Comments
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Pinus banksiana reaches its largest size and best form in Canada. In western Alberta and in northeastern British Columbia, it is sympatric with P . contorta and forms hybrid swarms with that species.
Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) is the territorial tree of the Northwest Territories.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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Trees to 27m; trunk to 0.6m diam., straight to crooked; crown becoming irregularly rounded or spreading and flattened. Bark orange- to red-brown, scaly. Branches descending to spreading-ascending, poorly self-pruning; twigs slender, orange-red to red-brown, aging gray-brown, rough. Buds ovoid, red-brown, 0.5--1cm, resinous; scale margins nearly entire. Leaves 2 per fascicle, spreading or ascending, persisting 2--3 years, 2--5cm ´ 1--1.5(--2)mm, twisted, yellow-green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex acute to short-subulate; sheath 0.3--0.6cm, semipersistent. Pollen cones cylindric, 10--15mm, yellow to orange-brown. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter or often long-serotinous and shedding seeds only through age or fire, upcurved, asymmetric, lanceoloid before opening, ovoid when open, 3--5.5cm, tan to light brown or greenish yellow, slick, nearly sessile or short-stalked, most apophyses depressed but increasingly mammillate toward outer cone base; umbo central, depressed, small, sunken centrally, unarmed or with a small, reflexed apiculus. Seeds compressed-obovoid, oblique; body 4--5mm, brown to near black; wing 10--12mm. 2 n =24.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 25 m tall; trunk straight or crooked, to 0.6 m d.b.h. in native range; bark orange- or red-brown, scaly; crown irregularly rounded or flat topped; branchlets orange-red or red-brown, aging gray-brown, slender, rough; winter buds red-brown, ovoid, resinous. Needles 2 per bundle, yellow-green, twisted, 2-5 cm × 1-1.5(-2) mm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, fine, base with semipersistent sheath 3-6 mm, margin finely serrulate. Seed cones upcurved, nearly sessile or shortly pedunculate, tan to pale brown or greenish yellow, ovoid when open, asymmetric, 3-5.5 cm, maturing in 2 years, then soon shedding seeds or often long serotinous and shedding seeds only with age or after fire. Apophyses mostly depressed but increasingly mamillate toward outer part, basal of cone; umbo depressed, sunken centrally, small, unarmed or with a small, reflexed apicula. Seeds brown or nearly black, compressed obovoid, oblique, 4-5 mm; wing 1-1.2 cm.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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Fire successional in boreal forests, tundra transition, dry flats, and hills, sandy soils; 0--800m; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ill., Ind., Maine, Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa., Vt., Wis.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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Cultivated. Beijing Shi, Heilongjiang (Harbin Shi), Henan (Jigong Shan), Jiangsu (Nanjing Shi), Jiangxi (Lu Shan), Liaoning, Shandong [native to N North America]
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
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Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudworth; P. sylvestris Linnaeus [var.] d divaricata Aiton
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
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fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
jack pine
scrub pine
northern scrub pine
gray pine
black pine
Banksian pine
Hudson Bay pine
Banks pine
princess pine
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
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More info for the term:
coverJack pine stands provide cover to mammals such as moose [
8] and snowshoe
hares [
12]. Debris and seedlings in burned stands provide cover for
smaller mammals such as red-backed voles [
44].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
serotinous,
treeJack pine is a small to medium-sized, native, coniferous, evergreen tree
with 0.75- to 2.0-inch-long (2-5 cm) needles. Mature jack pine are
usually 55 to 65 feet (17-20 m) tall and 8 to 10 inches (20-25 cm) in
d.b.h. but can attain a maximum height of 100 feet (30 m) and a diameter
of 25 inches (64 cm) [
67]. On extremely harsh, sandy sites, jack pine
is small and bushy [
31]. Although the canopy begins showing signs of
decay by age 75, jack pine can live more than 200 years [
17]. A
243-year-old jack pine was found in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in
Minnesota [
40].
Jack pine develops a taproot as a seedling and maintains it to maturity.
On deep, well-drained soils, roots of mature trees may penetrate 9 feet
(2.7 m). The abundant lateral roots are mostly confined to the upper 18
inches (46 cm) of soil [
67].
Although the species is predominantly closed-coned, individual trees can
have nonserotinous cones or a combination of serotinous and
nonserotinous cones. Mature stands with mostly open-coned trees are
common in the southern Great Lakes region and sporadic in the East [
29].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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Jack pine occurs in Canada and in the north-central and northeastern
United States. The northern boundary of its range extends east from the
Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island, Nova
Scotia. Its range extends southwest from Nova Scotia to Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, northern New York, Michigan, extreme northwestern
Indiana, and northeastern Illinois, and northwest through Wisconsin and
Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, central Alberta, and extreme
northeastern British Colombia [
48]. Jack pine has been planted outside
its native range in the Central States and in Alaska.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
duff,
fire intensity,
fire regime,
forest,
fuel,
fuel continuity,
high-severity fire,
lichen,
litter,
natural,
seed,
serotinousOf all boreal forest conifers, jack pine is best adapted to fire [
66].
With medium thick bark [
15], mature individuals have only a moderate
tolerance of fire, but populations survive because of delayed seed
release from serotinous cones, early reproductive maturity, fast growth
rates in full sun, and preference for mineral soil seedbeds [
54,
66].
In a model that integrates plant population dynamics and disturbance,
jack pine is used to illustrate a species that maximizes the probability
of being reproductively mature at the time of the next recruitment
opportunity. Fire provides the regeneration opportunity which usually
results in mortality of the mature forest [
27].
Cone serotiny: The resin of serotinous cones melts when heated, usually
at temperatures in excess of 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 deg C). In one
study, cones opened in 80 seconds at 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 deg C)
and within 20 seconds at temperatures above 400 degrees Fahrenheit (204
deg C). Seed viability is not markedly affected by heating, unless the
cone ignites, which results in complete loss of seed viability. For
cones at 8 percent moisture content, the interval between cone opening
and cone ignition lies between about 200 and 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit
(93-705 deg C), depending on the time of exposure. Cones exposed to
temperatures of 800 degrees (427 deg C) or less did not ignite during a
5-minute test. Cones ignited in 60 seconds when exposed to temperatures
of 900 degrees (482 deg C) Fahrenheit and in 2 seconds when exposed to
temperatures of 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit (705 deg C). Heating cones at
900 degrees Fahrenheit (482 deg C) for 30 seconds had no adverse effect
on germination. Jack pine seeds unprotected by cones remain viable when
exposed to high temperatures until the wings ash and the seed coats
crack [
9]. Crown torching does not ignite cones because the high
temperatures are unlikely to last more than 3 minutes [
9].
Regeneration: Seeds are dispersed from cones after fire and germinate
on burned duff or mineral soil exposed by fire. Regeneration failures
are associated with low-severity surface fires that result in little
crown involvement [
76] or in little duff removal [
11].
Fire regime: Estimates of fire intervals in jack pine forests are
generally less than 50 years [
40]. Based on jack pine fire scars, the
shortest and longest times between major fires in jack pine forests of
northern Ontario were 5 and 30 years, respectively [
50]. The mean fire
return interval for jack pine forests in the Athabasca Plains in
northern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta is 38 years [
16]. Large
upland ridges and ridge complexes, far from natural fire breaks, burn
most frequently. Jack pine forests that burn more frequently than every
5 to 10 years become pine barrens [
31]. Major stand-replacing fires in
the Boundary Waters Canoe Area occurred in years with summer droughts
[
40].
The accumulation of litter and debris on the forest floor over time
increase the likelihood of moderate- or high-severity fire [
40]. A
lichen mat, a highly flammable and continuous fuel source at ground
level, develops within 40 years and is important in supporting fires in
jack pine forests [
16].
Mature and immature jack pine forests have very different stand and fuel
characteristics and, therefore, exhibit different fire behavior. The
mature jack pine fuel type in Ontario is characterized by 635 jack pine
per acre (1,569/ha) averaging 58 feet (17.7 m) in height, and 5.8 inches
(14.7 cm) in d.b.h. with an understory of black spruce [
76]. The base
of live crown in mature jack pine forests is typically 33 feet (10 m)
above the ground surface [
42].
After observing 12 experimental fires under different weather
conditions, Stocks [
75] grouped fire behavior in the mature jack pine
fuel type into three categories: (1) surface fires with slow to
moderate rates of spread, low to medium flame heights (0.3 to 3.3 feet
[0.1-1.0 m]), and a fire intensity less than 140 btu/s/ft ( less than 500 kW/m);
(2) vigorous surface fires with various degrees of torching or
intermittent crowning, flame heights about 6.6 feet (2 m), and fire
intensities of 140 to 870 btu/s/ft (500-3,000 kW/m); and (3) extremely
vigorous surface behavior with high rates of spread (33 feet per minute
[10 m/min]) that result in active crown fires with intensities over 1160
btu/s/ft (4,000 kW/m). Because of the gap between the crown base and
the surface fuels, sustained crown fires in this fuel type are rare,
even with windspeeds above 16 miles per hour (25 km/h) at 33 feet (10 m)
above the ground surface [
76].
The immature jack pine fuel type is characterized by 3,489 live jack
pine stems per acre (8,614/ha) averaging 26.9 feet (8.2 m) in height and
2.1 inches (5.3 cm) in d.b.h. with an understory of 3,953 dead,
suppressed jack pine stems per acre (9,760/ha) ranging from 7 to 20 feet
(2-6 m) in height [
76]. The extremely dense nature of the stand and the
vertical fuel continuity make it difficult for fires to spread at even
moderate rate without crown fuels becoming involved [
74]. Active crown
fires occur at intensities of 1,450 btu/s/ft (5,000 kW/m) [
76]. This
fuel type crowns at a lower rate of spread than any other boreal forest
fuel type [
42]. Of 12 experimental fires in immature jack pine stands,
the only two fires that did not crown had very low spread rates of 2.3
and 6.9 feet per minute (0.7 and 2.1 m/min), representing minimum
conditions for continuous fire spread in this fuel type. The rate of
spread for the other 10 fires that crowned ranged from 26 to 162 feet
per minute (7.9-49.4 m/min) [
74]. Short-term spread rates and
intensities as high as 223 feet per minute (68 m/min) and 17,350
btu/s/ft (60,000 kW/m) have been documented [
76].
Temperatures during 18 surface fires in an open jack pine barren in
northern Ontario were recorded. The ground vegetation consisted of
sweet-fern (Comptonia peregrina), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and
abundant lichen and moss. Temperatures recorded at 2 to 4 inches (5-10
cm) above the ground ranged from 248 to 1013 degrees Fahrenheit (120-545
deg C). Fires with temperatures greater than 662 degrees Fahrenheit
(350 deg C) occurred in dense vegetation with more than 0.7 ounce per
square foot (235 g/sq m) fuel dry weight. High wind speeds appeared to
have a cooling effect on the fire temperatures [
73].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
duff moisture code,
fire intensity,
forest,
fuel,
fuel moisture,
full-tree harvesting,
natural,
prescribed fire,
seed,
seed tree,
series,
serotinous,
tree,
wildfireDense, young stands are extremely susceptible to crowning wildfire which
is hard to control. A prescribed fire for the purpose of creating
Kirtland's Warbler habitat escaped control in 1980 at Mack Lake,
Michigan. The fire crowned in a sapling stand, at times spread as fast
as 175 feet per minute (53 m/min), and did not slow down until it ran
out of jack pines and into hardwoods [
70].
Prescribed fire is used in the jack pine type to prepare seedbeds,
reduce fire hazard, remove slash for easier planting, and/or open
serotinous cones in jack pine seed trees [
55]. Slash has also been
burned in order to release seeds from cones in the slash. This method
is ineffective, however, because if the fire is hot enough to prepare an
adequate seedbed, it destroys the cones [
10,
19]. Reproduction after
slash fires is often no better than on unburned clearcuts [
23].
The seed tree silviculture method in conjunction with prescribed fire is
the most promising method for regenerating jack pine. A prescribed
early summer fire serves to burn the slash, prepare a seedbed, and open
the serotinous cones in the seed trees [
55].
While headfires may be more likely to open serotinous cones high in the
crowns of trees, backfires are generally recommended for use in
seed-tree systems because they move slower, may burn more humus, and are
safer [
5,
11]. However, in a series of prescribed fires in central
Ontario, backfires removed no more duff than headfires. Drought
conditions were the the most important criteria in whether or not the
fire resulted in an adequate removal of humus [
20].
Because of drier conditions, summer fires prepare better seedbeds than
spring fires [
19,
20,
21]. If managers are relying on a natural seed
source, the prescribed fire should be timed early enough in the season
so that seedlings become well-established before winter [
11], or late
enough so that seeds overwinter before germinating [
5]. See Fire Case
Study for more information on prescribed fires in seed-tree systems.
Full-tree harvesting, in which a tree is delimbed at a landing, is
becoming a common practice. This method leaves little slash to use as
fuel for seedbed-preparation prescribed fire. However, if feather
mosses such as Schreber's moss are present, they will carry fire. Spread
rates up to 164 feet per minute (50 m/min) over short distances were
observed in this fuel type, and prescribed fires have resulted in
statistically significant reductions in duff depth [
56].
Dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum), which parasitizes jack pine
in the western part of its range, persists on dry ridges with sparse
undergrowth where fires are less severe and do not kill every tree.
Dwarf-mistletoe is eliminated if fire kills all of the trees.
Prescribed burning of logging slash and residual trees sanitizes an area
[
6]. Seeds of dwarf-mistletoe are explosively discharged up to 60 feet
(18 m) from the canopy margin, so a minimum buffer of 66 feet (20 m) is
recommended between infected trees and new pine regeneration [
61].
Equations were developed to predict the forest-floor moisture content
under jack pine canopies and in stand openings from the Duff Moisture
Code (DMC) and the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) [
26]. DMC and FFMC
are weather-based codes of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System
[
42]. The DMC and FFMC have also been calibrated to predict the
forest-floor moisture content of clearcut jack pine sites in relation to
slash distribution and by forest floor strata [
25].
In one test, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index overestimated jack
pine wood slash moisture by a factor of 3.5 and variability by 50
percent, but was only 25 percent low on foliage moisture and 6 percent
low for its variability. The U.S. National Fire-Danger Rating System
underestimated the wood and foliage moisture by 50 percent and
underestimated their variability by 30 percent [
71].
Based on 12 experimental fires, Stocks [
75] developed regression
equations for predicting the fire behavior in the mature jack pine fuel
type from the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Frontal fire
intensity was strongly correlated with the Fire Weather Index (FWI).
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Implications
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More info for the terms:
fuel,
seed,
serotinousThe study demonstrates that prescribed burning in conjunction with a
seed-tree system can successfully regenerate jack pine. Enough heat was
generated from burning logging slash and the other fuel present to open
serotinous cones in the seed trees. Jack pine regenerated successfully
on partially burned humus because of adequate precipitation during the
postfire growing seasons. Had the fire been followed by a drought,
seedlings may have only survived on mineral seedbeds.
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophyte Phanerophyte
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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More info for the terms:
lichen,
peat,
permafrost,
shrub,
treeJack pine occurs on level to gently rolling sand plains of glacial
outwash, fluvial, or lacustrine origin. It also occurs on eskers,
sand dunes, rock outcrops, bald rock ridges, and lake shores. In the
Lake States, it commonly occurs between 1,000 and 1,500 feet (300-460 m)
in elevation with a maximum elevation of about 2,000 feet (610 m). In
the East, jack pine grows near sea level to about 2,000 feet (610
m), with a population in New Hampshire occurring at around 2,500 feet
(760 m) [
34,
67].
Jack pine usually grows in dry, acidic sandy soils of the Spodosol or
Entisol Order, but it also grows in loamy soil, thin soil over bedrock,
peat, and soil over permafrost. Although jack pine does not usually
grow in moderately alkaline soil, it can grow in calcareous soils up to
pH 8.2 if normal mycorrhizal fungi associates are present [
67].
Common tree associates of jack pine not mentioned in Distribution and
Occurrence are bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), northern red oak (Q.
rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), balsam fir, white spruce (Picea
glauca), tamarack (Larix laricina), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera),
bigtooth aspen (P. grandidentata), and quaking aspen (P. tremuloides)
[
34].
Common shrub associates include prickly rose (Rosa acicularis),
bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium
myrtilloides), mountain cranberry (V. vitis-idaea), bearberry (Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi), American green alder (Alnus crispa), Labrador tea (Ledum
groenlandicum), wintergreen (Pyrola spp.), and beaked hazel (Corylus
cornuta) [
28,
34,
46,
47,
57].
Groundcover commonly consists of reindeer lichen (Cladonia spp.) on
drier sites and feather mosses, especially mountain fern-moss
(Hylocomium splendens) and Schreber's moss (Pleurozium schreberi), on
moister sites [
16,
34,
57].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
1 Jack pine
12 Black spruce
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES19 Aspen - birch
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeMature individuals survive low-severity fires [
65]. Jack pine is
typically killed by crown fires or by moderate-severity surface fires
[
37]. Alexander [
7] found that double fire scars were fairly common in
jack pine, but triple fire scars were rare, suggesting that an
individual tree may survive only one or two surface fires in a lifetime.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
lichens,
tree,
woodlandJack pine provides food and cover for numerous wildlife species. Jack
pine seeds are eaten by rodents and birds. The stomach contents of red
squirrels, chipmunks, and white-footed mice showed that they had eaten
on average 392 seeds, 31 seeds, and 19 seeds apiece, respectively.
Red-backed voles also consume jack pine seeds [
72]. White-tailed deer,
caribou, and snowshoe hares browse jack pine [
12,
68,
80]. Woodland and
barren-ground caribou eat lichens growing on the ground and on tree bark
in jack pine stands [
3,
68].
The federally endangered Kirtland's warbler is endemic to jack pine
barrens. Nests are located on the ground near or at the edge of fairly
dense young jack pine stands. For further information on this bird and
its relationship to jack pine, see FEIS review of Kirtland's warbler.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forest,
tree,
woodlandJack pine is a dominant tree in the southern boreal forest region.
Associates are almost always subdominant except for aspen (Populus
spp.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and red pine (Pinus resinosa)
which may be codominant [
34].
The following published classifications list jack pine as dominant or
codominant:
The vegetation of Alberta [
57]
Field guide to forest ecosystems of west-central Alberta [
28]
Virgin plant communities of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area [
59]
Plant communities of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, U.S.A. [
46]
The principal plant associations of the Saint Lawrence Valley [
32]
The vegetation of Wisconsin [
31]
Classification and ordination of southern boreal forests from the
Hondo-Slave Lake area of central Alberta [
47]
Jack pine-lichen woodland on sandy soils in northern Saskatchewan and
northeastern Alberta [
16]
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
prescribed fire,
seed,
seed tree,
treeJack pine is intensively managed for lumber in the Lake States. Stands
are regenerated by planting, direct seeding, scattering cone-bearing
slash on mechanically scarified ground, or using the seed tree
silviculture method combined with prescribed fire. Jack pine is also
managed to provide habitat for the federally endangered Kirtland's
Warbler.
Root borers, root feeders, shoot and stem borers, leaf feeders, needle
miners, and sucking insects affect the survival and growth of seedlings.
Many other insects feed on jack pine cones [
67]. Young stands of jack
pine are susceptible to defoliation by the redheaded pine sawfly
(Neodiprion lecontei) [
84].
The jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus) defoliates mature jack pine.
There is often a 20- to 30-year lag after major fire before the jack
pine budworm invades. The regenerated stand does not produce abundant
cones on average for about 20 years and the jack pine budworm
population thrives in years of abundant cone production. A model has
been developed to forecast the area to be infested with this pest [
83].
In one study, all trees that died from jack pine budworm infestation had
roots infected with Armillaria root rot (Armillaria ostoyae) [
52].
Jack pine is susceptible to many diseases including rust fungi [
67].
Pine gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) accounted for more than 99
percent of all stem rusts in a survey of 71 young jack pine plantations
in northwestern Ontario [
43].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Jack pine browse is on average, by wet weight, 3.8 percent crude
protein, 4.2 percent fat, 15.1 percent crude fiber, and 22.2 percent
nitrogen-free-extract. It is more digestible than northern white-cedar
(Thuja occidentalis) browse, although much less preferred [
80].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
IL IN ME MI MN NH NY VT WI AB
BC MB NB NT NS ON PE PQ SK
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Jack pine is planted for Christmas trees [
17].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Jack pine browse is of intermediate preference to white-tailed deer [
36]
and highly preferred by snowshoe hares in the winter [
12]. Moose do not
prefer this browse, and it constitutes less than 1 percent of their diet
[
8,
30]. Caribou only browse jack pine occasionally; it constituted 1.7
to 3.9 percent air-dry weight of barren-ground caribou rumens in one
study [
68].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
coneJack pine staminate and ovulate cone primordia are initiated in late
summer and then go dormant until spring. Pollen shedding usually occurs
in late spring or early summer but is highly dependent on the weather.
