dcsimg

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / parasite
erumpent aecium of Cronartium ribicola parasitises stem of Pinus flexilis
Remarks: season: 3-6
Other: major host/prey

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
BioImages
projeto
BioImages

Descripción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Corteza

En àrboles jovenes es lisa y de color blanco grisáceo; en árboles maduros presentan corteza delgada y rugosa dividida por pequeños canales presentando placas poligonales pequeñas y escamosas de color gris a café. (Perry, 1991)

Acículas

En fascículos de 5, rígidas, erectas, de 6-10 cm largos, los margenes con finos y espaciados dentados. Los estomas son econtrados solamente en la superficie ventral; con 1-3 canales resiniferos externos; con un simple haz vascular. La cubierta de los fasciculos son cafés y deciduos (Perry, 1991)

Conos

Largo-ovoides, cilíndricos, simétricos, de 8-10 cm de largo, de color amarillento a ocre, resinosos. Ellos abren cuando maduran y deciduos (Perry, 1991).

Escamas del cono

finas, rectas, no curveadas o reflexas, la apofisis solo ligeramente aumentada, el apice redondeado (Perry, 1991)

Semillas

oblongos a ovalos, de 8-10 mm de largo, alisadas, café obscuro (Perry, 1991)

Arbol

tamaño de pequeño a mediano, con un altura de 7-15 m y d.a.p. de 20-40 cm. En árboles maduros la copa es abierta e irregularmente redondeada, las ramas largas, resitentes, flexibles. En árboles jóvenes la copa es mas densa y piramidal (Perry, 1991)
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M. 2008. Ficha técnica de Pinus flexilis. En: (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
autor
Musalem, M.A.
autor
Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Distribución ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Actual

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / PENNSYLVANIA

United States of America-Pennsylvania-Philadelphia Co.------1980.

No endémica

MEXICO

Original

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

United States of America-1853.

CANADA / ALBERTA

Canada-Alberta-6500 pies---1968.
Canada-Alberta--1899, 1953, 1938.
Canada-Alberta--Canadian zone--1953.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / ARIZONA

United States of America-Arizona-Coconino--7850 pies---1988. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Graham Co.----Coniferous forest--1997. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-Pima-8600 pies-1980. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Arizona-1927, 1905, 1883, 1934,1890, 1896, 1881. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Arizona-ND----Growing with Pseudotsuga taxifolia on the San Francisco Mountains a Mogollon Mountains--1887. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / CALIFORNIA

United States of America-California-Fresno--9150 pies-1955. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Fresno--1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Inyo--10200 pies---1974. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Inyo--10000 pies---1939. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Inyo Co.----Scattered trees of Pinus flexilis;; shrubs of Chmaebataria millefolium a various mixed depressed shrubs a perennials (Artemisia arbuscula nova most common), Salvia poachyphylla, Chruysothamnus parryi asper, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus [form], Gutierrezia sarothrae (sens. lat.), Leptodactylon sp., Lupinus sp., Oenothera caespitosa marginata, Ribes cereum, Linum lewisii, Tetradymia canescens--1960. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Inyo Co.----In lodgepole pine forest--1934. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Inyo Co.------1931. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Los Angeles Co.------1908. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Mono--2100 - 2700 msnm---1986. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-Mono Co.----Ridgetop with Pinus flexilis, Cercocarpus ledifolius a small Holodiscus microphyllus. Dry E-facing slopes with Calyptridium umbellatum, Leptodactylon pungens, Chrysothamnus parryi, Ericameria suffruticosa.--2001. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-Mono Co.----I n dry sagebrush scrub. With Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus.--2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-Mono Co.----Intermixt with dominant Pinus contorta. Rainshadow-dry Pinus contorta forest with scant uerstory of Ericameria suffruticosa, Linanthus nuttallii, Koeleria macrantha.--2001. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-Mono Co.------1964, 1986, 1986. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Mono Co.----Subalpine coniferous forest with Artemisia, Phlox, Lisianthus, Monardella a Haplopappus-Rocky granitic soil sloping 25° North-1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-California-Riverside--8775 pies---1946. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Riverside--8500 pies---1939.Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Riverside Co.------1930. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-San Bernardino Co.------1902. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Tuolumne---1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Ventura---1973, 1908. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-Ventura Co.----Limber pines a yellow pines--1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California-1866. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California--1904, 1905, 1920. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-California--Bristelcone pine ranges from eastern Calif. trough Nevada, Utah, and northern Arizona to Colorado and northern New Mexico.--Bosque de Pinus--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / COLORADO

United States of America-Colorado-Clear Creek Co.----Mixed coniferous hillside.--2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-El Paso-9676 pies---1966. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-El Paso--10236 pies---2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-El Paso Co.------2003. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Gilpin--2850 pies en 1926 y a 3025 en 2003. Su tipo de distribución es original y actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Gilpin-Rollinsville-8213 pies-2004.Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Gilpin Co.------2004.Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Gunnison--9400 pies---1965.Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Gunnison Co.------1965. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-Rio Grande Co.------1988. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Colorado-Weld Co.----With Juniperus scopulorum--1975. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-1900, 1937, 1905, 1899, 1917, 1918, 1871, 1905, 1898. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-ND----Facies Pinus poerosa-flexiis-xerohylio--1901. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Colorado-ND--Jardines del Campus Universidad de Colorado en Boulder. --Bosque de Pinus--1977.Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / CONNECTICUT

United States of America-Connecticut-Fairfield Co.------1934.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / IDAHO

United States of America-Idaho-Bannock Co.------1937. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Bear Lake Co.------1949. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Blaine Co.------1981. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Idaho-Bonneville Co.------1937, 1945. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Bonneville Co.-----On limestone talus-1946. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Butte Co.-----Lava outcrops-1963. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Butte Co.------1937. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Caribou Co.----On rocky level woodla area--1948. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Caribou Co.------1937. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Cassia Co.----Among Pinus contorta a Abies lasiocarpa--1972. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Cassia Co.-----On micaceous shist outcrop-1978. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Clark Co.------1939. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Custer Co.------1948 , 1946. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Fremont Co.------1949.Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Lemhi Co.----With Pseudotsuga, Picea engelmannii, Pinus contorta, a Juniperus communis-Talus slope of mixed quartzite a limestone-1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Lemhi Co.----With Douglas fir--1945.Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Owyhee Co.-----Rock outcrop-1951. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Owyhee Co.----With mountain mahogany-Granitic; arou granitic outcrop-1981. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Idaho-Owyhee Co.----With mountain mahogany-Granitic; arou granitic outcrop-1981. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Idaho-Owyhee Co.-----Granitoid rock-1972. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho-Owyhee Co.------1972. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Idaho--1936. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / MONTANA

United States of America-Montana-Beaverhead Co.------1945, 1982. Su tipo de distribución es original y actual.
United States of America-Montana-Carbon Co.--1945. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Montana-Lewis and Clark Co.-----Limestone substrate-1974. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Montana-Meagher Co.------1945. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Montana-ND------1909 y 1908. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / NEVADA

United States of America-Nevada-Clark--2600 pies---1938. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Clark Co.------1938 y 1935. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Clark Co.----Slopes with Pinus scopulorum--1940. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Clark Co.-----In limestone-1913. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Clark Co.----With Pinus poerosa--1971. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Clark Co.----White fir--1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko--8200 pies---1972. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko Co.------1980, 1912, 1972, 1937. Su tipo de distribución es original y actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko Co.----Assoc w/ Artemisia, Iris, Salix, Lonicera--1994. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko Co.----Sagebrush slopes with scattered limber pine-Gravelly limestone soil-1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko Co.----With Populus tremuloides--1958. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Elko Co.----With Cercocarpus, some Abies--1992. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Esmeralda--10200 pies---1987. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Esmeralda Co.----Krummholz. With Artemisia, haplopappus, Selaginella a Draba-On granitic colluvium sloping 25°-1987. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Eureka Co.----With Cercocarpus, Symphoriocarpus a Artemisia arbuscula--1988. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-Lincoln Co.----Pinyon pine a fir--1968.Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Lincoln Co.------1891. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Lincoln Co.----Pinyon pine a fir--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Nye Co.----Artemisia tridentata-Cercocarpus. In Cercocarpus groves--1970. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-Washoe Co.------1938. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.----In Cercocarpus sta--1963. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.----Forming an open forest with Pinus aristata a Picea engelmannii--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.------1992 y 1937. Su tipo de distribución es original y actual.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.----With Abies, edge of aspen--1992. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.----With Pinus longaeva, Petrophytum, Picea engelmannii, Ribes--1997. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Nevada-White Pine Co.----Forming an open forest with Pinus aristata a Picea engelmannii--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Nevada--1880, 1868. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / NEW MEXICO

United States of America-New Mexico-Catron Co.------1968 y 1947. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Catron Co.----Surroued by spruce forest--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Catron Co.----Extensively logged slopes with Picea, Pseudotsuga a Pinus--1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Grant Co.----Transition zone with Abies-white pine zone--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Otero Co.----Spruce-fir community-Say soil-1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.------1957. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----Bristlecone pine-engelmann spruce-Douglas fir savannah--1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-San Miguel Co.----Duglas fir-Abies--1982. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-Sandoval--10500 - 10680 pies---1971. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Sierra Co.------1904. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-Socorro--2500 - 3100 msnm---1998. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-New Mexico-----1881. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-New Mexico-- Lincoln National Forest.--Bosque de coniferas.--1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / NEW YORK

United States of America-New York-Bronx Co.------1934, 1916, 1929, 1934.
United States of America-New York-Westchester Co.------1934.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / OREGON

United States of America-Oregon-Wallowa Co.------1944, 1933.
United States of America-Oregon--1905.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / SOUTH DAKOTA

United States of America-South Dakota-Pennington Co.-----Amongst granite "Needles"-1929.
United States of America-South Dakota-ND----Yellow Pine-Spruce--1926.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / TEXAS

United States of America-Texas-Culberson Co.------1945, 1931.
United States of America-Texas-Culberson Co.-----Limestone soil-1954.
United States of America-Texas-Jeff Davis--1926, 1921, 1934, 1945, 1928.
United States of America-Texas--1933, 1934, 1936.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / UTAH

United States of America-Utah-Beaver Co.----Spruce-fir-limber pine community--1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Box Elder Co.----Mixed conifer community--1997. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Carbon Co.----Associated with Douglas fir a pinyon--1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield--9025 pies---1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.----In a sub-alpine meadow community--2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.----Festuca-grassla community-Rocky loam soil-1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.-----Limey outcrop-1977. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Garfield Co.------1953. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Iron--6275 pies---1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Iron Co.----Pinyon juniper woodla with some sage brush. Mistletoe on junipers--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Juab Co.----Riparian community--1978. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Sevier Co.----White fir community--1980. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Summit Co.----Small isolated clump of several trees surroued by open Juniperus scopulorum sta. Abies concolor, Alnus tenuifolia a Amelanchier spp. present in the grove--1960. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Summit Co.----In sagebrush community-Gravelly loam-1967. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Tooele Co.----Spruce-fir-limber pine community-Loam soil, in quartzite boulders-1980. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Utah Co.----In Abies-Pinus-Acer community--2001. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Wasatch Co.------1964. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah-Washington Co.----Spruce/fir/pine/aspen community-Say granite substrate-2000. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Washington Co.----Bristle-cone pine, fir, spruce, aspen community-Gravelly soil-1984. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Washington Co.----Cercocarpus-Spruce-Fir-Pine community-In say soil-1999. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Utah-Washington Co.----Pinus-Abies-Cercocarpus community-Say soil-1973. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah----1880, 1905, 1934, 1935, 1869, 1966. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Utah---Associated with Douglas fir--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / WYOMING

United States of America-Wyoming-Albany----1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Albany-8000 pies---1962. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Big Horn Co.------1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Fremont--6800 - 7100 pies ---1986. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Wyoming-Fremont--7500 pies---1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Fremont Co.----Betula, Saxifraga--1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Laramie----1969. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Lincoln---1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Lincoln Co.----On all slopes in the area with Douglas fir--1968. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Natrona Co.----Sastone ridge, with stony sagebrush plains, ravines, outcrops, with limber pine--ravine-outcrops--1979. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Natrona Co.------1985. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Wyoming-Sheridan Co.------1893. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Sublette Co.----Open sagebrush-Chrysothamnus meadow, also scattered in spruce a fir slopes--1978. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-Sweetwater Co.----With Juniper a Pinyon Pine. Occasional open sagebrush grassla on slopes--1981. Su tipo de distribución es actual.
United States of America-Wyoming-ND------1902, 1940,1914. Su tipo de distribución es original.
United States of America-Wyoming-ND----In open forest--1946. Su tipo de distribución es original.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M. 2008. Ficha técnica de Pinus flexilis. En: (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
autor
Musalem, M.A.
autor
Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Estado de conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

Pr sujeta a protección especial
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M. 2008. Ficha técnica de Pinus flexilis. En: (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
autor
Musalem, M.A.
autor
Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Hábitat ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Esta especie requiere un clima frío de los picos de altas montañas con lluvia, con aguanieve, nevadas y con neblina ocurre durante la mayor parte del año (Perry, 1991)
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Musalem, M.A. y Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M. 2008. Ficha técnica de Pinus flexilis. En: (compilador). Fichas de 27 especies de coníferas incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. INIFAP-CIRCE-CEVAMEX. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. DK003. México, D.F.
autor
Musalem, M.A.
autor
Lomas-Barrié, C. T. Mendoza, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Pinus flexilis , much branched with a strongly tapering trunk, is little utilized because of its form and relative inaccessibility. It reportedly forms intermediates with P . strobiformis where the two overlap. The fresh-cut wood has the odor of turpentine.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 26m; trunk to 2m diam., straight to contorted; crown conic, becoming rounded. Bark gray, nearly smooth, cross-checked in age into scaly plates and ridges. Branches spreading to ascending, often persistent to trunk base; twigs pale red-brown, puberulous (rarely glabrous), slightly resinous, aging gray, smooth. Buds ovoid, light red-brown, 0.9--1cm, resinous; lower scales ciliolate along margins. Leaves 5 per fascicle, spreading to upcurved and ascending, persisting 5--6 years, 3--7cm ´ 1--1.5mm, pliant, dark green, abaxial surface with less conspicuous stomatal bands than adaxial surfaces, adaxial surfaces with strong, pale stomatal bands, margins finely serrulate, apex conic-acute to acuminate; sheath 1--1.5(--2)cm, shed early. Pollen cones broadly ellipsoid-cylindric, ca. 15mm, pale red or yellow. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, spreading, symmetric, lance-ovoid before opening, cylindro-ovoid when open, 7--15cm, straw-colored, resinous, sessile to short-stalked, apophyses much thickened, strongly cross-keeled, umbo terminal, depressed. Seeds irregularly obovoid; body 10--15mm, brown, sometimes mottled darker, wingless or nearly so. 2 n =24.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
High montane forests, often at timberline; (1000--)1500--3600m; Alta., B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wyo.
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direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
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eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Apinus flexilis (E.James) Rydberg
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture, prescribed fire, woodland

In 1976 spring prescribed burning was conducted in open-canopy limber pine stands in the Little Belt Mountains of central Montana at about 5,500 feet (1,675 m) [55]. Further general site descriptions appear in Keown 1982 [56]. Air temperatures ranged from 55 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (13-18
oC). Relative humidity was 20% to 40%, and winds were calm to 25
miles per hour (40 km/h). Fuel moisture was 7%. The management objective was to improve understory browse and forage.
Limber pine mortality at postfire year 1 was 20% in grassy stands and as high as 80% in shrubby
stands [55].

