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This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [60,65,66]).
As its common name suggests, stinkvine is a bad-smelling climber. It produces slender stems that may reach 30 feet (9 m) long. Stems are woody only at the base and twine to the right when supported [25,28,42,60]. Growth form and vine appearance are variable [36,40]. Leaves are evergreen in southern Florida but deciduous in central and northern Florida [36]. Stinkvines may grow prostrate or twine on other vegetation or supports. Ground-creeping vines form adventitious roots at the nodes [46,62]. Stinkvine generally produces opposite, heart-shaped leaves with pointed tips, entire margins, and long petioles [44]. Leaves are also possible in whorls of 3 [28]. Petioles commonly measure up to 2 inches (6 cm) long, and leaf blades are typically 2 to 5.5 inches (5-14 cm) long and up to 2 inches (5 cm) wide [60,62]. Sulfur compounds in the leaves and stems give stinkvine its smelly odor [25,37]. Stinkvine flowers occur in cymes that may form terminal panicles up to 12 inches (30 cm) long [60]. Flowers at the terminal end of the inflorescence open first. Flowers are short-lived, and stigmas are generally receptive for 2 days or less (see Pollination and breeding system) [41]. Stinkvine fruits are round, about the size of a large pea. The outer fruit covering becomes papery and falls away when seeds are mature [46,60]. Fruits contain 1 or 2 wingless seeds that are up to 5.5 mm long [26,62,66].
Stinkvine appears similar to sewer vine (P. cruddasiana) another nonnative vine that occurs in Florida, which can be distinguished from stinkvine by its oval fruits and winged seeds [25].
Stinkvine occurs as a nonnative species in Hawaii and the southeastern United States [62]. Its native Asian range extends from Japan through China to eastern India and south to the Philipines, Malaysia, and Indonesia [40]. In the United States, stinkvine has been reported outside of cultivation in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Hawaii. Stinkvine occurs on the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii [36]. In Florida, stinkvine populations occur from the northern counties of Suwannee and Gadsden south to Broward County [24]. Stinkvine is particularly abundant in Florida's Hernando and Pasco counties [11]. The current (2009) distribution and extent of stinkvine in Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, and the Carolinas is not well documented (review by [10]). Stinkvine populations are suspected in Mississippi and Alabama [36], although there were no reports of stinkvine in these states as of 2009. Plants Database provides a distribution map of stinkvine.
Introductions and local distribution changes: There were several stinkvine introductions made to the United States. It was first reported in Oahu, Hawaii, in 1854 [60]. The purpose of this introduction is unknown. Before 1897, stinkvine was introduced by the USDA as a potential fiber plant in Florida [25,32]. Based on early records and stinkvine's current distribution in Florida, the initial introduction site was likely a field station in Brooksville in west-central Florida [11,36]. Stinkvine was introduced in Florida again in 1916 and in 1932. The reasons for and fate of these introductions are unknown [32,36]. By 1903, stinkvine was collected from Seminole County, Florida [48], and before the second introduction of stinkvine in 1916, populations at Florida's Brooksville field station were considered "troublesome" [32]. By 1933, stinkvine was reported in thickets and fencerows in peninsular Florida (review by [25]). In 1968, stinkvine was spreading from a cultivation site in Darlington County, South Carolina [44]. It is likely that stinkvine was planted as an ornamental following its introduction to the United States [15], but reports and direct evidence of this are lacking. Stinkvine was first reported in Louisiana in 1983, when Thomas and McCoy [54] found large populations in the Jungle Botanical Gardens on Avery Island and also found plants growing over shrubs on the University of southwestern Louisiana campus in Lafayette Parish. In 1989 stinkvine was reported in Harris County, Texas [6], and an "extensive plant" was reported in Zoological Park in Randolph County, North Carolina, in 1998 [8].
Although not common at the most northern and southern portions of its US range [8,46], the extension of stinkvine's range into North Carolina and southern Florida is recent and suggests some long-distance dispersal mechanism. As of 1999, stinkvine's distribution in the Carolinas had not changed considerably [8]. On the Coastal Plain, stinkvine is generally limited to disturbed sites. Spread from cultivated sites has been limited (Radford and Weakly 1998 cited in [8]). In Florida, however, some reports indicate recent and fairly rapid southward spread. As of 1982, stinkvine was reported only as far south as Hillsborough County [65], but by 1996, stinkvine was reported as far south as Broward County, Florida [38]. Although surveys conducted in 1991 and 1995 in Broward County's Long Key Park did not report stinkvine, in a 1996 survey, it occupied over 6,810 feet² (633 m²) of the Park (Dehring 1999 cited in [38]).
Stinkvine occurs in a variety of habitats (see Habitat Types and Plant Communities). Changes in the fire frequency or fire severity in plant communities invaded by stinkvine were not described in the available literature (2009). However, because stinkvine often grows into tree canopies (reviews by [10,50,62]) the chance of crown fires could increase in areas with stinkvine, altering the fire behavior in areas adapted to primarily surface fires. In sandhills vegetation in Hernando County, Florida, researchers reported that prescribed fires laddered into tree canopies because of nonnative vines. Researchers reported that of the monitored trees with nonnative vines, 13 hardwoods and 1 longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) died on the burned plots, while just 2 hardwoods died on the unburned plots [13].
Stinkvine in Camden County, Georgia, observed by an adjacent property owner for 3 to 5 years prior to the photo date.The abundance of intertwining stems on sites infested with stinkvine could reduce the quantity and size of natural canopy gaps and support increased fire spread. Through severe shading or excessive weight (review by [10]), stinkvine may increase the abundance of fuels by causing stem breakage or mortality in shrub and tree populations. An increase in the abundance of dead material on a site could lead to an increase in the fire frequency, intensity, or severity on an invaded site. Although these changes in FIRE REGIMES and behavior are speculative, they highlight the need for more information about how stinkvine may affect the fire ecology of invaded habitats.
