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Nothofagus menziesii (Hook. fil.) Oerst.

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Nothofagus menziesii is a forest tree endemic to New Zealand. The range is from Thames in North Island to the whole of South Island. An example occurrence is at the low altitude portions of the Southern Alps of South Island, New Zealand within the Southland montane grasslands ecoregion.

Silver beech is a tree that can attain a height of up to thirty metres. The main stem is often buttressed, and can accrue to a cross section of as much as two metres. The thick leaves are diminutive and roundish in shape, achieving lengths of six to fifteen millimetres. Leaves exhibit rounded marginal teeth.
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Nothofagus menziesii ( Azerbaijano )

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Nothofagus menziesii (lat. Nothofagus menziesii) - nothofagaceae fəsiləsinin notofaqus cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

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Nothofagus menziesii: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

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Nothofagus menziesii (lat. Nothofagus menziesii) - nothofagaceae fəsiləsinin notofaqus cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Silberne Scheinbuche ( Alemão )

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 src=
Zweig

Die Silberne Scheinbuche (Nothofagus menziesii), auch Neuseeländische Silberbuche genannt, ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Scheinbuchen in der Familie der Scheinbuchengewächse (Nothofagaceae). Die Art ist in Neuseeland heimisch und in Mitteleuropa nicht winterhart.

Beschreibung

Die Silberne Scheinbuche ist ein immergrüner Baum, der an den Naturstandorten Wuchshöhen von bis zu 30 Metern erreicht, in Europa allerdings nur etwa 20 Meter. Die jungen Bäume sind schlank und blassgrau belaubt. Die immergrünen Blätter sind fast kreisrund, etwa 1 × 1 cm und an jungen Pflanzen fast silbrig, an alten Bäumen jedoch dunkel glänzendgrün.

Die Blüten sind monözisch; sie werden windbestäubt.[1]

Verbreitung und Standort

Die Heimat der Silbernen Scheinbuche liegt in Neuseeland. Ihre Vorkommen liegen auf der Südinsel und der Nordinsel; auf der Nordinsel reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet in nördlicher Richtung bis zum 37. Breitengrad, also etwa bis zur Stadt Thames.

Sie kommt vom Tiefland bis in die Höhenlagen der Bergwälder vor und ist auch als Strauch in der subalpinen Zone anzutreffen.[1]

Die Art ist in Mitteleuropa nicht winterhart, erweist sich aber in bevorzugten Lagen auf den Britischen Inseln wie den milden Parks des Cornwall als raschwüchsig und wird dort bis zu 20 Meter hoch.[2][1]

Nutzung

Aus der Rinde wird ein schwarzer Farbstoff gewonnen; daneben wird Tannin aus der Rinde gewonnen. Das Holz wird unter anderem für Weingestelle und im Hausbau verwendet;[1] englische Handelsbezeichnungen sind „Silver Beech“ und „Southland Beech“.[3]

Systematik

Der englische Botaniker Joseph Dalton Hooker beschrieb die Art 1844 unter dem Taxon Fagus menziesii, ordnete sie also in die Gattung der Buchen (Fagus) ein.[4] Der dänische Botaniker Anders Sandøe Ørsted verschob die Art 1871 unter dem heute gültigen Taxon Nothofagus menziesii in die Gattung der Scheinbuchen (Nothofagus).[5]

Innerhalb der Gattung der Scheinbuchen (Nothofagus) wird die Silberne Scheinbuche in die Untergattung Lophozonia gestellt.

Belege

  1. a b c d Eintrag bei Plants for a Future (engl.)
  2. Alan Mitchell, übersetzt und bearbeitet von Gerd Krüssmann: Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Dendrologen und Naturfreunde. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-490-05918-2.
  3. Siehe Weblink Holzeigenschaften.
  4. Icon. Pl. 7: t. 652. 1844.
  5. Bidr. Egefam. 25. 1871; Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd. ser. 5, 9:355. 1873.
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Silberne Scheinbuche: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Zweig

Die Silberne Scheinbuche (Nothofagus menziesii), auch Neuseeländische Silberbuche genannt, ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Scheinbuchen in der Familie der Scheinbuchengewächse (Nothofagaceae). Die Art ist in Neuseeland heimisch und in Mitteleuropa nicht winterhart.

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Tāwhai ( Maori )

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 src=
Kei Maungatautari ēnei Tāwhai e tupu ana

Ko te Tāwhai he rākau whakakake o Aotearoa. He rākau roa, he rākau pāpua, nō te ngahere. He ririki, he porotaka he nihoniho ngā rau, he tauhokohoko te tipu.

Ko te ingoa pūtaiao ko Nothofagus menziesii. He ingoa anō hoki i te reo Māori mō te rākau nei, arā he Tāwai. Ko te ingoa i te reo Pākehā he Silver Beech.