The Research Project Summary Response of vegetation to prescribed burning in a Jeffrey pine-California
black oak woodland and a deergrass meadow at Cuyamaca State Park, California
, provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire responses of many plant community species including limber pine.

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
limber pine

Rocky Mountain white pine
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Cover Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

The degree to which limber pine provides cover for wildlife species is as follows [26]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- Poor Poor Fair
Elk ---- ---- ---- Good ----
Mule deer ---- ---- ---- Good ----
White-tailed deer ---- ---- Good ---- Good
Small mammals Good ---- ---- Good Good
Small nongame birds Good ---- Good Good Good
Upland game birds ---- Good ---- Good Good
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- Poor
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Limber pine is a slow growing, long-lived species, sometimes taking several hundred years to reach maturity [26,75]. Mature trees may
exceed 1000 years of age [53,96,127]. Limber pine stands are broadly even-aged [89], though populations also occur in uneven-aged stands
and on very harsh sites as widely spaced, isolated individuals [96,102,112]. Trees often have an irregular or
multi-stem growth form, and rarely reach over 50 feet (15 m) [11,120,127]. At high elevations they sometimes form krummholz [11,127]. Trunks may reach 6.5 feet (2 m) in diameter [41]. The species is cold and drought tolerant. Trees are ectomycorrhizal, have deep taproots,
and are very windfirm [33,120].



Cones of limber pine are cylindrical, 3 to 6 inches (8-15 cm) long. They release
their seeds if not preyed upon (see Regeneration Processes). The seeds are large
(7-12 mm long) and sometimes have a vestigial wing [21,63,74].
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Limber pine occurs from Alberta and British Columbia south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico. It is scattered widely across the Great Basin in Utah,
Nevada, and into Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Isolated populations occur in
the Dakotas [65,69,86,104,106] and Nebraska [30,109].
The U.S. Geological Survey provides a distributional map of limber pine. The Whitebark and Limber Pine Information System
provides distributional information at the stand level.
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Fire Ecology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, fire-return interval, fuel, series, woodland

The thin bark of young limber pine trees does not protect them from even
low-severity fires. Because the bark at the base of older trees is often 2 inches (5 cm) thick, these trees can withstand stem scorch from low-severity
fires. Terminal buds are somewhat protected from the heat associated
with crown scorch by the tight clusters of needles around them [1,29,53,85,127].

FIRE REGIMES:

Wildfires are less frequent in limber pine communities than in other conifer habitats because of limited productivity and fuel accumulation associated with poor soil development, short growing seasons, and late snowmelt [29,53,78,85,96,117,127].
Keeley and Zedler [53] categorized 38 pines within a series of 5 fire predictability regimes. They include limber pine among those pines growing in areas with very low site (and therefore fuel) productivity and unpredictable fire return intervals of up to 1000 years. Where enough biomass accumulates to carry fires, limber pine may be cached by Clark's nutcrackers and establish in burned sites previously dominated by other conifers [53,66].

Fire-return intervals for some associated communities or ecosystems in which limber pine occurs are listed below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire-Return Interval Range (years)


sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [15]
mountain big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 20-60 [5,16]
Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 (40**) [119,126]
curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1000 [6,95]
mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii

western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 
Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum

Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to > 200 
pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp.
whitebark pine* Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [15]
Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-300+ [3,90]
Sierra lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 5-30
Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-10 
Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica 2-10 [15]
quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [15,34,77]
mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (10)** [3]
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 
oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. 15]


*fire-return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review

**mean

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fischer and Clayton [29] suggest that limber pine growing in open stands can be
maintained by periodic fires that reduce the undergrowth. Where limber
pine and Douglas-fir codominate, fire can be a thinning agent that slightly
favors limber pine over Douglas-fir in the younger age
classes.
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

RAUNKIAER [88] LIFE FORM:




Phanerophyte


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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, grassland, litter, tree

Limber pine grows across a wider range of elevations that any other tree species in the central Rocky Mountains [94], inhabiting some of the driest sites capable of supporting trees [11,85,102,111]. In many high-elevation sites it occupies or forms the upper treeline [30,69,83,94,122], but in
northern parts of its range it is found at low elevations along plains grassland
edges [22,94,96]. It typically occurs on steep, rocky, well-drained, windswept, and nutrient-poor sites on exposed ridges and summits [1,10,11,32,42]. Limber pine is often reported growing on calcareous soil [11,19,85]. It is also reported on soils derived from many other types of parent material [12,17,23,42,68,101].




Ground cover and litter accumulation in limber pine stands are often sparse, accumulating only under individual trees [11,127]. Severe sheet erosion of fine particles often occurs from summer convection storms over sparsely vegetated sites. Snowpack accumulations on limber pine sites may be light as a result of high insolation and winter winds [127].



Site preference often separates limber pine and whitebark pine, which is ecologically similar in many respects [112]. Limber pine has a wider geographical distribution and altitudinal range than whitebark pine. Relative to whitebark pine, limber pine occurs on warm, dry sites at
low and middle elevations. Where their ranges overlap, the 2 species sometimes grow
together on droughty soils. Occasionally, limber pine grows at higher elevations than whitebark pine. South of the range of whitebark pine in California, Colorado, Nevada, and southern Wyoming, the more drought-resistant limber pine replaces whitebark pine and may form the alpine treeline [74,112,121].



Elevations reported in the literature for limber pine are as follows:


7,500 to 11,000 feet (2,290-3,350 m) in California [80]

5,000 to 12,500 feet (1,500-3,800 m) in Colorado [27,42,49]

4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200-1,800 m) in Montana [85,91]

6,500 to 11,500 feet (2,000-3,500 m) in Nevada [114]

5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500-2,100 m) in Oregon [19]

6,000 to 11,600 feet (1,830-3,540 m) in Utah [123]

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [28]:





206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

208 Whitebark pine

209 Bristlecone pine

210 Interior Douglas-fir

217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

219 Limber pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

237 Interior ponderosa pine

239 Pinyon-juniper

256 California mixed subalpine

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

ECOSYSTEMS [31]:





FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

KUCHLER [60] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:





K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K019 Arizona pine forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K022 Great Basin pine forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K033 Chaparral

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K046 Desert: vegetation largely lacking

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, shrubland, woodland

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [99]:




109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

209 Montane shrubland

210 Bitterbrush

402 Mountain big sagebrush

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

413 Gambel oak

415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland


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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Limber pine is often killed by fire because of its relatively thin bark. Keeley and Zedler [53] argue that the lack of evolution of thick, fire-resistant bark in this species is a result of very long and unpredictable fire return intervals in the unproductive sites where it occurs. The degree of stem scorch usually determines the extent of fire injury to trees. Young trees are usually killed by any fire that scorches their stems. Mature trees with thicker bark can survive [29]. The vulnerability of this species to fire is reduced by the open stand structure, sparse fuels, and sparse undergrowth of limber pine communities [85,101].
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The large, wingless seeds of limber pine have high energy content.
Pine "nuts" provide critical food for rodents and birds, which cache the
seeds for later use. Other small mammals and birds benefit from these caches. Bears also feed from caches
[62,66]. Sites with limber pine provide key winter range for deer and elk [85].
Bighorn sheep use open stands on ridges. Difficult access and low grass production result in low forage
value of limber pine stands for livestock [1,42].

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, herbaceous, shrub, shrubs, tree

Plant community associates of limber pine are described below by state.



California: In the Sierran subalpine, limber pine grows in association with Sierra lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana), bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens), greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), and whitethorn ceanothus (Ceanothus cordulatus) [81]. In montane areas of southern California, limber pine is reported with white fir (Abies concolor), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla), Sierra lodgepole pine, whitebark pine (P. albicaulis), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis),
curlleaf mountain-mahogany, and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) [68,108].




Colorado: Tree associates include interior ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum), Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (P. c. var. latifolia), subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), white fir, whitebark pine, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (P. aristata), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Associated understory species include bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), common juniper (J. communis), big sagebrush, purple pinegrass (Calamagrostis purpurascens), spike fescue (Leucopoa kingii), and Thurber fescue (Festuca thurberi) [27,38,42,49,87,100].




Idaho: In Craters of the Moon National Monument, limber pine is commonly associated with antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), and mountain big sagebrush (A. t. var. vaseyana). Associated grasses include Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides) [12,23]. In the mountains of east-central Idaho, limber pine grows in association with Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, and whitebark pine [17].



Montana: Associated tree and shrub species include Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir,
Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, whitebark pine, subalpine fir, quaking aspen, common juniper, creeping juniper (J. horizontalis), and Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum). Associated shrubs include snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), and russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis). Associated grasses include Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), rough rescue (F. altaica), and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) [5,55,83,85,91,107].



New Mexico: In the Sandia Mountains limber pine occurs with Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, white fir,
quaking aspen, Engelmann spruce, and corkbark fir (A. l. var. arizonica) [7]. It co-occurs with southwestern white pine (P. strobiformis) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains [116].



Nevada and Utah: Limber pine commonly occurs in association with Rocky Mountain bristlecone, interior
ponderosa (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum), Rocky Mountain lodgepole, whitebark, Jeffrey, and singleleaf pinyon pines. It also occurs with Engelmann spruce, white fir, subalpine fir, quaking aspen, common juniper, and Utah juniper (J. osteosperma). Associated shrubs include Rocky mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), and multiple species of sagebrush, mountain-mahogany, ceanothus, currant (Ribes spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), and snowberry [9,37,82,114].



Oregon: In the Wallowa Mountains of eastern Oregon limber pine commonly occurs with Douglas-fir and Rocky Mountain juniper. Herbaceous associates include western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), sagebrush fleabane (Erigeron austiniae), and silverleaf phacelia (Phacelia hastata) [19].



South Dakota: A population of limber pine in the Black Hills is associated with
interior ponderosa pine and white spruce (Picea glauca). Understory species include bearberry and common juniper [50].



Wyoming: Associated species reported for northwestern Wyoming include Rocky
Mountain lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, whitebark pine, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, Rocky Mountain juniper, and common juniper [13,24,70].



Published classifications that include limber pine as an indicator or
dominant species are presented below:



Arizona [67,79]

California [51,92]

Colorado [8,20,25,42,49,57]

Idaho [102,103]

Montana [85,91]

North Dakota [32]

New Mexico [20,25,67,79]

Utah [41,73,127]

Wyoming [1,102,124]
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree

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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cone

Management of limber pine forests associated with Douglas-fir typically
favors the growth of the economically important Douglas-fir. Of
primary management importance in these areas is watershed protection and
enhancement. The slow rate of vegetation recovery in areas where limber pine occurs requires dispersed,
low-impact recreation to maintain the aesthetic appeal of these forests [25]. Forage
productivity can be increased by periodic surface fires [29].



Limber pine trees are infected and killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) throughout
the tree's range. Ribes species are obligate alternate hosts of the rust [46,47,48,76,116]. Limber pine appears to have less resistance to blister rust than other North American white
pines (Strobi), with greenhouse infection levels as high as 98
to 100% [45,113]. In a 3-year greenhouse study of relative seedling
susceptibility to blister rust, limber pine mortality was 75% (n=348). In comparison, mortality in whitebark pine was 33%
(n=207) and 86% in southwestern white pine (n=323) [45].



Limber pine is susceptible to numerous other fungal diseases [101]. It can be heavily infected or killed by limber pine dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum)
[12,39,71,72], and is susceptible to infestation by mountain pine beetles, cone beetles, coneworms, and budworms [54,61,101].



