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Description ( Inglês )

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This toad has a small body with stout limbs. Fingers are free from webbing, while toes are half webbed. Parotoid glands are ovular to triangular, and the warts are low, rounded and white. The dorsal surface is almost entirely black, with the exception of a white stripe running from between the eyes to the vent. The hind legs are almost completely black, while the rest of the underside is heavily to lightly mottled starting from the vent towards the throat.See another account at californiaherps.com (http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/a.exsul.html).

Referência

Bury, R.B., Dodd, C.K., Jr. and Fellers, G.M. (1980). Conservation of the Amphibia of the United States. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication, 134 Washington DC.

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Distribution and Habitat ( Inglês )

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Only known to exist in Deep Springs, Ca. Deep Springs is located in northeastern Inyo County, California.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

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Introduced predators such as bullfrogs could destroy this species. Damage to habitat caused by livestock is also a great threat. Burning the marshes surrounding the springs or changing the flow of the water channels would destroy the toad’s only habitat.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

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Lives in and around warm sulfurous springs in the Deep Springs valley. It is believed to breed in March. This toad lives near water and uses streams/pools for safety. It avoids uncovered areas, such as rocky streambeds or open ground.
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Relation to Humans ( Inglês )

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Exists only near Deep Springs College. Care should be taken by conservationists and the local residents to maintain the only habitat of this species.
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Anaxyrus exsul ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Anaxyrus exsul és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Califòrnia.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Anaxyrus exsul Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata



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Anaxyrus exsul: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Anaxyrus exsul és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Califòrnia.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

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Black toad ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The black toad (Anaxyrus exsul), also known as the Inyo toad or Deep Springs toad, is a true toad that lives only in scattered oases in the Deep Springs Valley of Inyo County, California.[1][3][4] In fact, its original scientific name, Bufo exsul, means "exiled toad," which refers to its species' isolation in a tiny spot in the high desert wilderness of the Californian Great Basin.[4]

Description

The toad's black skin is covered in white and tan speckles and it sports a white midline down its spine from head to rump. Adults are approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length. They are active during the warmer months and overwinter underground near their native springs. This species walks rather than hops, and never strays far from water. Male black toads do not have vocal sacs and do not make a real advertisement call, but rather a small chirping noise as a territorial call around other males; much like its close relative the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas).

Conservation status

The habitat of the black toad is relatively intact, however it is still considered a vulnerable species because although it is abundant within its habitat, the black toad has a very limited range.[1] Deep Springs College continues a program to care for the wild population of this species, and owns much of the land where its habitat is found.[5] Livestock grazing has occurred in much of the toad habitat for more than one hundred years, and grazing, vegetation management, and irrigation have been suggested as possibly increasing the suitable habitat for the species, which breeds in otherwise comparatively rare open water. As noted in the IUCN Red List,[1] the population of this species was reported to be more or less stable in the early 1970s,[6][7] and no significant change was reported in 1990 or 1999.[8][9] The population at Antelope Springs was once reported to have died out,[10] but was found by researchers in 2003,[9] and is now apparently thriving where vegetation has been maintained in a suitable state. In 1977 it was estimated that there were more than 80,000 individuals in the population.[11]

The toad's primary habitat is watercourses, irrigation ditches, and marshes (grass, sedge, dwarf bulrush, and watercress) formed by waterflow from springs, surrounded by cold desert steppe. Adults are more aquatic than other toad species in California, and breed in shallow marsh and pond waters. The toads retreat to rodent burrows or other refuges in winter.[12] At present, there do not appear to be any major threats to this species. However, potential future threats might include habitat destruction from changes in irrigation schemes or other factors resulting in water table alteration, well-intentioned but non-scientifically based conservation efforts,[9] changes in water availability, recreational vehicle use, collection by humans, changes in grazing regimes and predation by introduced fish.[1] Other desert toads in nearby areas have done well, and even thrived, with more active management.[13] Black toad adults prefer habitats with short plant cover and unobstructed access to still or slowly flowing water.[12] In recent years, fencing some springs to exclude cattle has resulted in an overgrowth of vegetation requiring hand cutting to keep the habitat accessible for toads. The toads have been able to maintain a fairly stable population regardless of changes in agriculture and grazing practices over the past 20 years.[9]