For more information on the aggressive growth of stinkvine and its effect on associated vegetation, see Impacts. See the Fire Regime Table for more information on FIRE REGIMES in plant communities where stinkvine may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Wide tolerance of climatic, hydrologic, and edaphic conditions is implied by the broad range of native and nonnative habitats occupied by stinkvine (see Habitat Types and Plant Communities) [24,36]. In its native and nonnative habitats, sites occupied by stinkvine may be disturbed or undisturbed, sunny or shady, dry or wet, and saline or salt free [15,24,40,66].
Climate: In the United States, stinkvine is most common in areas with tropical or subtropical climates, but based on its distribution in Japan, stinkvine could survive as far north as Delaware. In Japan, stinkvine reaches its northern limit in the Tohoku Region, where minimum temperatures generally range from -4 to 14 °F (-20 to -10 °C), which approximate the minimum temperatures just north of Delaware, Maryland, and the Virginias [37].
Climatic conditions for several native stinkvine habitats are provided as a potential guide for future US distributions. In Meghalaya, northeastern India, the climate is monsoonal with distinct wet-warm and cool-dry seasons. Annual precipitation averages 98 inches (2,500 mm), and average monthly temperatures are 37 to 72 °F (3-22 °C) [31]. On Miyakejima Island in the Pacific Ocean's western rim, the climate is warm temperate, and annual precipitation averages 110 inches (2,871 mm) [20]. In the Hitachi National Forest in central Japan, stinkvine occupies sites where the low monthly temperature averages 39 °F (3.8 °C); the high monthly temperature averages 77 °F (25 °C); and annual precipitation averages 59 inches (1,500 mm) [14].
By 1998, stinkvine populations in Florida had established above the frost line (Greger and Burks personal observations cited in [25]). In Hillsborough County, where stinkvine is most common, summers are warm, humid, and rainy, and winters are cool and dry. Annual precipitation averages 48 inches (1,219 mm), but over a 30-year period, precipitation averages ranged from 31 inches (799 mm) to 68 inches (1,720 mm). In August, the average maximum temperature is 90.3 °F (32.4 °C). Freezing temperatures are rare [33].
Elevation: In Asia, stinkvine is reported from sea level to 9,800 feet (3,000 m) [40], and in Hawaii, stinkvine occurs from sea level to 6,000 feet (1,830 m) [60]. Elevation ranges for stinkvine in the continental United States were not reported in the available literature (2009).
Soils: The variety of native and nonnative habitats and plant communities occupied by stinkvine suggests a wide tolerance of soil types and conditions, but detailed studies on the characteristics of invaded soils in the United States are lacking. In a subtropical forest in Meghalaya, northeastern India, stinkvine occurs in soils that are highly leached, nutrient poor, and acidic (pH 5-5.7) [31]. Stinkvine is abundant in hydric hammocks in Hillsborough County, Florida, where the sandy soils are poorly drained. While soils are typically saturated, rarely are they flooded for prolonged periods [33]. In flooding experiments, stinkvine "vigor" decreased with flooding, and researchers reported "little healthy plant tissue" after 63 days of flooding. However, some pots contained live plant tissue after 192 days of flooding [52].
Impacts: Although quantitative studies on the ecological and economic impacts of stinkvine on invaded habitats are lacking, anecdotal and visual evidence of stinkvine's impact on native plants and vegetation structure is abundant. As of 2005, the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council listed stinkvine as a Category 1 invasive species based on documented ecological damage. In Florida, stinkvine has altered native plant communities by displacing native species and/or by changing community structure or ecological functions [9]. In Mead Gardens Park in Winter Park, Florida, stinkvine had been established for years, but in 1992, park officials reported that in several months of rainy weather it increased in size and came to occupy 6 acres (2.4 ha) of the 55-acre (22 ha) Park [35].
Stinkvine growing in Keaukaha, HawaiiStinkvine has invaded many habitat types and is not restricted to disturbed areas [24]. As of 1996, stinkvine was reported in natural areas of Florida's Hillsborough, Hernando, Pasco, Citrus, Marion, Sumter, Lake, Orange, and Polk counties (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council 1996 cited in [25]). There have also been recent expansions of stinkvine's nonnative range to the north and south (see Local distibution changes).
Dense shading by extensive stinkvine clones as well as the weight of multiple climbing stems can eventually damage or kill herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, and trees, creating canopy gaps. In these gaps, stinkvine establishment and growth can be rapid, limiting the recruitment of shrub and tree seedlings and saplings and preventing normal forest regeneration (reviews by [10,62]). In the Jungle Botanical Gardens in Iberia Parish, Louisiana, Thomas and McCoy [54] found large stinkvine populations and likened their growth to that of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum), two other nonnative species that have negatively impacted wildland habitats. Near Asheville, North Carolina, a recently discovered stinkvine clone was climbing over shrubs, into low tree branches, and along the ground for lengths of up to 13 feet (4 m). The clone had established beneath an American beech (Fagus grandifolia) planted about 6 years earlier. The researcher speculated that stinkvine seed was a contaminant in the tree's root ball or was dispersed by a migratory bird [8]. In Florida, observations suggest that dense stinkvine growth has reduced the density and cover of native herbaceous species [13], and stinkvine has smothered and killed portions of one of the few remaining populations of Cooley's water willow (Justicia cooleyi), a federal endangered species (Bowman and Martin 1995 personal communiciations cited in [25]). In wet disturbed lowland sites of Hilo, Hawaii, and on the island of Maui, stinkvine growth is dense and often forms blankets over other vegetation. On Maui, stinkvine reaches at least 33 feet (10 m) into tree canopies [50].
In Hawaii, stinkvine is linked to economic impacts in ornamental plant nurseries. When stinkvine invades fields used to propagate ornamental plants, control is difficult. Because nontarget effects must be minimized, the number of potential control methods is reduced and often the labor and economic costs associated with control are increased [36].
Control: Control of nonnative invasive species is most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on an individual species [29]. When targeting a nonnative species for control, the potential for other invasive species to fill their void must be considered, regardless of the control method used [5].
Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations.
Prevention: It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is by preventing their establishment and spread through the maintenance of "healthy" natural communities [29,47,56] and by continual monitoring [19]. Maintaining the integrity of the native plant community and mitigating the factors that enhance ecosystem invasibility are likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [17].
Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [57]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [57] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.
Physical or mechanical control: Hand-pulling and cutting the stems of established stinkvines rarely provides effective control [24]. Seedlings and small plants may be easily pulled by hand, but cutting and pulling established stems promotes sprouting (review by [62]). In Florida, stinkvine was sprouting 2 weeks after hand-pulling [52]. Stems within a stinkvine clone found near Asheboro, North Carolina, were pulled or cut in October 1998. Stinkvine sprouts occurred by mid-April 1999 [8]. Researchers recommend careful disposal of cut or pulled stems to limit the number of fruits, seeds, and stem fragments left on the treated site [24]. During seed bank studies conducted in Florida, a fraction of skunkvinve seeds remained viable for at least 3 years, suggesting that treated sites should be monitored for seedlings for at least 4 years [26].
Biological control: There has been testing on a Japanese flea beetle (Trachyaphthona sordida) that appears to be a skunkvinve specialist [37]. As of 2009, no biological controls had been released.
Many factors must be considered and evaluated before biological controls are released. Refer to these sources: [59,64] and the Weed control methods handbook [55] for background information and important considerations for developing and implementing biological control programs.
Chemical control: Sprouting is common after herbicide treatments on stinkvine [28]. A single herbicide application does not control stinkvine [24]. When stinkvine is growing over or in desirable native vegetation, vines should be pulled off of this vegetation before herbicides are applied. Herbicides are considered most effective if applied while stinkvine is actively growing in the spring or summer [28].
A review recommends cutting stinkvine stems and then applying herbicides to cut bases and prostrate stems. This method should increase the effectivness of herbicides and minimize nontarget effects [10], but treated sites should probably be monitored for seedling establishment for at least 4 years [26].
While herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, rarely do they provide a complete or long-term weed management solution [7]. See the Weed control methods handbook [55] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.
Integrated management: No information is available on this topic.
Pollination and breeding system: Stinkvine flowers are perfect, protandrous, and self incompatible [26,41,46]. In the greenhouse, stinkvine flowers protected from insects failed to produce fruit. When researchers artificially cross pollinated flowers, about 70% set fruit [41]. At field sites in Florida, no bagged flowers produced fruits, but more than 20% of unprotected flowers produced fruits [27].
Flowers are insect pollinated. Honeybees and other bees pollinated stinkvine flowers in Ogasawara Islands, Japan [1]. Butterflies were common pollinators in China, Malaysia, and Indonesia [41]. In Florida, 15 insect species visited stinkvine flowers; all insects were native to Florida, except European honey bees (Apis mellifera), which were most common on stinkvine flowers in an open field. Halictid bees were the most common visitors in the swamp forest and at a successional site where trees and shrubs were establishing. The number of insect visits/watch was significantly greater in the swamp forest than at the successional site (P<0.05). Stinkvine flowers produced up to 0.4 mm of nectar by volume, and sugar concentrations ranged from 20% to 35% [27].
Individual stinkvine flowers are short lived, and stigmas are receptive for a short period of time. However, stinkvine may produce many inflorescences each with multiple flowers, so plants may have open, receptive flowers for 6 weeks or more [41]. In Florida, stinkvine plants had multiple open flowers each day. Flowers generally opened before or at dawn and dropped petals by the next morning [27]. Once petals fall, stigmas are no longer receptive [41]. In Ogasawara Islands, Japan, stinkvine produced 11 to 100 flowers/inflorescence and 101 to 1,000 inflorescences/plant [1].
Wind and animal dispersal of stinkvine seeds are likely in the United States. From experiments and calculations, researchers estimated that stinkvine seeds falling from 16 feet (5 m) above ground when horizontal winds were 5.9 feet (1.8 m)/s could travel 8.9 feet (2.7 m). Distances increased to 36 feet (10.9 m) and 72 feet (21.8 m) in winds of 23 feet (7 m)/s and 46 feet (14 m)/s, respectively [43].
Although direct evidence of animals dispersing stinkvine seeds in the United States is lacking, several sources indicate that animal dispersal is suspected ([3,28], review by [10]). Field studies in Japanese black pine stands in Japan showed that birds removed an average of 66.9 stinkvine fruits/plant. Brown-eared bulbuls, pale thrushes, dusky thrushes, and Japanese white-eyes were the most common dispersers. These birds consumed whole fruits but also dropped many fruits. During the study, there were 95 stinkvine seeds dropped beneath stinkvine plants, 71 beneath Japanese callicarpa (Callicarpa japonica), 35 beneath linden arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum), and 32 beneath Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Researchers collected both fruits and exposed seeds. Exposed seeds were likely the result of defecation or regurgitation. Seed viability was not tested [53].
In the United States, reports of stinkvine seed production are variable. As of 2003, stinkvine fruits had not been observed in Maui, Hawaii [50]. This lack of fruit production was likely the result of few and/or untimely observations and not environmental or pollinator issues [49]. As of 1976, reports and observations of stinkvine fruit or seed production in Florida were lacking [32]; however, in a study published in 2008, stinkvine plants in Florida produced ten or more fruit clusters, and each fruit cluster contained hundreds of berries (personal observation cited in [26]). An "extensive" stinkvine plant growing near Asheville, North Carolina, produced 24 panicles but just 2 berries [8].
In a Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) stand on coastal sand dunes in central Japan, stinkvine averaged 114.9 fruits/plant, 1,900 fruits/ha, and 3,800 seeds/ha. On average, birds removed 66.9 fruits/plant [53].