The Whitebark and Limber Pine Information System
provides a database for storing and analyzing data on site characteristics,
stand structure, regeneration, and mortality and infection rates from white pine blister rust and
other damaging agents.
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Nutritional Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Limber pine browse is rated fair in energy value and poor in protein value [26].
The seeds are highly nutritious, providing amino acids, lipids, and averaging
7,178 calories per gram [64].


licença
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ CA CO ID MT NE NV
NM ND OR SD UT WY
AB BC

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Limber pine is used in the nursery trade
for landscaping [35,36,40].


licença
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citação bibliográfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Palatability ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Although limber pine browse is unpalatable to large mammals, it
provides some food for birds and small mammals. The palatability of limber pine for livestock and wildlife has been rated as follows
[26]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Cattle Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
Domestic sheep Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
Horses Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
Pronghorn ---- ---- Poor Poor Poor
Elk Poor Poor ---- Poor Fair
Mule deer Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair
White-tailed deer ---- ---- Poor ---- Fair
Small mammals ---- ---- ---- Good Good
Small nongame birds ---- ---- Poor Good Good
Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- Good Good
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- Poor
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Phenology ( Inglês )

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More info for the term: phenology

Limber pine cones ripen from August to
September, and seeds are dispersed from September to October
[26,44,58,59]. Cones open in the fall. Observed dates for phenological events
of mature in limber pine east of the Continental Divide in Montana and Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming, are given here [93]:



Shoots start: April 30 to June 6

Buds burst: April 30 to June 26

Pollen starts: June 20 to July 14

Pollen ends: July 4 to July 22

Shoots end: June 22 to August 5

Winter buds formed: June 11 to August 16

Cones full size: August 15 to August 16

Cones open (seed dispersal): August 23 to August 30



Also see Regeneration Processes regarding pollen phenology.
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: forest, seed, tree

Regeneration of limber pine end Engelmann spruce was assessed in a high-altitude area disturbed by fire in 1905. The south-facing sites were on Niwot Ridge in Colorado's Roosevelt National Forest. The uppermost elevation of the burn reached slightly below the tree limit at about 11,000 feet (3,355 m). Although limber pine regeneration at the uppermost elevation is less than at lower elevations, limber pine colonization at all elevations began shortly after the fire. The author found no evidence that
treeline changed following the fire [98]. Postfire regeneration of limber pine
is a consequence of seed dispersal and caching by Clark's nutcrackers [53,66].

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: secondary colonizer, seed

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [105]:




Initial offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)

Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: fitness, grassland, meristem, mutualism, phenology, seed, tree

Limber pine reproduces entirely from seed; it does not layer lower branches in the soil [22,122].
Seeds are not effectively dispersed by wind. Small mammals and birds, especially Clark's nutcrackers and pinyon jays,
disperse limber pine seeds
[63,64,66,110,125]. The minimum seed-bearing age of limber pine ranges from 20 to 40 years.
There are 2 to 4 years between large seed crops [58,59,101]. Seeds from krummholz trees have
low germination potential [66]. 


Clark's nutcrackers have co-adapted an important mutualism with limber pine
and are the primary harvester and disperser of its seeds. Limber pine regeneration
on burns is largely from germinants of Clark's nutcrackers seed caches [63,64,66,110,125].
The birds begin harvesting seeds in late August, while the cones are still green and slightly closed. They remove the cones by pecking them loose,
fly them to perches, and peck between the scales to remove the seeds. As cones begin to open on the trees in September, Clark's nutcrackers remove exposed seeds.
An individual bird can store as many as 125 seeds in its sublingual pouch, then
flies to a cache area and deposits numerous caches from its pouchful of seeds. In a burned-over area in northern Utah,
Clark's nutcrackers cached an estimated 12,140 seeds per acre (30,000/ha) in 1 year [62,101,112]. 



Mating system: Limber pine seed dispersal by corvids leads to a genetic population structure different from that of wind-dispersed conifers with respect to patterns of gene flow and genetic relationships among neighboring trees. The seed caching
by birds influences the distribution, population age structure, and spacing of limber pine. Clusters of seedlings germinating from a single cache may generate
multi-stemmed growth forms that contain 2 or more distinct genotypes. A consequence of this growth form is
a tendency toward clumped stand structure. Because seeds within an individual
cache were often collected from a single parent tree, trees within clumps may be
more closely related compared to trees from neighboring clumps [64,110,113],
although multi-stemmed growth is most often a result of apical meristem damage
that results in several leaders on an individual tree [123]. Tomback and Linhart
[112] found that on 361 limber pine sites in Colorado, 30% showed clumping.
Several genetic studies have shown that from 0 to 82% of  individuals
within limber pine clumps are closely related [101,117,123]. On the Pawnee
National Grassland, clump members were related, on average, as nearly half-sibs.
Genetic consequences of this kinship include possible inbreeding. On the plus
side, closely related trees within clumps often form roots grafts, which may
increase survivorship and fitness of the entire clump [123].



Pollen phenology also influences gene flow. In Colorado, most sites that differ in elevation by more than 1,300 feet (400 m) in elevation do not have overlapping pollination periods, restricting
pollination between populations that are widely separated by elevation; however,
pollen transfer between intermediate populations and a high level of gene flow via
bird-dispersed seeds appear to maintain interpopulation gene flow [97].

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Inglês )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [14]:





4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

7 Lower Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Successional Status ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: climax, seed, succession, xeric

According to Tomback and Linhart [112] limber pine (and whitebark pine) "are pioneering species that are either seral or topoedaphic climax species under different environmental conditions. In fact, seed dispersal by Clark's nutcrackers to outlying sites, treeline, and other harsh environments essentially increases the ecological niche breadth (in the Hutchinsonian sense) of these species. Clark's nutcrackers can maintain climax communities, colonize previously unforested sites, or initiate succession."



The later stages of succession in xeric subalpine forests vary due to differences in sites and seed availability. In the Colorado subalpine, Rebertus and others [89] studied conifer population age structure and succession on 3 burns greater than 100 years old. The sequence of conifer colonization appeared to be consistent: 1st limber pine, then Engelmann spruce, and later subalpine fir, with a delay between the 1st limber pine and
later subalpine fir of as long as 140 years. The authors suggested that the early advantage of limber pine was due to avian seed dispersal and exceptional drought tolerance in seedlings. Spatial analysis
suggested that limber pine facilitated the establishment of the other 2 species by providing shade or wind protection. On the xeric to slightly xeric sites, limber pine formed broadly even-aged, non-regenerating populations that were gradually replaced by the spruce and fir. On the most extreme sites, limber pine formed all-aged, self-maintaining populations with no evidence of replacement by the other species. The authors note that in lower elevation stands along the Front Range, limber pine is successional to Douglas-fir. In the even lower Pawnee National Grasslands of Colorado, limber pine forms all-aged, self-replacing populations. "Hence, many successional pathways could be operating at different sites or stages in stand development."

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

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The currently accepted scientific name of limber pine is Pinus flexilis James (Pinaceae). It is placed in
subgenus Strobus, subsection Strobi of Pinus
[2,21,30,43,44,52,104]. 


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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: reclamation, restoration, seed, stratification

Because of its slow growth, limber pine has been used only to a limited extent in land reclamation projects [120]. Vegetation
recovery is slow on the exposed, hot, dry, rocky sites where it is found, and
soil erosion can prevent complete restoration. However, limber pine's drought tolerance and ability to survive at high elevations indicate that it has potential for use in revegetation projects [104].



Grossnickle and Reid [33] tested the feasibility of including limber pine seedlings in the reclamation of a high-elevation mining site in Colorado. The site was a molybdenum tailing pond buried in deep mine waste rock. One-year-old containerized
limber pine, lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce seedlings were inoculated with 3 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi prior to outplanting. Because of greenhouse colonization of seedling roots by a 4th
"wild" strain of ectomycorrhizal fungus, no uncolonized seedlings were outplanted. Some of the seedlings were also treated in the field with fertilizer or sewage sludge combined with wood chips. All seedlings were protected from wind and sun with cedar shingles.
During the 4th growing season, significant (p = 0.05) differences in seedling height among the fungal treatments were detected. The addition of the sewage sludge/wood chip slurry improved seedling height
of all 3 species in 1 of the fungal treatments. At the end of the 4th growing season, overall survival of limber pine, lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce seedlings was
60%, 52% and 62%, respectively. The authors noted that in all instances, seedling mortality appeared to be caused by unfavorable soil and climatic conditions and not by pathogen, insect, or animal damage.



Limber pine cones may yield 1,100 to 1,300 cleaned seeds per pound, and stored seed has been shown viable for at least 5 years. Freshly collected seeds may germinate without pretreatment, but cold, moist stratification
of up to 90 days improves germination [59].

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Wood Products Value ( Inglês )

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The wood of limber pine has little commercial value. Its potential for
timber and fuelwood production is low, because the trees are slow growing with
irregular form [1,2,20,42,49,85,96,101]. Limber pine has been used locally for
mine props and railroad ties [102].
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html

Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

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As well as being dominant in the forest cover type Limber Pine (Society of American Foresters Type 219), limber pine is a minor component of the following (32); Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (Type 206), Whitebark Pine (Type 208), Bristlecone Pine (Type 209), Interior Douglas-Fir (Type 210), Aspen (Type 217), Lodgepole Pine (Type 218), and Interior Ponderosa Pine (Type 237).

In Canada, Montana, and central Idaho, limber pine forms pure stands at lower tree line or mixes with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and to a lesser extent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). It also appears as a minor component in stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), and occasionally subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). On some sites in Idaho and Montana, it is associated with whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). In Canada, it is sometimes found with white spruce (Picea glauca).

Southward into Wyoming, southern Idaho, and northern portions of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, limber pine may dominate windswept slopes and ridges at upper or lower tree line or appear in stands of white fir (Abies concolor), lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir. In this region, limber pine appears most often with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), least often with ponderosa pine. In Wyoming, limber pine occasionally coexists with whitebark pine, particularly in the Wind River Range. The two species also coexist on a few sites in northeastern Nevada (5,25), but usually where their ranges overlap they occupy different soils.

Farther south in the remainder of its range, limber pine forms open stands near upper tree line, both separately and with Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) (44) but less often with Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) (6,18). It is also associated with whitebark pine on the east side of the Sierra Nevada (4). Occasionally, it mixes as a minor seral species with subalpine fir and white fir (23). Where limber pine would normally mix as a seral species with other conifers, as it does farther north, the closely related southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) appears in these situations, but this species does not extend onto the dry windy sites where limber pine is climax (23).

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Climate ( Inglês )

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Climatic data for actual limber pine habitat are quite scarce, but the general distribution of limber pine in Alberta, Montana, central Idaho, and east of the Continental Divide in Wyoming and Colorado, is in forested areas having a continental climate (2,3). This climate is typified by a relatively small amount of precipitation, with the wettest months during the growing season, very low humidity, and wide annual and diurnal temperature ranges. Winter conditions may be very cold, but relatively dry, and often include rapid fluctuations in temperature associated with chinook winds. Notable exceptions to this distribution are the small populations in eastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho, which lie within the Pacific maritime influence (3).

In the remainder of its distribution, limber pine grows in climates that tend to have either more evenly distributed yearly precipitation or a winter peak in precipitation along with summer convectional storms. Throughout its broad range, limber pine is mostly absent in areas strongly influenced by Pacific maritime weather patterns. Only at its southern limits in the mountains of eastern and southern California (10) does the pine encounter a strong pattern of proportionately high winter precipitation (3). The amount of precipitation, however, is relatively smaller than that of the Pacific Northwest.

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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

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Fire can easily kill young limber pines because of their thin bark. Fuel loads on most limber pine sites are too light, however, to generate severe fire damage, and most of the large trees normally survive. Porcupines feed on limber pine, especially in the winter months (11). Several insects attack the pine in various ways. In Montana, the budworm (Choristoneura lambertiana ponderosana) feeds on the new needles of limber pine (37). A cone moth (Dioryctria spp.) is presumed to have damaged limber pine seed in North Dakota (29). In northern Idaho, the woolly aphid (Pineus coloradensis) attacked limber pine seedlings growing in test plots, but the pine showed considerable resistance to this insect (16). Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) also occasionally attacks limber pine (1).

Limber pine is susceptible to several major diseases. Spongy root and butt rot (Armillaria mellea) and the red-brown butt rot (Phaeolus schweinitzii) attack limber pine over much of its range. The crumbly brown cubical rot (Fomitopsis pinicola) and red ring rot (Phellinus pini) commonly cause heart rot in mature and damaged trees (15,27). Limber pine is susceptible to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) and can suffer considerable mortality when susceptible species of the rust's alternate host (Ribes) are nearby. The limber pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum) is a common parasite of this tree. Occasionally, lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (A. americanum) attacks limber pine, and the Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (A. douglasii) and southwestern dwarf mistletoe (A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodium) occur as rare parasites (12). Several foliage diseases also attack this tree, the most damaging being brown-felt snow mold (Neopeckia coulteri) (15).

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

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Limber pine is monoecious-male and female strobili are borne separately on the same tree. As with most pines, male strobili predominate in the lower crown and female strobili most often develop at the apical end of main branches in the upper crown. Male strobili emerge from buds in the spring and are arranged in small clusters of indistinct spirals. They may be green or yellow to reddish purple but turn brown when mature and about to shed their pollen. Pollen is shed during June and July. Female strobili emerge from buds shortly after the male strobili and are green or red to purple. Cone scales flex and they remain receptive to pollen for only a relatively short time during June and July. After pollination, scales close and the strobili begin to develop slowly.

Fertilization takes place in the spring or early summer, about 13 months after pollination. Cones and seeds mature rapidly following fertilization. As they mature, cones change color from green to lustrous yellow. They are light brown when mature in August and September. Seed dispersal takes place during September and October (41).

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Genetics ( Inglês )

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Population Differences Genetic variation exists within limber pine in a general north-south pattern, but the range of variability for any one trait is small. Some isolated populations in Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado appear to be more similar to those from more southern latitudes than to populations at the same latitude (36).

Races Three possible races of limber pine have been suggested, distinguished by height growth of the seedlings: (1) a northern race ranging from Alberta to north central Colorado and northern Utah and including the only sample from California; (2) a southeastern race that includes populations from the Wyoming-Nebraska border, east central Colorado, and north central New Mexico; and (3) a southwestern race in southern Utah and western Colorado (Nevada populations were not sampled) (43). Further study, however, found no geographically associated patterns or trends when a much wider variety of characteristics was analyzed from the same seed sources (36).