Fertilization occurs 13 months after pollination. Cones mature in late
summer or early fall, 2 years after initiation [
67].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
density,
duff,
fire severity,
forest,
hardwood,
seed,
severity,
softwoodSerotinous cones opened by the heat of fire release jack pine seeds onto
seedbeds exposed by fire. Jack pine establishment is limited primarily
by the depth of organic matter and, therefore, progressively increases
with greater fire severity [
22,
77]. The dead boles of the former stand
provide partial shade during the first few years of establishment
[
18].
Regeneration is typically better after summer fires than spring fires.
In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota, a spring fire (The
Little Sioux Fire) occurred while the forest floor was still cool and
moist from snowmelt, and only the top few centimeters of duff were
removed. In the first postfire growing season, jack pine seedling
density on three sites ranged from 0.86 to 1.58 seedlings per square
foot (9.3-17.0/sq m). A summer fire (The Prayer Lake Fire) exposed
mineral soil almost everywhere and also destroyed many competing plant
seeds and reproductive structures. Seedling densities on two sites
after the summer fire was 3.04 and 6.29 seedlings per square foot (32.7
and 67.6/sq m), considerably higher than the spring fire regeneration
[
58]. On a Little Sioux Fire site, seedling density decreased from 0.91
seedlings/sq ft (9.8/sq m) in the first postfire year to 0.61
seedlings/sq ft (6.6/sq m) in postfire year 2 because of competition
[
14].
In a 3-year study of postfire emergence of jack pine seed sown on two
recently burned seedbed sites, jack pine seeds germinated in the first 2
years after being sown, but not the third year. On the wetter site,
37 percent of viable seed sown emerged the first year and 18 percent
the second year. On the drier site, 14 percent emerged the first year
and 8 percent emerged the second year. The seedbed may be more
favorable in postfire year 2 because of shade provided by regenerating
understory species. The authors conclude that a 1-year delayed
emergence from soil-stored seed is an important strategy for postfire
jack pine regeneration [
78].
Conflicting reports in the literature of the effect ash has on jack pine
germination may result from differences in type of ash and degree of
leaching. Ash from burned surface organic matter is chemically neither
detrimental nor advantageous to the establishment of jack pine. Wood
ash is detrimental because of its extreme alkalinity, and hardwood ash
is a poorer substrate than softwood ash. Leaching of the ash improves
germination rates [
79].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
crown residual colonizer,
root crown,
tree Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
forest,
presence,
seed,
serotinous,
treeThe minimum seed-bearing age of open-grown jack pine is 5 to 10 years.
Some seed is produced every year and serotinous cones accumulate in the
crown. A mature stand of jack pine may have as many as 2 million seeds
per acre (5 million/ha) stored in unopened cones [
35]. Because of
abundant seed production, few mature trees are necessary to regenerate a
stand. Regeneration after fire in a balsam fir (Abies balsamea) forest
with only 5 relic jack pine per acre (12/ha) averaged 400 jack pine
seedlings per acre (1000/ha) in the first postfire year [
74].
The serotinous cones, sealed shut by a resinous bond, require high
temperatures to open. This heat is usually provided by fire, but hot,
dry weather (air temperatures of at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit [27 deg
C]) also opens some cones [
67]. Because temperatures required to open
cones typically occur in the warmest part of the summer, survival of new
germinants may be poor because of drought conditions or lack of time to
become established before winter.
The winged seeds are the smallest of the native North American pines
[
35] and are dispersed by gravity and wind. The effective dispersal
range is about 110 to 130 feet (34-40 m) or two tree heights [
53].
Seeds usually germinate rapidly after release when the 10-day mean
maximum air temperature is 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18 deg C) or higher
[
35]. Jack pine seeds occasionally exhibit partial dormancy which is
probably broken naturally by heat from fire [
4]. Seeds remain viable in
closed cones for years, but viability decreases over time. Eyre and
LeBarron [
35] found that 1- to 6-year-old cones had 78 to 89 percent
seed viability and cones over 5 years old had 62 percent seed viability.
Fifty percent of 20-year-old seeds may be viable [
17].
Exposed mineral soil or thin residual humus of about 0.2 inch (0.5 cm)
or less provide the best seedbeds. The presence of deeper humus has an
adverse effect on establishment; humus deeper than 1.5 inches (3.8 cm)
is a low-quality seedbed [
22]. Successful germination and establishment
of jack pine usually occurs only after fire, but mechanical disturbance
may also expose adequate mineral seedbeds [
33]. In northeastern
Minnesota, germination averaged 63 percent on mineral soil, 49 percent
on burned duff, 47 percent on scarified duff, and 17 percent on
undisturbed duff. First-year survival of germinated seedlings was 84
percent on mineral soil, 70 percent on burned duff, 41 percent on
scarified duff, and 41 percent on undisturbed duff [
35].
Germination and initial survival sometimes improve with partial shade,
but the positive effect of shade eventually becomes negative because
seedlings soon require higher light levels [
10]. Mortality of
2-year-old jack pine seedlings was high under 11 and 20 percent of full
light, but minimal under 43 percent light and higher [
69]. Seedling
survival may be low if drought conditions follow germination. However,
in northeastern Minnesota, 3 consecutive days of 140 degree Fahrenheit
(60 deg C) surface temperatures for 2 hours did not result in
appreciable jack pine mortality [
5].
During its first 20 years, jack pine is one of the fastest growing
conifers in its native range [
67]. Maximum growth occurs under 43
percent light and higher [
69].
Jack pine does not reproduce vegetatively.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Season/Severity Classification
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Summer backfire/moderate-severity
Site Description
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
freshThe terrain was nearly flat with a slight south-southwest aspect. The
glacial till soil varied downward from sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
The soil moisture regime was fresh to moderately moist, and the humus
(including surface moss and litter) averaged 2.8 inches (7.1 cm) in
depth.
Successional Status
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)
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More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
codominant,
frequency,
wildfireObligate Initial Community Species
Jack pine invades areas where mineral soil has been exposed by major
disturbance such as fire [
17]. It also rapidly invades newly formed
dunes after stabilization by grasses [
60]. It is one of the most
shade-intolerant trees in its native range; only aspens, paper birch,
and tamarack are less tolerant [
67].
Jack pine begins to show signs of decadence by age 75 [
17], decreases in
frequency by 150 years, and may disappear completely after 200 years
[
13], although some relic jack pine survive nearly 250 years [
40]. In
the absence of fire, jack pine is succeeded by longer lived species such
as red pine (P. resinosa) or white pine, or by more shade-tolerant
species such as balsam fir and black spruce (Picea mariana). Black
spruce, which often seeds in at the same time as jack pine, grows slower
but lives longer, becoming codominant after 90 years and eventually
succeeding jack pine [
16,
40,
42]. On the driest, harshest sites, jack
pine may persist and form an edaphic climax [
67].
Although generally occurring in even-aged stands that regenerated after
fire [
34], some jack pine stands are uneven-aged. Recruitment of jack
pine may occur fairly long after a fire if the stand is only partially
stocked. In 65 percent of mature stands studied in northern lower
Michigan, the largest individuals differed in age by 10 to 23 years.
Two stands contained 40- to 45-year-old jack pines that had survived a
wildfire 10 years previously, a dominant intermediate class of 22- to
35-year-old pine regenerated after the fire, and numerous smaller
individuals from 4 to 20 years of age [
1]. Zoladeski and Maycock [
85]
suggest that recruitment of jack pine stops completely 50 years after
stand initiation, and that ultimate success is limited to the earliest
generation of jack pine.
Clearcutting alone or clearcutting followed by burning converts sites
previously dominated by mature jack pine to meadows dominated by Carex
spp. or early successional hardwoods, respectively [
67]].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Sudw.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of jack pine is Pinus banksiana
Lamb. [
48]. A rarely described shrubby form, P. b. forma procumbens
Rouseau, occurs in Quebec and Nova Scotia on rocky headlands [
64].
Jack pine hybridizes with Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta
var. latifolia) where their ranges overlap in central and northwestern
Alberta and in scattered locations in Saskatchewan. The hybrid is P. X
murraybanksiana Righter & Stockwell [
48].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
density,
naturalJack pine is adapted to acidic, dry, and sandy disturbed sites with a
lower pH limit of 4.0 [
82]. In Ohio, jack pine is recommended for
planting on drier upper slopes, on moister and better drained lower
slopes, on all sandy and loamy mine spoils, and on clay spoils that have
a high proportion of coarse material [
49]. This species has performed
well on anthracite spoils in Pennsylvania, with 48 percent survival at
age 10. Survival was low (13 percent after 30 years), however, on coal
mine spoils in Missouri and Kansas. In mixed plantings with hardwoods
in Illinois and Indiana, jack pine showed only 8 percent survival after
30 years [
82].
Jack pine is recommended for planting on mined oil sands in northeastern
Alberta [
16,
39]. A planting density of 182 jack pine stems per acre
(450/ha) for tailing sands and 112 stems per acre (278/ha) for
overburden sites is recommended to provide 61 surviving stems per acre
(150/ha), a density considered sufficient for the natural perpetuation
of either a fully stocked jack pine stand or a mixed pine/deciduous
stand [
39].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Jack pine is an important commercial timber species in the United States
and Canada. The moderately hard and heavy wood is used for pulpwood,
lumber, telephone poles, fence posts, mine timbers, and railroad ties
[
17,
41].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
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)
fornecido por IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The Jack Pine forest cover type (Society of American Foresters Type 1)
(26) typically originates after forest fires. It is found in pure,
even-aged stands or as a majority of the stocking over vast areas of
Canada and to a much lesser extent in the Lake States and the northeastern
United States (61). In the boreal forest jack pine is also a component of
three other forest cover types-Black Spruce (Type 12), Paper Birch (Type
18), and Aspen (Type 16). In the northern forest region it is a component
of two forest cover types-Red Pine (Type 15) and Northern Pin Oak (Type
14). Outliers near southern fringes of the species' range are found in
various types of hardwood forest (12).
Associated tree species, listed in order of presence on dry to mesic
sites, include northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis), bur oak
(Q. macrocarpa), red pine (Pinus resinosa), bigtooth aspen
(Populus grandidentata), quaking aspen (P. tremuloides), paper
birch (Betula papyrifera), northern red oak Quercus rubra),
eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), red maple (Acer
rubrum), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white spruce (Picea
glauca), black spruce (P. mariana), tamarack (Larix
laricina), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). In the
boreal forest the most common associates are quaking aspen, paper birch,
balsam fir, and black spruce. In the northern forest they are northern pin
oak, red pine, quaking aspen, paper birch, and balsam fir. Associates are
nearly always subordinate to jack pine except for aspen, paper birch, and
red pine which may be coordinate (26,61). Infrequent associates in the
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada include white oak (Quercus
alba), pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica), gray birch (Betula
populifolia), red spruce (Picea rubens), and pitch pine (Pinus
rigida) (61).
In Canada, six subtypes of jack pine may be recognized based upon the
edaphic and climatic conditions where they are found and on associated
species as follows: jack pine-balsam fir-black spruce (subtype a); jack
pine-feather moss (subtype b); jack pine-sheep laurel (subtype c); jack
pine-sphagnum. (subtype d); jack pine-labrador-tea (subtype e); jack
pine-lichen (subtype f) (26).
The preceding subtype descriptions apply primarily to eastern Canada.
However, jack pine forests in Saskatchewan bear close resemblance to some
of the subtypes described above (43).
Subtypes, as such, are not recognized in the Lake States. There are,
however, certain variants of the type, including jack pine-black spruce,
jack pine-red pine, and northern pin oak-jack pine (26).
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Climate
(
Inglês
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
In the eastern part of its range, jack pine grows in a maritime climate
but elsewhere it is found in diverse continental climates characterized by
short, warm to cool summers, very cold winters, and low rainfall. The
average January and July temperatures range from -29° to -4° C
(-20° to 25° F) and from 13° to 22° C (55° to 72°
F), respectively. Average annual maximum temperatures range from 29°
to 38° C (85° to 100° F), and average annual minimum
temperatures are from -21° to -46° C (-5° to -50° F)
(61). Mean annual temperatures range between -5° and 4° C (23°
and 40° F) (74). The northern limits of the range closely parallel
the 29° C (85° F) mean annual maximum isotherm. Frost may occur
in some areas during any month and in the Northwest the range extends into
the permafrost zone. (61).
Average annual precipitation ranges from 250 to 1400 mm (10 to 55 in)
but 380 to 890 mm (15 to 35 in) are more usual. The average warm season
precipitation ranges from 150 to 640 mm (6 to 25 in). Annual snowfall is
from 76 to 508 cm (30 to 200 in), but over much of the range it is between
102 and 254 cm (40 to 100 in). Summer droughts are common in the
south-central and western portions of the range (61).
The average date of the last killing spring frost ranges from April 30
to about July 1; and the average date of the first killing fall frost
ranges from about August 10 to October 20. The frost-free period averages
from 50 to 173 days but is usually from 80 to 120 days. Generally,
temperature, rainfall, and frost-free period increase from the
northwestern toward the southeastern part of the range (61).
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Damaging Agents
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Jack pine is subject to many agents that cause
damage or mortality. Young jack pines are especially susceptible to early
spring fires. Severe drought may kill many seedlings, particularly on
coarse soils. All young jack pines less than 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and 55
percent of those from 1.5 to 3.7 m (5 to 12 ft) tall were killed by 123
days of flooding in northern Minnesota. Heavy populations of white-tailed
deer can kill young jack pines up to 2.1 m (7 ft) tall, retard total
height growth to half its potential, and deform most trees so they have
little future value for timber products. Snowshoe hares can severely
damage jack pine reproduction, particularly in dense stands in trees less
than 4 cm (1.5 in) in d.b.h. (16,61). Jack pine seedlings are greatly
damaged by elk in western Manitoba when animal populations are high, and
meadow voles cause occasional damage and mortality by gnawing the bark off
main stems and lower branches (16). Porcupines can cause extensive damage
in older stands (74).
Numerous insects affect the survival and growth of jack pine seedlings
(83). The more important groups of these are as follows: (1) root borers
such as the pales weevil (Hylobius pales), pine root collar weevil
(H. radicis), pine root tip weevil (H. rhizophagus), and
Warren's collar weevil (H. warreni); (2) shoot and stem borers
such as the northern pine weevil (Pissodes approximatus), the
white pine weevil (P. strobi), and the Allegheny mound ant (Formica
exsectoides); (3) leaf feeders such as numerous sawflies (Neodiprion
sertifer, N. pratti banksianae, N. swainei, N. nigroscutum, N. compar, N.
lecontei, N. dubiosus, N. nanulus nanulus), Diprion similus, jack pine
budworm, pine chafer (Anomala oblivia), and pine webworm (Tetralopha
robustella); (4) needle miners such as Argyrotaenia tabulana,
Exoteleia pinifoliella, and Zelleria haimbachi; (5) root
feeders including primarily white grubs (Phyllaophaga spp.);
and (6) sucking insects such as two midges (Cecidomyia reeksi,
and C. piniinopis), scale insects (Nuculaspis california,
Chionaspis pinifoliae, and Toumeyella parvicornis), spittlebugs
(Aphrophora parallela and A. saratogensis), and a wooly
aphid (Pineus coloradensis).
The jack pine tip beetle (Conophthorus banksianae) causes
extensive shoot tip mortality, preferring sapling-size trees. The
lodgepole terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis) attacks and
destroys the new terminal bud of jack pine in Saskatchewan (61,83).
Several sawflies attack jack pine. Trees are often killed because the
sawflies feed on both old and new needles. The pine tussock moth (Parorgyia
plagiata) commonly defoliates large areas of sapling- and pole-size
jack pine. The jack pine budworm is the most important defoliator of jack
pine in the northeastern United States (61,84).
Several diseases commonly attack young jack pines and reduce survival
and growth. A needle rust fungus (Coleosporium asterum) causes
some defoliation of seedlings. Diplodia blight (Diplodia pinea) frequently
results in a shoot blight of jack pine seedlings under nursery conditions.
Sirococcus shoot blight (Sirococcus strobilinus) has also caused
seedling losses in Lake States nurseries. Scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella
abietina) causes serious losses in both nursery stock and young
plantations. Before nursery control programs for this disease were
instituted in the Lake States, this fungus killed an average of 40 percent
of seedlings in plantations established with infected stock (77).
Jack pine is susceptible to a number of rust fungi that cause both
growth loss and tree mortality. Many of these rusts are disseminated by
infected nursery stock. The sweetfern blister rust (Cronartium
comptoniae) sometimes kills many young seedlings and reduces the
growth of survivors. More prevalent is the pine-oak (eastern) gall rust
(Cronartium quercuum), which may infect up to 50 percent of young
seedlings, killing many of the seedlings with galls on the main stem.
Young jack pine in Minnesota have been severely cankered by stalactiform
rust (Cronartium coleosporioides). In recent years the
pine-to-pine (western) gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) has
been found throughout the Lake States in young jack pine stands. The
importance of this rust is its potentially rapid rate of spread. This rust
can infect directly from pine to pine without spending parts of its life
cycle on an alternate host as do all the previously mentioned rusts (77).
Sapling- and pole-size jack pine frequently show severe needlecast (Davisomycella
ampla). This fungus often causes loss of all but the current year's
needles. Although affected trees suffer growth loss, the disease seldom
causes mortality. Diplodia blight frequently kills branches and often the
entire tree. This disease appears to be stress related and may reach
epidemic status following drought. The European strain of scleroderris
canker is currently killing many jack pine in northern New York and will
cause serious losses if it reaches the major range of jack pine (77).
The rust fungi mentioned under seedling disease also cause extensive
mortality in pole-size stands. The pine-oak (eastern) gall rust has caused
severe losses in jack pine stands in northern Wisconsin. In some pole-size
stands the disease is so prevalent that the stands have become worthless
and have been destroyed (77).
The major root-rot fungi include the shoestring fungus (Armillaria
mellea) and annosum root rot (Heterobasidion annosum) (77).
The principal wood decay organisms are Phellinus pini, Phaeolus
schweinitzii, and Fomitopsis pinicola (77).
Windthrow is not a serious problem in jack pine stands except on shallow
soils or when more than one-third of the stand basal area is removed in
thinnings. Stem breakage from wind, ice, and snow is more common (10).
Cone and seed production can be decreased by numerous factors. Red
squirrels and other rodents destroy cones and consume seeds (18,61,69,72).
Low-vigor trees may produce much pollen but little seed. Pine-oak
(eastern) gall rust damages trees resulting in smaller and aborted ovulate
cones. Birds may be important consumers of jack pine seeds that fall to
the ground or are directly sown (61). Cone and seed insects may cause
serious losses. In one study in northeastern Wisconsin, numerous insect
species were found attacking conelets and cones (57). The jack pine
budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus) destroyed 12 percent of the
conelets. A mirid (Platylygus luridus) was observed piercing
conelets as well as shoots and needles and was apparently responsible for
a severe but unknown conelet abortion rate. The most prevalent insect
attacking cones was the cone borer (Eucosma monitorana) which
killed 10 percent of the cones. Other insects responsible for a total of
about 4 percent cone mortality were the webbing coneworm (Dioryctria
disclusa), red pine cone beetle (Conophthorus resinosae), jack
pine budworm, and cone midges (Lestodiplosis graddator, Resseliella
silvana, and Asynapta hopkinsi) (57).
Other insects that directly damage jack pine conelets, cones, or seeds,
or that decrease their numbers by damaging potential cone-bearing shoots
include the jack pine tip beetle (Conophthorus banksianae), shield-backed
pine seed bug (Tetyra bipunctata), Virginia pine sawfly (Neodiprion
pratti pratti), a moth (Holcocera immaculella), eastern pine
seedworm (Laspeyresia toreuta), Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia
frustrana), European pine shoot moth (R. buoliana), fir
coneworm (Dioryctria abietivorella), and spruce coneworm (D.
reniculelloides) (36).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Jack pine is a monoecious species.
Ovulate cones are usually borne on primary and secondary branches in the
upper tree crown and staminate cones are usually borne on tertiary
branches lower in the crown. Ovulate cones are modified long shoots and
staminate cones are modified dwarf shoots (24).