Tirohia hoki

Tohutoro

  • Metcalf, Laurie, 2002. A Photographic Guide to Trees of New Zealand. Tāmaki-makau-rau: New Holland.
  • Salmon, J.T., 1986. The Native Trees of New Zealand. Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara: Heinneman Reed.
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Tāwhai: Brief Summary ( Maori )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Kei Maungatautari ēnei Tāwhai e tupu ana

Ko te Tāwhai he rākau whakakake o Aotearoa. He rākau roa, he rākau pāpua, nō te ngahere. He ririki, he porotaka he nihoniho ngā rau, he tauhokohoko te tipu.

Ko te ingoa pūtaiao ko Nothofagus menziesii. He ingoa anō hoki i te reo Māori mō te rākau nei, arā he Tāwai. Ko te ingoa i te reo Pākehā he Silver Beech.

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Nothofagus menziesii ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Nothofagus menziesii, commonly known as silver beech (Māori: tawhai, tahina), is a tree of the southern beech family endemic to New Zealand. Its common name probably comes from the fact that its bark is whitish in colour, particularly in younger specimens.[2] It is found from Thames southwards in the North Island (except Mount Taranaki/Egmont),[3] and throughout the South Island. Silver beech is a forest tree up to 30 m tall. The trunk, which is often buttressed, may be up to 2 m in diameter.[2][4] The leaves are small, thick and almost round in shape, 6 to 15 mm long and 5 to 15 mm wide with rounded teeth which usually occur in pairs,[2] 1 or 2 hair fringed domatia are found on the underside of each leaf.[2][3] Its Māori name is tawhai. It grows from low altitudes to the mountains. Nothofagus menziesii was proposed to be renamed Lophozonia menziesii in 2013.[5]

Distribution

Alongside mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides), silver beech is the most widely distributed beech taxon in New Zealand.[6] Predominantly found in cold wet forests from the Bay of Plenty to the bottom of the South Island.[7] No beeches are present on Stewart Island. In the South Island its geographical range extends from sea level to the treeline, while in the North Island they are restricted mainly to montane and subalpine forests on ranges and central volcanoes.[6] Silver beech forests generally dominate wetter regions in the South Island within Fiordland and Southland.

Silver beech trees typically dominate other species of beech in increasingly wet and cold environments, due to its competitive advantage in greater tolerance of low soil nutrients, greater shade tolerance and lower thermal optimum for photosynthesis.[6] Extensive pure silver beech forests are commonly found in high altitude environments between 500 m and the timberline, but also exist in valley floors, especially in inland valleys where atmospheric and soil moisture is high.[7]

Throughout the New Zealand landscape there are areas that have suitable soils and conditions, yet lack the presence of southern beech trees and given the common term of ‘beech gap’. There are several hypotheses as to why these gaps occur, including glaciation, volcanic activity and drought. Also theorised that it might be caused due to drought from Māori lighting forest fires pre-European settlement.[8] The most significant example of a beech gap is located in central Westland in the South Island, two areas of high endemicity (Otago-Southland, and northwest Nelson) are separated by low diversity.[9]

Cultivation and uses

Adult tree

The wood is hard and is used for furniture. It is not durable outdoors. The bark contains a black dye and tannin which is used for tanning leather.

References

  1. ^ Barstow, M.; , Baldwin, H. & & Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Nothofagus menziesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61918019A61918061. Retrieved 26 May 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d John Dawson and Rob Lucas "The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest", Godwit, 2000
  3. ^ a b H.H. Allan, "Flora of New Zealand,volume 1",Government Printer, 1961
  4. ^ J. T. Salmon, "A Field Guide to the Native Trees of New Zealand", Reed Methuen, 1986
  5. ^ Heenan, Peter B.; Smissen, Rob D. (2013). "Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)". Phytotaxa. 146 (1): 131. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  6. ^ a b c Bayeur, NM; Carpenter, KL; Hughes, NM (2018). "Shade tolerance: An additional factor affecting the distribution of mountain beech and silver beech in New Zealand?". Trees. 32 (2): 539–547. doi:10.1007/s00468-018-1654-7. S2CID 4322296.
  7. ^ a b Wardle, P (1980). "Ecology and distribution of silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii) in the Paringa district, South Westland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 3: 23–36.
  8. ^ Ogden, J; Deng, Y; Boswijk, G; Sandiford, A (2003). "Vegetation changes since early Māori fires in Waipoua Forest, Northern New Zealand". Journal of Archaeological Science. 30 (6): 753–767. doi:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00250-9.
  9. ^ McCulloch, GA; Wallis, GP; Waters, JM (2010). "Onset of glaciation drove simultaneous vicariant isolation of alpine Insects in New Zealand". Evolution. 64 (7): 2033–2043. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00980.x. PMID 20199559. S2CID 25206456.