Hybrids Although zones of intergradation between limber pine and southwestern white pine are found in north central Arizona and north central New Mexico (36), no true hybrid populations of limber pine have been recorded. Limber pine has been crossed artificially with western white pine (Pinus monticola), southwestern white pine (P. strobiformis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), Himalayan pine (P. griffithii), eastern white pine (P. strobus), and possibly whitebark pine (P. albicaulis) (35).

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

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The slow growth rate and poor form normally attributed to limber pine discourages commercial interest in its use for timber and there is little information regarding its growth and yield. There apparently has been no attempt, however, to plant this species on forest sites superior to those chosen by birds and rodents that cache the seed. Where occasional limber pines grow in more densely forested stands with other tree species, sapling and pole size trees are often straight and single stemmed. One study (29) suggests, however, that limber pine growth rates may be greater on exposed windy knolls than on warmer south slopes and more moist north slopes.

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

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Limber pine is relatively intolerant of shade and therefore seral to most of its associated trees, the exceptions being quaking aspen, Rocky Mountain juniper, and possibly ponderosa pine. It is also considered seral to bristlecone pine and Douglas-fir but will codominate with these species on severe dry sites (23). As a result, on most forest sites, limber pine normally acts as a pioneer species following fire or tree removal. Except on the most severe sites, where trees remain widely spaced, limber pine shows little evidence of maintaining its population in the presence of other conifers. It is most accurately classed as a species intolerant of shade.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

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Type of substrate undoubtedly influences the rooting habit of limber pine. On many of the very rocky sites where it grows, the root system must follow the pattern of rock fracturing. As a result, most limber pine are quite wind firm. In nurseries, where there are better soil conditions, it develops a more uniform root system and can be transplanted by the ball and burlap method if previously root pruned (7). Roots of limber pine are also known to associate with a mycorrhizal fungus (Gomphidius smithii) (40).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

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Large seed crops are produced every 2 to 4 years and seed numbers generally range from 7,050 to 15,000/kg (3,200 to 6,800/lb) and average 10,800/kg (4,900/lb) (38). Seed size varies geographically, with a tendency for increasingly larger seeds in more southerly latitudes (14,36). Although some trees produce seed having an ineffective vestigial wing (21), most limber pine seeds are wingless.

The seeds are disseminated largely by rodents and birds. Of the birds, Clark's nutcracker is most important; it can transport pine seed for at least 23 km (14 mi) from seed source to communal caching areas (42). It can carry up to 125 limber pine seeds per trip in a sublingual pouch and buries in the ground one to five seeds per cache at a depth of 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in). Estimates indicate that Clark's nutcrackers cached in 1 year about 30,000 seeds per hectare (12,140/acre), most of which were limber pine (22). The birds' preferred cache sites were windswept ridges and southerly aspects where snow does not accumulate and the ground is exposed early in the spring. The locations of most limber pine stands probably reflect the site preferences of dispersal agents rather than those of the pine, since its only other apparent means of dissemination is gravity.

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

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Germination is epigeal (41). Like seed size, rate of seedling development depends on the geographic source. In one study (36), 2-year-old nursery grown seedlings from Alberta averaged 4.3 cm (1.7 in), while those from New Mexico had reached 7.4 cm (2.9 in). Fall-sown seed, properly fertilized, produced a pencil-sized 2-0 seedling suitable for field planting (14). In the wild, many seedlings develop in clusters from Clark's nutcracker seed caches (20). The seedlings withstand this competition well and often retain the clumped habit into maturity.

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Soils and Topography ( Inglês )

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In some areas, limber pine grows in greater numbers on certain soils, but the relationships vary geographically. In general, the substrates are Entisols. In Montana, limber pine grows mainly on calcareous substrates (26). Similarly, in eastern Idaho and western Wyoming, it grows mainly on soils derived from limestone or sandstone and is notably absent on adjacent granitic substrates (34), yet the population in South Dakota grows on soils derived from granitic rock (38). In central Idaho, limber pine is found largely on soils derived from sedimentary rocks; it is notably absent on granitic substrates, but grows in cracks of recent lava at Craters of the Moon National Monument (33). In eastern Oregon, a recently discovered population is on soils derived from serpentine (17). In Utah, it grows on soils developed from limestone, as on the Wasatch Plateau (9), and on soils derived from quartzites, shales and limestones of the Uinta Range (26). In southern Utah, it is most common on soils derived from sandstone and limestone (44). In northeastern Nevada, it also grows on various calcareous substrates (25), but in California, on substrates derived from granitic, obsidian, and pumice materials (30).

Limber pine grows on a variety of topographies, from gently rolling terrain to cliffs. It is most often found on rocky ridges and steep rocky slopes and can survive in extremely windswept areas at both lower and upper tree line.

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Special Uses ( Inglês )

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Limber pine is seldom sought for timber, but small quantities are occasionally harvested along with more desirable species. The wood has been used for rough construction, mine timbers, railroad ties, and poles (2).

Although of marginal value for lumber, limber pine has other resource values. Its ability to grow on harsh sites often provides the only tree cover for wildlife. The large seeds are a nutritious food source for birds, rodents, and bears and were used as food by Native Americans and early pioneers (20,21,29). In areas where timber is scarce, limber pine may be an important source of fuelwood. Increasing demands for fuelwood could deplete the accessible dead trees and eventually conflict with wildlife needs for shelter and nesting cavities.

Limber pine's abilities to withstand severe wind and dry site conditions are desirable shelterbelt traits, but its slow growth rate may discourage its selection for that purpose. Young trees, however, can withstand considerable bending, a necessary trait for reforestation of snow avalanche paths, and much of the pine's natural habitat lies within avalanche areas. Some limber pine habitats are also valuable watersheds, and as a pioneer species, the pine is a logical choice for initial site protection and for increasing snowpack (39). The pine's characteristic branching pattern also adds to the esthetic appeal of the landscape, especially along ridge lines.

This tree's ability to endure very dry environments has allowed it to attain considerable age in some areas. One tree in southern California was found to be well over 1,000 years old (13); another in central Idaho was 1,650 years old (31). This feature makes limber pine a useful species in dendrochronologic studies.

Limber pine has potential as a Christmas tree, but its qualities are surpassed by southwestern white pine (14,43). Seedlings from several seed sources have grown too slowly for economical Christmas tree operations but have ornamental value as dwarfed trees and even bonsai (14). Some bonsai nurserymen also collect dwarfed limber pine from severe windy sites. As an ornamental, this species deserves more attention than current use would indicate. The ornamental trade has selected at least seven cultivated varieties: 'Columnaris'- a fastigiate form; 'Glauca' and 'Firmament'- both with exceptionally bluish-green foliage; 'Glenmore'- with longer, more silvery foliage; 'Nana'- a dwarf bushy form; 'Pendula'- with pendulous branches; and 'Tiny Temple'- a low growing form (7,19).

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

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No information is currently available.

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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Pinaceae -- Pine family

Robert Steele

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis), also known as white pine or Rocky Mountain white pine, is a long-lived, slow-growing tree of small to medium size. Its wood, light in weight, close-grained, and pale yellow, is used for rough construction, mine timbers, railroad ties, and poles. Its harvest is incidental to that of other, more desirable species.

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Silvics of North America

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Limber pine grows from Alberta and southeastern British Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern California. Notable outliers of this general distribution are found in the western portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, and in eastern Oregon and southwestern California.

In the northern half of its distribution, limber pine is generally found near lower tree line and on dry sites in the montane forests. Between the 45th and 40th parallels, it grows in both lower and upper elevation forests and anywhere in between on dry, windswept sites. Its position gradually shifts upward in more southerly latitudes, so that in southern portions of its distribution, limber pine is more common from upper montane to alpine tree line, with only minor occurrences in the lower forested zones. Because of this adaptability, limber pine ranges in elevation from about 870 m (2,850 ft) in North Dakota (29) to about 3810 m (12,500 ft) in Colorado (7).


- The native range of limber pine.

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Physical Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 5, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds wingless.
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Pinus flexilis ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Pinus flexilis (lat. Pinus flexilis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) at Bhandakthathaatch (8000 ft) I IMG 7363.jpg İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus flexilis: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Pinus flexilis (lat. Pinus flexilis) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Pi Limber ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El Pi Limber, (Pinus flexilis), és una espècie de pi que apareix a les muntanyes de l'oest dels Estats Units, Mèxic i Canadà. També es coneix com a pi de les muntanyes Rocalloses. S'ha documentat un pi Limber d'Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon de 2.000 anys.[1]

De vegades arriba al límit arbori.

Pinus flexilis és típicament un arbre que viu a grans altituds. En bones condicions acostuma a fer 20 m d'alt però en llocs molt exposats només arriba a 5 m.

Referències

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
Commons
Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Old Tree». Oregon Field Guide, 2010. [Consulta: 21 febrer 2010].

Enllaços externs

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Pi Limber: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El Pi Limber, (Pinus flexilis), és una espècie de pi que apareix a les muntanyes de l'oest dels Estats Units, Mèxic i Canadà. També es coneix com a pi de les muntanyes Rocalloses. S'ha documentat un pi Limber d'Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon de 2.000 anys.

De vegades arriba al límit arbori.

Pinus flexilis és típicament un arbre que viu a grans altituds. En bones condicions acostuma a fer 20 m d'alt però en llocs molt exposats només arriba a 5 m.

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Borovice ohebná ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ
 src=
Pinus flexilis

Borovice ohebná (Pinus flexilis) je severoamerický druh horské pětijehličné borovice, svými ekologickými nároky se podobá borovici limbě. Je charakteristická tenkými a velmi ohebnými větvemi. .

Synonyma

  • Pinus reflexa Engelmann, 1882
  • Pinus strobiformis Sudworth non Engelmann
  • Limber Pine
  • Rocky Mountain White Pine
  • Californian Cembra Pine

Vzhled

Strom, 20 až 25 m, (v ČR max. 15 m), průměr kmene obvykle do 80 cm, zřídka do 150 cm. Koruna v mládí úzce kuželovitá, později vejčitá. Kůra v mládí hladká, šedozelená, později šupinatá, pak brázditá borka. větve tenké, nápadně ohebné – odtud zřejmě její název. Letorosty žlutozelené, jemně chlupaté, později tmavší a lysé. Pupeny široce vejčité, 1 cm dlouhé a zasmolené. Jehlice po 5 ve svazečku, 4-7 cm dlouhé, štětkovitě nahloučené na konci, tmavě zelené, málo zřetelné proužky průduchů. Šišky po 3-4 v přeslenu, podlouhlé, proměnlivé velikosti (7-15 cm), otevřené 4-6 cm široké. Jejich šupiny jsou silně dřevnaté a tlusté, zasmolené s lesklým žlutavým štítkem, pupek slabě vyklenutý ven. Spodní tři řady šupin reflexně ohnuté. Semena 5-10 mm s úzkým křídlatým lemem jsou jedlá.

Výskyt

Ve Skalistých horách od Texasu a Arizony až do Kanady (ve státech B.C. a Alberta), na západě zasahuje až do Sierra Nevada.

V ČR občas v parkových výsadbách.

Ekologie

Roste na vlhčích skalních srázech v horách od 1000 m n. m. a vystupuje až do 3.500 m. Roste velmi pomalu, zvláště vysokohorské provenience. Evropské klima snáší velmi dobře, vyžaduje lehkou propustnou hlinitopísčitou půdu, avšak trpí rzí vejmutovkovou.

Využití

Není známé, v ČR jako okrasná parková dřevina.

Taxonomická zajímavost

Existuje reálný předpoklad, že tato borovice při své evoluci sestupovala směrem na jih, kde se separovaly její příbuzné druhy, nejprve borovice vejmutovkovitá (Pinus strobiformis) (dříve pojmenovaná Pinus flexilis var. reflexa, popř. Pinus brachyptera) a více na jihu borovice mexická (Pinus ayacahuite). Na styku svých areálů se tyto druhy kříží a vytvářejí hybridní populace.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Literatura

  • BUSINSKÝ, R. 2004. Komentovaný světový klíč rodu Pinus L. – Závěrečná zpráva „Výzkum a hodnocení genofondu dřevin z aspektu sadovnického použití“, Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, Průhonice.
  • NOVÁK, F.A. (1953): Borovice neboli sosna, Pinus Linné (zpracováno 1942). – In: Klika, J., Novák, F.A., Šiman, K. & Kavka, B., Jehličnaté: 129–258. ČSAV, Praha.

Externí odkazy

Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa Asie Amerika
borovice Banksovaborovice arizonskáborovice Balfourovaborovice bahenníborovice Coulterovaborovice dlouholistáborovice Douglasovaborovice durangskáborovice Elliottovaborovice Engelmannovaborovice Hartwegovaborovice ježatáborovice karibskáborovice Jeffreyovaborovice kadidlováborovice mičoakánskáborovice Montezumovaborovice ostnitáborovice paprsčitáborovice pavejmutkaborovice pichlaváborovice pokroucenáborovice pozdníborovice Sabineovaborovice smolnáborovice těžkáborovice Torreyovaborovice tuháborovice uzavřenáborovice virginskáborovice zúženáPinus apulcensisPinus cubensisPinus tropicalisPinus yecorensis
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa Asie Amerika
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Borovice ohebná: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ
 src= Pinus flexilis

Borovice ohebná (Pinus flexilis) je severoamerický druh horské pětijehličné borovice, svými ekologickými nároky se podobá borovici limbě. Je charakteristická tenkými a velmi ohebnými větvemi. .

