geweev ohn Anfang un Enne. De Fadens backt nich, man se sünd unbannig elastisch un duerhaftig. Wenn de Spinne spöört, datt dat Nett sik röögt un dor Büte in sitt, loppt se dor hen un weevt de mit annere Fesselfadens in.
De Seken könnt bit hen to dree Johre oold weern. Heken gaht normolerwiese ehrder doot. De Groten Beverspinnen könnt sik dat ganze Johr over paaren. Dat Seken leggt denn bi 20 Eier un spinnt jem in en dünn Kokon in. Denn driggt se dat so lang mit sik rüm, bit de Lütten utkrapen sünd. In en bestimmten Umfang scheert sik de Ole denn um de Lüttjen un pleegt jem. De Jungen blievt noch en korte Tied lang in’n Kokon, denn verlaat se de Mudder un mütt alleen torecht kamen.
De Grote Beverspinne leevt in all matige Klimazonen up’e Eer. In de Wösten un achter den Polarkrink is se nich to finnen, ok nich in de troopschen Regionen vun Afrika. Man in Süüdamerika sien Regenwoold is se tohuse.
. Mehr Biller, Videos oder Audiodateien to’t Thema gifft dat bi Wikimedia Commons. De Grote Beverspinne oder (oostfr.) Grote Trillspinn (Pholcus phalangioides) is en Aart mank de Echten Weevspinnen. Se höört to de Familie vun de Beverspinnen (Pholcidae) mit to. De Naam „Beverspinne“ kummt dor vun her, datt düsse Spinnen in Gefohr bigaht, un „bevert“. Dat maakt se so, datt se anfangt, ehr Lief un ok dat Nett bannig gau hen un her swingen to laten. So is ehr Lief vor den Achtergrund nich mehr goot to sehn un to griepen. Wenn de Deerter oller weert oder länger mit Minschen to doon hefft, laat se dat Bevern mit’e Tied na. De Grote Beverspinne kummt ut de Subtropen. Vun dor hett se sik meist over de ganze Welt utbreedt. Bloß, wo ehr dat to koolt is, fehlt se. An un for sik is düsse Aart in Höhlen tohuse. Vundeswegen is se hüdigendags meist in all Hüser, sunnerlich in Kellers, to finnen. Vun de Arachnoloogsche Sellschop is de Grote Beverspinne to de Spinne vun dat Johr 2003 wählt wurrn.
Pholcus phalangioides es una espècia d'aranha de la familha dei Pholcidae. Aranha formada d'un pichon còrs enviroutat per de patas lòngas, es una aranha caracteristica deis ostaus. Viu dins lei regions temperadas sus totei lei continents.
Pholcus phalangioides es una espècia d'aranha de la familha dei Pholcidae. Aranha formada d'un pichon còrs enviroutat per de patas lòngas, es una aranha caracteristica deis ostaus. Viu dins lei regions temperadas sus totei lei continents.
Pholcus phalangioides, commonly known as daddy long-legs spider or long-bodied cellar spider, is a spider of the family Pholcidae. It is also known as the skull spider, since its cephalothorax is said to resemble a human skull. This is the only spider species described by the Swiss entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli, who first recorded it in 1775.[1] Its common name of "daddy long-legs" should not be confused with a different arachnid group with the same common name, the harvestman (Opiliones).
Females have a body length of about 8 mm while males tend to be slightly smaller. The length of the spider's legs are on average 5 or 6 times the length of its body.[2] Pholcus phalangioides has a habit of living on the ceilings of rooms, caves, garages or cellars.
This spider species is considered beneficial in parts of the world because it preys on other spiders, including species considered dangerous such as redback spiders.[3][4] Pholcus phalangioides is known to be harmless to humans and a potential for the medicinal use of their silk has been reported.[5][6][7]
Pholcus phalangioides was first described in 1775 by the Swiss entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli.[1] A member of the genus Pholcus in the family Pholcidae, P. phalangioides shares ancestry with roughly 1,340 similar cellar-spiders such as the granddaddy long-legs spider, carpenter spider, and vibrating spider. All of these spiders are known for their characteristic long legs, which can range from 5 to 6 times the size of their bodies. This is not to be confused with organisms with similar physical appearances, such as the crane fly - an insect - and harvestmen of the arachnid order Opiliones.[8]
The population sizes of P. phalangioides are influenced greatly by the presence of human-made buildings since these spiders prefer warmer habitats indoors. The large number of buildings in the world has favoured P. phalangioides, though populations tend to be relatively small, widely dispersed, and greatly isolated from one another. This small size combined with low mobility of populations results in an increased importance placed on the role of genetic drift, more specifically the founder effect, on population structure. Although some gene flow does exist between populations, its importance has been insignificant when compared to that of geographical isolation-driven genetic drift. As a result, most P. phalangioides individuals of the same population that live in the same geographical region will have a very low degree of genetic variation (intrapopulation differentiation). On the other hand, this genetic drift results in significant interpopulation differentiation.[9]
Pholcus phalangioides are sexually dimorphic, where females are slightly larger than the males of the species. The body length of this species varies between males and females. Males tend to be around 6 to 10 mm in length with the average male being around 6 mm. The average female ranges from 7 to 8 mm in length.[2][5] As indicated by their common name, "daddy long-legs", these spiders boast eight very long and thin legs which are covered in thin, grey bristles. On average, their legs are roughly 5 to 6 times as long as the spider's body.[2] The average length of an adult female's legs is roughly 50 mm.[5]
The bodies of P. phalangioides, as with all spiders, can be divided into two parts: the prosoma and the opisthosoma. The prosoma is commonly known as the cephalothorax, and the opisthosoma is commonly known as the abdomen. The opisthosoma is considered the posterior part of the body which contains most of the spider's internal organs.[10] The round, peanut-like shape of the spider's cephalothorax has earned the species the nickname "skull spider". The translucent bodies of P. phalangioides tend to be a grey-pale brown color with a dark spot on the back of the prosoma and some dark, blurred spots on the dorsal side of the opisthosoma.[2]
Although some other members of the family Pholcidae have six eyes, Pholcus phalangioides is an eight-eyed spider.[11] The eyes are arranged such that there is a pair of smaller, dark eyes at the front of the prosoma followed by three parallel rows of pairs of larger eyes.[2]
Similar to other species of spider, a hard exoskeleton coats the bodies of P. phalangioides. Depending on the age of the spider, this exoskeleton must be shed at differing intervals; younger spiders tend to molt much more often. During molting, the spider will produce certain enzymes that release the rest of its body from the underlying tissue of its exoskeleton. The spider is then able to escape the exoskeleton. The remnant outer skin or exoskeleton is known as the exuviae.[2]
It takes about one year for these spiders to mature after they are born, and their life span is up to two years post-maturity.[5]
This species is native to the subtropical regions of Asia, thus it has a preference for warmer, more humid climates. As a synanthropic species, the Pholcus phalangioides has largely had its modern geographic distribution determined by the evolution and spread of humans around the world. Today, these spiders can be found on every continent in the world but are especially concentrated in South America and Europe.[2]
P. phalangioides are not suited for survival in cold environments which is why they prefer the warmth of the indoors, specifically inside human dwellings. These spiders have a particular affinity for dimly lit, dark areas that are quiet and calm. They are commonly found in the corners of buildings and people's homes as well as in attics. Populations of Pholcus phalangioides living outdoors can be found in caves and in between rock crevices.[11][2]