In northeastern Wisconsin, bud initiation for the following year's shoot
systems begins in late June or early July. Staminate cone primordia are
initiated in early or mid-July but ovulate primordia are not initiated
until August. By early September the staminate cone primordia are about 1
mm (0.04 in) long and remain that size until spring. Then they elongate to
about 5 mm (0.2 in) by the middle of May and early June just before pollen
is shed. Rapid elongation up to several more millimeters occurs as the
pollen is shed. Time of pollen shedding (anthesis) varies greatly from
year to year depending on the weather (23).
Fertilization occurs about 13 months after pollination when the female
cone is approaching its maximum size (27). Jack pine is normally a
wind-pollinated, cross-fertilizing species but up to 25 percent or rarely
more natural selfing can occur (29,64). Under natural conditions, however,
survival of selfed and other inbred seedlings is severely reduced by
natural selection against the semilethal and other deleterious
characteristics carried by the inbred seedlings (67).
Cones mature and the seeds ripen late in the growing season of the year
after pollination. Various cone and seed characteristics, including cone
color, volume, fresh and dry weight, specific gravity, scale color, seed
color, and embryo length, can aid in determining seed ripeness. In
northeastern Wisconsin the best indicators of cone and seed ripeness are
cone color, 75 percent brown; insides of the cone scales, reddish brown;
seeds, dark brown or black; and cone moisture content, less than 45
percent of fresh weight. These indicators of cone and seed ripeness
coincide with the beginning of cone harvesting by squirrels about
September 10. Because specific gravity of the serotinous cones usually
remains above 1.0 at least until February, flotation techniques cannot be
used to evaluate cone and seed ripeness in jack pine (18).
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Genetics
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
The various environments in which jack pine grows over its wide range
have provided ample opportunity for differentiation and natural selection
(72).
Virtually the entire present range of jack pine was glaciated during the
most recent Wisconsin stage that reached its maximum about 18,000 years
ago. The present distribution of the species therefore results from
re-invasion and migration over huge areas and great distances in a
relatively short time, estimated at 15,000 years since the retreat of the
ice began in earnest. Available paleobotanical evidence suggests that jack
pine survived the Wisconsin glacial maximum at low elevations in the
Appalachian Mountains south of latitude 34° N. and also in the
western Ozark Mountains. From these refugia it migrated to the north and
east and up the Mississippi Valley, and westward around the southern end
of the Lake Agassiz basin (72).
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Growth and Yield
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During the first 20 years, jack pine in its
native range is the fastest growing conifer other than tamarack (61).
Seedlings reach 1.4 m (4.5 ft) tall in 5 to 8 years, depending on site. In
the Lake States, 20-year-old stands with 2,470 trees per hectare
(1,000/acre) on sites ranging from site index 12 to 21 m (40 to 70 ft)
average between 5.5 and 9.8 m (18 and 32 ft) tall, 6.7 and 20.0 m²
(29 and 87 ft²) in basal area, 5.8 and 10.2 cm (2.3 and 4.0 in) in
d.b.h. (46), and 14 600 and 62 800 kg/ha (13,000 and 56,000 lb/acre) in
ovendry weight of above-ground biomass (3).
The generalized equations used to derive these biomass estimates (3)
give results similar to biomass production reported in other natural jack
pine stands (22,32,37,51). Mean annual biomass production of 43-year-old
natural jack pine stands in Quebec ranged from 1.42 to 2.47 t/ha (0.63 to
1.10 tons/acre) (28); in 7- to 57-year-old jack pine in New Brunswick from
0.94 to 2.76 t/ha (0.42 to 1.23 tons/acre) (51); and in 20- to
100-year-old stands in Ontario from about 1.17 to 3.38 t/ha (0.52 to 1.51
tons/acre) (45). In 24- and 25-year-old plantations in the Lake States,
the highest mean annual biomass production was 58 percent higher than the
maximum reported in the literature, when seed source and site were
properly matched (89).
Annual height growth on medium sites (site index 17 m (55 ft)) in the
Lake States averages from 33 cm (13 in) at age 30 to 23 cm (9 in) at age
50. At age 80 years, annual height growth is only 13 cm (5 in) (46) On
typical sand plains sites, growth is about one site quality better where
the water table is 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft) from the soil surface than
where it is deeper (61).
Normally, mature trees are about 17 to 20 m (55 to 65 ft) tall and 20 to
25 cm (8 to 10 in) d.b.h., although some trees have attained 30 m (100 ft)
in height and 64 cm (25 in) in d.b.h. (46,61), and one tree listed by the
American Forestry Association in 1982 measured 73.4 cm (28.9 in) in d.b.h.
and 25.6 m (84 ft) tall. Stand basal areas seldom exceed 37 m²/ha
(160 ft²/acre) (46). Jack pine stands begin to disintegrate after 80
years on the best sites and after 60 years on the poorest sites. Vigorous
trees 185 years old have been found in northwestern Minnesota, however.
The oldest tree reported- 230 years old- was found east of Lake Nipigon in
Ontario (61).
Growth is somewhat slower, but maintained longer, in Canada. Average
stocking on sites having a site index range of 14 to 17 m (45 to 55 ft) in
southern Manitoba produces a culmination of mean annual increment at 50 to
60 years with 1.6 to 3.2 m³/ha (23 to 46 ft³/acre) of
merchantable material (9). For average site (site index 14 m (45 ft)) and
stocking in Saskatchewan, mean annual increment culminates at about 70
years with 2.0 merchantable m³/ha (28 ft³/acre) (42). In fully
stocked stands on average sites (site class 2) in Ontario, mean annual
increment culminates at about age 60 with 2.7 m³/ha (38 ft³/acre)
of merchantable material (54).
Yields from well-stocked, unmanaged jack pine stands in the Lake States
at 60 years are shown in table 1 (46), along with yields from well-stocked
unmanaged stands in Saskatchewan (42). Rotation age of 40 to 50 years is
recommended to produce pulpwood and 60 to 70 years is recommended to
produce poles and sawtimber.
Table 1- Yields of unmanaged jack pine stands in the
Lakes States and in Saskatchewan by age and site index
Age
Height¹
Basal
area
Total
volume
Merchantable volume
yr
m
m²/ha
m³/ha
m³/ha
Lakes States
Site index² 12.2 m
30
8.2
12.2
41
31
40
10.4
15.8
67
52
50
12.2
18.4
92
71
60
13.7
20.4
114
88
Site index 18.3 m
30
12.2
23.0
115
89
40
15.5
27.3
174
134
50
18.3
30.1
224
173
60
20.4
31.7
265
206
Saskatchewan
Site index 10.1 m
30
5.8
11.7
45
10
40
8.2
14.0
66
34
50
10.1
15.8
85
56
60
11.9
17.0
102
75
Site index 17.4 m
30
11.6
19.3
112
61
40
14.6
23.2
140
98
50
17.4
26.2
168
134
60
19.8
28.2
195
165
ft
ft²/acre
ft³/acre
ft³/acre
Lakes States
Site index 40 ft
30
27
53
580
448
40
34
69
956
736
50
40
80
1,311
1,008
60
45
89
1,631
1,264
Site index 60 ft
30
40
100
1,647
1,272
40
51
119
2,484
1,920
50
60
131
3,194
2,472
60
67
138
3,789
2,936
Saskatchewan
Site index 33 ft
30
19
51
645
150
40
27
61
940
485
50
33
69
1,210
800
60
39
74
1,460
1,070
Site index 57 ft
30
38
84
1,600
865
40
48
101
2,000
1,403
50
57
114
2,405
1,910
60
65
123
2,785
2,360
¹Mean
height of dominants and codominants.
²Height of dominants and codominants at 50 years.
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Reaction to Competition
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Jack pine is one of the most
shade-intolerant trees in its native range. It is the least tolerant of
its associated pine species and is slightly more tolerant than aspen,
birch, and tamarack. Jack pine may be more tolerant in the seedling stage
and often requires some shade on dry sites to reduce surface temperatures
and evapotranspiration. Soon after seedlings are established, however,
they should receive full sunlight to assure survival (10,61). Overall,
jack pine can most accurately be classed as intolerant of shade.
Overstocked jack pine seedling and sapling stands with 4,950 or more
trees per hectare (2,000/acre) should be weeded or cleaned (precommercial
thinning) to improve growth and development. Otherwise such stands may
stagnate because natural thinning in jack pine stands is slow except on
the best sites (10). A study in northern Minnesota, wherein direct seeding
produced a stand averaging 32,100 trees per hectare (13,000/acre) at age 5
years, compared the growth of no thinning with thinning to square spacings
of 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 m (4, 6, and 8 ft). Twenty-two years later the
treatments averaged 9, 10, 13, and 15 cm (3.7, 4.1, 5.1, and 5.8 in) in
d.b.h., respectively (14). Planting, direct seedings, and precommercial
thinnings should have a goal of 2,000 to 3,000 trees per hectare (800 to
1,200/acre) by age 10 years (19,30).
Jack pine is a pioneer species on burns or other exposed sites. In the
absence of fire or other catastrophes, jack pine is succeeded by more
tolerant species, but on the poorest, driest sites it may persist and form
an edaphic climax. In loamy sands and sandy loams in northern Minnesota,
the usual succession is from jack pine to red pine to eastern white pine
to a hardwood type composed of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), basswood
(Tilia americana), and northern red oak. Frequently, the red pine
and white pine stages are absent and jack pine is followed by speckled
alder (Alnus rugosa), American hazel (Corylus americana), beaked
hazel (C. cornuta), paper birch, and quaking aspen. This stage is
followed by either the sugar maple-basswood association or spruce-fir. On
loamy soils in northeastern Minnesota and parts of Canada, jack pine is
succeeded by black spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, and paper birch.
Eventually, the paper birch is eliminated from this association. In parts
of northwestern Canada, jack pine may be replaced directly by white
spruce; in parts of eastern Canada, the immediate succession may be to
pure black spruce (10,26,61).
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Rooting Habit
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Jack pine frequently develops a taproot as a
seedling and maintains it to maturity. During the first growing season
under natural conditions the seedling root system penetrates to a depth of
13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 in). By the end of the second growing season jack
pine seedlings on typical sandy soils in the open have a dry weight
between 1 and 2 g (0.04 and 0.08 oz), have developed 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4
in) tops, and have root systems from 28 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in) deep and
from 46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 in) wide. On a moist sandy soil with the water
table about 76 cm (30 in) below the surface in Upper Michigan, roots
penetrated to 53 cm (21 in) in 2 years but only to 61 cm (24 in) by 7
years; the lateral spread, however, increased from 0.9 to 1.2 m (3 to 4
ft) at 2 years to 4.3 to 4.9 m (14.0 to 16.2 ft) at 7 years. In the
7-year-old trees the average volume of the top, stem, branches, and
foliage was about 4000 cm³ (244 in³) as compared to 1200 cm³
(73 in³) for the root system (61).
In northern Minnesota, root growth begins when the temperature reaches 4°
C (40° F) in the upper 15 cm (6 in) of soil, usually within a week of
the onset of shoot growth. Root growth ceases in the fall when soil
temperature drops to 7° C (45° F) for 6 days or more. In some
years root growth may begin in April and continue to late October.
Seven-year-old trees elongated their lateral roots an average of 38 cm (15
in) in 1 year (61). In Manitoba, root development of jack pine growing on
dry and fresh sands was confined mainly to the taproot for the first 1 to
3 years, but lateral branching became increasingly common on 3- to
4-year-old seedlings. Mycorrhizae were found on 1-year-old seedlings (16).
On deep, well-drained soils the roots may penetrate below 2.7 m (9 ft).
Trees without distinct taproots usually have lateral roots that turn and
grow downward as they approach other trees. The bulk of the root system,
however, consists of laterals confined largely to the upper 46 cm (18 in)
of soil; much of the root system is in the upper 15 cm (6 in) of soil. In
25-year-old jack pine stands in central Wisconsin, the dry weight of all
roots in the upper 1.5 m (5 ft) of soil was 10 980 to 13 790 kg/ha (9,800
to 12,300 lb/acre) (61). A 40-year-old stand of jack pine in northern
Minnesota produced 28 000 kg/ha (24,978 lb/acre), ovendry weight, of roots
greater than 0.5 cm (0.2 in) and stumps less than 15 cm (6 in) tall (73).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Jack pine trees, particularly
under good early growing conditions, begin to flower at a younger age than
most other pine species (41,65,68). Under near optimum growing conditions
in the greenhouse and nursery, female flowering can be induced in a small
percentage of seedlings as early as 12 months from seed sowing (68). Male
flowering under these conditions usually does not begin until the fourth
year. An accumulated yield of 2,861,000 filled seeds per hectare
(1,158,000/acre) can be produced through the first 8 years in plantations
with 2.4 m (8 ft) between trees (67).
In naturally regenerated stands, jack pine typically begins to flower at
5 to 10 years under open-grown conditions but not until later in closed
stands (61). Once cone production in jack pine begins, it is fairly
regular and increases until crown competition becomes a factor. Seed
production differs from year to year but some seed is usually produced
every year and total crop failures are rare (31,61).
Seed yields per cone range from about 15 to 75 (72). Strongly curved
cones yield less seed than straight ones (72). Ovulate abortion on the
inner curvature of cones is twice that on the outer curvature (17). The
average number of scales per cone can be more than 80 but usually only a
little more than one-third of the scales, those in the upper end of the
cones, bear seeds (72).
Over much of its natural range jack pine bears predominantly serotinous
cones, but in the southern part cones are nonserotinous. Total seeds
stored on the trees in serotinous cones can reach more than 14.6 kg or 4
million seeds per hectare (13.0 lb or 1.6 million/acre) in well stocked
mature stands (61). As viability after 5 to 10 years may be significantly
reduced, however, only cones 6 years old or less should be collected (8).
Commercially cleaned seeds range between 156,500 and 551,000/kg (71,000
and 250,000/lb) with an average of 288,800/kg (131,000/lb) (45).
Well-stocked, mature stands in the Lake States dispersed an annual
average of 6,670 to 25,950 seeds per hectare (2,700 to 10,500/acre) over 5
years; much of the total crop remained in the unopened cones. In areas
with nonserotinous or partially serotinous cones, seed may be disseminated
during any season. The effective range of seed dissemination, as measured
by established seedlings, is about two tree heights although it is low
beyond one tree height (61).
The melting temperature of the resinous bonding material of the cone
scales is 50° C (122° F), but it is likely that the bonding
resin softens at lower temperatures in the nonserotinous types in the
southern portion of the species' range. The mechanism of cone opening in
both serotinous and nonserotinous cones is hygroscopic. Once the bonding
material of the cone scales is broken, the quantity of water in the scales
is the limiting factor in scale movement and flexing outward under drying
condition (35,61).
Jack pine cones open most readily during dry weather when the
temperature is at least 27° C (80° F), although many of them
remain closed until they are exposed to fire or high temperatures near the
ground after wind breakage or logging. Over most of its range where
serotinous cones are common, up to 50 percent may open on the sunny part
of the crown. Cones may also open in very cold winters when the
temperature is -46° C (-50° F) or colder (61).
Cone and seed crops in jack pine may be reduced by numerous agents (61).
Rainy weather at time of pollination may reduce seed set. Cone and seed
production are also reduced by cone and ovulate abortion (17,66), but the
severe losses previously attributed to abortion may be partially the
result of insect attacks. Within a cone, all the ovules near the base of
the cone abort and abortion decreases toward the tip (17).
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Seedling Development
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Germination is epigeal (45). Jack pine
seed usually germinates within 15 to 60 days under favorable conditions
(61), but some seeds require more than 100 days to germinate (72). Delayed
germination of direct seeding increased stocking between the first and
third year after sowing (60).
Under forest conditions with adequate moisture, seeds germinate when air
temperatures reach 18° C (64° F) but light also influences
germination (2,61). Under continuous light, germination was complete at a
range of temperatures from 16° to 27° C (60° to 80° F)
(2). Germination was markedly reduced at all temperatures when light was
excluded. The shade cast by slash and snags on burned-over or cut-over
areas to reduce surface temperature and drying undoubtedly contributes
substantially to the good germination often observed on such areas (16).
Type of seedbed is an important factor affecting jack pine seed
germination (16,61). In northeastern Minnesota, germination under clearcut
and partially cut jack pine stands averaged 60 percent on mineral soil, 49
percent on burned duff, 47 percent on scarified and shaded duff, and 17
percent on undisturbed duff (61). The poor germination on litter and humus
is caused by poor moisture conditions and it can be satisfactory in years
of above normal precipitation. Germination may be delayed by spring
drought (16). Associated species can affect germination, survival, and
growth of jack pine differentially, probably as a result of allelopathy
(13).
Survival on various seedbeds shows the same trend as germination (61).
Optimum conditions for jack pine seedling establishment and survival are
provided by mineral soil and burned seedbeds where competition from other
vegetation is not severe (16), the water table is high, and there is some
shade (61). Competition from shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, together
with smothering by fallen leaves, are important causes of seedling
mortality on sandy soils in Ontario. On clay soils in Manitoba and
Saskatchewan, competition from aspen and hazel are responsible for poor
survival. On similar soils in western Manitoba competing grasses kill many
seedlings (16).
Most of the older jack pine stands appear to have been established
following fires (61). Although jack pine seed usually germinates following
fire, most of the seedlings die unless the organic matter left on the soil
is less than 1.3 cm (0.5 in) thick. Most germination occurs the first and
second season following fire, with most mortality between the first and
second growing season. Unless conditions for germination and early
survival are favorable, good regeneration does not necessarily follow
burns (20,61).
Young seedlings grow tallest in full sunlight (48), although under
stands their initial abundance may be greatest in light intensities of 11
to 30 percent of full sunlight, but no seedlings are found at 60 percent
and higher crown cover (61).
Under forest conditions, seedling growth is slow in the first 3 years
but increases rapidly beginning in the fourth and fifth years. Seedlings
attain a height of about 5 cm (2 in) the first year, 15 cm (6 in) at 2
years, and 30 to 90 cm (12 to 36 in) at 4 years. Early growth of 2-0
seedlings in plantations is more rapid, amounting to 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18
in) per year on medium sites (61).
Shoot growth begins in late April and early May at Cloquet, MN, and
Chalk River, ON (62,63,80), and about May 10 in the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan (61). Essentially all height growth is completed in 61 to 68 days
at the three locations. Maximum growth rate approaches 1 cm (0.4 in) per
day in both Minnesota and Ontario. Although shoot growth in jack pine
ceases long before the end of the frost-free season, the remaining time
may be necessary to complete latewood growth, lignification, terminal bud
development, and hardening off to resist frost (80).
If favorable moisture conditions prevail in late summer, jack pine
frequently has a second period of shoot elongation and produces lammas and
proleptic shoots (62,63). Trees with lammas shoots had a longer growth
period than those without them but did not grow significantly less the
following year. The late growth does not result in detectable increases in
diameter growth and it may or may not result in false rings. Fall frost
injury resulting in frost rings, however, may be frequent in the current
shoots of trees with lammas growth.
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Soils and Topography
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
Jack pine is usually found on sandy soils of the Spodosol and Entisol
soil orders (81). It also grows on loamy soils, on thin soils over the
granites and metamorphosed rocks of the Canadian Shield, over limestones,
on peats, and on soil over permafrost (16,61,74).
Jack pine can grow on very dry sandy or gravelly soils where other
species can scarcely survive, but it grows best on well drained loamy
sands where the midsummer water table is from 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft)
below the surface. Jack pine does not grow naturally where the surface
soil is alkaline, but it does grow on soils overlying limestone. It can
grow on calcareous soils (pH 8.2) if a normal mycorrhizal association is
present. In southeastern New Brunswick, owing to a long fire history, jack
pine occupies vast areas of clayey soils and it is more common than red
pine on xeric sites that have high nutrient levels (61).
In well stocked stands in Minnesota and central Wisconsin, available
moisture-holding capacity in the upper 30 cm (12 in) ranges from 3 to 17
percent by weight. Site index improves with an increase in fine sand and
silt and clay in the upper soil layer, an increase in water-holding
capacity (up to a point after which it levels off), and an increase in
cation exchange capacity in the A and B horizons (61). Similar relations
between these soil factors and site index were found for plantations in
Wisconsin (82).
In a jack pine forest in northeastern Minnesota about 2580 to 3140 kg/ha
(2,300 to 2,800 lb/acre) ovendry weight of organic matter was returned to
the soil annually. The quantity of nutrient elements, expressed in
percentage of dry weight, in freshly fallen jack pine litter averages as
follows: calcium, 0.61; potassium, 0.16; phosphorus, 0.04; nitrogen, 0.58;
and ash, 4.15. The litter is acid with a pH of 3.8 to 4.3 (61).