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Biegsame Kiefer ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
männliche Blütenzapfen und Nadeln
 src=
unreife Samenzapfen
 src=
Biegsame Kiefern in den San Gabriel Mountains

Die Biegsame Kiefer (Pinus flexilis), auch Nevada-Zirbelkiefer genannt, ist ein langsam wachsender Nadelbaum, der in Gebirgen im Westen Nordamerikas beheimatet ist. Sie wird selten höher als 20 Meter und erreicht ein maximales Alter von etwa 400 Jahren.[1]

Beschreibung

Die Biegsame Kiefer ist ein 20 bis 35 Meter hoher Baum mit lockerer, in der Jugend kegelförmiger, im Alter breiter und gerundeter Krone und flacher Bewurzelung[1]. Der Stamm erreicht Durchmesser von 100 bis 120 Zentimeter und ist mit einer 2,5 bis 5 Zentimeter dicken Schuppenborke bedeckt. Im Freistand bleibt der Stamm kurz. Meist wächst die Art mehrstämmig und krumm, an der Waldgrenze sogar buschig.[1] Die Äste stehen aufrecht oder sind bogig aufsteigend. Junge Triebe sind gelbgrün, kahl oder mit kurzen, braunen Haaren versehen. Später werden sie hellgrau und bleiben biegsam, was der Art ihren Namen eingebracht hat. Die Winterknospen werden etwa 1 Zentimeter lang. Sie sind breit eiförmig und zugespitzt. An Kurztrieben werden fünf 4 bis 8 Zentimeter lange und 1 Millimeter breite Nadeln gebildet, die in pinselartigen, lockeren Büscheln angeordnet sind[2]. Die 1,5 Zentimeter langen Nadelscheiden fallen früh ab. Die Nadeln sind steif, gerade oder etwas gebogen, im Querschnitt beinahe dreieckig und ganzrandig mit Spaltöffnungsstreifen auf jeder Seite. Die Lebensdauer der Nadeln beträgt 5 bis 6 Jahre.[3]

Die Biegsame Kiefer ist einhäusig. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen werden etwa 1 Zentimeter groß und sind rötlich. Die weiblichen Blütenstände sind länglich-eiförmig, stehen aufrecht und meist in Gruppen zu drei und vier zusammen. Die fast sitzenden, glänzend hellbraunen und stark verharzten[1] Zapfen werden 7 bis 15 Zentimeter lang und 4 bis 6 Zentimeter breit. Die hartschaligen Samen werden 8 bis 12 Millimeter lang und 7 bis 8 Millimeter breit. Sie sind mit einem 2 Millimeter breiten, bald abfallenden Flügelsaum ausgestattet. Die Samen reifen im zweiten Jahr. Die Blütezeit ist im Juni und Juli, die Samen reifen im August und September.[3]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2 n = 24 {displaystyle 2n=24} {displaystyle 2n=24}.[4]

Verbreitung und Standortansprüche

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Biegsamen Kiefer[5]

Die Biegsame Kiefer ist in einem inselartig zergliederten Gebiet im westlichen Nordamerika beheimatet, in den Rocky Mountains, den kalifornischen White Mountains und in der Sierra Nevada. Man findet sie vom südöstlichen British Columbia und Südwest-Alberta bis Kalifornien, Utah und Colorado und nach Osten bis North Dakota, South Dakota und Südwest-Nebraska. Isolierte Vorkommen gibt es in Nord-Arizona und im Norden von New Mexico.[3][1]

Sie gedeiht auf trockenen, nährstoffarmen, flach bis mittelgründigen Standorten an Steilhängen[3] in Höhen von 1000 bis 3700 Metern[1].

Die Biegsame Kiefer wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet („Lower Risk/Least Concern“) geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine neuerliche Überprüfung der Gefährdung nötig ist.[6]

Ökologie

Die Biegsame Kiefer bildet selten Reinbestände und ist meist mit der Douglasie sowie Tannen- und Fichtenarten vergesellschaftet. Wie viele andere fünfnadelige Kiefern ist sie sehr anfällig für den Strobenrost.[3]

Systematik

Die Biegsame Kiefer wird in der Gattung der Kiefern der Untergattung Strobus zugeordnet, dort in der Sektion Quinquefoliae der Untersektion Strobus.[7] Die Erstbeschreibung von Pinus flexilis erfolgte 1824 durch Edwin P. James in W.H. Keating, Narrat. Exp. St. Peter's River, Band 2, Seite 35.[8] Synonyme von Pinus flexilis E.James sind Pinus cembra var. flexilis (E.James) F.Sanders, Apinus flexilis (E.James) Rydb., Pinus lambertiana var. brevifolia Hook. und Pinus novaemexicana P.Landry.[8] Im Überschneidungsgebiet von Pinus flexilis und Pinus strobiformis findet man Hybriden.[4]

Der Kultivar 'Firmament’ unterscheidet sich von der Art durch die kürzeren, gleichmäßig graublauen Nadeln.[9]

Verwendung

Das Holz ist wirtschaftlich unbedeutend, wegen der langen, blaugrünen Nadeln hat die Biegsame Kiefer jedoch einen gewissen Zierwert.[1] Sie gelangte 1861 nach Europa und ist in Mitteleuropa völlig winterhart. Die Samen ähneln denen der Zirbelkiefer und sind ebenfalls essbar und wohlschmeckend.[3]

Nachweise

Literatur

  • Ulrich Hecker: Bäume und Sträucher. BLV Handbuch. BLV Buchverlag, München 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0021-5, S. 82.
  • Peter Schütt, Hans Joachim Schuck, Bernd Stimm (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Das Standardwerk der Forstbotanik. Morphologie, Pathologie, Ökologie und Systematik wichtiger Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 363 (Nachdruck von 1992).
  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 764–765.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 363
  2. Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 764
  3. a b c d e f Hecker: Bäume und Sträucher, S. 82
  4. a b Pinus flexilis. In: Flora of North America Vol. 2. www.eFloras.org, abgerufen am 18. September 2010 (englisch).
  5. Elbert L. Little Jr.: Atlas of United States Trees online (PDF; 710 kB)
  6. Pinus flexilis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 3. Jänner 2011.
  7. Pinus flexilis. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), abgerufen am 18. September 2010 (englisch).
  8. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 24. April 2019.
  9. Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 765

Weblinks

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Biegsame Kiefer: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= männliche Blütenzapfen und Nadeln  src= unreife Samenzapfen  src= Biegsame Kiefern in den San Gabriel Mountains

Die Biegsame Kiefer (Pinus flexilis), auch Nevada-Zirbelkiefer genannt, ist ein langsam wachsender Nadelbaum, der in Gebirgen im Westen Nordamerikas beheimatet ist. Sie wird selten höher als 20 Meter und erreicht ein maximales Alter von etwa 400 Jahren.

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Pinus flexilis ( Udmurt )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Pinus flexilis

Pinus flexilis (лат. Pinus flexilis) – Pinaceae семьяысь Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсызын, Канадаын но Мексикаын будӥсь пужым. Ӝуждалаез ог 20 м луэ.

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Лунвыв-рытвыв чочком пожум ( Cômi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Лунвыв-рытвыв чочком пожум

Лунвыв-рытвыв чочком пожум (лат. Pinus flexilis) – быдмассэзлöн пожум котырись пожум увтырын (Strobus субувтырын) торья вид. Пожумыс быдмö 20 метра вылына. Пожум пантасьӧ рытвыв Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэзын, Канадаын да Мексикаын.

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Pinus flexilis ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pinus flexilis, the limber pine, is a species of pine tree-the family Pinaceae that occurs in the mountains of the Western United States, Mexico, and Canada. It is also called Rocky Mountain white pine.

A limber pine in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon, has been documented as over 2,000 years old, and another one was confirmed at 1,140 years old.[4][5] Another candidate for the oldest limber pine was identified in 2006 near the Alta Ski Area in Utah; called "Twister", the tree was confirmed to be at least 1,700 years old and thought to be even older.[6]

Description

Its pliant branches gives it the common name "limber" and specific epithet flexilis. Its needles are about 8 centimeters (3+14 in) long and a dark, blueish green.[7] Its bark is heavily creased and dark grey. Its pale wood is lightweight and soft.

Pinus flexilis is typically a high-elevation pine, often marking the tree line either on its own, or with whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), either of the bristlecone pines, or lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). In favorable conditions, it makes a tree to 20 metres (65 feet), rarely 25 m (80 ft) tall. On exposed tree line sites, mature trees are much smaller, reaching heights of only 5–10 m (15–35 ft).[8] In steeply-sloping, rocky, and windswept terrain in the Rocky Mountains of southern Alberta, limber pine is even more stunted, occurring in old stands where mature trees are consistently less than 3 m (10 ft) in height.[9]

One of the world's oldest living limber pine trees grows on the banks of the upper North Saskatchewan River at Whirlpool Point in Alberta. Recent measurements give a maximum girth of 185". In 1986, a core sample 10 cm was retrieved by two researchers who counted 400 rings. Extrapolating this data gives an age close to 3,000 years.

Similar species

Pinus flexilis is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five,[7] with a deciduous sheath. This distinguishes it from the lodgepole pine, with two needles per fascicle, and the bristlecone pines, which share five needles per fascicle but have a semi-persistent sheath.

Pinus albicaulis

Distinguishing limber pine from the related whitebark pine (P. albicaulis), also a white pine, is very much more difficult, and can only easily be done by the cones. In limber pine, the cones are 6–15 cm (2+14–6 in) long[7] where the species overlap, green when immature, and open to release the seeds; the scales are not fragile. In whitebark pine, the cones are 4–7 cm (1+122+34 in) long, dark purple when immature, and do not open on drying, but are fragile and are pulled apart by birds to release the seeds.[10] A useful clue is that whitebark pines almost never have intact old cones lying under them, whereas limber pines usually do. [11]

Pinus monticola

In the absence of cones, limber pine can also be hard to tell from Western white pine (P. monticola) where they occur together in the northern Rockies and the Sierra Nevada east slope. The most useful clue here is that limber pine needles are entire (smooth when rubbed gently in both directions), whereas Western white pine needles are finely serrated (feeling rough when rubbed gently from tip to base). Limber pine needles are also usually shorter, 4–7 cm (1+122+34 in) long, while western white pine needles are 5–10 cm (2–4 in), though the ranges overlap.

Distribution

The largest part of the limber pine's range is in the Rocky Mountains, from southwest Alberta[7] and southeastern British Columbia south through Colorado and New Mexico into the northern states of Mexico. It is also found through the Great Basin[7] states of Nevada and Utah, in the eastern Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of Northern California, and in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California. Continuing south the species is found in the San Jacinto Mountains, Santa Rosa Mountains, and Hot Springs Mountain of the Peninsular Ranges. There are small disjunct populations in eastern Oregon, in western North Dakota and Nebraska,[12] and in the Black Hills of South Dakota.[2][8] It is found at a wide range of altitudes depending on the latitude, from 850 to 3,810 m (2,790 to 12,500 ft). In the northern half of its range, it grows in the montane zone near the lower tree line; in the middle of its range between the 45th and 40th parallels, it grows on windswept sites in the montane and subalpine zones; and in the southern part of its range, it grows mainly at high elevations in the subalpine zone near the upper tree line.[12] It can more often be found at the outer fringes of a forest than in the forest itself.[7]

Ecology

Pinus flexilis is an important source of food for several species, including red squirrels and Clark's nutcrackers, the latter being an important distributor of seeds.[13][7] There is evidence that limber pines co-evolved with Clark's nutcrackers, which are the primary dispersers of the seeds.[14][13][15] In a relic, low elevation population, seeds are also dispersed by small rodents.[16] American black bears and grizzly bears may raid squirrel caches for limber pine nuts.[7] Squirrels, Northern flickers, and mountain bluebirds often nest in the trees. There is some evidence that P. flexilis has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that inhabit the needles.[17]

The species is generally shade tolerant and resistant to fire, but does not thrive in dense habitats, instead occurring in areas relatively hostile to other species.[18][7]

Threats

Limber pine is susceptible to white pine blister rust,[7] caused by Cronartium ribicola, a fungus that was introduced accidentally from Europe. Limber pine mortality is high in many areas throughout its range, except Arizona, where it has not yet been found. However, there is little hope of controlling the blister rust in existing trees. Research is under way, locating and breeding from the occasional naturally resistant limber pines, and by studying the resistance mechanisms of the European and Asian white pines (e.g. Swiss pine, Macedonian pine), which are strongly resistant to the disease.

The tree has also been damaged by bark beetle epidemics, particularly at drought-affected low elevations.[7]

Cultivation

The popular cultivar P. flexilis 'Vanderwolf's Pyramid' is widely available as an ornamental tree for gardens. 'Vanderwolf's Pyramid' derives from P. reflexa, though it is usually listed in nursery catalogs under P. flexilis.

The Southwestern white pine is popular as a windbreak tree or an ornamental tree due to its drought tolerance. It is also grown as a Christmas tree, liked for the soft needles but with stiffer branches than an Eastern white pine.

Uses

The large seeds are edible,[19] and were reportedly consumed by Native Americans in Montana.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Schoettle, A.; Stritch, L. (2013). "Pinus flexilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42363A2975338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42363A2975338.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus flexilis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ^ "Pinus flexilis". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  4. ^ "Old Tree". Oregon Field Guide. 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  5. ^ Richard, Terry (September 24, 2012). "Ancient limber pine, likely Oregon's oldest living tree, draws twin brothers to Wallowas quest (photo essay, video)". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  6. ^ "Stay Flexible, Grow Old". BYU Magazine. Spring 2007. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 26, 43–49. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  8. ^ a b Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; et al. (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  9. ^ Letts, M.G.; Nakonechny, K.N.; Van Gaalen, K.E.; Smith, C.M. (2009). "Physiological acclimation of Pinus flexilis to drought stress on contrasting slope aspects in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39 (3): 629–641. doi:10.1139/X08-206. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  10. ^ "Pinus subgenus Strobus". Michael P. Frank's Cone Collection. Arboretum de Villardebelle.
  11. ^ Roady, Laura. "Whitebark Pine". Montana Outdoors. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  12. ^ a b Steele, Robert (1990). "Pinus flexilis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1 – via Southern Research Station.
  13. ^ a b Siepielski, A. M.; Benkman, C. W. (June 2007). "Selection by a predispersal seed predator constrains the evolution of avian seed dispersal in pines". Functional Ecology. 21 (3): 611–618. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01261.x. ISSN 0269-8463.
  14. ^ Siepielski, Adam M.; Benkman, Craig W. (May 2007). "Convergent Patterns in the Selection Mosaic for Two North American Bird-Dispersed Pines". Ecological Monographs. 77 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1890/06-0929. ISSN 0012-9615.
  15. ^ Siepielski, Adam M.; Benkman, Craig W. (October 2008). "Seed Predation and Selection Exerted by a Seed Predator Influence Subalpine Tree Densities". Ecology. 89 (10): 2960–2966. doi:10.1890/08-0072.1. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 18959333.
  16. ^ Tomback, Diana F.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Chevalier, Kristen E.; Jones, Cheri A. (2005-01-01). "Life on the edge for limber pine: Seed dispersal within a peripheral population". Écoscience. 12 (4): 519–529. doi:10.2980/i1195-6860-12-4-519.1. ISSN 1195-6860. S2CID 86330607.
  17. ^ Moyes, Andrew B.; Kueppers, Lara M.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Carper, Dana L.; Vandehey, Nick; O'Neil, James; Frank, A. Carolin (2016-04-01). "Evidence for foliar endophytic nitrogen fixation in a widely distributed subalpine conifer" (PDF). New Phytologist. 210 (2): 657–668. doi:10.1111/nph.13850. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 27000956.
  18. ^ Rebertus, A. J.; Burns, B. R.; Veblen, T. T. (August 1991). "Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis -dominated subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range". Journal of Vegetation Science. 2 (4): 445–458. doi:10.2307/3236026. JSTOR 3236026.
  19. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. pp. 407–08. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.