P. phalangioides are carnivorous predators that feed on insects, other spiders, and other small invertebrates. Unlike many other spiders, who simply feed on prey that have gotten stuck in their webs, these spiders frequently venture out from their own webs to hunt other spiders resting in their respective webs and feed on them or their eggs. In times of low prey availability, both the males and females of the species will turn to cannibalism to meet their nutritional needs.[11][2][12]
In general, the webs of P. phalangioides are loose and horizontal with many irregularities. These webs are often intertwined with webs of other skull spiders of the same population. They live peacefully unless resources are low at which point the spiders turn to cannibalism.[2]
The extent of the P. phalangioides communication is seen in times of mating. The primary form of communication for these spiders is through the use of touch and chemicals, specifically pheromones.[11][2]
This species is preyed upon by jumping spiders of the Salticidae family. Some of these spiders simply leap into the webs of their prey and attack them. Others, employ a certain strategy known as mimicry in order to trick P. phalangioides and capture them.[13]
A jumping spider species whose aggressive mimicry behavior towards P. phalangioides has been well studied is the Portia fimbriata jumping spider species of the genus Portia. During mimicry, the jumping spider produces certain specialized vibrations near the edge of the webs of P. phalangioides. These vibrations cause the webs of P. phalangioides to oscillate in such a way that they mimic the oscillations that would be produced when a form of prey gets stuck in the web. The jumping spider will then continue on with these vibrations for very long durations of time, up to three days in some instances.[2] P. phalangioides often assume that this is an indication that they have caught some sort of prey and will move toward the host of the vibrations. At this point, the jumping spider is in an optimal position to leap onto and attack P. phalangioides, thus subduing them in many instances. In addition to employing mimicry, these jumping spiders are also particularly good at preventing P. phalangioides from inducing their whirling defense mechanism, which tends to be an effective way for P. phalangioides spiders to defend themselves from predators.[13]
The primary defense strategy performed by P. phalangioides in moments of predation is whirling. Whirling, or a gyration of the body, consists of the skull spider swinging its body around in a circle repeatedly while its legs remain fixed on the web.[13] This whirling strategy is induced as soon as the individual recognizes any sort of movement occurring in its web. The duration of this whirling is related to the specific kind of predator that the skull spider encounters. Short-duration whirling can be induced simply by a human touching the skull spider's web or occasionally by spider of a different species. Long-duration whirling, which can last several hours or even days, is performed specifically in response to the presence of the more threatening Salticid, or jumping spiders, much more often than for spiders of other families. The rapid gyrating associated with the whirling disturbs the vision of the Salticid spiders such that they can no longer rely on their acute eyesight to pinpoint the location of P. phalangioides. This disruption results in the safety of the skull spiders from an otherwise deadly predator.[14]
Much like the Salticidae family of spiders, P. phalangioides also use mimicry as a predatory tactic to subdue their prey; however, unlike jumping spiders, P. phalangioides do not rely on vision for predation. This mimicry consists of creating specialized vibrations to trick the prey into thinking that it has caught an insect or another spider. The prey then slowly approaches its supposed catch at which point the P. phalangioides spider raises up on its long legs. The spider patiently waits until the exact moment at which the prey touches one of its legs. Then, the P. phalangioides spider quickly immobilizes its prey by using its legs to wrap up it up in layers of silk. Its long legs give it plenty of distance from the prey to avoid being bitten in retaliation. After immobilizing its prey, P. phalangioides can administer their venomous bite to the prey and consume it.[15][2]
Even forms of prey that do not fully make it onto the web of P. phalangioides are not safe. Often, prey will trip over the edges of the web, thus providing P. phalangioides with an optimal time to attack. P. phalangioides is capable of clinging onto their web with two of their legs while the rest of their body leans out of the web and shoots silk in the direction of the prey to subdue it.[15]
It is a common misconception that P. phalangioides is incapable of biting humans due to an inability of their fangs to penetrate the human epidermis. These spiders can bite humans since their fangs are roughly 0.25 mm long, while the thickness of the human epidermis is less, around 0.1 mm thick; however, there are hardly any reports on bites.[2][16]
Although these spiders are capable of hunting and killing some of the most venomous spiders in the world such as the redback spider, they are not dangerous to humans. According to researchers Greta Binford and Pamela Zobel-Thropp, the effects of P. phalangioides venom on humans and other mammals are negligible. In humans, the skull spider bite simply results in a mild stinging sensation that has no long-term health consequences.[17] A recent study has even shown that Pholcidae venom has a relatively weak effect, even on insects.[18]
The genital system of an adult male P. phalangioides is located in the ventral portion of the opisthosoma and can be characterized by a large pair of testes and thin, twisted vasa deferentia which become thicker upon nearing the genital opening of the male pedipalp. These vasa deferentia distally fuse creating the ductus ejaculatorius of the spider. The ductus ejaculatorius is composed of lumen which contains large quantities of spermatozoa and other secretions. This variety of secretions is not seen in subadult males whose lumen only contains dense secretion matrix. Ventrally surrounding specific portions of the genital tract are apullate silk glands, and overall, the genital system is bordered by parts of the midgut gland. All stages of spermatogenesis are apparent in the adult testes, and the spermatozoa are coiled. In order to reach this stage with a fully formed male genital system, P. phalangioides must first go through two subadult phases.[19]
The first stage occurs roughly four weeks before the spider's final molt. Unlike adult males, young males possess a broad tarsus that does not appear to consist of any internal structures or appendages. Their pedipalps are greatly bent at a joint connecting the between the tibia and patella. The testes at this point in the young male's life appear very similar to those of the adult males both in terms of physical structure and presence of all stages of spermatogenesis. This spermatogenesis takes place in cysts which contain spermatids. During this time, there is very little observable secretory activity in the testes. In a similar manner to the adult genital system, the vas deferens in young males is connected to the distal, thin part of the testis. The distal portion of the vas deferens is incredibly narrow and is not characterized by the presence of spermatozoa or other secretions. On the other hand, the proximal region consists of a thick epithelium and intricate luminal region containing spermatozoa.[19]