The black toad was federally listed as a species "threatened with extinction" in 1967 by the authority of the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966.[14] Following the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), the species was proposed for a threatened status under the replacement legislation and critical habitat was outlined.[15] However, with the passage of amendments to the ESA in 1978, these materials were invalidated and the window of time for the ESA listing proposal to be finalized lapsed in 1980.[16] At present the black toad is designated as a "Fully Protected" and "Threatened" species of California at the state level only.[17][18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Anaxyrus exsul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T3169A9647112. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T3169A9647112.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  3. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Anaxyrus exsul (Myers, 1942)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  4. ^ a b Nafis, Gary (2000–2015). "Bufo exsul - Black Toad". A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  5. ^ Sahagún, Louis (8 April 2021). "When rare California toads get thirsty for love, this tiny college helps set the mood". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  6. ^ Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. 1980. Conservation of the Amphibia of the United States: a review. Resource Publication: 1-34.
  7. ^ Schuierer, F.W. 1972. The current status of the endangered species Bufo exsul Myers, Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, California. Herpetological Review 4: 81-82.
  8. ^ California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G). 1990. 1989 annual report on the status of California's state listed threatened and endangered plants and animals. California Department of Fish and Game
  9. ^ a b c d Murphy, J.F., Simandle, E.T. and Becker, D.E. 2003. Population status and conservation of the black toad, Bufo exsul. Southwestern Naturalist 48: 54-60.
  10. ^ Stebbins, R.C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
  11. ^ Sherman, C.K. 1980. A comparison of the natural history and mating system of two anurans: Yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) and black toads (Bufo exsul). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  12. ^ a b Schuierer, F. W., and S. C. Anderson. 1990. Population status of Bufo exsul Myers. Herpetological Review 21:57.
  13. ^ Hamilton, Jon (10 November 2010). "All Hopped Up: Town Unites For Toad Revival". npr.org/. NPR. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  14. ^ 32 FR 4001
  15. ^ 42 FR 13567
  16. ^ 45 FR 5782
  17. ^ "Amphibian Conservation - Black Toad". CDFW Inland Deserts Region (Region 6). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Black toad (Bufo exsul)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
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Black toad: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The black toad (Anaxyrus exsul), also known as the Inyo toad or Deep Springs toad, is a true toad that lives only in scattered oases in the Deep Springs Valley of Inyo County, California. In fact, its original scientific name, Bufo exsul, means "exiled toad," which refers to its species' isolation in a tiny spot in the high desert wilderness of the Californian Great Basin.

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Anaxyrus exsul ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus exsul es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae[2]​ que habita en zonas de California, Estados Unidos. La especie está considerada como vulnerable en la lista Roja de la UICN. Se encuentra en peligro de extinción debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Hammerson, G. «Anaxyrus exsul». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2016.
  2. Frost, D.R. «Anaxyrus exsul». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural.

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Anaxyrus exsul: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus exsul es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae​ que habita en zonas de California, Estados Unidos. La especie está considerada como vulnerable en la lista Roja de la UICN. Se encuentra en peligro de extinción debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural.​

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Anaxyrus exsul ( Basco )

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Anaxyrus exsul Anaxyrus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Anaxyrus exsul: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Anaxyrus exsul Anaxyrus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Anaxyrus exsul ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Anaxyrus exsul est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1]. Elle est parfois encore appelée Bufo exsul. Ce crapaud ne vit qu'en Californie aux États-Unis.

Description

Reproduction

La ponte a lieu entre mars et avril, dans des zones d'eau calme et peu profonde. Une seule ponte contient souvent de 120 à 150 œufs. Les têtards réalisent leur métamorphose en adulte vers le mois de juin[2].

Rythme de vie

Anaxyrus exsul est actif du début du printemps à la fin de l'automne mais passe les périodes les plus froides en hibernation. Durant sa période active, il est essentiellement diurne, mais il peut devenir nocturne au cours des périodes les plus chaudes[2].

Distribution et habitat

 src=
Distribution
 src=
La vallée de Deep Springs est l'habitat naturel exclusif d'Anaxyrus exsul

Cette espèce est endémique du comté d'Inyo en Californie, aux États-Unis[3]. Son aire de répartition naturelle est très restreinte, puisqu'elle se limite exclusivement à la vallée de Deep Springs.