Studies highlighting conditions most suitable for stinkvine seedling establishment and growth are lacking. A study along the Arakawa River floodplain near Urawa City, Japan, suggests that stinkvine seedlings establish on disturbed sites. There were 0.3 stinkvine seedlings/m² in moist tall grasslands that were burned each winter for 30 years. There were 1.8 stinkvine seedlings/m² on sites that were "cleared" in the winter for the last 6 years. Methods for clearing vegetation were not described. No stinkvine seeds were trapped on the burned site, but 16.7 stinkvine seed/m² were trapped on the cleared site [30].
During a recent expansion of stinkvine in Mead Gardens Park, Winter Park, Florida, park officials estimated that stems grew 2 to 3 inches (5-7.5 cm) per day. stinkvine had almost completely covered 60-foot (18 m) magnolia (Magnolia spp.) trees. Rapid growth coincided with rainy weather [35].
Pisiyli pederiya (lat. Paederia foetida)[1] - pederiya cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]
Der Stinkwein (Paederia foetida) ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Rötegewächse (Rubiaceae).
Der Stinkwein ist eine laubabwerfende, mehrjährige Schlingpflanze die bis zu 9–10 Meter hoch wächst. Die schlanken Sprossachsen sind mehr oder weniger behaart.
Die eiförmigen bis -lanzettlichen, glänzend tiefgrünen, meist gegenständigen und ganzrandigen Laubblätter sind bis zu 21 cm lang und 7 cm breit und verströmen bei Berührung einen schwefligen Duft. Die an der Basis stumpfe bis abgerundete oder oft mehr oder weniger herzförmige, rundspitzige bis spitze Spreite ist borstig bewimpert und mehr oder weniger leicht borstig behaart. Die schlanken Blattstiele sind bis 5 cm lang und feinhaarig. Es sind kleine Nebenblätter vorhanden.
Die weißen, glockenförmigen und fünfzähligen, zwittrigen Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle und rötlichem Schlund sind bis zu 1,5 cm lang. Sie erscheinen achsel- oder endständig in langstieligen Schraubeln. Der Kelch ist klein, mit dreieckigen, kahlen Zipfeln. Die verwachsene Krone mit kleinen ausladenden Lappen ist außen kurz und dicht behaart sowie innen im oberen Teil lang drüsenhaarig. Die Staubblätter in der Mitte der Kronröhre sind eingeschlossen. Der zweikammerige Fruchtknoten ist (halb)unterständig im kahlen Blütenbecher mit kurz verwachsenem Griffel mit zwei langen, fädigen, etwas verdrehten und meist eingeschlossenen Ästen mit jeweils zweiästiger Narbe. Es ist ein kleiner Diskus vorhanden.
Es werden rundliche, kleine und orange-bräunliche, ein- bis zweisamige, glatte Steinfrüchte mit kleinen Kelchresten gebildet.
Der Stinkwein ist im tropischen und subtropischen Asien heimisch und hat sich nach Melanesien, Hawaii und auf die Maskarenen sowie bis in die südlicheren USA ausgebreitet.[1]
Der Konsum der Früchte färbt die Zähne schwarz und soll gegen Zahnweh helfen.[2]
Der Stinkwein (Paederia foetida) ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Rötegewächse (Rubiaceae).
Godhong sèmbukan, simbuk, jèmbrèt, ya iku salah sawijining godhong kang nduwèni manfaat kanggo obat tradhisional. Tuwuhan iki uga diarani godhong entut-entutan amarga duwé ganda sing kaya entut.
Godhong sèmbukan, simbuk, jèmbrèt, ya iku salah sawijining godhong kang nduwèni manfaat kanggo obat tradhisional. Tuwuhan iki uga diarani godhong entut-entutan amarga duwé ganda sing kaya entut.
ভেদাই লতা, পাদুৰী লতা বা পাদ্ৰী লেৱা (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Paederia foetida; কাছাৰ: মুকুন্দ লতা; গাৰো: পাছুম; কছাৰী: চা-খি-ফু; কুকি: ৱেই-নাম-ব্ৰাং; খাচিয়া: মেই-ইন্-টু[3]) এবিধ গুল্মজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ৷ ইংৰাজীত এই লতাক ভিন্ন নাম যেনে skunkvine, stinkvine, বা Chinese fever vine বুলি জনা যায়৷[4]
এই লতাৰ পাত বা কাণ্ড মুচৰি দিলে চালফাৰৰ দৰে গন্ধ (sulphurous odour) ওলায়৷ এই গন্ধৰ কাৰণ হ’ল পাদুৰী লতাৰ পাত বা কাণ্ডত ছালফাৰৰ যৌগ যেনে ডাইমিথাইল ডাইছালফাইড (dimethyl disulphide) থাকে৷ মোহোৰি দিলে এই যৌগ থকা তেল বাহিৰ হয় আৰু তীব্ৰ গন্ধ ওলায়৷ [5] [6] এইকাৰণতে লতাবিধৰ অসমীয়া নাম পাদুৰী লতা৷
পাদুৰী লতা ক্ৰান্তীয় এছিয়াৰ থলুৱা উদ্ভিদ কিন্তু বৰ্তমান পলনেছিয়া, মেলানেছিয়া আৰু উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাতো পোৱা গৈছে৷[2] এছিয়াৰ বাংলাদেশ, ভূটান, কম্বোডিয়া, টাইৱান, চীন, ভাৰত, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া, জাপান, লাওছ, মালয়েছিয়া, নেপাল, ম্যানমাৰ, ফিলিপিনছ, ছিংগাপুৰ, দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ভিয়েটনামত এই লতাবিধ পোৱা যায়৷ [2]