The second stage of development is observed two weeks prior the spider's final molt. At this point, the pedipalps of the spider are only partially bent, and the internal structures of the tarsus can be seen. The testes are dimensionally very similar to those of subadult stage one males and adult males. The distal portion of the vas deferens becomes thinner and twists in a tube-like shape. Spermatozoa and other secretions are extensively present in proximal portion of the vas deferens. But similar to the stage one males, these males still do not appear to contain any sort of secretions or spermatozoa in the distal portion of the vas deferens. This is in contrast to adults where spermatozoa are present in all regions of the vas deferens.[19]
Spermatogenesis for males of the P. phalangioides species commences weeks before maturity and continues throughout their lives.[19]
Many female spiders possess sac-like structures where sperm from the male spider is stored; however, females of the P. phalangioides species do not have these receptaculum seminis.[20] Instead, the posterior wall of uterus externus, or genital cavity, serves as the site of sperm storage. The females have two accessory glands located in the dorsal part of the uterus externus. These glands release a secretion into the uterus externus which functions as a matrix to hold the male spermatozoa and seminal fluid in place upon copulation.[21][22] These accessory glands are composed of multiple glandular units, they themselves consisting of two secretory and envelope cells each. The inner and outer envelope cells surround the secretory cells and serve to create a cuticular ductule or canal that runs from the secretory cells to the two pore plates located on the uterus externus. These pore plates are the exit sites for the aforementioned glandular secretion into the uterus externus.[22]
Male courtship in P. phalangioides can be observed in four different steps: abdominal vibrations, tapping of the female's web, web jerking, and tapping the female's legs. In order to mate with the females, the males must perform courtship in a manner which will not result in the female assuming that the male is prey. Otherwise, the male would be attacked.
As the males approach the females, they begin to do a series of rapid dorso-ventral vibrations with their opisthosoma. This only occurs once the females have noticed the presence of the males. The males then use the ventral portion of their tarsus to begin tapping on the web of the female. This tapping can last up to twenty minutes as the male inches closer to the female. Then, using claws on their tarsus, the males hook onto the web and perform rapid jerk movements using their legs. On average, this jerking lasts for a few minutes with each jerk lasting less than half of a second. In between sequences of jerking, the males continue to move closer to the females. The males then tap on the female's legs with their cephalothorax positioned downwards for, on average, eight minutes. At this point, receptive females will take on a specific position in which they are motionless with their opisthosoma turned horizontally and their legs extended outward.[23][21] Before coupling, many of the males will use their pedipalps to cut certain parts of the web closest to the female.[21]
Copulation begins as the males use their chelicerae to rapidly move back and forth across the female's ventral body surface. This is an attempt to grab hold of the female's body and mount onto their epigyne. For some males, it can take up to 100 attempts to properly mount. Once mounted, the males pull the females closer to them resulting in rotation of the female opisthosoma from a horizontal to vertical position. At this point, the male is able to insert his pedipalps into the genital cavity of the female. During the multiple insertions, the male pedipalps are twisted into different motions in a synchronous fashion with the procursi being inserted deeply into the female genital cavity to release sperm into the uterus externus. As the coupling duration lengthens, the amount of palpal insertions decreases. The duration of copulation is dependent upon whether or not the female P. phalangioides have previously mated with any males. If the females have mated, second males are only allowed to engage in copulation for a few minutes. On the other hand, first males are able to copulate for anywhere between 16 and 122 minutes.[21] Once the mating has finished, the females often act aggressively towards the males in an attempt to drive them off.[23]
Because palpal, or genital bulb, movements from the males result in the displacement of spermatozoa and other seminal fluid from the female uterus externus, sperm competition exists between males of the P. Phalangioides species. A rival male can attempt to displace the sperm of another male from the female's genital cavity by copulating with her; however, because the copulation duration is greatly decreased in second males, and thus there is less time to displace a rival's sperm, it is unlikely that the spermatozoa of rival, second male would greatly outnumber those of the first male in the uterus externus.[21]
The use of spider silk in the medical field has gained much recognition over the last twenty years. Silk has been praised for its wound healing purposes because it contains compounds such as vitamin K.[24] Spider silk is primarily composed of proteins made up of non-polar amino acids such as glycine and alanine. However, it also contains the organic compound pyrrolidine which functions to hold the silk's moisture and potassium nitrate which prevents any fungal or bacterial growth from occurring on the silk.[25][7]
Certain antimicrobial biomolecules found in the spider silk of P. phalangioides are able to elicit an inhibitory effect on drug-resistant human pathogens including gram-positive bacteria L. monocytogenes, gram-negative E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More generally, researchers are hoping that the anti-microbial biomolecules of this spider silk could serve as a natural anti-microbial agent in the future against a host of infectious bacterial diseases that are resistant to antibiotics.[26][7]
Spiders are capable of spinning a multitude of unique silks. These silks vary in compounds and proteins that they consist of and in their use for the spider. One specific type of silk, known as dragline silk, is of particular interest to researchers due to its high elasticity, toughness, and large tensile strength. This silk has been shown to be significantly stronger than steel of the same weight. Dragline silk serves as the spider's attachment to its web should it need to retreat from predators or just go back in general. This silk also forms the radial spokes of a spider's web.[27][28]
To examine the potential role of this dragline silk in biological imaging, resin was dripped onto the fibers of Pholcus phalangioides silk. As it condensed, the silk molded naturally into a dome or lens shape. By shining a laser onto this lens, researchers were able to generate high-quality photonic nanojets (PNJs), or high-intensity scattered beams of light. These photonic nanojets could be adjusted by manipulating the amount of time that the silk spends in contact with the resin. This adjustable spider silk-based lens could be used in the future for biological tissue imaging, highlighting the biomedical importance of P. phalangioides.[28]
Pholcus phalangioides, commonly known as daddy long-legs spider or long-bodied cellar spider, is a spider of the family Pholcidae. It is also known as the skull spider, since its cephalothorax is said to resemble a human skull. This is the only spider species described by the Swiss entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli, who first recorded it in 1775. Its common name of "daddy long-legs" should not be confused with a different arachnid group with the same common name, the harvestman (Opiliones).