Accumulated biomass of vegetation in jack pine stands more than 50 years
old in northeastern Minnesota was 89 000 kg/ha (79,400 lb/acre) on shallow
soils over bedrock, and 152 800 kg/ha (136,300 lb/acre) on deep till
soils. Biomass of the forest floor was 35 200 kg/ha (31,400 lb/acre) on
shallow soils and 50 300 kg/ha (44,870 lb/acre) on deep till soils.
Nutrients in the vegetation, forest floor, and soil were similarly higher
on the deep till soils (33). The above values largely agree with those
found on other sites for jack pine forest floor biomass, litter fall, and
nutrient transfer from jack pine forest to soil (28,49,78).
In the Lake States and Canada, jack pine grows most commonly on level to
gently rolling sand plains, usually of glacial outwash, fluvial, or
lacustrine origin. It occurs less commonly on eskers, sand dunes, rock
outcrops, and bald rock ridges. In the Lake States jack pine is found
chiefly at elevations between 300 and 460 m (1,000 and 1,500 ft), with a
maximum of about 610 m (2,000 ft) above sea level. In the East, jack pine
grows on a variety of sandy sites from near sea level up to about 610 m
(2,000 ft), with an outlier in New Hampshire at 760 m (2,500 ft) (61).
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Special Uses
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
The most notable special use for jack pine is as a breeding area for the
Kirtland's warbler, a rare and endangered species. The Kirtland's warbler
requires homogeneous stands of jack pine between 1.5 and 6 m (5 to 20 ft)
tall (about 7 to 20 years old); stands are preferably larger than 32 ha
(80 acres) (52).
Jack pine stands can be an important part of the visual resource for
recreation areas; they stabilize watersheds, produce areas for blueberry
picking, and provide food and shelter for wild game species, including the
snowshoe hare and the white-tailed deer (10).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Under natural conditions jack pine does
not reproduce vegetatively. Jack pine cuttings from young trees can be
rooted but rooting ability decreases rapidly with increasing ortet age.
Cuttings from 4-month-old seedlings gave 75 percent rooting (7) but
average rooting was only 7 percent in cuttings from 6-year-old ortets and
5 percent in those from 10-year-old ortets (90). Clonal variation in
rooting percentage ranged from 0 to 31.
Aryl esters of indole auxins can enhance rooting of jack pine cuttings
taken from young seedlings. Phenyl indole-3-butyric (P-IBA) treatment
caused 12 percent more jack pine cuttings to root than did treatment with
indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and up to 30 percent more than no treatment
(34).
Rooting needle fascicles has potential for establishing large clones in
a short time. Shearing the terminal buds on trees up to 5 years old
induces the fascicular buds to differentiate and develops shoots. Treating
such shoots from 2-year-old trees with IBA (0.1 percent) and placing them
in a heated rooting medium under a 20-hour photoperiod resulted in up to
70 percent rooting (71).
Jack pine can be grafted, most successfully using dormant scions and
when grafting is done just as the rootstock resumes growth in the spring.
Both early and delayed graft incompatibility may occur; the causes are
unknown (72). No complete jack pine plants have yet been propagated from
either callus tissue or cell suspension cultures (72).
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Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The major portion of the jack pine range is in Canada where its northern
boundary extends eastward from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest
Territories across the country to Cape Breton Island, NS. The range then
extends southwest through Maine, New Hampshire, northern New York, central
Quebec and northern Ontario, Michigan, extreme northwest Indiana,
northeast Illinois, then northwest through Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, central Alberta, to extreme northeast British Columbia (72).
Within its range, jack pine is widely but not continuously distributed.
In Canada it is most abundant in Ontario, and in the United States, the
largest acreages are in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan (74). The only
significant artificial extensions of the jack pine range have been on
strip-mined areas in the central and northeastern States (61) and on the
sand hills of Nebraska (11).
- The native range of jack pine.
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Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
T. D. Rudolph and P. R. Laidly
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also called scrub pine, Banksian
pine, or Hudson Bay pine, is a small-to medium-sized coniferous tree of
the northern forests of the United States and Canada, where it is an
important source of pulpwood, lumber, and round timber (1,10,15,16). It
grows farther north than any other American pine and is the most widely
distributed pine species in Canada. It is a pioneer species in succession
and invades areas where mineral soil has been exposed by major
disturbances such as fires. It usually grows in even-aged pure or mixed
stands on less fertile and drier soils than those required by other native
species in its range (38).
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Physical Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves yellow-green above, Leaves yellow-green below, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds black, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- Aaron Liston
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- Steffi Ickert-Bond
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- Damon Little
Banks şamı
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Banks şamı (lat. Pinus banksiana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Banks şamı: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Banks şamı (lat. Pinus banksiana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Pinus banksiana
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Pinus banksiana, (en anglès: Jack pine), és una espècie de pi de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord, és una de les espècies del bioma de l'Aspen parkland de l'Oest del Canadà.
Ala part més a l'oest de la seva distribució, el Pinus banksiana s'hibrida amb el Pinus contorta. L'epítet específic Banksiana és pel botànic anglès Sir Joseph Banks.[1]
Descripció
Pinus banksiana fa de 9 a 22 m d'alt. Alguns d'aquests pins prenen la forma arbustiva per les condicions pobres del sòl on creixen. Normalment són uns pins que no creixen rectes sinó de forma irregular tal com passa amb el pitch pine (Pinus rigida). És un pi ben adaptat als incendis forestals i les seves pinyes resten tancades durant anys fins que el foc les fa obrir i germinen sobre les cendres. Les acícules foliars estan en grups de dos i fan 2-14 cm de llargada. Les pinyes fan uns 5 cm i estan corbades a les puntes.[2]
![src=]()
Bosc de
P. banksiana amb una coberta de nabius (
Vaccinium)
Usos
Pinus banksiana té una fusta que té força nusos i no gaire ressitent a la descomposició. S'usa per a fer paper i com a combustible, entre altres usos.
Referències
-
↑ Center for Wood Anatomy Research. «Pinus banksiana Lamb.». United States Forest Service. [Consulta: 27 desembre 2010].
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling, 2008, p. 68. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
Bibliografia
![src=]()
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Pinus banksiana 
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Pinus banksiana: Brief Summary
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Pinus banksiana, (en anglès: Jack pine), és una espècie de pi de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord, és una de les espècies del bioma de l'Aspen parkland de l'Oest del Canadà.
Ala part més a l'oest de la seva distribució, el Pinus banksiana s'hibrida amb el Pinus contorta. L'epítet específic Banksiana és pel botànic anglès Sir Joseph Banks.
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Borovice Banksova
(
Checo
)
fornecido por wikipedia CZ
Borovice Banksova (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), též zvaná „banksovka“, je severoamerický druh rodu Pinus (borovice) s dvěma jehlicemi ve svazečku a s vícečlánkovými letorosty (vytváří 2 přesleny za jedno vegetační období).
Synonyma
homotypická
(Variety Pinus divaricata var. latifolia a Pinus divaricata var. hendersonii jsou vedeny jako synonyma Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia)
-
Pinus hudsonica Poir.
-
Pinus rupestris Michx.
-
Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton
Vzhled
Menší strom, někdy keřovitého vzrůstu, dorůstající do 20 (25) m, kmen často křivolaký (podle původu), větve nepravidelné, řídce zachvojené, dva přesleny v jednom roce. Kůra vytváří tenkou, černošedou, šupinatou borku. Pupeny jsou smolnaté, 1 cm dlouhé, letorosty žlutavé, později se zbarvují do hněda. Jehlice po dvou ve svazečku, velmi krátké (obvykle 2-3 cm). Šišky přisedlé, po 2-3 v přeslenu, hladké, žlutohnědé, později šedavé. Některé šišky jsou serotinní (otevírají se např. při požáru), tzn. zůstávají zavřené na stromě i s klíčivými semeny více let.
Výskyt
Zaujímá celou Severní Ameriku od západního k východnímu pobřeží a tvoří zde rozsáhlé lesy. V Kanadě patří mezi nejrozšířenější borovice a zasahuje až k severnímu polárnímu kruhu.
U nás se vyskytuje občas i v lesních porostech, kam byla ve větším měřítku pokusně vysazována na přelomu 19. a 20. století spolu s americkými druhy borovicí vejmutovkou a borovicí tuhou jako náhrada za naši borovici lesní, u které byly v té době pozorovány velké ztráty na sazenicích sypavkou.
Ekologie
Tento druh patří mezi pionýrské druhy, tzn. obsazuje holé plochy a bezlesí. V mládí (cca do 25 let) rychle roste, pak její růst zpomaluje a brzy začíná plodit. Vyskytuje se v monokulturách na chudých, písčitých a skalnatých stanovištích. Z borovic je nejodolnější proti zimě a nejskromnější v požadavcích na půdu a klima.
Využití
Tento druh se hodí jako pionýrská dřevina všude tam, kde jsou chudé písčité a skalnaté půdy s nedostatkem vláhy. Používá se pro pěstování v lignikulturách (porosty určené pro produkci biomasy s krátkým obmýtím). Pro její introdukci je třeba volit správný původ (vhodnou provenienci) – jako ostatně u většiny introdukovaných druhů. V poslední době bývá stále častěji používána pro zahradní a parkové výsadby, protože svým nepravidelným habitem vhodně kontrastuje s pravidelnými křivkami staveb a výsadeb.
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
Literatura
- PILÁT, A. 1964. Jehličnaté stromy a keře našich zahrad a parků. – Nakladatelství ČSAV, Praha.
- POKORNÝ, J. 1963. Jehličnany lesů a parků. – SZN, Praha.
Externí odkazy
Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
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Borovice Banksova: Brief Summary
(
Checo
)
fornecido por wikipedia CZ
Borovice Banksova (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), též zvaná „banksovka“, je severoamerický druh rodu Pinus (borovice) s dvěma jehlicemi ve svazečku a s vícečlánkovými letorosty (vytváří 2 přesleny za jedno vegetační období).
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Banks-Kiefer
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Banks-Kiefer (Pinus banksiana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika verbreitet.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Zweig mit Nadeln und Zapfen
In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:
die meisten Merkmale sind nur marginal oder gar nicht beschrieben
Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie
recherchierst und
Vegetative Merkmale
Die Banks-Kiefer ist ein mittelgroßer Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 9 bis 22 Metern, aber einige Exemplare sind nur buschartig. Sie wächst meistens nicht einfach gerade, sondern bildet im Alter eine unregelmäßige Baumkrone.
Es stehen je zwei verdrehte Nadeln zusammen. Die 2 bis 4 Zentimeter langen Nadeln sind zart gelblich-grün.
Generative Merkmale
Die Zapfen sind 3 bis 5 Zentimeter groß und mit bedornten Schuppen versehen, wobei diese Stacheln bis zur Reife abhandenkommen und die Zapfen dann glatt sind. Für Kiefern unüblich, stehen die Zapfen in der Wuchsrichtung des Zweiges ab oder sind um sie herum verdreht. Daran kann man sie leicht von den Küsten-Kiefern unterscheiden.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1][2]
Ökologie
In ihrer Ausbreitungsstrategie ist sie an Waldbrände angepasst: Ihre Zapfen bleiben über Jahre geschlossen und die Schuppen spreizen sich erst nach Hitzeeinwirkung zur Öffnung (serotine Ausbreitungsstrategie). So fällt der Samen nach einem Feuer auf den nackten Boden, wenn der Altbaum nicht mehr überleben kann oder die Population verkleinert wurde.
Alternde Bestände dünnen oft aus und abgefallene Nadeln beschleunigen die Versauerung des Bodens. In der Strauchschicht sind sie daher oft mit Heidelbeeren vergesellschaftet. Auf sandigen oder felsenreichen Böden bildet sie oft Reinbestände.
Bestände der Banks-Kiefer sind Bruthabitat des bedrohten Michiganwaldsängers in dem sehr begrenzten Gebiet seines Vorkommens der Unteren Halbinsel von Michigan.
Vorkommen und Gefährdung
Pinus banksiana ist ein boreales bis subarktisches Florenelement.[3] Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus banksiana reicht in Nordamerika östlich der Rocky Mountains von den kanadischen Provinzen Northwest Territories, Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Alberta bis nach Nova Scotia und in den US-Bundesstaaten New Hampshire, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Maine bis Indiana.[3] Ihre südliche Verbreitungsgrenze ist der Nordwesten von Indiana.
Da diese Art soweit verbreitet ist, wird Pinus banksiana 2011 in der Roten Liste der Bedrohten Arten der IUCN als „Least Concern“ = „nicht gefährdet“ bewertet.[3]
Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung von Pinus banksiana erfolgte 1803 durch Aylmer Bourke Lambert in A Description of the Genus Pinus, 1, Seite 7, Tafel 3. Synonyme für Pinus banksiana Lamb. sind: Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Dum.Cours., Pinus hudsonica Poir., Pinus rupestris Michx.f. und Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton.[2]
Im äußersten Westen des Verbreitungsgebietes von Pinus banksiana kommt es zu einer Hybridisierung mit der nah verwandten Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta).
Trivialnamen
Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: Jack Pine, Black Pine, Hudson Bay Pine.[3]
Literatur
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Pinus banksiana bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
-
↑ a b Pinus banksiana bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 18. April 2019.
-
↑ a b c d Pinus banksiana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2019-1. Eingestellt von: A. Farjon, 2011. Abgerufen am 18. April 2019.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Banks-Kiefer: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Banks-Kiefer (Pinus banksiana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika verbreitet.
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Jack pine
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also known as grey pine[5] or scrub pine,[5][6] is a North American pine.
Distribution and habitat
Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania.
Taxonomy
In the far west of its range, Pinus banksiana hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The species epithet banksiana is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks.[7]
Description
Pinus banksiana ranges from 9–22 m (30–72 ft) in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. They do not usually grow perfectly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to pitch pine (Pinus rigida). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. It is fire-adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground.
Its leaves are needle-shaped, evergreen, in fascicles of two, needle-like, straight or slightly twisted, stiff, sharp-pointed, light yellowish-green, spread apart; edges toothed and 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long. The bundle-sheath is persistent. The buds are blunt pointed, up to 15 mm long, reddish-brown, and resinous. On vigorous shoots, there is more than one cyclic component. The bark is thin, reddish-brown to gray in color in juvenile stages. As the tree matures it becomes dark brown and flaky. The wood is moderately hard and heavy, weak, light brown colour. The seed cones vary in shape, being rectangular to oval, cone shaped, straight or curved inward.[8] The cones are 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.
Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to 50 °C (122 °F).[9] The typical case is in a fire, however cones on the lower branches can open when temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F) due to the heat being reflected off the ground.[10]
Ecology
Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a formerly endangered bird, depends on pure stands of young jack pine in a very limited area in the north of the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan for breeding. Most known nesting areas are limited to Crawford, Oscoda, and Ogemaw counties.[11] Mature jack pine forests are usually open and blueberries are often abundant in the understory.
Young jack pines are an alternate host for sweet fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae). Infected sweet ferns (Comptonia peregrina) release powdery orange spores in the summer and nearby trees become infected in the fall. Diseased trees show vertical orange cankers on the trunk and galls on the lower branches. The disease does not tend to affect older trees.[12]
Jack pines are also susceptible to scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina). This disease manifests by yellowing at the base of the needles. Prolonged exposure may lead to eventual death of the tree.[12]
Insects that attack jack pine stands include the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), jack pine sawfly, and jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus).[12]
Fossil evidence shows the jack pine survived the glacial period in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains.[13]
Commercial uses
Like other species of pine, Pinus banksiana has use as timber, although its wood tends to be knotty and not highly resistant to decay. Products include pulpwood, fuel, decking, and utility poles.[7]
Gallery
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus banksiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42346A2974230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42346A2974230.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ "Pinus banksiana Lamb.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ "Pinus divaricata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-
^ "Pinus divaricata". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
-
^ a b New Brunswick House of Assembly (1847). Reports Relating to the Project of Constructing a Railway and a Line of Electro-magnetic Telegraph Through the Province of New Brunswick from Halifax to Quebec. J. Simpson.
-
^ Burns, R.M. (1990). "Pinus banksiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ a b "Pinus banksiana Lamb" (PDF). Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Library, United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
-
^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
-
^ Cameron, H. (1953). "Melting Point of the Bonding Material in Lodgepole Pine and Jack Pine Cones". Silviculture Leaflet (86).
-
^ Wyse, Sarah V; Brown, Jerusha E; Hulme, Philip E (2019-11-01). Zenni, Rafael D (ed.). "Seed release by a serotinous pine in the absence of fire: implications for invasion into temperate regions". AoB Plants. 11 (6): plz077. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plz077. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 6900966. PMID 31844510.
-
^ "USFWS: Managing the forest for the Kirtland's warbler". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
-
^ a b c Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
-
^ Trees of Canada; Author John Laird Farrar
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Jack pine: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also known as grey pine or scrub pine, is a North American pine.
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Banks-pino
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La Banks-pino [1] (Pinus banksiana) estas pino kiu havas indiĝenan arealon en Kanado oriente de Rokmontaro de Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj ĝis Nov-Skotujo, kaj en la nordoriento de Usono de Minesoto ĝis Majno, kun la plej suda parto de la arealo ĵus en nordokcidenta Indiano. En la malproksima okcidento de ĝia arealo, ĝi hibridiĝas facile kun la parenca tordopino (P. contorta). Banks-pinaj strobiloj estas kutime 5 centimetrojn longaj kaj kurbaj ĉe la pinto [2]. La scienca specionomo Banksiana rilatas al la angla botanikisto Joseph Banks[3].
Priskribo
![src=]()
Fermitaj, maturaj strobiloj.
Tiuj nearktisaj pinoj atingas altecojn inter 9-22 m. Iuj pinarboj estas arbed-grandaj, pro malbonaj kreskado-kondiĉoj. Ili ne kutime iĝas tute rektaj, gvidante al neregulaj formoj, similaj al tiuj de la rigida pino (Pinus rigida). La Banks-pino ofte konstituas unuspeciajn arbarerojn sur sabla aŭ ŝtona grundo. Ĝi estas adaptita al arbarero-anstataŭintaj arbaraj incendioj, kun la konusoj kiuj restas fermitaj dum multaj jaroj, ĝis arbara brulego mortigas la maturajn arbojn kaj malfermas la konusojn, prisemante la bruligitan grundon.
La folioj estas duopaj, pinglecaj, torditaj, iomete flav-verdaj, kaj ili longas 2-4 centimetrojn. La strobiloj longas 3-5 centimetrojn; la skvamoj havas etan rompiĝeman dornon, kiu kutime eluziĝas antaŭ la matureco tiel ke finfine la strobiloj estiĝas glataj. Nekutime por pino, la konusoj normale antaŭenindikas laŭlonge de la branĉo, foje krispigante ĉirkaŭe ĝi. Tio estas facila maniero por rekoni ĝin rilate al la simila tordopino el la okcidento de Nordameriko. La konusoj sur maturaj arboj estas malfruecaj (angle : serotiny). Ili malfermiĝas se ili estas eksponitaj al intensa varmeco, pli granda ol aŭ egala al 50 °C. La tipa okazo estas en fajro, tamen konusoj sur malsupraj branĉoj povas malfermiĝi kiam temperaturoj atingas 27 °C pro la varmeco estante reflektita de la grundo. Plie, kiam temperaturoj atingas 46 °C, la konusoj malfermiĝos, pro la naturo de la rezino
.
Ekologio
![src=]()
Banks-pinaro kun vakcinia subarbaraĵo.
Kirtlanda parulio (Dendroica kirtlandii), endanĝerigita birdo, dependas de unuspeciaj arbareroj de juna Banks-pino en tre limigita areo en la nordo de la Malsupra Duoninsulo de Miĉigano por reproduktado. Maturaj Banks-pinaroj estas kutime malfermaj, kaj la falo de siaj pingloj kreas acidan grundon, tiel ke vakcinioj ofte estas abundaj en la subarbaraĵo.
Junaj Banks-pinoj estas alternaj gastigantoj por komptoni-filika veziketorusto (Cronartium comptoniae). Infektitaj komptoniaj filikoj (Comptonia peregrina) somere liberigas pulvorajn oranĝajn sporojn kaj najbaraj arboj aŭtune iĝas infektitaj. Malsanaj arboj montras vertikalajn oranĝajn kancerojn sur la trunko kaj iritas sur malsupraj branĉoj. La malsano ne emas influi pli maljunajn arbojn .[4]. Banks-pinoj ankaŭ estas sentemaj al skleroderis-kancero (Gremmeniella abietina). Tiu malsano manifestiĝas per flavigado ĉe la bazo de la pingloj. Longedaŭra elmetado povas konduki al fina morto de la arbo [4].