Further reading

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Pinus flexilis: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pinus flexilis, the limber pine, is a species of pine tree-the family Pinaceae that occurs in the mountains of the Western United States, Mexico, and Canada. It is also called Rocky Mountain white pine.

A limber pine in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon, has been documented as over 2,000 years old, and another one was confirmed at 1,140 years old. Another candidate for the oldest limber pine was identified in 2006 near the Alta Ski Area in Utah; called "Twister", the tree was confirmed to be at least 1,700 years old and thought to be even older.

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Fleksebla pino ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La fleksebla pino (Pinus flexilis) estas malrapide kreskanta pingloarbo, kiu hejmiĝas en montaroj de la okcidento de Nordameriko. Ĝi nur malofte fariĝas pli alta ol 20 metroj kaj ĝia maksima aĝo estas ĉ. 400 jaroj.

Priskribo

La fleksebla pino estas 20 ĝis 35 metro alta arbo kun maldensa krono kaj malprofunda radikaro. La trunko atingas diametron de 100 ĝis 120 cm kaj havas 2,5 ĝis 5 cm dikan ritidomon. Libere kreskante la trunko restas malalta. Ofte la specio kreskas plurtrunke kaj nerekte, ĉe arbarlimo la specio kreskas arbuste.[1] La branĉoj staras vertikale kaj arke supren. Junaj branĉoj estas flave verdaj, kalvaj kaj kovrataj de mallongaj brunaj haroj. Poste ili iĝas helgrize kaj ili restas flekseblaj.

La fleksebla pino estas monoika. La masklaj strobiloj iĝas ĉ. 1 cm longaj kaj estas ruĝecaj. La inaj floraroj estas oblongaj- ovformaj, kaj staras vertikale en grupoj de tri ĝis kvar. La preskaŭ sidantaj floraroj estas brile helbrunaj kaj kovrataj de rezino.[1] Strobilo longas 7 ĝis 15 cm kaj larĝas 4 ĝis 6 cm. La durŝelaj semoj longas 8 ĝis 12 mm kaj larĝas 7 ĝis 8 mm. Ili havas 2 mm larĝan flugorlon. La semoj maturiĝas en la dua jaro. La arbo floras en junio kaj julio. La semoj maturiĝas en aŭgusto kaj septembro.

La kromosomonombro estas 2 n = 24 {displaystyle 2n=24} {displaystyle 2n=24}.[2]

Disvastigo kaj postuloj al la kreskejoj

 src=
disvastigejo de la fleksebla pino

La fleksebla pino troviĝas kiel insuloj en la okcidento de Nordameriko, en la Rok-montaro, la kalifornia Blanka montaro kaj la Sierra Nevada. Ĝi kreskas de la sudorienta Brita Kolumbio kaj sudokcidenta Alberto ĝis Kalifornio, Utaho kaj Koloradio kaj orienten ĝis Norda Dakoto, Suda Dakoto kaj sudokcidenta Nebrasko. Izolitaj kreskejoj ekzistas en norda Arizono kaj en la nordo de Nov-Meksiko. [3][1]

La planto bone kreskas sur sekaj, nutraĵmalriĉaj, malprofundaj ĝis mezprofundaj kreskejoj. [3] Ĝi ofte kreskas en deklivoj en alteco de 1000 ĝis 3700 metroj[1].

Ekologio

La fleksebla pino ofte kreskas kune kun Menzies-pseŭdocugo, abioj kaj piceoj. Ĝi estas atakata de la fungo Cronartium ribicola kiel la aliaj kvinpinglaj pinoj. [3]

Sistematiko

La fleksebla pino apartenas al la subgenro strobus kaj tie al la sekcio quinquefoliae.[4] En ĝiaj limregionoj la planto hibridiĝas kun Pinus strobiformis.[2]

La kultivaro 'Firmament’ havas pli mallongajn pinglojn kaj pli pli grizbluajn pinglojn ol la cetero de la specio.

Uzado

La ligno estas ekonomie senvalora, sed la planto havas ian ornamvoloron. Ĝi atingis en 1861 Mezeŭropon, kie ĝi estas vintrorezista. La semoj similas al cembro kaj same havas manĝeblajn kaj bongustajn semojn.

Literaturo

  • Hecker, U. :Bäume und Sträucher. BLV Handbuch. BLV Buchverlag. München. 2006. ISBN=3-8354-0021-5. Paĝo 82.

Referencoj

[3] [1] [5] [6] [4] [2]

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 363
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Pinus flexilis. In: Flora of North America Vol. 2. www.eFloras.org, [1] konsultita la 18an de Julio 2018 (angle).
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Hecker: Bäume und Sträucher, S. 82
  4. 4,0 4,1 Pinus flexilis. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), [2] konsultita la 18an de Julio 2018 (angle).
  5. Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 764
  6. Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 765

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Fleksebla pino: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La fleksebla pino (Pinus flexilis) estas malrapide kreskanta pingloarbo, kiu hejmiĝas en montaroj de la okcidento de Nordameriko. Ĝi nur malofte fariĝas pli alta ol 20 metroj kaj ĝia maksima aĝo estas ĉ. 400 jaroj.

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Pinus flexilis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Pinus flexilis, el pino huyoco,[2]​ es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en las montañas del oeste de los Estados Unidos, México, y Canadá. El pino huyoco en la Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregón ha sido documentado como de más de dos mil años, y se ha confirmado que otro tiene 1.140 años.[3]

 src=
Conos masculinos de un pino huyoco, este de Sierra Nevada, California.

El pino huyoco - Pinus flexilis se encuentra específicamente en las zonas subalpinas de: las Montañas Rocosas del suroeste de Alberta Canadá hacia el sur hasta Colorado y Nuevo México hacia los estados septentrionales de México; desde las montañas en el este de los estados del Noroeste del Pacífico a través de los estados de la Gran Cuenca de Nevada y Utah; y en la parte este y sur de California en el este de Sierra Nevada, las montañas Blancas, y la sierra de San Bernardino, así como la sierra de San Jacinto; y una pequeña población separada en las Black Hills de Dakota del Sur.[4][5]

Descripción

Pinus flexilis es típicamente un pino de gran altura, a menudo marcando la línea de árboles o límite arbóreo, bien por sí mismo o con el pino de corteza blanca, o con los pinos de conos erizados, o el pino contorto. En condiciones favorables, el árbol llega a 20 m, raramente 25 m de alto. Sin embargo, en lugares de línea de árboles expuesta, los árboles maduros son mucho más pequeños, alcanzando alturas de sólo 5-10 m.[4]​ En laderas muy inclinadas, terreno rocoso y barrido por el viento en las montañas Rocosas de Alberta meridional, el pino huyoco es todavía más raquítico, apareciendo en grupos viejos cuando los árboles maduros son consistentemente menos de 3 metros de alto.[6]

En Arizona y Nuevo México, las poblaciones de pino huyoco difiere de las poblaciones de más al norte. Estos a veces son tratados como una variedad, Pinus flexilis var. reflexa, pero más a menudo como una especie distintiva, bien "exactamente" bajo el nombre de Pinus reflexa, o erróneamente por confusión con el Pinus strobiformis que se aplica correctamente a un pino blanco de Chihuahua.

Este pino del suroeste difiere del típico pino huyoco en que es un árbol más grande, de 25-35 m de alto, con acículas más grandes, de 6-11 cm de largo, que tienen unas bandas estomatales muy blancas en las caras inferiores de las acículas (no conspicuas en el tipo), y son ligeramente serrados hacia las puntas de las acículas.

Los conos son también más grandes, típicamente 10-20 cm de largo. Este pino del suroeste difiere del verdadero Pinus strobiformis mexicano en que las acículas no son totalmente serrados, y los conos son más pequeños, de 15-25 cm en P. strobiformis), las escamas del cono son más cortas y las semillas más pequeñas.

Es posible que Pinus reflexa sea un híbrido natural entre Pinus flexilis y Pinus strobiformis. Las localidades del tipo de los tres taxones son:

Taxonomía

Pinus flexilis fue descrita por Edwin James y publicado en An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains 2: 27, 34, 35. 1823.[7]

Etimología

Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[8]

flexilis: epíteto latino que significa "flexible".[9]

Sinonimia
  • Apinus flexilis (E.James) Rydb.
  • Pinus lambertiana var. brevifolia Hook.
  • Pinus novaemexicana P.Landry[10][11]
var. reflexa Engelm.
  • Pinus ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelm.) Voss
  • Pinus reflexa (Engelm.) Engelm.

Referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Pinus flexilis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. «Old Tree». Oregon Field Guide. 2010. Consultado el 21 de febrero de 2010.
  4. a b Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. Nueva York: Sterling. p. 81. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  5. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500936
  6. Letts M.G., K.N. Nakonechny, K.E. Van Gaalen & C.M. Smith. 2009. Physiological acclimation of Pinus flexilis to drought stress on contrasting slope aspects in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada Archivado el 16 de julio de 2011 en Wayback Machine.. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39(3): 629-641
  7. «Pinus flexilis». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2013.
  8. En Nombres Botánicos
  9. En Epítetos Botánicos
  10. «Pinus flexilis». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 8 de abril de 2013.
  11. Pinus flexilis en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  2. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  3. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  7. Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
  8. Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  9. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  10. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  11. Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
  12. Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

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Pinus flexilis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Pinus flexilis, el pino huyoco,​ es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas.

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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
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Kaljumänd ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Kaljumänd (Pinus flexilis) ehk kalju-seedermänd ehk kalifornia seedermänd on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide hulka (alamperekond Strobus).

Teisendid ja nende levikuala

Kaljumännil (Pinus flexilis) eristatakse kahte teisendit:

Botaanilised tunnused

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Okkad ja käbid
 src=
Isasõisikud

Kaljumänd on pikaealine ja madala kasvuga okaspuu ning kasvab 10–15 (26) m kõrguseks[3]. Kuid tuultele avatud kohas on puud palju väiksemad, ulatudes üksnes 5 meetri kõrguseni, ja levila põhjaosas Albertas on nad tuulistel ja kaljustel mäenõlvadel üksnes 3 m kõrgused[4]. Levila lõunaosas on puud suuremad, 25–35 meetri kõrgused.

Võra on laikoonusjas-kuhikjas. Väliselt sarnaneb ta mõnevõrra alpi seedermänniga. Tüvi on lühike ja jäme, läbimõõt on 0,6–0,9 (2,0) m[3]. Tüve koor on noortel puudel sile ja helehall, hiljem moodustub rõmeline tumehall korp.[5]

Juurestik on maapinnalähedane, mis on tingitud kaljupõhjal olevast õhukesest kasvupinnasest. Samas on puu küllalt tormikindel, kuna juurestik pressib ennast kaljupragude vahele. Mükoriisa esineb seeneliigiga Gomphidius smithii.[6]

Okkad on viiekaupa kimbus, 3–7 (9) cm pikkused, jäigad. Õhulõheread on okka kõigil tahkudel. Noorena on okkad hõbedased, hiljem sinakasrohelised, püsivad puul 5–6 aastat.[5] Levila lõunaosas on okkadki pikemad, 6–11 cm.

Pungad on kollakad kuni pruunid, vaigused, tihedalt liibunud pungasoomustega. Noored võrsed on karvased, kollakasrohelised, hiljem paljad ja kollakaspruunid.[5]

Isasõisikud on punased, emasõisikud tumepurpurpunased. Käbid on 7–15 cm pikkused ja läbimõõduga 4–6 cm, kollakas- või helepruunid ja läikivad. Seemnesoomused on paksenenud apofüüsiga, väljaulatuv osa on rombjas, valmides kõverdunud ja väljapoole hoiduvad.[5]

Seemned on 10–15 mm pikkused[3], pruunikaskirjud, vaevumärgatava tiivakesega ja söödavad.[5] Seemne mass on 67–142 mg.[6]

Eluiga

Kaljumänd on küllaltki pikaealine ja aeglasekasvuline okaspuu. Kuivas mäestikukliimas võib ta elada üle 1000 aasta vanuseks. Seni vanima leitud puu vanuseks on aastarõngaste loendamisel saadud 1670 aastat.[7] Pikaealise puuna on kaljumännist palju kasu dendrokronoloogiliste uuringute läbiviimisel.[6]

Paljunemine

 src=
Hallmänsak on oluline seemnete levitaja

Kaljumänd on ühekojaline taim ja paljuneb seemnetega. Tolmlemine toimub juunis-juulis. Seemned valmivad järgmise aasta augustis-septembris, 14–15 kuud pärast tolmlemist. Seemned varisevad septembris-oktoobris. Head seemneaastad korduvad 2–4 aasta järel. Levila lõunaosas on seemned suuremad kui põhjaosas. Enamusel seemnetest tiivake puudub, kuid osal puudest on seemned väga väikese tiivakesega.[6]

Seemneid levitavad põhiliselt närilised ja linnud. Lindudest on kõige olulisem levitaja hallmänsak, kes võib seemneid viia vähemalt 23 km kaugusele. Ühe lennuga suudab ta keelealuses paunas ära viia kuni 125 seemet. Hiljem matab ta neid ühe- kuni viiekaupa 2–3 cm sügavusele.[6]

Kaljumänni seemned on oluline toiduallikas lisaks hallmänsakule veel oravatele, kuld-kollarähnile ja mägi-sinilinnule.