Females have a body length of about 8 mm while males tend to be slightly smaller. The length of the spider's legs are on average 5 or 6 times the length of its body. Pholcus phalangioides has a habit of living on the ceilings of rooms, caves, garages or cellars.
This spider species is considered beneficial in parts of the world because it preys on other spiders, including species considered dangerous such as redback spiders. Pholcus phalangioides is known to be harmless to humans and a potential for the medicinal use of their silk has been reported.
Pholcus phalangioides, araña de patas largas,[1] es una especie de araña de la familia Pholcidae. Las hembras tienen una longitud corporal de 9 mm; los machos son ligeramente más pequeños. Sus patas son de 5 a 6 veces de la longitud de su cuerpo (llegando a 7 cm de envergadura en las hembras). Acostumbra a vivir en el techo de las habitaciones, cuevas, garajes o las bodegas, lo que le da uno de sus nombres comunes. Se consideran beneficiosas en algunas partes de mundo porque se alimenta de insectos y arácnidos molestos dentro de las casas.[2][3] Esta es la única especie de araña descrita por el entomólogo suizo Johann Kaspar Füssli, que la registró en 1775. A veces se puede confundir por su nombre con la araña tigre.
Originaria de una especie restringida a zonas templadas del paleártico occidental, gracias a los humanos, este sinántropa está repartida por todo el mundo. Es capaz de vivir en climas fríos, y por tanto, se limita a vivir en casas sólo en algunas zonas.
Investigaciones recientes muestran que su veneno tiene un efecto relativamente débil en insectos[4] En un episodio de Cazadores de mitos han mostrado que las arañas tienen unos quelíceros (0,25 mm) que pueden penetrar la piel humana (0,1 mm), pero solo sintió una leve sensación de ardor durante unos segundos.[5]
Pholcus phalangioides, araña de patas largas, es una especie de araña de la familia Pholcidae. Las hembras tienen una longitud corporal de 9 mm; los machos son ligeramente más pequeños. Sus patas son de 5 a 6 veces de la longitud de su cuerpo (llegando a 7 cm de envergadura en las hembras). Acostumbra a vivir en el techo de las habitaciones, cuevas, garajes o las bodegas, lo que le da uno de sus nombres comunes. Se consideran beneficiosas en algunas partes de mundo porque se alimenta de insectos y arácnidos molestos dentro de las casas. Esta es la única especie de araña descrita por el entomólogo suizo Johann Kaspar Füssli, que la registró en 1775. A veces se puede confundir por su nombre con la araña tigre.
Vaaksiaishämähäkki (Pholcus phalangioides) on hyvin pitkäjalkainen vaaksiaishämähäkkien heimoon kuuluva hämähäkkilaji. Laji on kotoisin maapallon trooppisilta seuduilta, mutta on levinnyt voimakkaasti ihmisen toiminnan seurauksena. Vaaksiaishämähäki tavattiin Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran Espoon Kilossa vuonna 2000 ja nykyisin lajilla on vakiintunut kanta.[1][2]
Ulkoisesti vaaksiaishämähäkki pitkine jalkoineen muistuttaa muiden heimon lajien tapaan silmiinpistävän paljon lukkia, jollaiseksi sitä onkin helppo erehtyä luulemaan. Täysikasvuinen hämähäkki on pituudeltaan 7–10 mm, mutta raajojen kärkiväli voi olla jopa kymmenen senttimetriä[3]. Hämähäkki on suurelta osin läpikuultava[4]. Eläin on väritykseltään vaalean kellanharmaa ja sukupuolet muistuttavat paljon toisiaan. Eteläisimmässä Euroopassa vaaksiaishämähäkki esiintyy luolissa, mutta pohjoisempana – kuten Suomessa – se elää yksinomaan rakennusten sisätiloissa. Vaaksiaishämähäkki kutoo vaakatasoon löysän, sotkuisennäköisen verkon, jonka alapinnalla se roikkuu. Verkon ansiosta se on helppo erottaa lukeista, jotka eivät kudo koskaan verkkoa. Mikäli hämähäkkiä häiritään, se alkaa värisyttää verkkoaan voimakkaasti, jolloin eläimen hahmo saalistajan silmissä sumenee.[5]
Vaaksiaishämähäkki saalistaa erityisesti muita hämähäkkejä, mutta sille kelpaavat myös erilaiset hyönteiset. Ravinnon ollessa niukkaa, lajilla esiintyy myös kannibalismia.[6]
Naaras kantaa munia leuoissaan, eikä useimmista muista hämähäkeistä poiketen tee niille kunnollista seittikoteloa.
Vaaksiaishämähäkki (Pholcus phalangioides) on hyvin pitkäjalkainen vaaksiaishämähäkkien heimoon kuuluva hämähäkkilaji. Laji on kotoisin maapallon trooppisilta seuduilta, mutta on levinnyt voimakkaasti ihmisen toiminnan seurauksena. Vaaksiaishämähäki tavattiin Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran Espoon Kilossa vuonna 2000 ja nykyisin lajilla on vakiintunut kanta.
Ulkoisesti vaaksiaishämähäkki pitkine jalkoineen muistuttaa muiden heimon lajien tapaan silmiinpistävän paljon lukkia, jollaiseksi sitä onkin helppo erehtyä luulemaan. Täysikasvuinen hämähäkki on pituudeltaan 7–10 mm, mutta raajojen kärkiväli voi olla jopa kymmenen senttimetriä. Hämähäkki on suurelta osin läpikuultava. Eläin on väritykseltään vaalean kellanharmaa ja sukupuolet muistuttavat paljon toisiaan. Eteläisimmässä Euroopassa vaaksiaishämähäkki esiintyy luolissa, mutta pohjoisempana – kuten Suomessa – se elää yksinomaan rakennusten sisätiloissa. Vaaksiaishämähäkki kutoo vaakatasoon löysän, sotkuisennäköisen verkon, jonka alapinnalla se roikkuu. Verkon ansiosta se on helppo erottaa lukeista, jotka eivät kudo koskaan verkkoa. Mikäli hämähäkkiä häiritään, se alkaa värisyttää verkkoaan voimakkaasti, jolloin eläimen hahmo saalistajan silmissä sumenee.
Vaaksiaishämähäkki saalistaa erityisesti muita hämähäkkejä, mutta sille kelpaavat myös erilaiset hyönteiset. Ravinnon ollessa niukkaa, lajilla esiintyy myös kannibalismia.
Naaras kantaa munia leuoissaan, eikä useimmista muista hämähäkeistä poiketen tee niille kunnollista seittikoteloa.