পাদুৰী লতাৰ মূল লতাডালে গছৰ ওপৰলৈ আৰোহণ কৰোঁতে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ বিপৰীতমুখী পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে৷ পাতবিলাক পত্ৰবৃন্তত বিপৰীতমুখ, দৈৰ্ঘ্য প্ৰায় ৬ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু প্ৰস্থ ২ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ৷[3]
এই লতাৰ ফুল গুলপীয়া আৰু ফুলৰ মুখ বেঙুণীয়া৷ ইয়াৰ দলমণ্ডল বেহি সদৃশ৷ বেটুপাতৰ দাঁত সুক্ষ্ম, সাধাৰণতে তিনিকোণীয়া৷ নলিৰ অন্তৰভাগ লোমযুক্ত৷
পাদুৰী লতাৰ ফল বৃত্তাকাৰ, ৰঙচুৱা, শোটোৰাপৰা আৰু পাখিযুক্ত৷[3]
পাদুৰী লতা পৰম্পৰাগত ঔষধ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়৷ [7] তাৰোপৰি ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু পূবৰ ৰাজ্যকেইখনত এই লতা পৰম্পৰাগত খাদ্যতো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়৷
ভেদাই লতা, পাদুৰী লতা বা পাদ্ৰী লেৱা (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Paederia foetida; কাছাৰ: মুকুন্দ লতা; গাৰো: পাছুম; কছাৰী: চা-খি-ফু; কুকি: ৱেই-নাম-ব্ৰাং; খাচিয়া: মেই-ইন্-টু) এবিধ গুল্মজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ৷ ইংৰাজীত এই লতাক ভিন্ন নাম যেনে skunkvine, stinkvine, বা Chinese fever vine বুলি জনা যায়৷
এই লতাৰ পাত বা কাণ্ড মুচৰি দিলে চালফাৰৰ দৰে গন্ধ (sulphurous odour) ওলায়৷ এই গন্ধৰ কাৰণ হ’ল পাদুৰী লতাৰ পাত বা কাণ্ডত ছালফাৰৰ যৌগ যেনে ডাইমিথাইল ডাইছালফাইড (dimethyl disulphide) থাকে৷ মোহোৰি দিলে এই যৌগ থকা তেল বাহিৰ হয় আৰু তীব্ৰ গন্ধ ওলায়৷ এইকাৰণতে লতাবিধৰ অসমীয়া নাম পাদুৰী লতা৷
ଏହା ଏକ ଲତାଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ। ଦୁର୍ଗନ୍ଧଯୁକ୍ତ କିନ୍ତୁ ଅତି ଉପକାରୀ ଲତାଟିଏ। ପତ୍ର ଗୁଡିକ ଧଳାଙ୍କୁ ପତ୍ରର ଅନୁରୂପ। ପତ୍ରର ଶିରାରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ରକ୍ତବର୍ଣ୍ଣର ତେଜ ଦେଖାଯାଏ। କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ଜାଗାରେ ଏହାର ପତ୍ର ପାଣ୍ଡୁରିଆ ଦିଶିଥାଏ।
ଏହା କଷାୟ ମିଶ୍ରିତ, ତିକ୍ତରସ, ଉଷ୍ଣବୀର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ସାରକ, ଗୁରୁପାକ, ବଳକାରୀ, କ୍ଷୀରଶୋଧକ, ଭଗ୍ନ ସଂଯୋଜକ, ଶୁକ୍ରବର୍ଧକ, କଫ, ବାତ, ଅର୍ଶ, ଶୋଥ, ପିତ୍ତ, ରିକ୍ତଦୃଷ୍ଟି, ବାତରକ୍ତ, ଅମ୍ଳପିତ୍ତ, କଣ୍ଡୁ, କୁଷ୍ଠ ଓ ବେଦନା ନାଶକ ଅଟେ।
ଏହାର ସର୍ବାଙ୍ଗ, ବିଶେଷକରି ଏହାର ପତ୍ରକୁ ଔଷଧିରୂପେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ। ଏହାର ପତ୍ରକୁ ବାଟି ପିଆଇଦେଲେ ଗାଈ ଭଲ ଦୁଧ ଦିଏ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ। ଗ୍ରହଣୀ, ଅତିସାର ଓ ରକ୍ତାତିସାର ଆଦି ରୋଗରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରାଯାଏ। ଦେହର ଦୁର୍ବଳତା ବିନାଶ କରିବାପାଇଁ, ପିଲାଙ୍କ ପେଟରୁ କୃମି ଦୂର କରିବାପାଇଁ ତଥା ବୟସ୍କ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କର ବାତ ଦୂର କରିବାପାଇଁ ଏହାର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ।
Paederia foetida is a species of plant, with common names that are variations of skunkvine, stinkvine, or Chinese fever vine.[3] It is native to temperate, and tropical Asia; and has become naturalized in the Mascarenes, Melanesia, Polynesia, and the Hawaiian Islands, also found in North America by recent studies.[2]
Paederia foetida is known for the strong, sulphurous odour exuded when its leaves or stems are crushed or bruised.[4] This is because the oil responsible for the smell, and found primarily within the leaves, contains sulphur compounds, including largely dimethyl disulphide.[5]
P. foetida is native to Bangladesh and southern Bhutan; Cambodia; Taiwan and China (in Hong Kong and Macau, and the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Sikkim, Telangana, in the northern part of West Bengal, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands); Indonesia; Japan (in Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku prefectures, as well as in the Ryukyu Islands); Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; the Philippines; Singapore; South Korea; Thailand; and Vietnam.[2]
It is sometimes planted as an ornamental, and has virtue in folk medicine.[2][6] It is also used as a culinary spice in some traditional cooking in North Eastern and Eastern India. In Hainanese cuisine, the leaves are ground into flour and mixed with rice to form noodles used in a sweet soup.[7]
The caterpillars of four hawkmoth species are recorded to feed on P. foetida: Neogurelca hyas, Macroglossum corythus, M. pyrrhosticta and M. sitiene.[8]
Paederia foetida is a species of plant, with common names that are variations of skunkvine, stinkvine, or Chinese fever vine. It is native to temperate, and tropical Asia; and has become naturalized in the Mascarenes, Melanesia, Polynesia, and the Hawaiian Islands, also found in North America by recent studies.
Paederia foetida is known for the strong, sulphurous odour exuded when its leaves or stems are crushed or bruised. This is because the oil responsible for the smell, and found primarily within the leaves, contains sulphur compounds, including largely dimethyl disulphide.
Paederia foetida (enredadera apestosa o paderia fétida) es una especie de planta de la familia Rubiaceae.[3] Es nativa de las zonas templadas y tropicales de Asia; y se ha naturalizado en las Islas Mascareñas, Melanesia, Polinesia, y Hawái.[2] En Filipinas se llama cantotai.[4]
Paederia foetida se destaca por tener un fuerte olor, sulfuroso que exuda cuando sus hojas o tallos son triturados o dañados. Ello se debe a que el aceite que produce el olor, y que se encuentra mayormente en las hojas, contiene compuestos sulfurosos, incluido disulfuro de dimetilo.[5]
P. foetida es nativa del sureste de Asia, China, India (en Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Telangana); Indonesia; Japón; Laos; Malasia; Myanmar; Nepal; las Filipinas; Singapur; Corea del Sur; Tailandia; y Vietnam.[2]
A veces es utilizada como planta ornamental; y es utilizada en medicina natural.[2] También se le utiliza como un condimento en ciertos platillos tradicionales de la gastronomía del noreste y este de la India.
Datos: Q1209690
Multimedia:
Especies: Paederia foetida
Paederia foetida (enredadera apestosa o paderia fétida) es una especie de planta de la familia Rubiaceae. Es nativa de las zonas templadas y tropicales de Asia; y se ha naturalizado en las Islas Mascareñas, Melanesia, Polinesia, y Hawái. En Filipinas se llama cantotai.
Paederia foetida se destaca por tener un fuerte olor, sulfuroso que exuda cuando sus hojas o tallos son triturados o dañados. Ello se debe a que el aceite que produce el olor, y que se encuentra mayormente en las hojas, contiene compuestos sulfurosos, incluido disulfuro de dimetilo.
Paederia foetida
La Pædérie fétide (Paederia foetida), aussi appelée Vigne de mouffette[1], est une espèce de plantes de la famille des rubiacées. Il s'agit d'une plante surtout utilisée comme plante ornementale, dont les tiges et les feuilles émettent une forte odeur soufrée lorsqu'elles sont écrasées. Son aire de distribution naturelle s'étend sur toute l'Asie tropicale et tempérée. Elle s'est également acclimatée aux conditions de vie sur de nombreux archipels des océans indien et pacifique.
Cette espèce se présente comme une liane grimpante ligneuse pérenne, longue jusqu'à 7 mètres[1].
Les feuilles sont simples, opposées, pubescentes sur la face inférieure. Le limbe est ovale avec une base cordée et un apex aigu[1].
Cette plante est connue pour sa forte odeur de soufre émise lorsque les feuilles ou les tiges sont écrasées, dues à sa teneur en diméthyldisulfure[2].
Les fleurs sont regroupées en panicules. Elles sont tubulaires, blanches, avec un cœur poilu, rose foncé ou pourpre. Leur odeur est très forte[1].
Les fruits sont des capsules brunes sphériques mesurent 6 millimètres de diamètre. Elles contiennent deux graines rondes.
La Pædérie fétide est native du Bangladesh, du Bhoutan, du Cambodge, de Taïwan, de Chine, d'Inde, d'Indonésie, du Japon, du Laos, de Malaisie, du Myanmar, du Népal, des Philippines, de Singapour, de Corée du Sud, de Thaïlande et du Vietnam[3].
La Pædérie fétide s'est acclimatée dans les Mascareignes, la Mélanésie, la Polynésie et l'archipel d'Hawaï, ainsi qu'en Amérique du Nord[3].
Elle a été introduite dans de nombreuses zones en tant que plante ornementale, ce qui a entraîné sa propagation en zone tropicale[1].
L'espèce peut présenter un caractère envahissant. En Nouvelle-Calédonie notamment, elle recouvre rapidement le sol et la canopée des arbres et arbustes qui l'entourent[1],[4].
La Pædérie fétide est utilisée comme plante ornementale. Elle aurait des vertus médicinales selon les traditions asiatiques[3].
Une fable javanaise raconte qu'à l'origine, les tigres et les hommes étaient végétariens et vivaient en harmonie. Les tigres mangeaient des feuilles de Pædérie fétide et de Durian (Durio zibethinus). Un jour, lors de la préparation du repas, un homme se coupa le doigt et un bout de chair se trouva dans le déjeuner des tigres : ceux-ci y prirent goût et devinrent des animaux sauvages[5].
Paederia foetida
La Pædérie fétide (Paederia foetida), aussi appelée Vigne de mouffette, est une espèce de plantes de la famille des rubiacées. Il s'agit d'une plante surtout utilisée comme plante ornementale, dont les tiges et les feuilles émettent une forte odeur soufrée lorsqu'elles sont écrasées. Son aire de distribution naturelle s'étend sur toute l'Asie tropicale et tempérée. Elle s'est également acclimatée aux conditions de vie sur de nombreux archipels des océans indien et pacifique.
Daun kentut (Paederia foetida) adalah spesies tumbuhan yang berasal dari Asia tropis; yang telah dinaturalisasi ke Mascarenes, Melanesia, Polinesia, dan kepulauan Hawaii.[2]
Daun kentut (Paederia foetida) adalah spesies tumbuhan yang berasal dari Asia tropis; yang telah dinaturalisasi ke Mascarenes, Melanesia, Polinesia, dan kepulauan Hawaii.
Pokok Daun Sekentut (paederia foetida) iala sejenis pokok yang berasal dari zon iklim sederhana dan tropika Asia. Ia juga dikenali sengan nama "akar sekentut" dan "daun kentut-kentut". Pohon ini mendapat namanya daripada bau bersulfur yang dikeluarkan apabila daun atau batang pokok ini terpotong atau hancur.
Pokok Daun Sekentut (paederia foetida) iala sejenis pokok yang berasal dari zon iklim sederhana dan tropika Asia. Ia juga dikenali sengan nama "akar sekentut" dan "daun kentut-kentut". Pohon ini mendapat namanya daripada bau bersulfur yang dikeluarkan apabila daun atau batang pokok ini terpotong atau hancur.
