Biology
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
The fruit of the baku are a favourite food for both small animals, particularly rodents, and forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) (5) (6). This results in the large, oil-rich seeds being carried away from the parent tree to a new location where the seeds can germinate and grow. Forest elephants were believed to be the principal or sole animal to disperse the seeds (7), but the baku has been found to also reproduce in areas where forest elephants are not present (5). Baku seedlings are tolerant of shady areas, and grow rapidly when exposed to light, but are rare due to the high levels of predation by rodents, which feed on the large, oily seeds after germination (8). Locally, the oil from the baku's seeds is eaten by people and the fruit is used to make soap (2).
Conservation
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Baku trees are protected by law in Côte d'Ivoire, and due to the problem of overexploitation of timbers, Ghana and Liberia have imposed bans on the exporting of baku in log form (8) (9). Despite these measures, improved regulation of the timber trade is still urgently required (2). It has been recommended that re-planting in Liberia is necessary to prevent this species' extinction (8), and in all areas in which it is harvested, certified sustainable forest management to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards are required (2). The Global Trees Campaign was set up with the aim of saving the world's most threatened tree species, of which baku is one of, and as a result, Flora and Fauna International is currently working in Liberia, with local and international partners, to improve the basis for the conservation and sustainable management of forests (2). Hopefully, through the provision of information, and the encouragement and support of sustainable-use operations (2), valuable and beautiful trees such as the baku can be conserved.
Description
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
This beautiful, tall forest tree is also a commercially valuable timber species (3). The trunk of the baku is straight, cylindrical and covered in thick, grey bark with smooth ridges (3) (4). The simple leaves, around 15 centimetres long, are arranged alternately along the stem (3), and are often dry and dark (4). Baku trees bear white flowers and fruit that measures about ten centimetres long and eight centimetres wide. One to three large, oily seeds are imbedded within the yellow pulp of the fruit (3). The inner part of the trunk, or heartwood, ranges in colour from pinkish-red to a darker brownish-red (2), while the outer part, the sapwood, is lighter in colour (3).
Habitat
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
The baku grows in evergreen, moist, semi-deciduous forest (4)
Range
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Occurs in West Africa, where it has been recorded from Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone (2).
Status
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
Threats
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
The beautiful baku is threatened by over-exploitation for its attractive wood (8), which is used as timber and in the production of musical instruments (2). The forests of West Africa have been reduced to fragments due to harvesting, and primary rainforests in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone now cover less than ten percent of their original extent (2). Ghana and Liberia both have a higher percentage of their natural forests remaining, but even in these countries, populations of baku have experienced significant declines and the extinction of this important species is a possibility (2). Illegal and poorly controlled logging pose the greatest threat to the baku's continued existence (2), but it has also been reported that the reduction of forest elephant numbers in certain areas may limit the natural regeneration of baku (2) (8).
Comprehensive Description
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex. A. Chevalier
(Syn. Mimusops heckelii Hutchison & Dalziel)
Standard trade name: Makore
Local name: Baku (Ghana)
A large evergreen and deciduous forest tree growing up to 200 ft high and 30 ft in girth. The leaves are dark green and shining with numerous faint lateral nerves, obovate, and measure 6 × 2.5 in. The flowers are white, glabrous outside, axillary with pedicels 0.75 in long, and are crowded at tips of branchlets.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.—Makore is moderately hard and of medium weight, seasoned weight averaging about 39 lb/ft3 and green weight about 53 lb/ft 3. The 2–3-in wide sapwood is lighter in color. The heartwood varies in color from pinkish brown to reddish brown or dark blood-red. The generally interlocked grain is sometimes straight. The luster is high, texture uniform and fine.
SEASONING.—Makore has a moderate rate of seasoning often with little degrade. British Forest Products Laboratory kiln schedule H is recommended (FPRL, 1956).
DURABILITY.—Makore is one of the most durable timbers of West Africa. It is very resistant, though occasionally attacked by pinhole borers and powder-post beetles. In preservative treatment it is extremely resistant, the sapwood being moderately resistant.