Pholque phalangide
Pholcus phalangioides, le Pholque phalangide, est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pholcidae[1]. Cette espèce ne présente aucun danger pour l'humain.
Le mâle mesure 6,7 mm[2].
C'est une araignée typique des maisons. Cette espèce est caractérisée par ses pattes très longues qui lui donnent l'air d'un faucheux (Opiliones) ou d'une tipule (Diptera:Tipulidae), mais on peut la confondre avec Holocnemus pluchei. Le Pholque phalangide réside dans les caves, dans les coins des pièces, en haut des fenêtres où il tisse une toile irrégulière. Il s'y tient accroché à l'envers, l'abdomen pointant vers le haut.
Pholcus phalangioides
Vue dorsale d'un mâle
Mâle avec une proie
Vue ventrale d'une femelle. Remarquez l'épigyne, sous l'abdomen.
À l'origine une espèce limitée aux parties les plus chaudes de l'Ouest paléarctique, elle se produit maintenant, grâce à l'aide de l'homme, dans une grande partie du monde. Elle est incapable de survivre par temps froid et, par conséquent, elle est limitée aux maisons (chauffées) dans certaines parties de son aire de répartition. Cette espèce est presque cosmopolite[1].
Dérangé, l’animal peut fuir mais la plupart du temps il se met à tourner au bout de ses longues pattes tout en faisant vibrer sa toile. Le mouvement résultant est si rapide que l'araignée en disparaît presque de la vue humaine (animations ci-contre à gauche et à droite) (voir les vidéos d'origine de gauche et de droite).
Comme toutes les araignées, cette espèce est prédatrice et se nourrit de petits insectes volants se prenant à sa toile. Mais elle est également capable de se nourrir d'autres araignées, dont la très redoutée veuve noire par exemple[3]. Si son venin n'est pas le plus dangereux pour ses adversaires, ce sont ses longues pattes qui lui accordent un avantage décisif sur de nombreuses araignées en les maintenant à distance pendant qu'elle les enroule avec rapidité dans de la soie.[4].
Le mâle va approcher la femelle avec prudence car elle pourrait le prendre pour une proie potentielle et le consommer. Il va donc faire vibrer la toile de la femelle suivant un rythme particulier afin de se faire reconnaître par elle. La femelle, une fois fécondée, va pondre ses œufs dans une construction de soie, le cocon. Elle va le transporter avec elle constamment jusqu'à l'éclosion de ses petits. Ceux-ci, qui ne sont capables de subvenir à leurs besoins qu'au bout de quelques jours, vont rester sur la toile de la femelle.
L'espèce Pholcus phalangioides a été décrite en 1775 par Johann Kaspar Füssli (sous le nom de Fuesslin, qui est le nom qu'il utilisait pour signer ses publications scientifiques) et nommée Aranea phalangoides[6].
Pholque phalangide
Pholcus phalangioides, le Pholque phalangide, est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pholcidae. Cette espèce ne présente aucun danger pour l'humain.
Il ragno ballerino (Pholcus phalangioides Fuesslin, 1775) è un ragno appartenente alla famiglia Pholcidae.
Prende il suo nome dal fatto che, se disturbato, si muove in modo ritmico.[1]
Per le sue lunghe zampe sottili viene spesso confuso con gli aracnidi dell'ordine degli opilioni[2].
Le femmine hanno una lunghezza del corpo di circa 7-9 mm, mentre i maschi sono leggermente più piccoli. Le zampe sono circa 5 o 6 volte la lunghezza del suo corpo (fino a 7 cm di lunghezza nelle femmine). Hanno una macchia scura sul torace chiaro e l'addome varia dal marrone al grigio, a volte anche giallognolo. Hanno le articolazioni tra femore e patella più scure del resto delle zampe. Ha 8 occhi raggruppati in 2 gruppi da 3 e 1 gruppo da 2. Se dovesse perdere una o più zampe, esse non ricresceranno.
Fa circa 6 mute prima di diventare adulto.
P. phalangioides ha l'abitudine di stringere la sua tela violentemente quando disturbato come meccanismo di difesa contro i predatori, compiendo un movimento circolare che può durare diverse decine di secondi: ciò gli ha fatto assumere il nome "ragno ballerino".
La femmina è sedentaria e vive circa 3 anni, il maschio è nomade (è continuamente alla ricerca di femmine per accoppiarsi) e vive 1-2 anni.
Il maschio per farsi riconoscere da una femmina muove in modo ritmico le zampe anteriori.
Costruisce una ragnatela di forma irregolare (spesso ad arco), per catturare le sue prede. Può facilmente catturare e mangiare altri ragni (anche specie molto più grandi di lui), insetti e onischi; quando il cibo è scarso, può predare i suoi simili. I ragni ballerini sono considerati utili in alcune parti del mondo, perché uccidono e mangiano altri ragni, comprese specie velenose.
Si può accoppiare durante tutto l'anno. Questa è una delle poche specie in cui la femmina non uccide il maschio dopo l'accoppiamento. La femmina depone 30-40 uova fecondate che terrà con i Cheliceri fino alla schiusa. Con un solo accoppiamento può deporre fino a 3 sacche ovariche (ognuna con meno uova della precedente).
Una leggenda metropolitana afferma che i ragni della famiglia Pholcidae sono i ragni più velenosi al mondo, ma questa affermazione è falsa: recenti ricerche hanno dimostrato che il veleno ha un effetto relativamente debole sugli insetti; è stato dimostrato che le zanne del ragno (0,25 mm) possono penetrare la pelle umana (0,1 mm). L'unica sensazione sentita al morso è una sensazione di bruciore molto mite per alcuni secondi.
Originariamente era una specie limitata a zone calde del Paleartico occidentale, ma, con l'aiuto degli umani, si è distribuito in gran parte del mondo. Non è in grado di sopravvivere a basse temperature (per questo è solito entrare nelle case). Poiché proviene dalle zone subtropicali, questi ragni non sembrano essere influenzati da variazioni stagionali e di razza.
Si tratta di uno degli aracnidi più comuni in Italia: si trova spesso nelle case, e principalmente in zone umide e ombrose, come scantinati, sottoscala, bocche di lupo, cantine, taverne, garage, grotte, sottotetti e zone poco frequentate, dove costruisce ragnatele negli angoli dei muri o negli anfratti; inoltre, può vivere anche assieme ad altri esemplari nello stesso ambiente.
Il ragno ballerino (Pholcus phalangioides Fuesslin, 1775) è un ragno appartenente alla famiglia Pholcidae.