Insektoj kiuj atakas banks-pinarojn inkludas Pissodes strobi (kurkuliedoj) kaj Choristoneura pinus (Tortricidae) [4].
Komercaj uzadoj
Kiel aliaj specioj de pino, la Banks-pino havas uzon kiel ligno, kvankam ĝia ligno emis esti nodeca kaj ne tre rezistema al kadukiĝo. Produktoj inkluzivas lignopulpon, brullignon, terasojn, kaj fostojn [3].
Referencoj
-
↑ esperante germane angle france Ullrich, Ingward 2009 : Nomenclatura Florae Lignae Silvis Europae. Nomenklaturo de la forsta ligneca flaŭro de Eŭropo. Förderverein Lexicon Silvestre e.V., 225 pp., p. 60, ISBN 978-3-931262-67-9
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. (2008) National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Center for Wood Anatomy ResearchPinus banksiana Lamb.. United States Forest Service. Alirita 2010-12-27.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Blouin, Glen 2001 : An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159. angle
Bibliografio
Vidu ankaŭ
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Banks-pino: Brief Summary
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La Banks-pino (Pinus banksiana) estas pino kiu havas indiĝenan arealon en Kanado oriente de Rokmontaro de Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj ĝis Nov-Skotujo, kaj en la nordoriento de Usono de Minesoto ĝis Majno, kun la plej suda parto de la arealo ĵus en nordokcidenta Indiano. En la malproksima okcidento de ĝia arealo, ĝi hibridiĝas facile kun la parenca tordopino (P. contorta). Banks-pinaj strobiloj estas kutime 5 centimetrojn longaj kaj kurbaj ĉe la pinto . La scienca specionomo Banksiana rilatas al la angla botanikisto Joseph Banks.
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Pinus banksiana
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pinus banksiana, el pino de Banks[2] o pino de Labrador,[3] es un pino de Norteamérica que tiene su área nativa de desarrollo en Canadá en el este de las Montañas Rocosas desde los Territorios del Noroeste a Nueva Escocia, y en el noreste de los Estados Unidos desde Minnesota a Maine, con la parte más sureña de su distribución en el noroeste de Indiana. En las zonas más extremas en el oeste de su distribución, se híbrida a menudo con su pariente próximo, Pinus contorta. Los conos del pino de Banks tienen normalmente 5 cm y están curvados.
Morfología
Es un gran árbol, que alcanza de 9 a 22 m (30 a 72 pies) en altura. Algunos pinos de Banks se clasifican como arbustos, debido a las condiciones de crecimiento pobres. El pino de Banks no crece perfectamente recto sino cuando es una árbol maduro, generalmente tiene una forma irregular similar al pino de echada. Este pino forma a menudo agrupaciones puras en suelo arenoso o rocoso. Está adaptado a los fuegos para crecer de reemplazo una vez haya pasado, con los conos cerrados durante muchos años, hasta que un incendio forestal mate los árboles maduros y abra los conos, resembrando la tierra quemada con sus semillas.
Las hojas se presentan en fascículos de dos, parecidas a agujas, torcido, levemente amarillo verdoso, y 2 a 4 cm (0.8 a 1.6 pulgadas) de largo. Los conos son de 3 a 5 cm (1,2 a 2 pulgadas) de largo, las escalas con un pincho pequeño, frágil que desaparece generalmente antes de la madurez, saliendo de los conos lisos. Inusualmente para un pino, los conos se sitúan normalmente delante a lo largo de la rama, encrespándose a veces alrededor de ella. Eso es una manera fácil de distinguirlo del pino similar "lodgepole" que se encuentra en áreas más occidentales de Norteamérica.
Los conos en árboles maduros son serótinos (tardíos). Se abren cuando están expuestos al calor intenso, mayor o igual 50 °C. El caso típico está en un fuego, no obstante los conos en las ramas más bajas pueden abrirse cuando las temperaturas alcanzan 27 °C debido al calor que es reflejado de la tierra. Además, cuando las temperaturas alcanzan -46 °C, los conos se abrirán, debido a la naturaleza de la resina.
Nombres comunes
El pino de Banks tiene una lista larga de nombres alternativos de menor importancia, incluyendo pino de Banks del este, pino gris, pino negro y pino carrasco; el último se refiere más comúnmente al "pino de Virginia" (Pinus virginiana), y pino gris (Pinus sabineana). El nombre del francés canadiense es "pino gris" o (incorrectamente) "ciprés".
Ecología
La "curruca de Kirtland" (Dendroica kirtlandii), pájaro en peligro de extinción, depende de soportes puros y jóvenes del pino de Banks para la cría, en un área muy limitada en el norte de la Península inferior de Míchigan. Los bosques maduros del pino de Banks están generalmente abiertos, y la caída de sus agujas crea el suelo ácido, que hace que los arándanos crezcan a menudo abundantemente en el sotobosque.
Los especímenes jóvenes del pino de Banks son un anfitrión alternativo para el "moho de ampolla del helecho dulce" (Cronartium comptoniae). Los infectados por el "Helecho dulce" (Comptonia peregrina) lanzan las esporas anaranjadas polvorientas en el verano y los árboles próximos se infectan en otoño. Los árboles enfermos muestran úlceras anaranjadas verticales en el tronco y agallas en las ramas más bajas. La enfermedad no tiende a afectar a árboles más viejos.[4]
Los pinos de Banks también son susceptibles a la "úlcera de scleroderris" (Gremmeniella abietina). Esta enfermedad se manifiesta amarilleando en la base de las agujas. La exposición prolongada puede llevar a la muerte del árbol.[4]
Los insectos que atacan los especímenes del pino de Banks incluyen al "gorgojo del pino blanco" (Pissodes strobi), mosca de sierra del pino de Banks, y la oruga del pino de Banks.[4]
Usos Comerciales
Taxonomía
Pinus banksiana fue descrita por Aylmer Bourke Lambert y publicado en A Description of the Genus Pinus 1: 7, pl. 3. 1803.[5]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[6]
banksiana: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico inglés Joseph Banks.
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.
-
Pinus divaricata f. procumbens (J.Rousseau) B.Boivin
-
Pinus hudsonica Poir.
-
Pinus rupestris Michx.f.
-
Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton[7][8]
Referencias
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Pinus banksiana». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
-
↑ Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1 Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
-
↑ Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
-
↑ a b c Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
-
↑ «Pinus banksiana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2013.
-
↑ En Nombres Botánicos
-
↑ «Pinus banksiana». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2013.
-
↑ Pinus banksiana en PlantList
Bibliografía
- Burns, R.M. 1990. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1 Conifers. USDS.
- National Geographic Field guide to tree's of North America.
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Pinus banksiana: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pinus banksiana, el pino de Banks o pino de Labrador, es un pino de Norteamérica que tiene su área nativa de desarrollo en Canadá en el este de las Montañas Rocosas desde los Territorios del Noroeste a Nueva Escocia, y en el noreste de los Estados Unidos desde Minnesota a Maine, con la parte más sureña de su distribución en el noroeste de Indiana. En las zonas más extremas en el oeste de su distribución, se híbrida a menudo con su pariente próximo, Pinus contorta. Los conos del pino de Banks tienen normalmente 5 cm y están curvados.
![src=]()
Ilustración
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Hall mänd
(
Estônio
)
fornecido por wikipedia ET
Hall mänd (Pinus banksiana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta on lähedane sugulane keerdmänniga (Pinus contorta), kellega hübridiseerub looduslikult levilate kattumispiirkonnas[3]. Ladinakeelne nimi on antud inglise loodusteadlase Joseph Banksi (1743–1820) auks.[4]
Botaanilised tunnused
Halli männi eluiga on võrdlemisi lühike, küündides tavaliselt 150–200, harva kuni 250 aastani. Elujõu kadumine algab juba 75-aastastel puudel.[3]
Puu kasvab tavaliselt kuni 20, harva kuni 27 m kõrguseks. Võra on ebakorrapärase, kohati ka põõsja kujuga. Tüvi on tihti kõverdunud, läbimõõt on tavaliselt kuni 60 cm. Tüve koor on noorel puul punakashall, hiljem moodustub tumehall ja võrdlemisi õhuke korp, mis eraldub ebakorrapäraste plaatidena, tuues nähtavale punaka koore.[5]
Juurestik on seemikutel kiire kasvuga ja varakult välja arenenud peajuurega. Seemiku esimesel eluaastal ulatuvad juured 13–25 cm sügavusele, teise kasvuperioodi lõpus 28–33 cm sügavusele ja lateraalselt 46–61 cm kaugusele.[6] Täiskasvanud puu juurestik võib kuivemas liivmullas ulatuda 2,0 m sügavusele.[7]
Pungad on munaja kujuga, punakaspruunid, 0,5–1 cm pikkused, vaigused. Noored võrsed on saledad, oranžikaspunased kuni punakaspruunid, vananedes muutuvad hallikaspruuniks.[8] Okkad on kahekaupa kimbus, 3–4 (6) cm pikkused, keerdunud, helehallikasrohelised, püsivad võrsetel 2–4 aastat[5].
Isasõisikud on 10–15 mm pikad, kollased, lühikestes pähikutes, emasõisikud on tumepurpurpunased, ühe kuni kolme-, enamasti kahekaupa koos, asuvad isasõisikutega samal võrsel. Käbid on väga lühikese rootsuga, 3–5 (7) cm pikkused, hallikashelepruunid, kõverdunud, siledad, läiketa või nõrga läikega.[5] Seemnete kest on pruun kuni pruunikasmust, 4–5 mm, tiivake 10–12 mm pikkune[8]. 1000 seemne mass on vahemikus 1,81–6,39 g[6].
Levikuala ja ökoloogia
Halli männi levila asub suurel territooriumil Põhja-Ameerika põhjaosas, ulatudes põhjas ja läänes Mackenzie jõeni Loodealades, idas Cape Bretoni saareni (Nova Scotia) ja lõunas Michigani järveni.[6]
Kliima
Levila idaosas, Atlandi ookeani rannikupiirkonnas on valdavalt mereline kliima, ülejäänud osal valitseb mitmekesine kontinentaalne kliima, mida iseloomustavad lühikesed, soojad kuni jahedad suved, väga külmad talved ning vähene sademete hulk. Jaanuari keskmine temperatuur on vahemikus –4...–29 °C, minimaalsed külmakraadid langevad talvel kuni –21...–46 °C. Juuli keskmine temperatuur on vahemikus 13...22 °C, maksimaalsed soojakraadid tõusevad suvel kuni 29...38 °C. Negatiivseid õhutemperatuure võib esineda levila põhjaosas aasta kõikidel kuudel. Põhjapoolseimas osas esineb ka igikeltsa. Aasta keskmine õhutemperatuur on vahemikus –5...4 °C. Külmavaba periood aastas on 50...173 ööpäeva. Keskmine sademete hulk aastas on 250...1400 mm, kasvuperioodil esineb sademeid keskmiselt 150...640 mm. Suvine kuivaperiood on iseloomulik levila lääne- ja edelaosas.[6]
Kasvupinnas
Hall mänd kasvab tavaliselt liivmuldadel, kuid võib esineda ka liivsavimuldadel, õhukestel graniidist ja moondekivimitest moodustunud muldadel, turvasmuldadel ja lubjakivist moodustunud muldadel. Ta võib kasvada väga kuivadel liivastel ja kivistel muldadel, kus teised puuliigid vaevu elus püsivad. Parimat kasvu näitab ta hästi vett läbilaskvatel saviliivmuldadel, kus südasuvine pinnasevee tase jääb maapinnast 1,2–1,8 m sügavusele. Levilas ei esine väga aluselise reaktsiooniga kasvupinnast, kuid mükoriisa olemasolul suudab hall mänd kasvada muldadel, mille pH küündib kuni 8,2.[6]
Halli männi metsad
Hall mänd moodustab levilas tihti ühevanuseid puhaspuistuid, mis viitab metsapõlengute esinemisele piirkonnas. Suurem osa tema metsadest asub Kanada suurtel avarustel, vähem USA kirdeosas. Segametsades kasvavad halli männiga koos peamiselt järgmised puuliigid (sorteeritud kuivematest kasvukohtadest niiskemate poole): Quercus ellipsoidalis, suureviljaline tamm (Quercus macrocarpa), vaigumänd (Pinus resinosa), suurehambaline haab (Populus grandidentata), ameerika haab (Populus tremuloides), paberikask (Betula papyrifera), punane tamm (Ouerqus rubra), valge mänd (Pinus strobus), punane vaher (Acer rubrum), palsamnulg (Abies balsamea), kanada kuusk (Picea glauca), must kuusk (Picea mariana), ameerika lehis (Larix laricina) ja palsampappel (Populus balsamifera). Nendest puuliikidest võivad metsas koos halli männiga domineerida ameerika haab, paberikask ja vaigumänd.[6]
Ülejäänud liigid esinevad puude teises rindes. Kaaspuuliikidest on vähem esindatud USA põhjaosas ja sellega piirnevas Kanada lõunaosas kasvavad puuliigid: valge tamm (Quercus alba), pensilvaania kirsipuu (Prunus pensylvanica), paplilehine kask (Betula populifolia), punane kuusk (Picea rubens) ja pigimänd (Pinus rigida).[6]
Hall männi tähtsus loomadele ja lindudele
Hall mänd pakub sobivaid elukohti ja toitu paljudele looma- ja linnuliikidele. Tema seemnetest toituvad eelkõige närilised ja linnud, kellest on kõige rohkem esindatud ameerika punaorav (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), vöötoravad, hiireliik Peromyscus leucopus ja leethiired. Ohulähedane michigani säälik (Dendroica kirtlandii) pesitseb ainult halli männi noorendikes. Valgesaba-pampahirved (Odocoileus virginianus), karibuud ja ameerika jänesed (Lepus americanus) toituvad halli männi võrsetest. Karibuud toituvad ka maapinnal ja halli männi tüvedel kasvavatest samblikest.[3]
Paljunemine
Hall mänd on ühekojaline okaspuu ning paljuneb seemnete abil. Puud hakkavad valgusküllases kasvukohas viljuma juba 5–10 aasta vanuselt. Käbid valmivad 13 kuud peale tolmlemist. Hallil männil on enamasti vaiguga suletud käbid, kuigi üksikutel puudel võivad esineda ka tavalised või mõlemat tüüpi käbid. Teatud hulk käbisid valmib igal aastal ja nii koguneb puule järjest rohkem suletud käbisid. Täiskasvanud halli männi puistus võib sellistes käbides olla kuni kaks miljonit seemet ühe hektari kohta. Suure hulga kogunenud seemnete tõttu võivad vaid mõned puud taastoota suurel hulgal seemikuid. Näiteks palsamnulu metsa mahapõlemisel kasvab 5 halli männi seemnetest järgmisel aastal selles piirkonnas 400 seemikut. Vaiguga suletud käbid vajavad avanemiseks kõrget õhutemperatuuri. Avanemine toimub tavaliselt metsapõlengu ajal, kuid kuiva ja kuuma (õhutemperatuur ületab 27 °C) ilma ajal võivad samuti käbid avaneda. Kuna käbide avanemine toimub aasta kõige kuumemal perioodil, siis võivad paljud tõusmed põua tõttu hukkuda.[3]
Halli männi tiivakesega seemned on Põhja-Ameerika mändide seas kõige väiksemad ning levivad peamiselt gravitatsiooni ja tuule abil. Tavaliselt maanduvad seemned puust 34–40 m või kaugusel, mis on kaks korda suurem puu kõrgusest. Seemned idanevad peale varisemist kiiresti, kui kümne päeva jooksul on keskmine õhutemperatuur suurem kui 18 °C. Suletud käbides väheneb aastatega järk-järgult seemnete idanevus. Ühe kuni kuueaastastes käbides on seemnete idanevus 78–89%, 20-aastastes käbides kuni 50%. Seemned idanevad kõige paremini paljastel mineraalmuldadel või õhukese huumuskihiga (kuni 5 mm) muldadel. Idanemisele ja ellujäämisele tuleb kasuks poolvarjus olev kasvukoht, kuid mõne aasta pärast on see pigem kahjulik, sest seemikud vajavad kasvuks palju valgust. Esimese 20. eluaasta jooksul on hall mänd oma levilas kõige kiiremini kasvav okaspuu. Kõige paremini kasvab ta poolvarjus kuni täisvalguses.[3] Esimese nelja eluaasta jooksul kasvab ta metsas 30–90 cm kõrguseks[6].
Kasutamine
Puidu olulisemad füüsikalis-mehaanilised omadused
[9][10] Omadus Väärtus Ühik
Tihedus, õhukuiv puit* 470 kg/m
3 Erikaal, õhukuiv puit* 0,42 -
Elastsusmoodul, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 8100 / 10200 MPa
Paindetugevus, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 43,0 / 78,0 MPa
Survetugevus, (õhukuiv puit*) pikikiudu / ristikiudu 40,5 / 5,7 MPa
Nihketugevus, õhukuiv puit* 8,2 MPa
Ruumala kahanemine kuivamisel, ahjukuiv puit** 10,3 % * – niiskusesisaldus 12%; ** – niiskusesisaldus 0%.
Hall mänd on oluline majandatav puuliik Kanadas ja USA-s. Keskmise tugevusega ja raskemat puitu kasutatakse peamiselt tselluloosi tootmisel, saematerjali toorainena, postide, mastide, kaevandustugede ja raudteeliiprite valmistamisel. Suure järvistu piirkonnas kasutatakse halli mändi laialdaselt metsade kultiveerimiseks. Samuti on ta kasutust leidnud kuivade, happelise pinnasega ja liivaste tööstusmaastike haljastamisel. Mõningal määral kasvatatakse teda ka jõulupuu kasvandustes.[3]
Kasvatamine Eestis
Hall mänd introdutseeriti Eestisse 19. sajandi lõpus ja 20. sajandi alguses. Metsakasvatajad lootsid toitainetevaestel liivastel muldadel saada temaga häid tulemusi, kuid tema tootlikkus jäi alla meil kasvavale harilikule männile. Hall mänd on noores eas meil kasvavatest mändidest kõige kiirema kasvuga ja täiesti külmakindel, taludes talvel temperatuure kuni –40...–46 °C[11]. Metsakultuuris ja iluaedades ei ole hall mänd siiski väga perspektiivikas liik, sest talle on iseloomulikud madal tootlikkus, kõverdunud tüved, halb okste laasuvus ja lühike eluiga.[12] Eestis kasvavad vanemad puud endise Sagadi metskonna kontori juures, Antsla metskonnas, Alatskivi ümbruse metsas (ligi 100 puud), Tallinnas Saku raba läheduses (ligi 70 puud), Järvseljal koos keerdmänniga jm. Tihedas puistus sageli inetu hall mänd on valgusküllasemas kasvukohas kenam ja omapärase kujuga.[4]
Viited
-
↑ "Conifer database: Pinus banksiana". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Pinus banksiana. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 "Pinus banksiana". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 Eino Laas. "Okaspuud", Tartu: Atlex, 2004.
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987.
-
↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 "Jack Pine". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ J. Canadell, R. B. Jackson, J. B. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, O. E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze. "Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale", Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 1996. ISSN 0029-8549 (Print) 1432-1939 (Online).
-
↑ 8,0 8,1 "Pinus banksiana". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Samuel V. Glass, Samuel L. Zelinka. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ David E. Kretschmann. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
-
↑ Heldur Sander. "Eesti võõrokaspuud Aleksei Paiveli käsitluses 1950. ja 1960. aastatel". mivana.emu.ee, 2006. Eesti Maaülikool. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 08.08.2010. Inglise.
Välislingid
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Hall mänd: Brief Summary
(
Estônio
)
fornecido por wikipedia ET
Hall mänd (Pinus banksiana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta on lähedane sugulane keerdmänniga (Pinus contorta), kellega hübridiseerub looduslikult levilate kattumispiirkonnas. Ladinakeelne nimi on antud inglise loodusteadlase Joseph Banksi (1743–1820) auks.
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Banksinmänty
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Banksinmänty (Pinus banksiana) on mäntyjen sukuun ja mäntykasvien heimoon kuuluva puu.
Se jää 9–22 metriä korkeaksi. Oksat kasvavat usein lähes vaakasuoraan. Nuori puu muistuttaa ulkomuodoltaan kuusia enemmän kuin mäntyjä. Huonossa maaperässä rungosta tulee mutkainen. Neulaset ovat 2–4 cm pitkiä, ja kasvavat kaksittain. Kävyt ovat 3–5 cm pitkiä, ja sijaitsevat epätavallisessa asennossa oksien suuntaisina, kärki kohti oksan kärkeä. Kävyt aukeavat kovassa kuumuudessa, tyypillisesti metsäpalon jälkeen.