Kasvukohad ja kaasliigid

 src=
1500-aastane kaljumänd Californias San Gabrieli mägedes

Kaljumänd kasvab mägede madalatel ja kõrgetel nõlvadel, mis on üldjuhul kuivad ja tuultele avatud. Vastupidava puuliigina suudab ta tõusta Põhja-Dakotas kuni 870 m ja Colorados 3810 meetri kõrgusele. Ta kasvab tihti kivistel seljandikel ja järskudel nõlvadel. Ta talub väga tugevaid tuuli ja kasvab ka metsapiiril. Väga kuivas kliimas kasvavad kaljumännid võivad elada väga kõrge eani.[6]

Kaljumändi on keeruline eristada samasse perekonda kuuluvast valgetüvelisest seedermännist. Üksnes käbide põhjal saab seda kergesti teha. Kohas, kus nende levila kattub, on kaljumännikäbi 6–12 cm pikk, noorelt roheline ja küpselt tõmbuvad käbisoomused laiali, paljastades seemned. Soomused ei ole haprad. Seevastu valgetüvelise seedermänni käbid on sealkandis 4–7 cm pikad, noorelt tumepunased ja küpselt soomused ei avane. Selle asemel on käbisoomused haprad, nii et linnud suudavad selle lammutada ja seemned kätte saada. Kaljumänni all leidub tavaliselt vanu terveid käbisid, aga valgetüvelise seedermänni all peaaegu mitte kunagi.[8]

Kaljumändi on keeruline eristada ka läänemännist. Kaljumänni okkad on siledad, kui neid silitada, aga läänemänni okkad on pisut hambulised ja tunduvad silitamisel karedatena. Läänemänni okkad on 5–10 cm pikad, nii et ka pikkuses on väike erinevus.

Kliima

Areaalis valitseb üldjuhul mandriline kliima, mida iseloomustavad väike õhuniiskus ja vähene sademete hulk, millest enamus langeb kasvuperioodil. Talved võivad olla väga külmad, väheste sademetega, suurte temperatuurikõikumistega ja soojade tuulte Chinookidega.[6] Aastas esineb sademeid keskmiselt 500...1500 mm. Aasta keskmine õhutemperatuur on vahemikus 0...6 °C. Suve soojemate kuude keskmised temperatuurid tõusevad kuni 10...20 °C ja talve kõige külmemate kuude keskmised temperatuurid langevad kuni −5...–10 °C.[9]

Kasvupinnas

Kasvupinnas on üldjuhul väga õhuke ja sõltub kasvupiirkonna geoloogilisest aluspõhjast. Muldade lähtekivimiteks on enamasti lubjakivi, liivakivi, graniit, serpentiin, kvartsiit või vulkaanilised kivimid (pimss, vulkaaniline klaas).[6] Mullad on üldjuhul neutraalse, happelise või väga happelise reaktsiooniga[9].

Kaasliigid

 src=
Kaljumänd koos Engelmanni kuuskedega

Karmides kliima- ja pinnaseoludes kasvav kaljumänd moodustab sageli puhaspuistuid. Segametsades on kaasliikidena esindatud peamiselt järgmised puuliigid:[9]

Kasutamine

 src=
Kaljumänd Utah's

Kaljumänni puit on kerge, pehme, kitsaste aastarõngastega ja paljude oksakohtadega. Kitsas maltspuit on kreemikasvalge, lülipuit aga pruunikas kuni oranžikaskollane. Aeglase kasvu ja ebakorrapärase tüvekuju tõttu ei ole puidul suurt majanduslikku tähtsust. Seetõttu kasutatakse puitu vaid vähesel määral puutöödel ja küttepuuna. Kaljumänd suudab kasvada kuivadel ja kivistel pinnastel, kus teised puuliigid enam kasvada ei suuda.[6][9]

Kasvatamine Eestis

Kaljumänd on Eestis vähelevinud. Ta peaks olema meil üsna külmakindel, kuna talub negatiivseid õhutemperatuure −34...–40 °C[10]. Siiski piirab tema laialdast kasvatamist asjaolu, et kaljumänd võib nakatuda männi-koorepõletikku[11], mida põhjustab seen Cronartium ribicola. Üks külmakindel puu kasvab Tartus Raadi dendropargis ja kannab mõnel aastal väga rikkalikult käbisid.[5]

Viited

  1. "Conifer database: "Pinus flexilis". Catalogue of Life: 2009 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 29.03.2010. Inglise.
  2. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Pinus flexilis. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 "Pinus flexilis". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 29.03.2010. Inglise.
  4. M.G. Letts, K.N. Nakonechny, K.E. Van Gaalen, C.M. Smith. Physiological acclimation of Pinus flexilis to drought stress on contrasting slope aspects in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2009. 39(3): 629–641
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 6,8 "Limber Pine". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 29.03.2010. Inglise.
  7. "Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research". www.rmtrr.org. Vaadatud 25.08.2011. Inglise.
  8. Arboretum de Villardebelle Käbide pildid
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Compiled from the Forestry Compendium, CAB International. "Pines of Silvicultural Importance", CABI Publishing, 2002. ISBN 085199539X.
  10. Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
  11. "Limber Pine". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 29.03.2010. Inglise.

Välislingid

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Kaljumänd: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Kaljumänd (Pinus flexilis) ehk kalju-seedermänd ehk kalifornia seedermänd on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide hulka (alamperekond Strobus).

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Pin flexible ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pinus flexilis

Le Pin flexible (Pinus flexilis) est un arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinaceae.

C'est une espèce originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

Description

 src=
Aiguilles et cônes mâles de pin flexible.

Capacité à fixer l'azote de l'air

Jusqu'en 2012 toutes les symbioses et endosymbioses permettant à des plantes de fixer de l'azote atmosphérique avec l'aide de bactéries produisant de la nitrogénase avaient été trouvées chez des herbacées, dont des graminées, tropicales notamment.

En 2016, une étude démontre que le Pin flexible abrite dans ses aiguilles des colonies bactériennes diazotrophiques, c'est-à-dire fixatrices d'azote[1].

Distribution

 src=
Distribution naturelle de Pinus flexilis.

Notes et références

  1. Moyes AB, Kueppers LM, Pett-Ridge J, Carper DL, Vandehey N, O'Neil J et al. (2016) Evidence for foliar endophytic nitrogen fixation in a widely distributed subalpine conifer. New Phytologist in press. doi: 10.1111/nph.13850 (résumé)

Article connexe

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Pin flexible: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pinus flexilis

Le Pin flexible (Pinus flexilis) est un arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinaceae.

C'est une espèce originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

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Sveigfura ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Sveigfura (fræðiheiti Pinus flexilis) er sígrænt barrtré. Sveigfura er 10-25 m há með stuttan og sveran bol en verður runnkennd þar sem aðstæður eru ekki góðar. Ung tré eru með keilulaga krónu en með aldrinum verður krónan breiðkúlulaga og verða greinar gráar og sveigjanlegar og oft dálítið hangandi og uppsveigðar í enda.

Heimildir

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  1. Schoettle, A.; Stritch, L. (2013). „Pinus flexilis“. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42363A2975338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42363A2975338.en. Sótt 13. nóvember 2016.
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Sveigfura: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Sveigfura (fræðiheiti Pinus flexilis) er sígrænt barrtré. Sveigfura er 10-25 m há með stuttan og sveran bol en verður runnkennd þar sem aðstæður eru ekki góðar. Ung tré eru með keilulaga krónu en með aldrinum verður krónan breiðkúlulaga og verða greinar gráar og sveigjanlegar og oft dálítið hangandi og uppsveigðar í enda.

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Sosna giętka ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sosna giętka (Pinus flexilis E. James) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna giętka występuje w stanie dzikim w Górach Skalistych w Kanadzie i USA. Obszar jej występowania rozciąga się od kanadyjskiej Alberty i południowo-wschodniej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej aż po Nowy Meksyk, Arizonę i południową Kalifornię. Populacje tej sosny można spotkać także na zachodnich terenach Dakoty Północnej, Dakoty Południowej i Nebraski. Odmiana var. reflexa występuje również w kilku miejscach w Meksyku (Chihuahua, Coahuila i na południu Nuevo León)[2]. Szacuje się, że najstarsze egzemplarze żyją około 1670 lat.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo małych lub średnich rozmiarów. Korona stożkowata, z czasem zaokrągla się. Przy granicy drzew może przybierać formy karłowate.
Pień
Osiąga najczęściej 12–15 m wysokości, sporadycznie do 26 m, oraz 60–90(200) cm średnicy. Ze względu na długotrwałe wystawienie na silne wiatry gałęzie i pień często są powykrzywiane. Kora jasnoszara, delikatnie spękana, z wiekiem staje się ciemnobrązowa.
Liście
Igły zebrane w po 5 na krótkopędach, długości 3–7 cm, grubości 1–1,5 mm, ciemnozielone i gładkie.
Szyszki
Szyszki męskie elipsoidalne do cylindrycznych, długości ok. 15 mm, początkowo zielone lub żółte, potem rudawo-fioletowe, z czasem brązowieją. Zlokalizowane są blisko szczytu gałązki, ułożone w nieregularne spirale. Szyszki żeńskie wyrastają krótko po męskich, zielone lub czerwone, aż do odcieni purpurowych. Są cylindryczne, początkowo po zapyleniu zielone, dojrzewając stają się żółte i błyszczące, z czasem jasnobrązowe, o długości 7–15 cm, żywiczne. Nasiona brązowe, o długości 10–15 mm, bez skrzydełka lub ze śladowym.
Korzeń
Rodzaj podłoża istotnie wpływa na system korzeniowy sosny giętkiej. Kamieniste i skaliste grunty sprawiają, że korzenie często wiernie odzwierciedlają system pęknięć skalnych.
Gatunki podobne
Pod nieobecność szyszek sosna giętka jest bardzo podobna do Pinus albicaulis. Jej gałązki wcześniej stają się chropowate (poniżej 10 cm średnicy) niż P. albicaulis (powyżej 10 cm średnicy). Podczas kwitnienia różnią się także kolorem szyszek męskich: P. albicaulis są czerwone, sosny giętkiej żółte do rudawych.

Biologia i ekologia

 src=
Nucifraga columbiana zbierająca nasiona sosny giętkiej, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah
 src=
Pinus balfouriana (po lewej i w centrum) i sosna giętka (w głębi po prawej). Sierra Nevada, Kalifornia

Drzewo długowieczne, wolno rosnące, zimozielone, jednopienne. Szyszki męskie dominują w dolnej części korony, żeńskie w górnej. Pylenie od czerwca do lipca. Do zapłodnienia dochodzi ok. 13 miesięcy po zapyleniu, po czym na przełomie września i października szyszki nasienne dojrzewają i uwalniają nasiona, opadając wkrótce potem. Drzewa obradzają obficie co 2–4 lata, produkując średnio 10800 nasion na 1 kg. Nasiona rozsiewane są głównie przez gryzonie i ptaki. Najważniejszą rolę odgrywa orzechówka popielata (Nucifraga columbiana), która może przenosić do 125 nasion jednorazowo, na odległość ponad 20 km od macierzystego drzewa. Zakopuje po 1–5 nasion w ziemnym schowku, na głębokości 2–3 cm.

Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 5–6 lat.

Liczba chromosomów: 2n=24. Na północnych obszarach występowania rośnie na suchych stokach, blisko dolnej granicy lasu. Im dalej na południe, tym zajmuje wyżej położone stanowiska, sięgając górnej granicy lasu. Rozpiętość wysokości od 870 m n.p.m. w Dakocie Północnej do ok. 3810 m w Kolorado. Występuje głównie w strefie klimatu kontynentalnego, tylko niewielkie populacje we wschodnim Oregonie i Idaho są pod wpływem klimatu morskiego znad Pacyfiku. Rośnie na różnych glebach: pochodnych wapienia, piaskowca, granitu, kwarcu. Porasta łagodnie pofalowane wzgórza i strome urwiska, toleruje porywiste wiatry zarówno na dolnej jak i górnej granicy lasu. Lubi stanowiska nasłonecznione, niezbyt dobrze toleruje zacienienie.

Tworzy czysto-gatunkowe lasy iglaste lub lasy mieszane. Towarzyszy takim gatunkom jak: Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus aristata, Pinus longaeva, jedlica, topola, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa.

Korzenie drzewa wchodzą w związek mikoryzowy z klejówką Gomphidius smithii.

Systematyka i zmienność

Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[3]:

  • podrodzaj Strobus
    • sekcja Quinquefoliae
      • podsekcja Strobus
        • gatunek P. flexilis
 src=
P. flexilis var. reflexa, Sandia Crest, New Mexico, USA

W obrębie gatunku wyróżnia się czasem dwie odmiany:

  • Pinus flexilis var. flexilis – odmiana typowa
  • Pinus flexilis var. reflexa – traktowana czasem jako odrębny gatunek Pinus reflexa, rosnący na obszarach stanów Arizona i Nowy Meksyk w USA. Drzewa osiągają większe rozmiary (25–35 m), szyszki i igły także są dłuższe.