Prende il suo nome dal fatto che, se disturbato, si muove in modo ritmico.
Per le sue lunghe zampe sottili viene spesso confuso con gli aracnidi dell'ordine degli opilioni.
De grote trilspin (Pholcus phalangioides) is een spinnensoort uit de familie der trilspinnen (Pholcidae). De grote trilspin komt wereldwijd voor en is waarschijnlijk één van de meest voorkomende spinnen in huizen in België[2] en Nederland.[3][4] De grote trilspin is de typesoort van het geslacht Pholcus
Meestal zit de grote trilspin aan de randen van het plafond waar zij een onregelmatig web maakt van een paar draden. Wanneer een insect of een andere spin verstrikt raakt in het web gooit de trilspin nieuwe draden over haar prooi en snoert deze vervolgens in. Dankzij haar lange poten kan zij dit vanaf een afstand doen. Zodra de prooi machteloos is, komt de trilspin dichterbij en eet zij de prooi op. De spin wordt 7 tot 10 mm groot (poten niet inbegrepen).
De grote trilspin (Pholcus phalangioides) is een spinnensoort uit de familie der trilspinnen (Pholcidae). De grote trilspin komt wereldwijd voor en is waarschijnlijk één van de meest voorkomende spinnen in huizen in België en Nederland. De grote trilspin is de typesoort van het geslacht Pholcus
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Nasosznik trzęś (Pholcus phalangioides) – gatunek niewielkiego pająka charakteryzującego się długimi odnóżami.
Ciało tego pająka jest niemalże przezroczyste. Posiada on ośmioro oczu. Zamieszkuje domostwa, mieszkania i piwnice. Lubi suche i ciepłe pomieszczenia. Jest często spotykany. Czasami mylony z kosarzem. Pająki te wiją nieregularne sieci zazwyczaj na rogach ścian i pod sufitami w piwnicach.
Latem samica nosi przy sobie różowy kokon z jajami. W swoim życiu może złożyć do czterech kokonów. Z takiego kokonu wylęga się około 30–40 młodych pajączków.
Mimo delikatnego wyglądu nasoszniki są w stanie zaatakować i zjeść o wiele większe kątniki domowe. Miejska legenda głosi, że posiadają najsilniejszy jad ze wszystkich gatunków pająków, ale nie potrafią przebić ludzkiej skóry[1]. Pająki te oczywiście posiadają jad, lecz jest on absolutnie niegroźny dla człowieka. Legenda prawdopodobnie bierze się stąd, że gatunek ten często odżywia się innymi pająkami, nawet czarnymi wdowami, więc przyjęło się, że muszą mieć one bardziej trujący jad od swoich ofiar.
Nasosznik trzęś (Pholcus phalangioides) – gatunek niewielkiego pająka charakteryzującego się długimi odnóżami.
Ciało tego pająka jest niemalże przezroczyste. Posiada on ośmioro oczu. Zamieszkuje domostwa, mieszkania i piwnice. Lubi suche i ciepłe pomieszczenia. Jest często spotykany. Czasami mylony z kosarzem. Pająki te wiją nieregularne sieci zazwyczaj na rogach ścian i pod sufitami w piwnicach.
Latem samica nosi przy sobie różowy kokon z jajami. W swoim życiu może złożyć do czterech kokonów. Z takiego kokonu wylęga się około 30–40 młodych pajączków.
Pholcus phalangioides J.K. Füssli, 1775 é uma espécie de aranha pertencente à família Pholcidae, comum em habitações e em espaços sombrios e húmidos.[1] A espécie tem comportamento sinantrópico, tendo a sua área de distribuição sofrido nas últimas décadas um considerável alargamento. A espécie foi descrita pelo entomólogo suíço Johann Kaspar Füssli, que a registou em 1775.[2]
Pholcus phalangioides é uma pequena aranha acribelada de pernas longas, com a conformação corporal típica da família Pholcidae. As fêmeas apresentam um comprimento corporal (excluindo as pernas) de aproximadamente 9 mm, com os machos sendo em geral ligeiramente menores. As pernas são 5 a 6 vezes mais longas que o corpo, chegando a atingir 70 mm de envergadura total nas fêmeas. A espécie apresenta um conjunto de manchas na face dorsal do cefalotórax que se assemelha ao desenho de uma caveira humana. Os machos apresentam os pedipalpos engrossados, em forma de bastonete, devido à presença dos órgãos sexuais (nesta espécie os pedipalpos são órgãos copuladores). As fêmeas apresentam pedipalpos finos e alongados.
Apresentando forte tendência para a sinantropia, o habitat preferido da espécie é o tecto das habitações, garagens, armazéns e caves, escolhendo em geral locais sombrios e frescos. Na natureza ocorrem em fissuras de rochas e troncos, grutas e tocas abandonadas. Constrói teias irregulares, de aspecto imperfeito e estrutura fortemente tridimensional, constituídas por fios muito elásticos de seda não adesiva. Instala-se de cabeça em direção ao solo, com a face ventral para cima, num dos ângulos inferiores da teia, em geral apoiada num fio mais longo.
As fêmeas transportam os ovos nos seus pedipalpos, agrupando-os em pacotes de 20-30 ovos ligados por um casulo fino e esparso de fios de seda. O juvenis são transparentes e de pernas curtas, mantendo-se nas imediações da teia da progenitora até à primeira ecdise. Sofrem 5-6 mudas até atingirem a maturidade sexual. A longevidade máxima da espécie ronda os três anos.
Quando se sente ameaçada, Pholcus phalangioides reage agitando violentamente a sua teia, em movimentos rápidos e periódicos que a tornam difícil de ver, tornando-se difícil focar a visão sobre a aranha. Se a ameaça persiste abandona a teia, deixando-se cair para o solo. Este comportamento diminui com o aumento da idade dos animais e com o repetido contacto humano.
Estas aranhas são consideradas benéficas em algumas partes de mundo porque matam e comem outras espécies de aracnídeos, incluindo algumas que são venenosas para os humanos, como a Tegenaria agrestis e a Latrodectus hasseltii.[3][4] Caçam e comem facilmente outras aranhas, incluindo espécies bem mais corpulentas como a Tegenaria duellica, vespas, mosquitos,cochonilhas e outros insetos. Quando escasseia-se o alimento, praticam o canibalismo.
Originariamente era uma espécie com distribuição natural restrita às zonas temperadas do paleártico ocidental, mas, graças a ação humana, esta espécie sinantrópica está espalhada por todo o mundo, sendo capaz de viver em climas frios, aproveitando o abrigo e o aquecimento das habitações humanas. Como são originárias dos sub-trópicos, estas aranhas parecem não ser influenciadas pelas mudanças sazonais, reproduzindo-se em qualquer época do ano.
Uma lenda urbana afirma que as Pholcidae são as aranhas mais venenosas do mundo, mas a investigação sobre as caracteríticas do seu veneno mostram que tem um efeito relativamente débil em insectos.[5] Num episódio de MythBusters foi mostrado que estas aranhas possuem quelíceras com 0,25 mm de comprimento, que apesar de uncidadas, podem penetrar a pele humana, mas que a sua mordida apenas provoca uma leve sensação de ardor durante uns segundos.[6]
Posição típica na teia (face dorsal para cima).
Pholcus phalangioides capturando outra aranha.
Pholcus phalangioides capturando uma vespa.
Fêmea de Pholcus phalangioides com o abdómen dilatado antes da postura.
Fêma rodeada por juvenis (com cerca de 10 dias de idade).
Posição típica na teia.
Pholcus phalangioides J.K. Füssli, 1775 é uma espécie de aranha pertencente à família Pholcidae, comum em habitações e em espaços sombrios e húmidos. A espécie tem comportamento sinantrópico, tendo a sua área de distribuição sofrido nas últimas décadas um considerável alargamento. A espécie foi descrita pelo entomólogo suíço Johann Kaspar Füssli, que a registou em 1775.
Holocnemus pluchei este o specie de păianjeni araneomori din familia Pholcidae.
Corpul femelelor are o lungime de aproximativ 9 mm, masculii sunt mai mici. Picioarele sunt de 5 sau 6 ori mai lungie decât corpul, la femele perechea anterioară ajungând la 5–7 cm.
Femela ține ponta cu ajutorul chelicerilor. Juvenilii sunt transparenți, cu picioare relativ scurte. Năpârlesc de 5-6 ori până la maturizare.
Pholcus phalangioides este o specie sinantropă, frecvent găsită în locuințe umane. Se hrăesc cu diferite insecte, păianjeni.
Inițial, habitatul specie era limitat la regiunile calde din vestul Palearcticului. În prezent este întâlnită pe toate continentele, cu excepția Atarctidei.
femeie și minori.
partea ventral femeie.
mascul
Holocnemus pluchei este o specie de păianjeni araneomori din familia Pholcidae.
Trasavka veľká (lat. Pholcus phalangioides) je pavúk z čeľade trasavkovitých. Je to jeden z druhov, ktoré sú ľudovo nazývané „záchodové pavúky“ (spolu s napr. trasavkou koscovitou – Pholcus opilionides), pretože sa vyskytujú v pivniciach, na toaletách a všeobecne v chladných a vlhkých častiach ľudských obydlí.
Telo samotné dosahuje veľkosť 8-11 mm, no pre enormne dlhé nohy je omnoho väčšia. Celkovo vzhľadom pripomína kosca, no pri bližšom pohľade je zreteľné rozdelenie tela na hlavohruď a bruško. Je to pavúk bledosivej farby s neurčitou tmavšou kresbou. Oči sú umiestnené na stranách hlavohrude.
Stavia si nepravidelné malé siete, do ktorých chytá hmyz, častokrát väčší (hmotnosťou), než je on sám. Typická je obranná reakcia pri vyrušení - začne rýchlo kmitať telom, aby zmiatol nepriateľa.
V Európe je hojná, v severnejších oblastiach menej. Rozšírenie mimo Európy: viď mapka v šablóne. Je to typický synantropný druh, ktorému sa dobre darí v ľudských obydliach.
Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Třesavka velká na českej Wikipédii.
Trasavka veľká (lat. Pholcus phalangioides) je pavúk z čeľade trasavkovitých. Je to jeden z druhov, ktoré sú ľudovo nazývané „záchodové pavúky“ (spolu s napr. trasavkou koscovitou – Pholcus opilionides), pretože sa vyskytujú v pivniciach, na toaletách a všeobecne v chladných a vlhkých častiach ľudských obydlí.
Större dallerspindel[1] (Pholcus phalangioides) är en spindel i familjen Pholcidae. Den hade sitt ursprungliga utbredningsområde i subtropikerna men finns numera över stora delar av hela världen.
Djuret vistas ofta inomhus i till exempel i källare och förråd. Spindeln har en gråbrun kroppsfärg och upp till 5 centimeter långa extremiteter. Bålen blir hos honor upp till 10 millimeter lång och hos hannar cirka 5 millimeter. Arten kan lätt förväxlas med medlemmar från ordningen lockespindlar (Opiliones). Ett tydligt särdrag som skiljer familjen Pholcidae från lockespindlar är att lockespindlarnas huvud och abdomen är sammanvuxen.
Pholcus phalangioides livnär sig huvudsakligen av mindre ryggradslösa djur som flugor, myggor och gråsuggor, i sällsynta fall även av artfränder. Arten har till och med förmåga att fånga större husspindlar.
Individerna blir upp till 3 år gamla.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Större dallerspindel.
Större dallerspindel (Pholcus phalangioides) är en spindel i familjen Pholcidae. Den hade sitt ursprungliga utbredningsområde i subtropikerna men finns numera över stora delar av hela världen.
Djuret vistas ofta inomhus i till exempel i källare och förråd. Spindeln har en gråbrun kroppsfärg och upp till 5 centimeter långa extremiteter. Bålen blir hos honor upp till 10 millimeter lång och hos hannar cirka 5 millimeter. Arten kan lätt förväxlas med medlemmar från ordningen lockespindlar (Opiliones). Ett tydligt särdrag som skiljer familjen Pholcidae från lockespindlar är att lockespindlarnas huvud och abdomen är sammanvuxen.
Pholcus phalangioides livnär sig huvudsakligen av mindre ryggradslösa djur som flugor, myggor och gråsuggor, i sällsynta fall även av artfränder. Arten har till och med förmåga att fånga större husspindlar.
Individerna blir upp till 3 år gamla.
Aranea phalangioides - J.C. Fuesslin, 1775
Aranea meticulosa - Fourcroy, 1785
Wikimedia Commons'ta Pholcus phalangioides ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. 
Wikispecies'te Pholcus phalangioides ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Pholcus phalangioides, Pholcidae familyasından bir örümcek türü.
Boy uzunluğu dişi ve erkekte 7–10 mm. Ön orta gözler her birinin çapı kadar birbirinden uzaktır. Karapaks öne doğru gidildikçe daralır. Erkeklerde chelicera oluğunun ucunda biri büyük, diğeri küçük iki tane diş yer almaktadır. Bacaklar çok uzun, birçok ince kılla kaplıdır. Opisthosoma desensiz olup, gri renktedir. Epijin basit görünüşlü olup, genişliği orta duvar yüksekliğinin üç mislidir. Erkek palpi ilginç görünüştedir. Tibia uzun, apophysis ucu kanca şeklinde kıvrıktır.
Tür teşhis karakteri : Boy uzunluğu 7–10 mm; epijin orta duvar yüksekliği epijin genişliğinin 1/3’ü kadar, sternal kalkan tek üzeri lekesiz.[1]
Binalarının sıcak ve rutubetli odalarında görülür. Duvar köşelerine çarşaf şeklinde örülmüş ağlara alt taraftan tutulmuş olarak bulunur. Örümcek veya ağa dokunulduğunda şiddetli titreme hareketi gösterir.
Zehirli olduğu yolundaki yaygın inanış bir "şehir efsanesi" olarak nitelendirilir. Bu inanışta uzun bacakları ve tehlike anında titremesi rol oynar. Dişleri insan derisine nüfuz edemez. İnsanlara karşı zararsız olan örümceğin zehri böceklere karşı ise etkili olabilmektedir.
Kozmopolit bir türdür. Kuzey ve Güney yarımkürenin birçok yerinden kayıt edilmiştir. Sıcağı seven bir tür olduğu için kuzey yarım küre ülkelerinin güney kesimlerinde kuzey kesimlerinden daha fazla görülür.
Pholcus phalangioides, Pholcidae familyasından bir örümcek türü.
Pholcus phalangioides là một loài nhện trong họ Pholcidae. Loài này phân bố ở Bỉ và Hà Lan[2][3][4]
nữ và vị thành niên
phía bụng nữ
nam.
Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775)
Ареал
Фолькус фаланговидный[1] (лат. Pholcus phalangioides) — синантропный[2] вид пауков-сенокосцев. Распространён всесветно[3]. Является космополитическим видом, происходит из Европы[4].
Общая длина тела пауков-сенокосцев 6—9 мм; самцы несколько меньше самок[3][4]. Тело кремового цвета, бледно-жёлтое или бледно-коричневое с серым узором в центре карапакса[3]. Ноги очень длинные, блестящие[4].
Среда обитания
Фаланговидный фолькус встречается в защищенных местах с низкой освещенностью. Кое-где можно встретить этого паука в подвалах, под камнями, в расселинах и пещерах. Он обитает чаще всего на потолках и в углах дома. Фаланговидный фолькус плетет большую и рыхлую паутинную сеть плоской формы, также сооружает сети неправильной формы, которыми оплетает окружающие предметы. Паутинное полотно, как правило, расположено горизонтально. Фаланговидный фолькус висит вниз головой в ловушке и ожидает добычу.
Брюшко у фаланговидного фолькуса цилиндрической, удлиненной формы. Самка с яйцами имеет шарообразное брюшко. Хитиновый покров фаланговидного фолькуса окрашен в светлый желто-коричневый цвет, в центре головогруди имеется две темно-серые отметины. Брюшко серовато-коричневого цвета с редкими полупрозрачными участками и темно-серыми или бежевыми пятнами. Броги почти прозрачные.
Они серовато-коричневого оттенка на сгибах с полосами белого и черного цвета. Передние конечности у взрослых пауков могут быть до 50 мм в длину (иногда и больше). Они покрыты мельчайшими волосками, которые не видны невооруженным глазом. Кончик каждой ноги имеет 3 коготка (как и большинство пауков, плетущих паутину). Голова вокруг глаз более темного цвета. Полупрозрачная линия обозначает спинной сосуд. У него восемь глаз: два маленьких глаза расположены перед двумя триадами большие глаза.
Самка имеет от семи до восьми миллиметров в длину, а самцы длиной шесть миллиметров. Из-за полупрозрачности покровов этого паука, с помощью микроскопа можно увидеть движущиеся клетки крови в кровеносных сосудах конечностей и брюшка.
Фолькус фаланговидный (лат. Pholcus phalangioides) — синантропный вид пауков-сенокосцев. Распространён всесветно. Является космополитическим видом, происходит из Европы.
Общая длина тела пауков-сенокосцев 6—9 мм; самцы несколько меньше самок. Тело кремового цвета, бледно-жёлтое или бледно-коричневое с серым узором в центре карапакса. Ноги очень длинные, блестящие.
Среда обитания
Фаланговидный фолькус встречается в защищенных местах с низкой освещенностью. Кое-где можно встретить этого паука в подвалах, под камнями, в расселинах и пещерах. Он обитает чаще всего на потолках и в углах дома. Фаланговидный фолькус плетет большую и рыхлую паутинную сеть плоской формы, также сооружает сети неправильной формы, которыми оплетает окружающие предметы. Паутинное полотно, как правило, расположено горизонтально. Фаланговидный фолькус висит вниз головой в ловушке и ожидает добычу.
Брюшко у фаланговидного фолькуса цилиндрической, удлиненной формы. Самка с яйцами имеет шарообразное брюшко. Хитиновый покров фаланговидного фолькуса окрашен в светлый желто-коричневый цвет, в центре головогруди имеется две темно-серые отметины. Брюшко серовато-коричневого цвета с редкими полупрозрачными участками и темно-серыми или бежевыми пятнами. Броги почти прозрачные.
Они серовато-коричневого оттенка на сгибах с полосами белого и черного цвета. Передние конечности у взрослых пауков могут быть до 50 мм в длину (иногда и больше). Они покрыты мельчайшими волосками, которые не видны невооруженным глазом. Кончик каждой ноги имеет 3 коготка (как и большинство пауков, плетущих паутину). Голова вокруг глаз более темного цвета. Полупрозрачная линия обозначает спинной сосуд. У него восемь глаз: два маленьких глаза расположены перед двумя триадами большие глаза.
Самка имеет от семи до восьми миллиметров в длину, а самцы длиной шесть миллиметров. Из-за полупрозрачности покровов этого паука, с помощью микроскопа можно увидеть движущиеся клетки крови в кровеносных сосудах конечностей и брюшка.
家幽灵蛛（学名：Pholcus phalangioides）又名室內幽靈蛛，为幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属的动物。廣泛分布於全球副熱帶地區與溫帶近海地區，多生活于张网于室内墙角、屋顶、桌和橱下等暗处。[1]
-top_01.png){kind=small}
这是一篇與蜘蛛相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
.JPG)
_mit_Eipaket.jpg)
_1_(cropped).jpg)