Banksinmäntyä kasvaa Kanadan itäosissa Kalliovuorilta itään, sekä Yhdysvaltojen puolella Minnesotasta Mainen osavaltioon asti.[2] Kasvualueensa länsiosissa se risteytyy lähisukulaisensa kontortamännyn (Pinus contorta) kanssa.
Banksinmäntyä on kokeiltu Suomessa kuudella metsäntutkimuslaitoksen istutusalalla. Runko ei kasva tarpeeksi suoraksi tukkipuuta varten, mutta puuta voisi käyttää koristekasvina.[3]
Lähteet
-
↑ Pinus banksiana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
-
↑ Jack Pine Natural History of North America
-
↑ Metla 2003
Aiheesta muualla
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Banksinmänty: Brief Summary
(
Finlandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FI
Banksinmänty (Pinus banksiana) on mäntyjen sukuun ja mäntykasvien heimoon kuuluva puu.
Se jää 9–22 metriä korkeaksi. Oksat kasvavat usein lähes vaakasuoraan. Nuori puu muistuttaa ulkomuodoltaan kuusia enemmän kuin mäntyjä. Huonossa maaperässä rungosta tulee mutkainen. Neulaset ovat 2–4 cm pitkiä, ja kasvavat kaksittain. Kävyt ovat 3–5 cm pitkiä, ja sijaitsevat epätavallisessa asennossa oksien suuntaisina, kärki kohti oksan kärkeä. Kävyt aukeavat kovassa kuumuudessa, tyypillisesti metsäpalon jälkeen.
Banksinmäntyä kasvaa Kanadan itäosissa Kalliovuorilta itään, sekä Yhdysvaltojen puolella Minnesotasta Mainen osavaltioon asti. Kasvualueensa länsiosissa se risteytyy lähisukulaisensa kontortamännyn (Pinus contorta) kanssa.
Banksinmäntyä on kokeiltu Suomessa kuudella metsäntutkimuslaitoksen istutusalalla. Runko ei kasva tarpeeksi suoraksi tukkipuuta varten, mutta puuta voisi käyttää koristekasvina.
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Pin gris
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pinus banksiana
Le pin gris (Pinus banksiana) est un arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinacées. On le trouve dans la forêt boréale en Amérique du Nord à l'est des Montagnes Rocheuses.
Il s'agit d'un arbre de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre de 9 à 22 m.
Cette espèce est très présente à partir du 49e parallèle et occupe une part très importante dans les productions forestières du nord du Québec (région de l'Abitibi Témiscamingue) avec l'épinette noire.
Dans l'extrême ouest de son aire de répartition, le pin gris s'hybride facilement avec le pin tordu (Pinus contorta), qui lui est étroitement apparenté. Le nom banksiana provient du botaniste anglais Joseph Banks[1].
En français canadien, il est communément nommé cyprès[2], bien qu'il n'appartienne pas à la famille des vrais cyprès.
La Paruline de Kirtland (Dendroica kirtlandii), un petit oiseau de la famille des Parulidae et actuellement considéré comme quasi menacé, dépend en grande partie du pin gris pour sa reproduction.
Description
Écorce mince, brun rougeâtre à gris, puis brun foncé, écailleuse et marquée de sillons irréguliers.
Rameau glabre, vert jaunâtre.
Feuille : aiguilles jumelées (long. 2-5cm) torses, écartées, pointues, à section hémicycle et vert jaunâtre pâle.
Fruit : cône oblong ou conique, droit ou recourbé, asymétrique, souvent par deux, pointant vers le bout des branches ; formé en septembre de la deuxième année, persistant sur l'arbre 10-15 ans, lisses et souvent couverts de mousses, lichens et algues.
Ennemis
À la suite des ravages sur les Pins de Murray (Pinus contorta), le Dendroctone du pin (Dendroctonus ponderosae) semble désormais s'attaquer aux populations de Pins gris de la forêt boréale nord-américaine[3].
Notes et références
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Pin gris: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pinus banksiana
Le pin gris (Pinus banksiana) est un arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinacées. On le trouve dans la forêt boréale en Amérique du Nord à l'est des Montagnes Rocheuses.
Il s'agit d'un arbre de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre de 9 à 22 m.
Cette espèce est très présente à partir du 49e parallèle et occupe une part très importante dans les productions forestières du nord du Québec (région de l'Abitibi Témiscamingue) avec l'épinette noire.
Dans l'extrême ouest de son aire de répartition, le pin gris s'hybride facilement avec le pin tordu (Pinus contorta), qui lui est étroitement apparenté. Le nom banksiana provient du botaniste anglais Joseph Banks.
En français canadien, il est communément nommé cyprès, bien qu'il n'appartienne pas à la famille des vrais cyprès.
La Paruline de Kirtland (Dendroica kirtlandii), un petit oiseau de la famille des Parulidae et actuellement considéré comme quasi menacé, dépend en grande partie du pin gris pour sa reproduction.
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Gráfura
(
Islandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia IS
Gráfura (fræðiheiti: Pinus banksiana) er austlæg Norður-Amerísk fura. Náttúrulegt útbreiðslusvæði hennar er frá Kanada austan við Klettafjöll frá Mackenzie-fljóti í Norðvesturhéruðunum til Cape Breton-eyjar í Nova Scotia, og norður-, mið- og norðaustur fylki Bandaríkjanna frá Minnesota til Maine. Syðsti hluti útbreiðslusvæðisins er í norðvestur Indiana og norðvestur Pennsylvaniu.[1][2]
Á vestasta hluta útbreiðslusvæðisins blandast Pinus banksiana auðveldlega við náskylda tegund: stafafuru (Pinus contorta). Seinni hluti tegundarheitisins banksiana er eftir enska grasafræðingnum Sir Joseph Banks.[3]
Lýsing
![src=]()
Þroskaðir könglar, lokaðir
Pinus banksiana verður frá 9 -22m á hæð. Sumar fururnar eru runnar vegna lakra vaxtarskilyrða. Þær verða yfirleitt ekki þráðbeinar, eiginlega svoldið hlykkjóttar. Þessi fura myndar oft hreina skóga á sendnum eða grýttum jarðvegi. Hún er aðlöguð skógareldum, þar sem könglarnir haldast lokaðir í mörg ár, þar til skógareldar drepa fullvaxin trén og opna könglana sem sá í brunninn jarðveginn.
Nálarnar eru tvær í búnti, undnar, létt gulgrænar, og 2 til 4 sm að lengd.
Gráfurukönglar eru yfirleitt 3 til 5 sm og sveigðir í endann.[4] Skeljarnar eru með smáum gaddi sem er yfirleitt horfinn áður en þeir eru fullþroska.
Óvenjulegt fyrir furu, þá snúa könglarnir út með greinunum, en sveigjast stundum um hana. Það gerir hana auðvelda til aðgreiningar frá áþekkri stafafurunni á vestari hluta búsvæðisins. Könglar á þroskuðum trjám þurfa mikinn hita (yfir 50°C) til að opnast, eins og er tilfellið í skógareldi, hinsvegar geta könglar á lægri greinum opnast við 27°C vegna hita sem endurkastast frá jörðu. Að auki opnast könglarnir við -46°C vegna eiginleika resínsins. Litningatalan er 2n = 24.[5]
Vistfræði
![src=]()
P. banksiana skógur með
Vaccinium sp. undirgróðri
Setophaga kirtlandii, sjaldgæf fuglategund er háð hreinum skógum af ungri gráfuru á takmörkuðu svæði í Michigan fyrir hreiðurstæði. Þroskaðir gráfuruskógar eru yfirleitt frekar opnir, og nálafall þeirra gerir jarðveginn súran, svo bláber eru oft algengur undirgróður.
Ungar gráfurur eru millihýsill fyrir Cronartium comptoniae (ryðsveppur). Sýktir Comptonia burknar (Comptonia peregrina) losa duftkennd rauðgul gró að sumri og nálæg tré smitast að hausti. Sýkt tré sýna rauðgul sveppaldin á stofninum og gallhnýði á lægri greinum. Sjúkdómurinn virðist ekki hafa áhrif á eldri tré.[6]
Gráfura virðist einnig næm fyrir Gremmeniella abietina. Þessi sjúkdómur lýsir sér í gulnun á rót nála. Viðvarandi sýking getur valdið dauða trésins.[6]
Skordýr sem ráðast á gráfuru eru til dæmis Pissodes strobi, "jack pine sawfly", og "jack pine budworm".[6]
Nytjar
Eins og aðrar tegundir af furum er gráfura nýtt í timbur, þó er viðurinn kvistóttur og ekki fúaþolinn.[3]
Tilvísanir
-
↑ New Brunswick House of Assembly (1847). Reports Relating to the Project of Constructing a Railway and a Line of Electro-magnetic Telegraph Through the Province of New Brunswick from Halifax to Quebec. J. Simpson.
-
↑ Burns, R.M. (1990). "Pinus banksiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 Center for Wood Anatomy Research. „Pinus banksiana Lamb“ (PDF). United States Forest Service. Sótt 27. desember 2010.
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 68. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
↑ Tropicos. [1]
-
↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
Bibliography
Ytri tenglar
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
Gráfura: Brief Summary
(
Islandês
)
fornecido por wikipedia IS
Gráfura (fræðiheiti: Pinus banksiana) er austlæg Norður-Amerísk fura. Náttúrulegt útbreiðslusvæði hennar er frá Kanada austan við Klettafjöll frá Mackenzie-fljóti í Norðvesturhéruðunum til Cape Breton-eyjar í Nova Scotia, og norður-, mið- og norðaustur fylki Bandaríkjanna frá Minnesota til Maine. Syðsti hluti útbreiðslusvæðisins er í norðvestur Indiana og norðvestur Pennsylvaniu.
Á vestasta hluta útbreiðslusvæðisins blandast Pinus banksiana auðveldlega við náskylda tegund: stafafuru (Pinus contorta). Seinni hluti tegundarheitisins banksiana er eftir enska grasafræðingnum Sir Joseph Banks.
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- direitos autorais
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Pinus banksiana
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
Il Pino di Banks (Pinus banksiana Lamb., 1803) è un pino nativo del Nordamerica, presente negli Stati Uniti (New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Maine, New York, Indiana, Michigan e Minnesota) e nel Canada (Ontario, Québec, Nuovo Brunswick, Manitoba, Columbia Britannica, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Territori del Nord-Ovest e Nuova Scozia).[1]
Etimologia
Il nome generico Pinus, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dall'antica radice indo-europea *pīt = resina.[2] Il nome specifico banksiana fu assegnato in onore di Sir Joseph Banks, grande botanico britannico e uno dei padri delle scienze naturali.[3]
Descrizione
Portamento
Albero alto fino a 27 m con tronco monopodiale, diritto o ricurvo, che può raggiungere 0,6 m di diametro, con chioma che con l'età diventa irregolarmente rotondeggiante o appiattita nella cima; i rami si diramano orizzontalmente, in parte discendenti e in parte assurgenti. I virgulti sono snelli e ruvidi, inizialmente di colore arancione-rosso o rosso-marrone, poi con l'età di colore grigio-marrone.[4]
Foglie
Le foglie sono aghiformi, fascicolate in coppie di 2, contorte e persistenti per 2-3 anni, di colore giallo-verde, lunghe 2-5 cm, con margini finemente seghettati e punte acute. Gli stomi sono distribuiti su linee sottili in tutte le superfici. Le gemme sono ovoidali, resinose, rosso-marroni, lunghe fino a 1 cm, con i margini delle perule quasi interi.[4]
Fiori
Sono strobili maschili inizialmente gialli, poi arancioni-marroni, di forma cilindrica, lunghi 10-15 mm.[4]
Frutti
Le pigne maturano in circa due anni, rilasciando i semi solo in seguito a incendi boschivi. Lunghe 3,5-5, sono ricurve in alto, lisce, quasi sessili e asimmetriche, lanceolate da chiuse, ovoidali da aperte e di colore variabile dal marrone chiaro al giallo-verdastro; la maggior parte delle apofisi sono depresse, così come i piccoli umboni, privi o quasi di spine. I semi sono obovoidali, compressi, obliqui, lunghi 4-5 mm, di colore marrone-nero e con parte alata lunga 10-12 mm.[4]
Corteccia
La corteccia è di colore variabile da arancione a rosso-marrone, rugosa.[4]
Distribuzione e habitat
Questo pino cresce nelle regioni boreali e sub-artiche del Nordamerica a quote comprese tra il livello del mare e gli 800 m; a parte la Nuova Scozia, il clima di riferimento è quello continentale caratterizzato da estati corte e calde e inverni molto lunghi e rigidi, con le poche precipitazioni che cadono per il 50 % sotto forma di neve. Vegeta su suoli secchi e sabbiosi, ma anche su substrati rocciosi caratterizzati da graniti, da rocce metamorfiche o da torba. È una specie molto resistente agli incendi boschivi, frequenti nella taiga, avvalendosi del calore del fuoco per aprire le pigne e rilasciare i semi utili alla rigenerazione per avvantagiarsi sulle altre specie arboree in competizione. Può formare foreste pure o miste in associazione con altre conifere come Picea mariana, Picea glauca, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea e, nella parte meridionale dell'areale, con Pinus resinosa; tra le caducifoglie, coabita con Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum e specie del genere Quercus.[1]
Tassonomia
Può ibridizzarsi naturalmente con P. contorta, dando forma a esemplari morfologicamente leggermente diversi e che riescono a vegetare a altitudini superiori; in questo processo di ibridizzazione il ruolo di P. banksiana è esclusivamente maschile, mentre il ruolo di P. contorta è esclusivamente femminile. Questo ibrido, descritto già nel 1949, viene accettato con il nome di Pinus × murraybanksiana[4]
Sinonimi
Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[5]
-
Pinus banksiana f. procumbens J.Rousseau
-
Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Dum.Cours.
-
Pinus divaricata f. procumbens (J.Rousseau) B.Boivin
-
Pinus hudsonica Poir.
-
Pinus rupestris Michx.f.
-
Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Aiton
Usi
Nonostante le sue dimensioni contenute, il suo legno ha una notevole importanza economica nell'industria cartaria e in carpenteria, principalmente per la sua abbondanza e ubiquità, secondariamente per la sua celere capacità rigenerativa, che la rendono una specie con buone rese per ettaro. Viene utilizzato anche in falegnameria per la realizzazione di containers, pancali, casse e pannelli in legno. Introdotto in Europa nel 1785, ha avuto uno sviluppo limitato in orticoltura, rimanendo confinato negli arboreti dei giardini botanici; esistono diverse cultivars in commercio e in Nordamerica viene utilizzato nella riforestazione di aree degradate.[1]
Conservazione
Con un areale molto esteso, e localmente molto abbondante come popolazione, il pino di Banks è la specie di Pinus più comune in Nordamerica. Per questi motivi è classificata come specie a rischio minimo nella lista rossa IUCN.[1]
Note
-
^ a b c d e (EN) Farjon, A. 2013, Pinus banksiana, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2020.
-
^ Pinus, su American Conifer Society. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2020.
-
^ Pinus banksiana / jack pine, su American Conifer Society. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2020.
-
^ a b c d e f Pinus banksiana Lambert 1803, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2020.
-
^ Pinus banksiana Lamb., in Plants of the world. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2020.
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Pinus banksiana: Brief Summary
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
Il Pino di Banks (Pinus banksiana Lamb., 1803) è un pino nativo del Nordamerica, presente negli Stati Uniti (New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Maine, New York, Indiana, Michigan e Minnesota) e nel Canada (Ontario, Québec, Nuovo Brunswick, Manitoba, Columbia Britannica, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Territori del Nord-Ovest e Nuova Scozia).
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Banksfuru
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Banksfuru (Pinus banksiana) er et bartre i furufamilien som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.
Den blir opptil 27 m høy med en stammediameter på 60 cm. Krona er glissen og uregelmessig. Barken er oransjegrå med vertikale furer. Nålene sitter parvis og er 2–5 cm lange og vridde. Konglene er 3–5,5 cm lange.[1][2][3]
Banksfuru vokser i rene bestander og er en pionerart som vokser fram etter skogbrann og andre forstyrrelser. Den kan også vokse sammen med andre trær som borreeik, rødfuru, amerikaosp, papirbjørk, rødeik, weymouthfuru, rødlønn, balsamgran, kvitgran, svartgran, amerikalerk og balsampoppel.[4]
Det meste av utbredelsesområdet ligger i Canada der nordgrensa strekker seg fra Mackenzie-elva i Nordvestterritoriene østover til Cape Breton i Nova Scotia. Sørgrensa går møt sørvest gjennom Maine, New Hampshire, nordlige New York, sentrale Québec og nordlige Ontario, Michigan, aller lengst nordvest i Indiana og nordøstlige Illinois, så mot nordvest gjennom Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan og sentrale Alberta til lengst nordøst i Britisk Columbia.[4][3]
Navnet hedrer den engelske vitenskapsmannen Joseph Banks.[2]
Galleri
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
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Banksfuru: Brief Summary
(
Norueguês
)
fornecido por wikipedia NO
Banksfuru (Pinus banksiana) er et bartre i furufamilien som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika.
Den blir opptil 27 m høy med en stammediameter på 60 cm. Krona er glissen og uregelmessig. Barken er oransjegrå med vertikale furer. Nålene sitter parvis og er 2–5 cm lange og vridde. Konglene er 3–5,5 cm lange.
Banksfuru vokser i rene bestander og er en pionerart som vokser fram etter skogbrann og andre forstyrrelser. Den kan også vokse sammen med andre trær som borreeik, rødfuru, amerikaosp, papirbjørk, rødeik, weymouthfuru, rødlønn, balsamgran, kvitgran, svartgran, amerikalerk og balsampoppel.
Det meste av utbredelsesområdet ligger i Canada der nordgrensa strekker seg fra Mackenzie-elva i Nordvestterritoriene østover til Cape Breton i Nova Scotia. Sørgrensa går møt sørvest gjennom Maine, New Hampshire, nordlige New York, sentrale Québec og nordlige Ontario, Michigan, aller lengst nordvest i Indiana og nordøstlige Illinois, så mot nordvest gjennom Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan og sentrale Alberta til lengst nordøst i Britisk Columbia.
Navnet hedrer den engelske vitenskapsmannen Joseph Banks.
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Sosna Banksa
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sosna Banksa (banka, Pinus banksiana Lamb.) - gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych. Sosna Banksa pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje w stanie dzikim w centralnej Kanadzie na wschód od Gór Skalistych od Terytoriów Północno-Zachodnich do Nowej Szkocji oraz na północno-wschodnich obszarach USA od stanu Minnesota do Maine, sięgając północno-zachodnich krańców stanu Indiana.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Drzewo wiecznie zielone, wolno rosnące, średnich rozmiarów. Pokrój drzewa początkowo stożkowaty, z czasem nieregularny, przyjmuje formy od strzelistych po krzaczaste.
- Pień
- Osiąga wysokość od 9 do 22, wyjątkowo 25 metrów. Średnica pnia do 0,9 m. Kora ciemna, łuszczy się drobnymi płatami.
- Liście
- Pąki jajowate, czerwono-brązowe, żywiczne, długości 0,5–1 cm. Igły zebrane w pęczki po 2, cienkie lecz sztywne, długości 2,5–4(5) cm, grubości 1–1,5 mm, lekko skręcone, ciemnozielone, zimą jaśniejsze. Pozostają na drzewie 2–3 lata. Pochewka liściowa rozmiarów 0,3–0,6 cm.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, żółto-zielone, wyrastają w grupach na końcach gałązek. Szyszki żeńskie początkowo owalne, czerwonawe. Dojrzewając dorastają do 3–5(5,5) cm długości, są jasnobrązowe, charakterystycznie zakrzywione, spiczaste. Tarczki łusek są spłaszczone, pozbawione kolców lub z niewielkim, delikatnym kolcem, który odpada przeważnie zanim szyszka dojrzeje. Nasiona ciemnobrązowe, prawie czarne, długości 4–5 mm, ze skrzydełkiem długości 10–12 mm.
Zamknięte szyszki nasienne
- Gatunki podobne
- Blisko spokrewniona sosna wydmowa (P. contorta), odróżnić ją można po szyszkach nasiennych opatrzonych przeważnie kolczastymi wyrostkami.