Mơ tròn hay còn gọi là ngưu bì đống, mẫu cẩu đằng, ngũ hương đằng, thanh phong đằng, mao hồ lô,[3] (danh pháp khoa học: Paederia foetida), là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thiến thảo, có nguồn gốc từ khu vực ôn đới và nhiệt đới Châu Á; và lan rộng đến các vùng như quần đảo Mascarene, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii,[4] nó cũng được phát hiện thấy ở Bắc Mỹ trong một số nghiên cứu gần đây.[2] Thân và lá của nó có mùi hôi nồng đặc trưng của lưu huỳnh, do tinh dầu có nhiều trong lá chứa hợp chất của lưu huỳnh, phần lớn là dimethyl disulfide,[5] nên cũng còn gọi là lá thúi địt.[3]. Loài này được Carl Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1767.[6] (cái tên Thúi Địt là tên tiếng Vân Kiều, Thái dùng để chỉ một vài loài Mơ dây leo)
Mơ tròn có nguồn gốc ở miền Nam Bangladesh và Bhutan; Campuchia, Đài Loan và Trung Quốc (Hồng Kông và Ma Cao, và các tỉnh An Huy, Phúc Kiến, Cam Túc, Quảng Đông, Quảng Tây, Hải Nam, Hà Nam, Hồ Bắc, Hồ Nam, Giang Tô, Giang Tây, Thiểm Tây, Sơn Đông, Sơn Tây, Tứ Xuyên, Tây Tạng, Vân Nam, Chiết Giang), Ấn Độ (Andhra Pradesh, Warangal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, ở phía bắc của Tây Bengal, quần đảo Andaman và Nicobar), Indonesia, Nhật Bản (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, cũng như trong quần đảo Ryukyu); Lào, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Hàn Quốc, Thái Lan và Việt Nam.[2]
Mơ tròn là cây thân leo lâu năm lá rộng, có thể leo cao đến 9 m. Lá màu xanh sáng nhạt, hình ôvan mũi mác, dài đến 21 cm và rộng 7 cm, có mùi lưu huỳnh. Hoa màu trắng dài 1.5 cm, họng hoa có màu đỏ sắc tím.[7]
Mơ tròn đôi khi được trồng làm cảnh và dùng như một vị thuốc trong y học dân gian.[2] Quả có thể làm đen răng và giảm đau răng.[8] Theo Tuệ Tĩnh, dây và lá Mơ tròn tác dụng như Mơ lông có thể dùng để trị bệnh kiết lỵ.[9]
|date= (trợ giúp) Mơ tròn hay còn gọi là ngưu bì đống, mẫu cẩu đằng, ngũ hương đằng, thanh phong đằng, mao hồ lô, (danh pháp khoa học: Paederia foetida), là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thiến thảo, có nguồn gốc từ khu vực ôn đới và nhiệt đới Châu Á; và lan rộng đến các vùng như quần đảo Mascarene, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii, nó cũng được phát hiện thấy ở Bắc Mỹ trong một số nghiên cứu gần đây. Thân và lá của nó có mùi hôi nồng đặc trưng của lưu huỳnh, do tinh dầu có nhiều trong lá chứa hợp chất của lưu huỳnh, phần lớn là dimethyl disulfide, nên cũng còn gọi là lá thúi địt.. Loài này được Carl Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1767. (cái tên Thúi Địt là tên tiếng Vân Kiều, Thái dùng để chỉ một vài loài Mơ dây leo)
雞矢藤（学名：Paederia foetida）为茜草科雞矢藤屬下的一个种。
烏芹藤、雞屎藤（廣東）五德藤、五香藤（台灣）、雞矢藤、牛皮凍、解暑藤、狗屁藤、臭藤、皆治藤、清風藤（福建）。
為茜草科雞矢藤屬植物雞屎藤Paederia scandens（Lour.）Merr.，以根或全草入藥。
多年生纏繞草質藤本，長2～4公尺，基部木質，全株揉碎後均有惡臭。根長大，棕色。枝較纖弱，節稍膨大。葉對生，近膜質，卵形、橢圓形至橢圓狀技針形，長5～11cm，寬3～7cm，先端短尖或漸尖，基部圓形或心形，上面深綠，下面淺綠，主脈明顯；托葉三角形，脫落。夏季開花，聚傘圓錐花序頂生及腋生；花苔齒短，三角形；花冠管鐘形，長約1cm，外面灰白色，具細茸毛，內面紫色，5裂；雄蕊5，著生於花冠管內；子房2室，每室1胚珠，花柱2，絲狀，基部愈合。核果球形，淡黃色，熟時光亮，內有1～2核。