Au sein de cette vallée, Anaxyrus exsul est relativement commun et se rencontre dans plusieurs sources alimentant le lac Deep Springs ou à proximité, ainsi que dans les étangs et prairies humides du fond de la vallée. Très inféodé à l'eau, il requiert la proximité d'une source d’eau permanente. Il vit à des altitudes variant de 1515 à 1 580 m[2], correspondant aux zones basses de la vallée.

Publication originale

  • Myers, 1942 : The black toad of Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, California. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, no 460, p. 1-19 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Anaxyrus exsul: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Anaxyrus exsul est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae. Elle est parfois encore appelée Bufo exsul. Ce crapaud ne vit qu'en Californie aux États-Unis.

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Zwarte pad ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

De zwarte pad[2] (Anaxyrus exsul) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae).[3] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door George Sprague Myers in 1942. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Bufo exsul gebruikt. De soort behoorde lange tijd tot het geslacht Bufo.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De meeste exemplaren zijn bijna helemaal zwart en hebben een zeer grillige, landkaartachtige lichtbruine vlekken- en lijnentekening op de rug en poten, maar sommige dieren zijn eerder lichtbruin met zeer grote grillige zwarte vlekken. De kop heeft vaak minder vlekken en de buik is wit met vele grote, zwarte, ronde vlekken. Op het midden van de rug is een duidelijk zichtbare witte tot gele groef aanwezig. De lengte is ongeveer 8 centimeter, de mannetjes blijven kleiner, rond de zes cm.

Levenswijze

Deze soort is een echte kruiper die geen kleine sprongetjes maakt zoals veel andere soorten. Het verspreidingsgebied ligt in de Verenigde Staten in de staat Californië. De pad is actief van maart tot september. In de winter houdt hij een winterslaap ingegraven in een holletje onder de grond. Deze soort is meer aan water gebonden dan andere padden, en wordt vaak aangetroffen in poeltjes, kleine plassen en vennen in bosranden, heidevelden en graslanden; open gebieden met een grassige omgeving. Het voedsel bestaat uit allerlei kleine ongewervelden.[4]

Bedreigingen

Het gaat niet goed met de zwarte pad; het verspreidingsgebied bestaat grotendeels uit versnipperde, geïsoleerde populaties. Er wordt wel alles aan gedaan om de soort te behouden; zo worden in de winter kuddedieren losgelaten die de vegetatie wegvreten om het grassige karakter van het landschap te behouden, en in de zomer zijn deze grazers een bron van mest dat weer insecten aantrekt. Waarschijnlijk is de paddensoort het hardst achteruitgegaan toen de natuurlijke grazers die in de Verenigde Staten voorkwamen, verdwenen en de graslanden dichtgroeiden.

Referenties
  1. (en) Zwarte pad op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 506. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Anaxyrus exsul Gearchiveerd op 2016-11-28.
  4. Amphibia Web, Anaxyrus exsul.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Anaxyrus exsul - Website Geconsulteerd 26 november 2016
  • (en) - Amphibiaweb - Anaxyrus exsul - Website
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Zwarte pad: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De zwarte pad (Anaxyrus exsul) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door George Sprague Myers in 1942. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Bufo exsul gebruikt. De soort behoorde lange tijd tot het geslacht Bufo.

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Anaxyrus exsul ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Anaxyrus exsul é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Bufonidae.[2][3] É considerada vulnerável pela Lista Vermelha da UICN.[1] Está presente em Estados Unidos.[3]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b (2015). Anaxyrus exsul (em inglês). IUCN 2016. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2016 . Página visitada em 26 de Abril de 2016..
  2. Anaxyrus exsul Amphibian Species of the World, versão 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Página acedida em 26 de Abril de 2016
  3. a b Anaxyrus exsul. AmphibiaWeb. Página acedida em 26 de Abril de 2016
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Anaxyrus exsul: Brief Summary ( Português )

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Anaxyrus exsul é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Bufonidae. É considerada vulnerável pela Lista Vermelha da UICN. Está presente em Estados Unidos.

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