Biologia i ekologia
Gatunek jednopienny. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat od zapylenia i zaraz potem uwalniają nasiona lub pozostają na gałęziach przez lata, otwierając się dopiero pod wpływem wysokiej temperatury towarzyszącej pożarowi lasu. W ten sposób następuje naturalne odnowienie zniszczonego pożarem drzewostanu.
Gatunek światłolubny, odporny na mrozy. Rośnie na ubogich, piaszczystych i kamienistych glebach równin i wzgórz na wysokości 0–800 m n.p.m. Tworzy jednogatunkowe lub mieszane lasy tajgi i lasotundry. Na wschodnich krańcach zasięgu rośnie w klimacie morskim, poza tym w różnych typach klimatu kontynentalnego.
![src=]()
Lasówka szaro-żółta na sośnie Banksa
Lasówka szaro-żółta Dendroica kirtlandii z rodziny lasówkowatych (Parulidae) jest zagrożonym gatunkiem ptaka uzależnionym od występowania jednogatunkowych stanowisk młodej sosny Banksa na północnych krańcach Dolnego Półwyspu stanu Michigan. W wyniku zapobiegania i tłumienia pożarów lasu na tym terenie zaczęły zanikać stanowiska młodych sosen, a tym samym naturalne siedlisko lasówki. Aby uchronić ten gatunek ptaka przed wyginięciem przeprowadzane są w centralnym Michigan kontrolowane pożary lasów sosnowych.
Sosna Banksa uznawana jest za potencjalne zagrożenie dla rodzimych gatunków borowych rosnących na ubogich siedliskach, ze względu na łatwość samosiewu i niewielkie wymagania glebowe (np. Puszcza Białowieska).
Nazewnictwo
Synonimy: Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudworth, P. sylvestris L. var. divaricata Aiton.
Nazwę tej sośnie nadano na cześć Josepha Banksa (1743–1820), który przewodził Towarzystwu Królewskiemu w Londynie w latach 1778–1819.
Systematyka i zmienność
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[2]:
Na zachodnich krańcach obszaru występowania intensywnie krzyżuje się z sosną wydmową (Pinus contorta).
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia w skali całego świata LC (least concern), uznając za gatunek najmniejszej troski, nie spełniający kryteriów gatunków zagrożonych[3][4]. Liczebność populacji jest stabilna.
Zastosowanie
- W Polsce sadzona jako drzewo ozdobne, rzadziej w lasach na skrajnie ubogich siedliskach oraz na wydmach.
- Wprowadzona do uprawy w Europie pod koniec XVIII wieku w celu zalesiania najuboższych stanowisk. Ze względu na niską jakość techniczną surowca wypierana jest w Polsce z wcześniejszych nasadzeń w lasach użytkowych przez rodzime gatunki sosny o lepszych parametrach.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
-
R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2010-02-05].
- Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus banksiana [w:] Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2010-02-05] (ang.).
-
T. D. Rudolph, P. R. Laidly. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus banksiana. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, 1990. Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2010-02-05].
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Sosna Banksa: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Sosna Banksa (banka, Pinus banksiana Lamb.) - gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych. Sosna Banksa pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje w stanie dzikim w centralnej Kanadzie na wschód od Gór Skalistych od Terytoriów Północno-Zachodnich do Nowej Szkocji oraz na północno-wschodnich obszarach USA od stanu Minnesota do Maine, sięgając północno-zachodnich krańców stanu Indiana.
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Pinus banksiana
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pinus banksiana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]
Ver também
Referências
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Pinus banksiana: Brief Summary
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pinus banksiana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
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Pin bancsian
(
Romeno; moldávio; moldavo
)
fornecido por wikipedia RO
Pinul bancsian (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), este un arbore conifer, întâlnit în zonele montane și boreale ale Americii de Nord.
Descriere
Pinul bancsian este un conifer relativ mic, atingând 10–15 m înălțime. Frunzele sunt aciforme, relativ mici, pana la 5 cm.
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Pin bancsian: Brief Summary
(
Romeno; moldávio; moldavo
)
fornecido por wikipedia RO
Pinul bancsian (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), este un arbore conifer, întâlnit în zonele montane și boreale ale Americii de Nord.
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Borovica Banksova
(
Eslovaco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SK
Borovica Banksova (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), je severoamerický druh rodu Pinus (borovica) s dvoma ihlicami vo zväzku a s viacčlánkovanými letorastami (vytvára 2 lôžka za jedno vegetačné obdobie).
Synonymá
Vzhľad
Menší strom, niekedy kerovitého vzrastu, dorastajúci do 20 (25)m, kmeň často krivolaký (podľa pôvodu), vetvy nepravidelné, riedko zachvojené, dve lôžka v jednom roku. Kôra - tenká, čierno-šedá šupinatá borka. pupene smolnaté, 1 cm dlhé, letorasty žltkasté, neskôr sa sfarbujú do hneda. Ihlice po dvoch vo zväzku, veľmi krátke (obvykle 2-3 cm). Šišky prisadnuté, po 2-3 v lôžku, hladké, žltohnedé, neskôr šedé. Niektoré šišky sú serotínne (otvárajú sa napr. pri požiari), tzn., že zostávajú zavreté na strome aj s klíčnymi semenami viac rokov.
Výskyt
Zaberá celú severnú Ameriku od západného k východnému pobrežiu a tvorí tu rozsiahle lesy. V Kanade patrí medzi najrozšírenejšiu borovicu a zasahuje až k severnému polárnemu kruhu.
U nás sa vyskytuje občas aj v lesných porastoch, kam bola vo väčšom meradle pokusne vysadzovaná (na prelome 19. a 20. storočí spolu s americkými druhmi borovicou vejmutovkou a borovicou tuhou) ako náhrada za našu borovicu sosnovú, u ktorej boli v tej dobe pozorované veľké straty na sadeniciach.
Ekológia
Tento druh patrí medzi pionierske druhy, tzn., že obsadzuje holé plochy a bezlesia, v mladosti (cca do 25 rokov) rýchlo rastie, potom sa jej rast spomaľuje a čoskoro začína plodiť. Vyskytuje sa v monokultúrach na chudobných, piesčitých a skalnatých stanovištiach. Je najodolnejšia proti zime a najskromnejšia v požiadavkách na pôdu a klímu.
Využitie
Tento druh sa hodí ako pionierska drevina všade tam, kde sú chudé piesčité a skalnaté pôdy s nedostatkom vlahy. Používa sa na pestovanie v lignikultúrach (porasty určené pre produkciu biomasy s krátkym obmytím). Pre ich introdukciu je potrebné voliť správny pôvod (vhodnou provenienciu) - ako ostatné pri použití väčšiny introdukovaných druhov. V poslednom období sa stále častejšie používa na záhradné a parkové výsadby, pretože svojim nepravidelným habitom vhodne kontrastuje pravidelným krivkám stavieb a výsadieb.
Iné projekty
Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Borovice Banksova na českej Wikipédii.
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Borovica Banksova: Brief Summary
(
Eslovaco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SK
Borovica Banksova (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), je severoamerický druh rodu Pinus (borovica) s dvoma ihlicami vo zväzku a s viacčlánkovanými letorastami (vytvára 2 lôžka za jedno vegetačné obdobie).
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Banks çamı
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Banks çamı (Pinus banksiana), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından anavatanı Kuzey Amerika Kanada’nın batısı, Kayalık Dağları ve Birleşik Devletler olan bir çam türü.
Büyük bir ağaç değildir, 9-22 m’ ye kadar boy yapar. Bazen çalı formundadır. Bu çam türü kumlu topraklarda veya kayalık yerlerde görülür. Kozalaklar uzun yıllar kapalı kalır. İğne yapraklar ikili, sarımsı yeşil ve 2–4 cm uzunluğundadır. Kozalaklar 3–5 cm uzunluğunda, küçükçedir.
Dış bağlantılar
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Banks çamı: Brief Summary
(
Turco
)
fornecido por wikipedia TR
Banks çamı (Pinus banksiana), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından anavatanı Kuzey Amerika Kanada’nın batısı, Kayalık Dağları ve Birleşik Devletler olan bir çam türü.
Büyük bir ağaç değildir, 9-22 m’ ye kadar boy yapar. Bazen çalı formundadır. Bu çam türü kumlu topraklarda veya kayalık yerlerde görülür. Kozalaklar uzun yıllar kapalı kalır. İğne yapraklar ikili, sarımsı yeşil ve 2–4 cm uzunluğundadır. Kozalaklar 3–5 cm uzunluğunda, küçükçedir.
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Сосна Банкса
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
У природних умовах зростає у північно-східному регіоні Північної Америки.
Використання
Сосну Банкса в Україні висаджують на виснажених ґрунтах у суміші з сосною звичайною. Вона швидкоросла, скоростигла, посухостійка, невибаглива до ґрунту[1].
Посилання
-
↑ Сосна Банкса//Бродович Т., Бродович М. Атлас дерев та кущів заходу України. — Львів: Вища школа, 1973. — С. 8.
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Сосна Банкса: Brief Summary
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
![src=]()
Шишки сосни Банкса
У природних умовах зростає у північно-східному регіоні Північної Америки.
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Pinus banksiana
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus banksiana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Lamb. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1803.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Pinus banksiana: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus banksiana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Lamb. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1803.
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Сосна Банкса
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Сосна Банкса
Международное научное название
Pinus banksiana Lamb., 1803
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183319NCBI 3353EOL 1033595GRIN t:28420IPNI 262801-1TPL kew-2563220 Сосна́ Ба́нкса (лат. Pinus banksiana) — вечнозелёное растение, дерево рода Сосна[1] семейства Сосновые. В естественных условиях растёт в северо-восточных районах Северной Америки.
Описание
Названа в честь известного английского натуралиста и ботаника Джозефа Банкса (1743—1820), директора Kew Gardens (Англия). Помимо официального названия сосна Банкса имеет очень много неофициальных: сосна блэк джек, канадская роговая сосна, сосна Гудзонова залива, лабрадорская сосна, северная низкорослая сосна, сосна принцессы, щеголеватая сосна. Обычно дерево вырастает до 20 метров высотой и толщиной до 25 см, очень редко встречаются выдающиеся экземпляры высотой до 30 метров и толщиной до 60 см. Засухо и морозоустойчива, нетребовательна к почвам, выдерживает даже слабую засолённось[2].
Хвоинки изогнуты, расположены по две в пучке, короткие, длиной 2—4 см, толщиной 1—1,5 мм. Шишки небольшие, изогнутые, с заострённым концом, до 4,5 см длиной, долго остаются нераскрытыми на дереве. Крона разреженная, овальной формы, у старых деревьев — более раскидистая[3].
Распространение
В естественных условиях произрастает в Канаде к востоку от Скалистых гор, от Северо-Западных территорий на севере до Новой Шотландии на юге. Широко распространено также на северо-востоке США от Миннесоты до штата Мэн. Самый южный ареал доходит до северо-запада штата Индиана.
Полный список провинций и территорий Канады, где произрастает сосна Банкса:
Полный список штатов США, где произрастает сосна Банкса:
В Европу сосна Банкса была ввезена в 1785 году.[5]
В культуре
Зоны морозостойкости: от 4 до более тёплых[6].
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Сосна Банкса: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Сосна́ Ба́нкса (лат. Pinus banksiana) — вечнозелёное растение, дерево рода Сосна семейства Сосновые. В естественных условиях растёт в северо-восточных районах Северной Америки.
![src=]()
Хвоя сосны Банкса
![src=]()
Шишки сосны Банкса
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北美短叶松
(
Chinês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
北美短叶松: Brief Summary
(
Chinês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
北美短叶松（学名：Pinus banksiana），又名班克松、短叶松，是松科松属的植物。原产北美，现在中国大陆的青岛、庐山、抚顺、熊岳、南京、北京等地已由人工引种栽培。
バンクスマツ
(
Japonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
バンクスマツ
若い個体の樹形
保全状況評価 LOWER RISK - Least Concern (IUCN Red List Ver.2.3 (1994)) 
分類 界 :
植物界 Plantae 門 :
裸子植物門 Pinophyta 亜門 :
マツ亜門 Pinophytina 綱 :
マツ綱 Pinopsida 亜綱 :
マツ亜綱 Pinidae 目 : マツ目
Pinales 科 :
マツ科 Pinaceae 属 :
マツ属 Pinus 亜属 :
Pinus 節 :
Contortae 種 :
バンクスマツ P.banksiana 学名 Pinus banksiana Lamb.
和名 バンクスマツ 英名 Jack Pine
Pinus banksianaの分布図
バンクスマツ (Pinus banksiana)はマツ科マツ属の樹木である。
名前と分類[編集]
マツ科マツ属に属するマツ（松）の一種。マツ属の中では複維管束亜属に分類される。
以下の1種類のマツとの間に雑種が確認されており[1]、比較的近縁であると考えられている。このほかにバージニアマツ (Pinus virginiana)、テーダマツ (P. taeda)、クロマツ (P. thunbergiana)との間で交雑したという報告もあるが、いずれも正確な確認が取れていない[2]。
学名Pinus banksiana の種小名 banksiana はイギリスの著名な植物学者ジョゼフ・バンクス(Joseph Banks)に由来する[3]。和名もこれに由来するバンクスマツが一般的。
北米大陸北部、ロッキー山脈(Rocky Mountains)以東のカナダの広い範囲およびアメリカ合衆国北東部のミネソタ州 (Minnesota) からメイン州 (Maine) にかけての地域を原産地とする。カナダにおいては最も広い範囲に分布しているマツ[4]。本種は広く分布しているが、連続して分布していない。カナダにおいてはオンタリオ州 (Ontario) でもっとも個体数が多く、アメリカではミネソタ州 (Minnesota)、ウィスコンシン州 (Wisconsin)、ミシガン州 (Michigan) 一帯に最大面積を持つ分布域がある[5]。
分布域の東部では海洋性気候であるが、他は大陸性気候である。夏は暖かいというよりも涼しいくらいで冬はとても寒く、降水量は少ない。1月と7月の平均気温はそれぞれ、-30℃から-5℃と15℃から20℃ほどである。1年を通じての最高気温は30℃から38℃で、最低気温は-20℃から場所によっては-45℃にまで下がる[6]。年間平均気温は-5℃から5℃である[5]。分布域の北限は年間最高気温30℃の等温線とほぼ一緒である。分布域の北限は永久凍土地帯である[6]。年間平均降水量は場所により250 mmから1400 mmであるが、400-900 mmの範囲に収まる場所が多い。このうち雨は150-650 mmである。降雪量は低いところで80 cm、高いところでは5 mに達するが、一般的には100-250 cmの範囲の場所が多い。夏場の乾燥は分布域の中南部や西部の一部では一般的である[6]。霜が消えるのは地域によって4月下旬から7月上旬であり、最初に霜が降りるのは8月中旬から10月下旬である。このため霜の下りない期間は短いところで50日弱から長いところで半年ほどである。多くの場所は3カ月から4カ月程度の範囲に収まる。分布域の北西から南東にかけての地域では一般的に気温と降水量、霜が降りない期間は増加している[6]。
土壌ではとても乾燥して砂や砂利で構成されるような他の植物がとても生きていけないようなところでも生育できる。だが、本種が最も生長できるのは水はけのよい肥沃な砂地で、真夏には地下水面が地表から1 - 2 m程度のところにあるところである。アルカリ性の土壌は好まないが、根に菌根が形成されていれば石灰岩のようなアルカリ土壌でも生育する。
後述のように火災に適応したマツであり、火災の頻度が高いと条件が悪くとも優勢となりえる。火災が頻発していたカナダ南東部のある地域では、水はけの悪い粘土質の土壌が広がっているが本種は生育しており、特に栄養豊富な乾燥気味の場所では競合種のレジノーサマツ(Pinus resinosa)よりも優勢であるという[6]。
コントルタマツと並び北米のマツとしては最も北に分布する種類である。コントルタマツの分布の中心はロッキー山脈よりも西側で、本種とはロッキー山脈近くの一部で分布域が重なる。前述のように両者は自然状態でも雑種を形成し、カナダのアルバータ州中部や北西部で見られるという[6][7][8]。サスカチュワン州にもところどころではあるが分布しているという報告がある[9][10]
後述のように木材生産用の樹種としてはあまり重要視されず、他国への積極的な移入は行われていない。日本では東北や北海道を中心とした比較的寒冷な場所の演習林、植物園や公園で少数の生体を見ることが出来る。
成木の樹高は9-22 mと幅が大きい。条件が悪い場所では成長が悪く、低木並みのところもある。樹冠は不規則で、四方八方に枝を伸ばすことがしばしば見られる。樹皮は白っぽい灰色で鱗状に荒く裂ける。
二針葉マツ。針葉は2枚が束生する。葉の長さは2-4 cmとかなり短い。これはアカマツやクロマツはもとより、ヒメコマツ (P. parviflora Sieb. et Zucc., ゴヨウマツとも)の葉と比べても短くマツ属 (Pinus) ではなく、モミ属 (Abies) やツガ属 (Tsuga) のそれを思わせる。葉は僅かに湾曲しており、色は僅かに黄色みを帯びた緑色。
他のマツ同様、本種は雌雄同株であり雌花と雄花は同じ株に着く。卵型の雌花は樹冠の上の方の1年生、もしくは2年生の枝に形成される。雄花の樹冠の下の方の3年生の枝に形成される[11]。
球果と枝との接着は強固で、地上に落ちずに何年も樹上に残る。このために樹上には1年中たくさんの球果が付いていることが多い。球果をたくさん付けている点はリギダマツ (P. rigida) やコントルタマツ (P. contorta) など火災に適応した他のマツとよく似ている。特にコントルタマツとは分布域が一部重なり、形態的な特徴や球果が熱で開く点も似ている。葉の長さは本種の方が短い。球果についてはコントルタマツは凹凸が目立ち、本種の球果は滑らかな点に違いがある。
球果の大きさは3-5 cm で形は真っ直ぐなものから勾玉のように湾曲したものまで色々な形がある。小さい時には棘が付いているものの、離れやすく実が熟す前には大抵取れてしまう。1つの球果に入っている種子の数は15個から75個まで幅がある[2]。強く湾曲している球果の中の種子の数は真っ直ぐなものに比べて少ない傾向がある[2]。種子の発育不全は球果の形と関係があるという研究があり、内側に向かって湾曲している球果は外側に湾曲しているそれに比べて2倍の発育不全があるという[12]。1つの球果の鱗片は平均80枚以上であるが、その中で種子を含むのは球果の先端の方の僅か1/3の鱗片だけである[2]。球果および種子の量を左右する要因はたくさんある[6]。受粉の時に雨だと結実が悪くなり、種子の数が減る。球果や種子の発育不全も原因になる[12]。しかし、一番の損失は虫害を受けた結果の発育不全である。健全な球果であっても枝についている基部の方は発育不全の種子ばかりであり、小さな破片でしかない[12]。球果と種はいくつかの指標でその良否を判断できる。具体的には球果の色、大きさ、乾燥重量と生体重量(fresh weight)、比重(specific gravity)、鱗片の色、種子の色、種子の中の幼芽(embryo)の長さなどがあり、これらの情報から種子の成熟具合を決めることが出来る。ウィスコンシン州北東部において球果と種子の成熟具合を示す最も優れた指標となるのは球果の色であり、75%が茶色で鱗片の内側は赤みを帯びた茶色、種子は暗褐色もしくは黒色で球果の含水率は生体重量(fresh weight)で45%以内のものが望ましいとされる。これらの球果と種子の成熟指標が現れるのはリスが種子を集め始める9月上旬とほぼ一致している。良い球果の比重は成熟後しばらくは1よりも大きく、最短でも2月頃までは1よりは小さくならない。このために水選[13]は本種の球果と種子を判定する方法としては不適である[14]。