生於丘陵、平地、林邊、灌叢及荒山草地。
喜較溫暖環境，耐寒。對土壤要求不嚴，但以肥沃的腐植質壤土和砂壤土生長較好。
夏採全草，秋、冬採根，洗淨，曬乾。
從全草分離出單帖苷類：豬殃殃苷（asperuloside,C18H22O11‧H2O），雞矢藤苷（paederoside,C18H22O10S‧2H2O）、雞矢藤次苷（scandoside，C16H22O11‧11/2H2O），雞矢藤苷酸（paederosidic acid，C18H24O11S‧2H2O），去乙醯豬殃殃苷（deacetylasperuloside，C16H20O10‧2H2O），後兩者係提取過程中產物。此外，尚含有7-谷甾醇、熊果苷（arbutin，C12H16O7，果實含量約0.69%)，齊墩果酸、三十烷、氫醌。全草經蒸汽蒸餾得醋酸、丁醛、不飽和脂肪酸（有刺激臭氣）以及帖醛。近年來又有人從葉及莖中分離得三十一烷（hentriacontane）、甲硫醇（meehyl mercaptan）、蠟醇（cerylaecohol）、三十一烷醇（hentriacontanol）、軟脂酸、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇（campesterol）、雞矢藤糖苷（paederoside）等。果實含揮發性成分二甲基二硫化物（dimethyldisulfide）、順式-3-已烯-1- 醇（cis-3-hexenlol）、苯甲醇、苯乙醇，還有醣酸、丙酸、醣酸、己酸、辛酸。此外尚含山奈酚、槲皮素和咖啡酸以及烏索酸甲酯（methylursonate）。
小鼠腹腔注射雞矢藤葉及根的蒸餾液0.01毫升/每克（每毫升相當5克生藥），經20分鐘到1.5小時，痛閥比正常反應平均提高148%，用量增大與痛閥提高成正比。雞矢藤注射液給藥後20分鐘開始起鎮痛作用，40～90分鐘基本保持平衡，嗎啡給藥後20分鐘鎮痛作用達最高峰，隨後逐漸下降。雞矢藤注射液鎮痛作用雖然不如嗎啡快，但維持時間比嗎啡長，實驗者認為本品是一種較好的止痛藥。
甘、微苦，平。祛風利濕，消食化積，止咳，止痛。
風濕筋骨痛，跌打損傷，外傷性疼痛，肝膽、胃腸絞痛，黃疸型肝炎，腸炎，祛痰，痢疾，消化不良，小兒疳積，肺結核咯血，支氣管炎，放射反應引起的白血球減少症，農藥中毒，葉治痢疾、止瀉，治咳嗽、感冒、風濕、痢疾。；外用治皮炎，濕疹，瘡瘍腫毒。
用量11～30克，外用適量，搗爛敷患處。
雞矢藤90克，綠豆30克，水煎成3大杯，先服1大杯，每隔2～3小時服1次。服藥後有嘔吐或腹瀉反應。
鮮雞矢藤葉或嫩芽適量（視病變範圍而定），搗爛搽患處，每次搽5分鐘，每日2～3次，連用7天。
雞矢藤60克，小飛揚30克。將雞矢藤、小飛揚研成粗末，浸泡於95%乙醇中，24小時後過濾，製成複方雞矢藤酒100毫升。將藥液浸濕紗布，持續濕敷患部。
雞矢藤60克、蔥白60克、豬小腸適量燉煮，喝湯（溫熱喝）。
|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 Core eudicots 階級なし : キク類 Asterids 階級なし : 真正キク類I Euasterids I 目 : リンドウ目 Gentianales 科 : アカネ科 Rubiaceae 亜科 : アカネ亜科 Rubioideae 連 : ヘクソカズラ連 Paederieae 属 : ヘクソカズラ属 Paederia 亜属 : P. subg. Paederia 種 : ヘクソカズラ P. scandens 学名 Paederia scandensヘクソカズラ（屁糞葛、学名: Paederia scandens）は、アカネ科ヘクソカズラ属の蔓（つる）性多年草で、至る所に多い雑草。葉や茎に悪臭があることから屁屎葛（ヘクソカズラ）の名がある。古名はクソカズラ（糞葛・屎葛）。別名ヤイトバナ[2]、サオトメバナ。中国植物名では鶏屎藤（けいしとう）とよばれる[2]。
大きさ、艶、毛の有無など、変異が多い[3]。
茎は蔓になり、右から左巻きに他物に絡みつく[3]。 葉は蔓性の茎に対生し、形は披針形から広卵形で、縁は全縁。
花期は7月から9月頃で、葉腋から短い花序を出して、花弁は外側が灰白色、中心は紅紫色であり、その色合いが灸を据えた跡のようなのでヤイトバナ（灸花）の別名がある。果実は黄褐色で径6 mmほどの球形である[3]。
日本各地、東アジアに分布する。日当を好み、各地の草やぶや樹木などに絡みついている[3][2]。
干して水分を飛ばした果実、または生の実を薬用とする。ただ、生の果実はかなりの臭気を放つのに対して、乾燥したものは不思議と臭いが消えるため、乾燥したものを使うことのほうが多い。劇的ではないが効用は認められており、しもやけ、ひび、あかぎれなどの外用民間薬として生の果実をつぶした汁が使われる[2]。また、中国では日本の生薬に相当する鶏屎藤が全草[2]、鶏屎藤果に果実が用いられるのが知られている。利尿に内服される利用法もあり、全草を煎じたものが腎臓病や脚気、下痢、黄疸に効能があるとされる[3][2]。
美肌化粧料として肌に潤いを与える効果もある[3]。果実10–20 gを押しつぶしたものをエタノール250 ccで1週間ほど冷暗所に置いたものをろ過し、グリセリン200 ccと水を加えて全量1000 ccとし、生の果実のままでは臭みがあるため、ミカン・バラ・ジンチョウゲなどのエタノール浸出液または香料が混ぜられる[3]。
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。 ヘクソカズラ（屁糞葛、学名: Paederia scandens）は、アカネ科ヘクソカズラ属の蔓（つる）性多年草で、至る所に多い雑草。葉や茎に悪臭があることから屁屎葛（ヘクソカズラ）の名がある。古名はクソカズラ（糞葛・屎葛）。別名ヤイトバナ、サオトメバナ。中国植物名では鶏屎藤（けいしとう）とよばれる。
계요등(鷄尿藤)은 꼭두서니과의 잎 지는 덩굴나무이다. 아시아 온대와 열대 전역에 분포한다.
한국에서는 충청도 이남 산록의 양지 및 골짜기에 산다. 길이 5-7m이며 냄새가 난다.[1] 줄기가 울타리나 다른 식물을 감고 올라가며 자라며, 윗부분이 겨울에 말라 죽어버린다.[2] 잎은 마주나며 난형, 난상 피침형, 끝이 뾰족하고, 밑이 둥글거나 심장형이다. 가장자리는 밋밋하고, 잎자루는 길다. 꽃은 흰색으로 줄기 끝이나 잎겨드랑이에 원추꽃차례나 취산꽃차례로 달린다. 꽃받침은 5갈래, 화관도 5갈래, 수술은 5개이다. 열매는 핵과로 둥근 모양이며 황갈색으로 익고 약용으로 쓰인다.[1]
꽃
열매
잎