WORKING QUALITIES.—The timber works readily with machine and hand tools; it does, however, cause rapid blunting of cutting edges. A good finish is usually obtained with standard machining conditions. It stains and polishes well, giving excellent results. Nailing tends to split it. It glues satisfactorily.
USES.—It compares favorably with African mahogany and can therefore be used for all purposes which African mahogany is used. It is used for furniture and fine decorative work, for veneer and plywood.
XYLEM ANATOMY.—Growth rings absent. Wood diffuse porous. Vessels: generally in radial multiples of 3 to 6 pores but solitary pores and vertical pairs present; oval in outline; average pore diameter 66μm, range 40μm–85μm; average vessel element length 585μm, range 388μm–900μm; vessel wall thickness 3.5μm; perforation plates simple; vessel element end wall inclination slightly oblique to strongly oblique; intervascular pitting alternate, relatively large. Imperforate tracheary elements: nonseptate fibers, average length 1268μm; range 1000μm–1650μm; fibers with a few scattered simple pits on tangential walls. Vascular rays: heterogeneous, mainly multiseriate, generally 3 cells wide, 8 to 18 cells high, but biseriate cells also present. Axial parenchyma: apotracheal, banded, cells with gummy deposits within. Crystals absent.
- citação bibliográfica
- Ayensu, Edward S. and Bentum, Albert. 1974. "Commercial Timbers of West Africa." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-69. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.14
Tieghemella heckelii
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Tieghemella heckelii ist ein Baum in der Familie der Sapotengewächse aus Westafrika.
Beschreibung
Tieghemella heckelii wächst als sehr großer Baum bis über 55 Meter hoch und gehört damit zu den „Urwaldriesen“, die das Kronendach überragen. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht über 2,5 Meter. Es werden Wurzelanläufe, Riffelungen oder manchmal meterhohe Brettwurzeln ausgebildet. Die grau-braune Borke ist rissig bis leicht furchig oder im Alter schuppig. Der Baum führt einen klebrigen Milchsaft.
Die einfachen, gestielten und dünnledrigen, kahlen Laubblätter sind schraubig an den Zweigenden angeordnet. Der Blattstiel ist 1,5–4 Zentimeter lang. Die elliptischen bis verkehrt-eiförmigen, ganzrandigen und rundspitzigen, bespitzten bis zugespitzten, seltener eingebuchteten Blätter sind 6–15 Zentimeter lang. Die Nebenblätter fehlen.
Die Blüten erscheinen in kleinen Büscheln (2–4) oder einzeln achselständig. Die zwittrigen, gestielten und sehr kleinen, weißlichen bis cremefarbenen, leicht duftenden Blüten sind mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Der 1 Zentimeter lange Kelch ist becherförmig mit 8 mehr oder weniger fein behaarten Zipfeln in zwei ungleichen Kreisen. Die verwachsene Krone besitzt eine kurze, 2–3 Millimeter lange, breite Kronröhre mit 8 ausladenden, etwas längeren und dreiteiligen Lappen. Das mittlere Segment der Lappen ist viel kleiner bis stark reduziert. Es sind oben in der Kronröhre 8 freie, kurze Staubblätter und alternierend 8 kurze, fleischige Staminodien vorhanden. Der oberständige, achtkammerige Fruchtknoten ist weich behaart mit kurzem, behaartem Griffel.
Es werden 8–12 Zentimeter große, glatte und gelbe bis orange-gelbe, eiförmige bis rundliche Beeren gebildet. Sie enthalten bis zu 3 Samen die in einer gelblichen, klebrigen, weichen und saftigen Pulpe mit unangenehmen Geruch liegen. Die großen, glatten und glänzenden, braunen, ellipsoiden Samen sind 5,5–7,5 Zentimeter groß mit einer dicken Samenschale und auf einer Seite, fast halbseitig, einer großen, rauen und leicht texturierten Narbe (Hilum).
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.
Taxonomie
Die Erstbeschreibung des Basionyms erfolgte 1907 als Dumoria heckeli(i) durch Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 145: 267.[1] Die Umstellung in die Gattung Tieghemella erfolgte 1915 (publ. postum) durch Marcel Marie Maurice Dubard nach Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre in Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, sér. 3, 3: 33. Der Gattungsname ehrt wahrscheinlich den französischen Botaniker Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem (1839–1914).[2]
Weitere Synonyme der Art sind Baillonella heckelii (A.Chev.) Baehni und Mimusops heckelii (A.Chev.) Hutch. & Dalziel.
Verwendung
Aus den Samen wird ein Speisefett gewonnen, Dumori- oder Makorébutter.
Das mittel- bis schwere, sehr beständige Holz ist bekannt als Makoré.
Literatur
-
K. Kubitzki: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VI: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-642-05714-4 (Reprint), S. 400 ff.
- J. Gérard, D. Guibal, S. Paradis, J.-C. Cerre: Tropical Timber Atlas. Éditions Quæ, 2017, ISBN 978-2-7592-2798-3, S. 549 ff, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
- M. Chudnoff: Tropical Timbers of the World. Agriculture Handbook 607, USDA, 1984, S. 283, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
- Margaret Steentoft: Flowering Plants in West Africa. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-26192-9, S. 194, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche (Illustration).
Einzelnachweise
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↑ online auf biodiversitylibrary.org.
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↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition. Teil I und II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5, doi:10.3372/epolist2018.
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Tieghemella heckelii: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Tieghemella heckelii ist ein Baum in der Familie der Sapotengewächse aus Westafrika.
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Tieghemella heckelii
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Inglês
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fornecido por wikipedia EN
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Tieghemella heckelii: Brief Summary
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Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Tieghemella heckelii (also called baku or cherry mahogany) is a tree species of the genus Tieghemella in the plant family Sapotaceae. The species occurs in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone and is threatened by habitat loss and over exploitation. This timber tree species can grow up to 45 meters tall and 1.2 meters in diameter. One individual, the Big Tree of Oda, is 66.5 m (218 ft) tall and 396 cm (13 ft) in diameter and is believed to be the tallest tree in West Africa.
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Tieghemella heckelii
(
Francês
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fornecido por wikipedia FR
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Tieghemella heckelii: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Tieghemella heckelii est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Sapotaceae d'Afrique tropicale.
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Tieghemella heckelii
(
Vietnamita
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fornecido por wikipedia VI
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Tieghemella heckelii: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Tieghemella heckelii (tiếng Anh thường gọi là Baku hoặc Cherry Mahogany) là một loài thực vật thuộc họ Sapotaceae. Loài này có ở Cameroon, Bờ Biển Ngà, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, và Sierra Leone. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống. Đây là một cây lấy gỗ. Cây cao tới 45 mét và đường kính thân cây có thể đạt 1,2 mét.
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Макоре
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Макоре
Международное научное название
Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev) Pierre ex Dubard
Синонимы Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Поиск изображений
на Викискладе NCBI 233760EOL 1149874GRIN t:36660IPNI 789943-1TPL kew-205758 Макоре (лат. Tieghemella heckelii) — древесное растение, вид рода Tieghemella семейства Сапотовые; распространено в Камеруне, на побережье Кот-д’Ивуара, в Габоне, Гане, Либерии, Нигерии и Сьерра-Леоне. Вид находится под угрозой исчезновения в местах произрастания.
Другие названия растения — Baku, Cherry Mahogany.
Растения достигают в высоту 45 м и 1,2 м в толщину.
Примечания
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Макоре: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Макоре (лат. Tieghemella heckelii) — древесное растение, вид рода Tieghemella семейства Сапотовые; распространено в Камеруне, на побережье Кот-д’Ивуара, в Габоне, Гане, Либерии, Нигерии и Сьерра-Леоне. Вид находится под угрозой исчезновения в местах произрастания.
Другие названия растения — Baku, Cherry Mahogany.
Растения достигают в высоту 45 м и 1,2 м в толщину.
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