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Nothofagus menziesii: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Nothofagus menziesii, commonly known as silver beech (Māori: tawhai, tahina), is a tree of the southern beech family endemic to New Zealand. Its common name probably comes from the fact that its bark is whitish in colour, particularly in younger specimens. It is found from Thames southwards in the North Island (except Mount Taranaki/Egmont), and throughout the South Island. Silver beech is a forest tree up to 30 m tall. The trunk, which is often buttressed, may be up to 2 m in diameter. The leaves are small, thick and almost round in shape, 6 to 15 mm long and 5 to 15 mm wide with rounded teeth which usually occur in pairs, 1 or 2 hair fringed domatia are found on the underside of each leaf. Its Māori name is tawhai. It grows from low altitudes to the mountains. Nothofagus menziesii was proposed to be renamed Lophozonia menziesii in 2013.

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original
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Nothofagus menziesii ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES
 src=
Follaje.
 src=
Árbol viejo
 src=
Vista del árbol

Nothofagus menziesii, el haya plateada de Nueva Zelanda,[1]​ es un árbol de los Nothofagus o género de haya austral endémico de Nueva Zelanda. Su nombre común viene probablemente de que su corteza es de color blancuzco, particularmente en los especímenes jóvenes.[2]

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra desde Thames hacia el sur en la Isla Norte (excepto Monte Egmont),[3]​ y en toda la Isla Sur.

Distribución

El haya plateada es un árbol de los bosques de hasta 30 m de alto. El tronco, el cual es con frecuencia surcado, y puede llegar a 2 m de diámetro.[2][4]​Las hojas son pequeñas, gruesas, y casi de forma redonda de 6 a 15 mm de largo y 5 a 15 mm de ancho con dientes redondeados los cuales son usualmente en pares,[2]​ 1 o 2 domacios franjeados de vello se encuentran en el haz de cada hoja.[2][3]​Su nombre en maorí es Tāwhai. Crece desde bajas altitudes hasta las montañas.

Cultivo y usos

Es un árbol muy ornamental y estimado por sus hojas y puede ser cultivado en regiones con clima húmedo y fresco. Crece bien en Escocia[5][6]​ y el norte de la costa del Pacífico de los Estados Unidos.[7]

Propiedades

La madera es dura y no es durable al exterior y es usada para muebles. La corteza contiene un tinte negro que es usado para teñir pieles.

Taxonomía

Nothofagus menziesii fue descrita por (Hook.f.) Oerst. y publicado en Skrifter Udgivne af Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana. Mathematisk-naturvidenskabelig Klass 5(9): 355. 1873.[8]

Etimología

Nothofagus: nombre genérico compuesto de notho = "falso" y Fagus = "haya", nombrándolo como "falsa haya".[9]

menziesii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico Archibald Menzies.

Sinonimia

Referencias

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1 Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. a b c d John Dawson and Rob Lucas "The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest", Godwit, 2000
  3. a b H.H. Allan, "Flora of New Zealand,volume 1",Government Printer, 1961
  4. J.T. Salmon, "A Field Guide to the Native Trees of New Zealand", Reed Methuen, 1986
  5. Letter from Crarae Garden. A list Nothofagus species growing at Crarae Garden in Scotland.
  6. «Árboles plantados y requeridos en los jardines de The Grange, Edinburgo, Escocia». Archivado desde el original el 7 de enero de 2009.
  7. «Nothofagus menziesii en Washington Park Arboretum».
  8. «Nothofagus menziesii». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2012.
  9. En Nombres Botánicos
  10. «Nothofagus menziesii». The Plant List. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2015.
  11. «Nothofagus menziesii». Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 27 de abril de 2015.

Bibliografía

  • Metcalf, Laurie, 2002. A Photographic Guide to Trees of New Zealand. Auckland: New Holland.

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Nothofagus menziesii: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES
 src= Follaje.  src= Árbol viejo  src= Vista del árbol

Nothofagus menziesii, el haya plateada de Nueva Zelanda,​ es un árbol de los Nothofagus o género de haya austral endémico de Nueva Zelanda. Su nombre común viene probablemente de que su corteza es de color blancuzco, particularmente en los especímenes jóvenes.​

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Hêtre argenté ( Francês )

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Hêtre argenté: Brief Summary ( Francês )

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Le hêtre argenté (Nothofagus menziesii) est un arbre endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande.

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Nothofagus menziesii ( Português )

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Nothofagus menziesii é uma espécie de árvore endêmica da Nova Zelândia, que pode atingir 30 metros de altura. Seu nome vulgar em língua inglesa é silver beech.[1]

Referências

  1. H.H. Allan, "Flora of New Zealand,volume 1",Government Printer, 1961
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Nothofagus menziesii: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Nothofagus menziesii é uma espécie de árvore endêmica da Nova Zelândia, que pode atingir 30 metros de altura. Seu nome vulgar em língua inglesa é silver beech.

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