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樹皮は白っぽい灰色で荒くうろこ状に裂ける。ただし色は個体による変異が大きい
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生活環[編集]
開花と結実[編集]
蕾の形成は当年生の枝で行われる。ウィスコンシン州北部においては7月下旬から8月上旬に始まる。雄花の原基は7月上旬ないし中旬には形成されるが、雌花は8月まで形成されない。9月上旬までに雄花原基は約1 mmまで成長し、この大きさで冬を越す。春になると成長を再開し、花粉を飛ばす直前の5月中旬から6月上旬には約5 mmまで成長する。急激な成長は花粉の飛散とともに起きる。花粉の散布時期は天気に左右されるために年によって大きな変動がある[15]。
受精は受粉の約13カ月後に起こる。これは球果が最大のサイズになるころである[16]。本種は花粉を風に乗って飛ばす風媒花であり、普通は他個体の花と樹分をする（いわゆる他家受粉）。しかし25%以上、まれにもっと多い数の花が自家受粉してしまう[17][18]。球果とその中の種が熟すのは受粉した翌年の成長期の終わりである。前述のように火災などの熱がない限り、この球果は開かず種子を散布することはない。球果は地上に落ちずに樹上に何年もとどまって、火災が発生するのを待つ。
樹皮の厚さは中程度でありそこそこの火災には耐えられる[19]。
本種でとくに有名なのはその球果 (松かさ) の構造であり、強い熱を受けない限り開かないということが知られている。これは樹脂による接着のためで、50℃以上の強い熱に晒されると樹脂の接着がはがれて開く。このような条件になる典型的な条件は火災である。しかしながら、低い枝に着く球果は気温が30℃程度で開くことも可能である。加えて気温が逆に-45℃以下に低下した時も球果は開く。これは球果を接着している樹脂の性質による[6]。
発芽と成長[編集]
他のマツ同様、発芽の時に子葉は地上に出てくる。好適条件下では大抵15日から60日かかって発芽する[6]。しかし、中には100日以上かかるものもある[2]。適度な水分がある森林の条件の場合、気温が18℃に達した時に発芽する。発芽には温度だけでなく光も関係していることが知られている[20][6]。連続して光を照射した場合、16℃から27℃の範囲で正常な発芽が見られた[20]。反対に光を遮断すると全ての温度において発芽率が著しく減少した。火災跡地や伐採跡地で適度に光を遮る切り株?(slash)や倒木は地表温度の上昇や乾燥を緩和して発芽に良い影響を与えていると考えられ、そのような場所では元気な苗が見られることも多い[21]。
森林での条件において実生苗は最初の3年間は成長が遅いが、4年目と5年目には早くなり始める。1年生の苗木は樹高5 cm程度だが、2年目には15 cm、4年目には30-90 cmになる。人工林において2-0年の実生苗の早期生長はもっと早くmedium sitesにおいては年間30-45 cmも生長する[6]。
本種は特定の成長条件下ではほとんどの他のマツよりも早くに花をつけることが出来る[22][23][24]。苗床で最適な条件に近い成長条件で生育させたところ、ごくわずかな割合ではあるが播種後僅か12ヶ月で雌花を形成することが出来た[24]。一方で雄花は同じ条件で実験しても4年生になるまで誘導できなかった。個体間の距離を2.4 mに設定した若い人工林をでは最初の8年間で1 haあたり286万粒もの充実種子（虫食いやシブダネ、シイナではなく健全であり発芽できる可能性のある種子）を貯めることが出来る[25]。天然状態では更地から更新したような開けている場所の場合で5年生から10年生ぐらいで花をつけ始める。林冠が閉塞しているような場所だともっと遅い[6]。
本種は天然の条件下では挿し木や接ぎ木等の無性繁殖を行うことはないが、これらの方法でも増やすことはできる。さし木では若い個体から挿し穂を作るとよく発根するが、挿し穂(ortet)の樹齢が上がるとともに発根率は急速に低下するという報告がある。4年生の実生苗から作った挿し穂は75%が発根した[26]。しかし6年生のものでは7%、10年生になると5%しか発根しなかった[27]。
火災によって更新を計る本種であるが、若い個体は早春に起こる火災に弱い。厳しい乾燥によっても多くの個体が死んでいき、特に粗雑な土壌（coarse soils）で顕著な被害がでる。ミネソタ州北部で約4ヶ月に渡る冠水が起きた結果、樹高1.5 m以下の全ての個体、および樹高1.5-3.7 mの個体でも55%が枯死した。
土壌は発芽の出来を左右する大事な要素である[21][6]。ミネソタ州北部において、土壌の違いによる発芽率の違いを比較した。本種の林を全部伐採したところと一部伐採したところの2か所で発芽率を調べて土壌ごとに平均すると、ミネラルに富む土壌では60%、腐植(duff)の焼けた土壌では49%、腐植を取り除き日陰にした場所では47%、腐食に何も手を加えなかったところでは17%だった[6]。群落を構成する他の樹木は本種の発芽、成長、生存に影響を与え、これはアレロパシーの影響ではないかという見方がある[28]。苗木にとって最適な条件はミネラル豊富な土壌であり、火災で競合種が壊滅的な状態になった場所である[21]。地下水面(water table)は高く、少しの日影があるとよい[6]。
他の植物との関係[編集]
乾燥気味からやや湿った場所では次のような樹種と混生する。Quercus ellipoidalis、Q. macrocarpa、レジノーサマツ (Pinus resinosa)、Poplus grandidentata、アメリカヤマナラシ (P. tremuloides)、アメリカシラカンバ (Betula papyrifera)、Quercus rubra、ストローブマツ (Pinus strobus)、アメリカハナノキ (Acer rubrum)、バルサムモミ (Abies balsamea)、シロトウヒ (Picea glauca)、クロトウヒ (P. mariana)、アメリカカラマツ (Larix larcina)、Populus balsamifera。分布域の北限、北方林(Boreal forest)付近においては特にP. tremuloides、アメリカシラカンバ (B. papyrifera)、バルサムモミ (Abies balsamea)、クロトウヒ (P. mariana) などと混生する。もう少し南に行った北部の森林(northern forest)ではQuercus ellipsoidalis、レジノーサマツ (P. resinosa)、Poplus tremloides、B. papyrifera、バルサムモミ (A. balsamea)など種類が増える。これらの競合種はヤマナラシ類（Populus spp.、英名:aspen）、アメリカシランバ (B. papyrifera)、レジノーサマツ (P. resinosa) を除けば本種よりも下層を占有することが多い[29][6]。アメリカ合衆国北東部ならびにこれに隣接するカナダでは、前述の種に加えてQuercus alba、Prunus pensylvanica、Betula populifolia、アカトウヒ (Picea rubens)、リギダマツ (Pinus rigida)などとも混生する[6]。
若い苗木は草本・木本を問わずに光を求めて競争を行う。本種は典型的な陽樹であり、光を遮られることはすぐに枯死に繋がってしまう。マニトバ州とサスカチュワン州の粘土質の土壌ではヤマナラシ類(Populus spp.)やハシバミ類(Corylus spp.)と競合するが結果は芳しくなく負けてしまうことが多い。マニトバ州の西部でも似た様な土壌でありここでは草本と競合する[21]。
本種は生長してもほとんど林冠を閉塞させないので、林内は明るい。また、葉を落とすことにより土壌が酸性に傾く。このために日当たりと酸性土壌を好むブルーベリーが下層植生としてたくさん生えていることがある。
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アメリカヤマナラシ Populus tremuloides低温耐性が高く分布域はほとんど重なる
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アメリカシラカンバ Betula papyrifera
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クロトウヒ Picea mariana アラスカにて
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バンクスマツを上層木とする森林。林内は比較的明るい
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動物との関係[編集]
生息数が減少しているカートランドアメリカムシクイ (Dendroica kirtlandii) はミシガン州ロウアー半島 (Lower Peninsula) 北部のごく限られた地域にある本種の若い純林で繁殖する。山火事が発生すると人間に消火されてしまうので、本種が十分に更新できず、若い森林が形成されない。このために最近はある程度の面積を皆伐（全部伐採すること）と苗木の植栽を組み合わせることによってこの小鳥の住処を確保している[要出典]。
マツを餌とする動物はたくさんおり、造林上の害獣となる種類も多い。オジロジカ (Odocoileus virginianus) は樹高2mぐらいまでの若い個体を枯死させることがある。カンジキウサギ (Lepus americanus)による食害は大きな被害をもたらすこともあり、特に胸高直径4 cm未満の若い個体が密集していると激害になることがある[21][6]。動物による食害の中でも中でも特に被害の大きいのが、アメリカアカシカ (Cervus canadensis、北米でエルクといった場合はヘラジカではなく本種を指す。)によるもので幹や低い場所に着く枝の樹皮を剥いで食べてしまうことでカナダのマニトバ州西部などでは深刻である[21]。樹皮を剥がされた個体、特に環状に樹皮を剥がされると、本種に限らず枯死してしまうことはよく知られており、「巻き枯らし」と呼ばれる。ヤマアラシによる食害 は樹齢の高い林地で広範囲に当たり被害をもたらすことがある[30]。
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オジロジカ Odocoileus virginianus 名の通り尾が白い
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昆虫との関係[編集]
たくさんの昆虫がマツの様々な部分を食べて、生存を左右する。以下に主な昆虫を挙げる。
根を穿孔してしまう昆虫はゾウムシの仲間である Hylobius pales、H. radicis、H. rhizophagus、H. warreniなど[31]。枝や幹を穿孔してしまうのはゾウムシの仲間 Pissodes approximatus、P. storobi, やアリの仲間 Formica exsecoides など[20]。
葉を食べるものとしてはマツノキハバチ (Neodiprion sertifer)、N. pratti banksianae、N. swainei、N. lecontei, N. dubiosus, N. nanulus nanulus, Diprion similusなどがおり、これらは皆ハバチの仲間である。 他にもコガネムシの一種Anomala obliviaや、ガの仲間Pococera robustellaがいる[32]。Argyrotaenia tabulana、Exoteleia pinifoliella、Zelleria haimbachiなどは針葉に潜り込んで葉を食べる[33]。このために英語ではneedle miner (意訳：針葉の炭坑作業員)などと呼ばれる。
根を食べるものにはコガネムシ科コフキコガネ亜科のPhyllophaga spp.を中心に[9]、 Cecidomyia reeksi, C. piniinopisなどがおり、カイガラムシには Nuculaspis california、Chionaspis pinifoliae、Toumeyella parvicornis、Aphrophora parallela、A. saratogensis、Pineus coloradensisなどがいる[10]。
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Exoteleia pinifoliella マツの葉に潜って食べ進む
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Pococera robustella の幼虫は成長すると巣を作り、そこに潜む。
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微生物との関係[編集]
他の多くのマツと同様、いくつかのキノコと共生し菌根を形成することが知られている。菌根の形成により、水分や栄養分の吸収能力の向上、菌糸の生産する化学物質による病原菌からの保護などが利点として考えられている。一方でいくつかの菌類はマツに寄生し、病原性を発揮する。Phellinus pini、カイメンタケ (Phaeolus schweintzii)、 ツガサルノコシカケ (Fomitopsis pinicola) 、ナラタケ (Armillaria mellea)やマツノネクチタケ (''Heterobasidion annosum) である[34]。特にカイメンタケやマツノネクチタケが引き起こすものは根株心腐病、ナラタケが引き起こすものはならたけ病といい、本種に限らず多くの樹木で問題になる。
本種が若い時にかかる主な病気には以下のようなものがある。葉のさび病はColoosporium asterumが原因であり、発症すると落葉する。Diplodia pineaやSircoccus strobillnusや苗床にいるような若い個体で胴枯病（blight）を引き起こす。Gremmeniella abientinaが引き起こす腫瘍病（en:Scleroderris canker）は苗床や若い植林地で大きな被害をもたらし、この病気に対応する術を持たなかった時代には激害地に植林すると平均40%あまりの苗木がこの病気で枯死していた[34]。この病気は針葉の付け根を黄色くするのが外見的な特徴である[35]。なお、同じ菌による病害は日本でも問題になっている。特に北海道のトドマツ (Abies sachalinensis) で問題になっており、トドマツ枝枯病の名を持つ[36]
本種は成長が阻害される程度から、大量死を招くものまで様々な種類のさび病に感染しやすい。これらは苗床で蔓延することが多い。Croartium comptoniaeが引き起こす発疹さび病(Sweet fern Blister Rust)は時に多くの苗木を枯死させる。この菌はマツとヤマモモ科の低木 Comptonia peregrina (英名：sweet fern) との間で交互に感染して過ごす。この病気は年取った個体には影響を与えない傾向がある[35]。もっと流行しているのはC. quercuum を原因としナラ類と交互に感染するさび病で英名をEastern Gallという。酷い時には50%近くの苗木がこの病気に感染し、幹に瘤(gall)を形成して多数枯死してしまうことがある。ミネソタ州ではC. colesosporioidesによるcankerも多発している。サビキンの仲間には前記のように2種類以上の植物に交互に感染して過ごすという生活環を持つものが多いが、Endocronartium harknessiiはマツからマツへと感染することが出来る。この菌による病気はWestern Gallと呼ばれる。このような菌は早期に蔓延してしまうことが考えられ、危惧されている[34]。
コントルタマツとの雑種は発疹さび病 とEastern Gallに対する感受性が純粋なものよりも高くなることが確認されている[20][37]。
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ヤマモモ科のComptonia peregrina、サビキンの一方の宿主である
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発疹さび病を発病したモンチコラマツ P. monticola。本種に発生するものとは原因菌が違うが症状としては同じようなものである。
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重大な病害Scleroderris canker。色々な針葉樹に発生する
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ナラタケ Armillaria mellea は優秀な食用菌としての面と森林病原菌としての面を持つ
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マツノネクチタケ Heterobasidion annosumは多くの針葉樹を腐朽させる
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ツガサルノコシカケ Fomitopsis pinicola
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カイメンタケ Phaeolus schweintzii
他のマツと同じように、木材として使われる。本種の木材は瘤による変形が多く、腐朽に対する耐性も高くない。このため木材としてだけではなく、粉砕してパルプや燃料とするなど、やや低級な使い方もされる。電柱に使われることもある[3]。
関連項目[編集]
- 本種の分布域北限の森林は北方林と呼ばれ、温帯林とはまた違った様相を呈す。最近はタイガと呼ばれることも多いようであるが、タイガは元来シベリアのものだけで、北アメリカのものは指さない。
参考文献・資料[編集]
- Wikipedia 英語版 en:Jack pine
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service "Jack Pine"
- Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Pinus banksiana. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- Burns, R.M. 1990. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1 Conifers. USDS.
- National Geographic Field guide to tree's of North America.
- 林業技術ハンドブック(2001) 全国林業改良普及協会
[
ヘルプ]
-
^ Righter, F. I., and Palmer Stockwell. 1949. The fertile species hybrid, Pinus murraybanksiana. Madroño 10:65-69.
- ^ a b c d e Rudolph, T. D., and C. W. Yeatman. 1982. Genetics of jack pine. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper WO-38. Washington, DC. 60 p.
- ^ a b Center for Wood Anatomy Research. “Pinus banksiana Lamb.”. United States Forest Service. ^ Hosie, R. C. 1979. Native trees of Canada. 8th ed. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, in cooperation with Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, ON. 380 p.
- ^ a b Schoenike, Roland E. 1976. Geographic variation in jack pine. University of Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 304. St. Paul, MN. 49 p
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rudolf, Paul 0. 1965. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 338-354. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 2 7 1. Washington, DC
-
^ Critchfield, William B., and Elbert L. Little, Jr. 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 991. Washington, DC. 97 p.
-
^ Scotter, George W. 1974. Distribution of pine (Pinus spp.) in the south Nahanni and Flat Rivers Region, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4:555-557.
- ^ a b Argus, G. W. 1966. Botanical investigations in northeastern Saskatchewan: the subarctic Patterson-Hasbala Lakes region. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80:119-143.
- ^ a b Argus, G. W., and H. M. Raup. The Lake Athabaska sand dunes of Saskatchewan and Alberta. II. The flora and the origin of endemism. Draft.
-
^ Doak, Clifton Childress. 1935. Evolution of foliar types, dwarf shoots, and cone scales of Pinus. Illinois Biological Monographs 13:1-106
- ^ a b c Cecich, Robert A. 1979. Ovule development and abortion in Pinus banksiana. In Proceedings, IUFRO Symposium on Flowering and Seed Development in Forest Trees, May 1518, 1978, Starkville, Mississippi. p. 33-40. Frank Bonner, ed. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.
-
^ 英:flotation techniques, 水もしくは食塩水等の水溶液に種子を浮かべて種子の良否を判定する手法。一般には溶液に沈んだ種子を良いものと判断する。
-
^ Cecich, Robert A., and Thomas D. Rudolph. 1982. Time of jack pine seed maturity in Lake States provenances. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12:368-373.
-
^ Curtis, John D., and Richard A. Popham. 1972. The developmental anatomy of long-branch terminal buds of Pinus banksiana. American Journal of Botany 59:194-202
-
^ Ferguson, M. C. 1904. Contributions to the knowledge of the life history of Pinus with special reference to sporogenesis, the development of the gametophytes and fertilization. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6:1-202
-
^ Fowler, D. P. 1965. Natural self-fertilization in three jack pines and its implications in seed orchard management. Forest Science 11:55-58
-
^ Rudolph, Thomas D. 1966. Segregation for chlorophyll deficiencies and other phenodeviants in the X1 and X2 generations on irradiated jack pine. In Joint Proceedings, Second Genetics Workshop, Society of American Foresters and Seventh Lake States Forest Tree Improvement Conference. p. 18-23. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NC-6. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN.
-
^ Brown, Arthur A.; Davis, Kenneth P. 1973. Forest fire control and use. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 686 p.
- ^ a b c d Ackerman, R. F., and J. L. Farrar. 1965. The effect of light and temperature on the germination of jack pine and lodgepole pine seeds. University of Toronto Faculty of Forestry, Technical Report 5. Toronto, ON. 41 p.
- ^ a b c d e f Cayford, J. H., Z. Chrosciewicz, and H. P. Sims. 1967. A review of silvicultural research in jack pine. Forestry Branch Publication 1173. Canadian Department Forestry and Rural Development, Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, ON. 209 p.
-
^ Jeffers, R. M., and H. Nienstaedt. 1972. Precocious flowering and height growth of jack pine full-sib families. In Proceedings, IUFRO Meeting of the Working Party on Progeny Testing, Macon, GA. p. 19-33.
-
^ Rudolph, Thomas D. 1966. Stimulation of earlier flowering and seed production in jack pine seedlings through greenhouse and nursery culture. In Joint Proceedings, Second Genetic Workshop, Society of American Foresters and Seventh Lake States Forest Tree Improvement Conference. p. 80-83. USDA
- ^ a b Rudolph, T. D. 1979. Female strobili on 12-month-old jack pine. Tree Planters' Notes 30:24-26.
-
^ Rudolph, Thomas D. 1979. Seed production in the first eight years and frequency of natural selfing in a simulated jack pine seedling seed orchard. In Proceedings, Thirteenth Lake States Forest Tree Improvement Conference, August 1977, St. Paul, Minnesota. p. 33-47. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN.
-
^ Armson, K. A., J. Perez de la Garza, and R. J. Fessenden. 1975. Rooting cuttings of conifer seedlings. Forestry Chronicle 51:109-110.
-
^ Zsuffa, L. 1974. Rooting of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) cuttings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4:557-561.
-
^ Brown, Robert Thorson. 1967. Influence of naturally occurring compounds on germination and growth of jack pine. Ecology 48:542-546.
-
^ Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p
-
^ Schoenike, Roland E. 1976. Geographic variation in jack pine. University of Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 304. St. Paul, MN. 49 p.
-
^ Anonymous. 1977. Atelier de travail sur l'aménagement du pin gris. Quebec Ministère Terres et Forêts/Pêches et Environment, Canada, Service des Forêts Val-d'Or. 372 p
-
^ Alban, David H., and Paul R. Laidly. 1982. Generalized biomass equations for jack pine and red pine in the Lake States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12:913-921.
-
^ Anderson, Neil A., and Ralph L. Anderson. 1965. The susceptibility of jack pine and lodgepole pine and their hybrids to sweetfern rust and eastern gall rust. USDA Forest Service, Research Note LS-56. Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 4 p.
- ^ a b c Skilling, D. D. 1981. Personal communication.
- ^ a b Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
-
^ 林業技術ハンドブック p. 989
-
^ Yeatman, C. W. 1974. The jack pine genetics program at Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, 1950-1970. Canadian Forestry Service, Publication 1331. Ottawa, ON. 30 p.
外部リンク[編集]
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ウィキスピーシーズに
バンクスマツに関する情報があります。
![src=]()
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、
バンクスマツに関連する
メディアおよび
カテゴリがあります。
バンクスマツ: Brief Summary
(
Japonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
バンクスマツ (Pinus banksiana)はマツ科マツ属の樹木である。
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Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu borovice Banksova ve Wikimedia Commons
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Borovica Banksova
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
分類 界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 裸子植物門 Pinophyta 亜門 : マツ亜門 Pinophytina 綱 : マツ綱 Pinopsida 亜綱 : マツ亜綱 Pinidae 目 : マツ目 Pinales 科 : マツ科 Pinaceae 属 : マツ属 Pinus 亜属 : Pinus 節 : Contortae 種 : バンクスマツ P.banksiana 学名 Pinus banksiana
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