Sosna giętka tworzy naturalne mieszańce z Pinus strobiformis. Przypuszcza się, że odmiana P. flexilis var. reflexa, która zawiera więcej genów P. strobiformis niż P. flexilis, jest takim mieszańcem. Dalsze krzyżowanie się z P. strobiformis wzmocni tylko powiązania genetyczne między tymi taksonami[2].

Zagrożenia

Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN umieściła ten gatunek w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, przyznając mu kategorię zagrożenia LR/lc (lower risk/least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia[4]. Po ponownej ocenie w 2011 r. klasyfikację tę utrzymano i opublikowano w roku 2013[5]. Odmiana Pinus flexilis var. reflexa znana jest tylko z pięciu lokalizacji, gdzie zajmuje łącznie 2 tys. km², i została uznana za bliską zagrożeniu (kategoria NT, near threatened). Liczebność populacji całego gatunku maleje.

Zastosowanie

Stosowana była do wyrobu stempli kopalnianych, podkładów kolejowych i słupów. W porównaniu z innymi, bardziej poszukiwanymi gatunkami sosny, wyrąb prowadzony rzadko, ze względu na poskręcane i żywiczne drewno.

Nasiona były czasem wykorzystywane przez rdzennych Amerykanów jako pożywienie, m.in. przez północne szczepy Szoszonów.

Choroby i szkodniki

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE (ang.). W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
  2. a b Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus flexilis [w:] The Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-08-04] (ang.).
  3. Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus [w:] The Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-08-04] (ang.).
  4. Conifer Specialist Group (1998), Pinus flexilis [w:] IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [online] [dostęp 2009-08-04] (ang.).
  5. A.A. Schoettle A.A., L.L. Stritch L.L., Pinus flexilis [w:] IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [online] [dostęp 2013-08-18] (ang.).
  6. F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-08-04].
  7. Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus flexilis. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, s. 476-488, 1990. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-08-04].

Bibliografia

  1. Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus flexilis. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, s. 476-488, 1990. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-08-04].
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Sosna giętka: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Sosna giętka (Pinus flexilis E. James) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna giętka występuje w stanie dzikim w Górach Skalistych w Kanadzie i USA. Obszar jej występowania rozciąga się od kanadyjskiej Alberty i południowo-wschodniej Kolumbii Brytyjskiej aż po Nowy Meksyk, Arizonę i południową Kalifornię. Populacje tej sosny można spotkać także na zachodnich terenach Dakoty Północnej, Dakoty Południowej i Nebraski. Odmiana var. reflexa występuje również w kilku miejscach w Meksyku (Chihuahua, Coahuila i na południu Nuevo León). Szacuje się, że najstarsze egzemplarze żyją około 1670 lat.

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Pinus flexilis ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Pinus flexilis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]

Ver também

Referências

  1. «Pinus flexilis» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)

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Pinus flexilis: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Pinus flexilis é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).

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Pinus flexilis ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK
Види сосен Північної та Центральної Америки
Pinus albicaulis · Pinus aristata · Pinus arizonica · Pinus attenuata · Pinus ayacahuite · Pinus balfouriana · Pinus banksiana · Pinus caribaea · Pinus cembroides · Pinus chiapensis · Pinus clausa · Pinus contorta · Pinus coulteri · Pinus cubensis · Pinus culminicola · Pinus devoniana · Pinus durangensis · Pinus echinata · Pinus edulis · Pinus elliottii · Pinus engelmannii · Pinus flexilis · Pinus glabra · Pinus greggii · Pinus hartwegii · Pinus herrerae · Pinus jaliscana · Pinus jeffreyi · Pinus johannis · Pinus lambertiana · Pinus lawsonii · Pinus leiophylla · Pinus longaeva · Pinus lumholtzii · Pinus maximartinezii · Pinus maximinoi · Pinus monophylla · Pinus montezumae · Pinus monticola · Pinus muricata · Pinus nelsonii · Pinus occidentalis · Pinus oocarpa · Pinus orizabensis · Pinus palustris · Pinus patula · Pinus pinceana · Pinus ponderosa · Pinus praetermissa · Pinus pringlei · Pinus pseudostrobus · Pinus pungens · Pinus quadrifolia · Pinus remota · Pinus resinosa · Pinus rigida · Pinus rzedowskii · Pinus sabiniana · Pinus serotina · Pinus strobiformis · Pinus strobus · Pinus taeda · Pinus tecunumanii · Pinus teocote · Pinus torreyana · Pinus tropicalis
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Thông Limber ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
 src=
Pinus flexilis

Thông Limber (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus flexilis); thuộc họ Pinaceae) là một loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở miền tây Hoa KỳCanada, đặc biệt là các khu vực cận kề núi cao của dãy núi Rocky từ tây nam Alberta kéo dài về phía nam tới biên giới México; các dãy núi trong Đại Lòng Chảo (Great Basin) ở NevadaUtah; dãy núi White, sườn đông của Sierra Nevadadãy núi San BernardinoCalifornia với quần thể nhỏ đứt đoạn tại Black HillsNam Dakota. Loài này được E.James miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1824.[1]

Mô tả

 src=
Nón thông Limber từ dãy núi San Jacinto.

Nó là loài thông của vùng có độ cao lớn, thông thường nó đánh dấu đường giới hạn cây thân gỗ hoặc cùng với thông vỏ trắng hay thông nón cứng hoặc thông Lodgepole tạo ra đường này. Trong các điều kiện thích hợp, nó có thể cao tới 20 m, đôi khi tới 25 m, nhưng tại các khu vực giáp đường giới hạn cây thân gỗ thì nó chỉ cao 5–10 m.

Thông Limber là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) trong chi Pinus, và giống như mọi thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim mọc thành chùm (bó) gồm 5 lá, với vỏ bao sớm rụng. Đây là đặc trưng để phân biệt nó với thông Lodgepole với chỉ 2 lá kim trong một bó, và thông nón cứng với 5 lá kim/bó nhưng các vỏ bao bền lâu hơn.

Phân biệt thông Limber với thông vỏ trắng là khó khăn hơn do chúng cùng nhóm thông trắng nên chỉ có thể phân biệt bằng hình thái nón. Ở thông Limber thì các nón dài 6–12 cm, màu xanh lục khi non, các vảy không dễ gãy và mở ra để giải phóng hạt trong khi ở thông vỏ trắng thì các nón dài 4–7 cm, màu tía sẫm khi non và không mở ra khi khô đi, nhưng dễ vỡ và được chim tha đi để phát tán hạt. Thông vỏ trắng gần như không bao giờ có các nón già còn nguyên vẹn trên cây, trong khi thông Limber lại thường xuyên có.

Khi không có các nón, rất khó phân biệt nó với thông trắng miền tây cũng có mặt ở miền bắc dãy núi Rocky và sườn đông Sierra Nevada. Đặc điểm hữu ích nhất để phân biệt là các lá kim của thông Limber là nguyên vẹn (cảm giác trơn nhẵn khi cọ xát nhẹ nhàng theo cả hai chiều), trong khi các lá kim của thông trắng miền tây là có khía răng cưa mịn (cảm giác thô ráp khi cọ xát nhẹ nhàng từ đỉnh tới đế lá). Các lá kim của thông Limber thường cũng ngắn hơn (4–7 cm), trong khi ở thông trắng miền tây là 5–10 cm.

Tại ArizonaNew Mexico, thông Limber khác với các quần thể xa hơn về phía bắc. Các quần thể này, thường biết đến với tên gọi thông trắng tây nam, đôi khi được coi là một thứ (Pinus flexilis var. reflexa), nhưng thông thường được coi là loài riêng biệt, hoặc là dưới danh pháp (chính xác) Pinus reflexa, hoặc (lộn xộn với thông trắng Chihuahua ở Mexico) sai lầm dưới danh pháp Pinus strobiformis (danh pháp này chính xác là của thông trắng Chihuahua). Thông trắng tây nam khác thông Limber điển hình ở chỗ là cây thân gỗ lớn hơn, cao tới 25–35 m với các lá kim dài hơn (6–11 cm) với các dải khí khổng màu trắng rõ hơn ở mặt trong của lá kim và hơi có khía răng cưa về phía đỉnh của lá kim. Các nón của nó cũng to hơn, thông thường dài 10–20 cm. Nó khác với thông Chihuahua thật sự (Pinus strobiformis) ở chỗ các lá kim không khía răng cưa trọn vẹn và các nón nhỏ hơn (15–25 cm ở P. strobiformis), các vảy nón ngắn hơn và hạt nhỏ hơn. Rất có thể Pinus reflexa là cây lai ghép tự nhiên giữa Pinus flexilisPinus strobiformis. Các khu vực tiêu biểu của các loài này là:
Pinus flexilis: đỉnh Pikes, Colorado
Pinus reflexa: dãy núi Santa Catalina 40 km về phía đông của Tucson, Arizona
Pinus strobiformis: Cusihuiráchic, 90 km về phía tây nam của thành phố Chihuahua ở miền nam bang Chihuahua, México.

Thông Limber là nguồn thức ăn quan trọng của một số loài, như sóc thôngchim bổ hạt Clark. Gấu đen Bắc Mỹ cũng có thể cướp phá các kho tích trữ của sóc để lấy hạt thông Limber. Sóc và gõ kiến đốm Bắc Mỹ (Colaptes auratus) cùng chim xanh miền núi (Sialia currucoides) thường làm tổ trên cây thông Limber.

Thông Limber dễ bị nấm gỉ sắt phồng rộp thông trắng (Cronartium ribicola) tấn công. Tỷ lệ chết vì bệnh này là khá cao tại nhiều khu vực trong vùng sinh trưởng của nó, ngoại trừ Arizona.

Giống cây trồng phổ biến Vanderwolf's Pyramid được buôn bán tại Mỹ như là cây tạo cảnh quan, được tạo ra từ Pinus reflexa, nhưng thường được liệt kê trong các catalog của các vườn ươm dưới tên gọi Pinus flexilis.

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Pinus flexilis. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

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Thông Limber: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
 src= Pinus flexilis

Thông Limber (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus flexilis); thuộc họ Pinaceae) là một loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở miền tây Hoa KỳCanada, đặc biệt là các khu vực cận kề núi cao của dãy núi Rocky từ tây nam Alberta kéo dài về phía nam tới biên giới México; các dãy núi trong Đại Lòng Chảo (Great Basin) ở NevadaUtah; dãy núi White, sườn đông của Sierra Nevadadãy núi San BernardinoCalifornia với quần thể nhỏ đứt đoạn tại Black HillsNam Dakota. Loài này được E.James miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1824.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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wikipedia VI

Сосна мягкая ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Сосна
Подрод: Strobus
Вид: Сосна мягкая
Международное научное название

Pinus flexilis E.James

Синонимы
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 183343NCBI 151559EOL 1061756GRIN t:28449IPNI 262945-1TPL kew-2562108

Сосна мягкая (лат. Pinus flexilis) — вид хвойных растений из семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). Произрастает в Канаде, США и Мексике[2]. Может достигать возраста более чем в 2000 лет.

Распространение

Северо-западная и западная формы

Pinus flexilis встречаются в субальпийском поясе Скалистых гор, начиная от юго-запада провинции Альберта, Канада до северных штатов Мексики, и от северо-запада Тихоокеанского побережья, через Большой Бассейн, до штатов Невада и Юта. Также данная форма Pinus flexilis встречается в Калифорнии (восточные отроги Сьерра-Невада, восточные склоны Белых гор (англ.)русск., горы Сан-Бернандино (англ.)русск., горы Сан-Габриэль, горы Сан-Хакинто (англ.)русск.). Небольшая популяция отмечена в Блэк-Хилс, Южная Дакота[3][4].

Pinus flexilis — высокогорная сосна, часто встречается выше границы распространения лесов, либо в одиночестве, либо — совместно с сосной белокорой, сосной остистой и сосной скрученной широкохвойной. В благоприятных условиях Pinus flexilis может достигать высоты в 20—25 метров. На незащищённых участках границы леса взрослые растения данного вида обычно намного меньше: их высота составляет 5—10 метров[3]. На крутых скалистых наветренных склонах Скалистых гор Южной Альберты Pinus flexilis ещё более низкоросла и редко вырастает более 3 метров в высоту[5].

Юго-Западная форма

В Аризоне, Нью-Мехико и Техасе популяции Pinus flexilis часто называют юго-западной белой сосной и рассматривают как разновидность Pinus flexilis var. reflexa, выделяют в отдельный подвид Pinus reflexa или ошибочно относят к мексиканскому виду сосны лат. Pinus strobiformis. «Юго-западная белая сосна» отличается от типичной Pinus flexilis большими размерами (высота 25—35 метров), удлинённой хвоей (6—11 сантиметров) с белыми полосками на внутренней стороне, и зазубренными концами хвоинок. Шишки также крупнее (10—20 сантиметров). От Pinus strobiformis данная форма Pinus flexilis отличается не полностью зазубренными хвоинками и размерами шишек. У настоящей Pinus strobiformis шишки имеют размер (15—25 сантиметров). Шишки Pinus flexilis имеют меньшие чешуи и содержат меньшие по размеру семена.

Возможно, Pinus reflexa может быть естественным гибридом Pinus flexilis и Pinus strobiformis. Типичные места обитания для перечисленных трёх разновидностей:

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Сосна мягкая (англ.): сведения о названии таксона на сайте The Plant List (version 1.1, 2013) (Проверено 2 ноября 2011).
  2. Pinus flexilis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (Проверено 2 ноября 2011)
  3. 1 2 Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. — New York : Sterling, 2008. — P. 81. — ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  4. Pinus flexilis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
  5. Letts M.G., K.N. Nakonechny, K.E. Van Gaalen & C.M. Smith. 2009. Physiological acclimation of Pinus flexilis to drought stress on contrasting slope aspects in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada Архивировано 16 июля 2011 года.. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39(3): 629-641
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Сосна мягкая: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Сосна мягкая (лат. Pinus flexilis) — вид хвойных растений из семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae). Произрастает в Канаде, США и Мексике. Может достигать возраста более чем в 2000 лет.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии