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Cuora amboinensis (Daudin 1802)

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 38.2 years (captivity)
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Sensa tìtol ( Anglèis )

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Other common names include Malaysian box turtle, Celebes box turtle, Indonesian box turtle, water box turtle, Siamese box turtle, Vietnamese box turtle, Java box turtle, and Southeast Asian box turtle.

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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Malayan box turtle populations are declining due to the current over-exploitation of turtles for national and international trade in Asian countries. Conservation plans are underway to devise a strategy to stablize this decline. Currently, the American Zoological Association is finalizing plans for a master studbook for the genus Cuora and is considering including private breeders and collectors as suppliers of male turtles. Captive reproduction has been very inconsistent; however, a few husbandry and breeding techniques have been developed for many Asian turtle species, including Cuora amboinensis. Currently, all subspecies of C. amboinensis have been bred successfully in captivity in zoos or private collections. Unfortunately, many of these are isolated instances and the future is uncertain.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Malayan box turtles use the typical anti-predatory behavior characteristic of box turtles - tucking their entire body inside their protective shell. This is possible because of their hinged plastron, which allows the bottom to close very tightly against the top, preventing a predator from harming the vulnerable areas of their arms, legs, and head. They can also swim very well, so the first line of defense used is to flee from perceived danger and hide along the pond or lake bottom.

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Morphology ( Anglèis )

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Cuora amboinensis are most easily recognized by their dark olive or black colored head, with three yellow stripes running along each side. Adult turtles can reach a maximum size of 8". The carapace is uniform in coloring, also expressing a dark olive to black hue, with varying degrees of doming and shape among the different subspecies. C. a. kamarona has a high-domed shell, while C. a. amboinensis and C. a. couro have more elongated and shallow carapaces. C. a. lineata has a distinguishable light colored line running along the the center keel. Juveniles have a flattened carapace with three prominent keels. Adults gradually lose these keels and the carapace becomes more domed.

Sexual dimorphism between males and females is not obvious. Differences between genders are slight and not expressed until the turtle reaches maturity, at 4 or 5 years of age. Generally, males posses a slightly more concave plastron, longer, thicker tails, and larger claws when mature. Females have short, stubby tails and shorter claws.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes shaped differently

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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The longevity of Cuora amboinensis is usually from 25 to 30 years. One specimen was reported to have lived for 38 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
38 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
30 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
38.2 years.

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Unlike most box turtles, Malayan box turtles are extremely aquatic and prefer a warm, wet environment. They are specific to tropical rainforest areas, with a constant temperature between 75 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit, and are never found where temperatures dip below 70 degrees. C. amboinensis are the most aquatic of box turtles in the world, and because they prefer still, warm water, Malayan box turtles are found quite often in rice paddies, marshes, and shallow ponds in these tropical areas.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; temporary pools

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
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Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Malayan box turtles are found only in lowland tropical rainforest areas of Southeast Asia. Four subspecies of Cuora amboinensis occupy different areas within this region. These are C. a. couro, C. a. kamarona, C. a. lineata, and C. a. amboinensis. This habit of extreme habitat-specificity is unique in Asian box turtles, as most also range into alpine regions or areas north of the Tropic of Cancer.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
autor
Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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Malayan box turtles are very similar in diet to other box turtles, preferring an omnivorous meal. A wide variety of greens are eaten, including vegetables, some fruits, mushrooms, and various aquatic plants. They also feed on waxworms, crickets, fish, and many types of insects. Feeding occurs in the water and accomodates their highly aquatic lifestyle. They do not require food on a daily basis, Malayan box turtles eat twice a week without detrimental effects.

Animal Foods: fish; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves

Other Foods: fungus

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
autor
Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
autor
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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Cuora amboinensis are a very popular species of turtle for the pet trade because of their hardiness and current availability; however, this species and many other asian box turtles are being over-exploited at an alarming rate. Malayan box turtles are also harvested to be made into souvenirs in Asian countries. Another benefit to humans is that Malayan box turtles, as with most Asian box turtles, are used extensively as a gourmet food in the Oriental. Unfortunately, this has resulted in a high demand to harvest many wild turtles for human consumption.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
autor
Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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Cuora amboinensis achieves fertilization internally by means of copulation between sexes. Mating occurs in the water. After copulation, females find a moist, well-drained area and dig a nest with their hind feet to lay the eggs in, which usually number from 1 to 5 spherical eggs per nest. The constant, warm temperature is beneficial for more frequent reproduction, and these turtles are capable of laying several nests per year. The incubation time is roughly 76 days between fertilization and hatching. A turtle is able to reproduce once it reaces the age of sexual maturity, which is at 4 or 5 years old.

Breeding interval: Malayan box turtles breed several times each year.

Breeding season: Breeding may occur throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 5.

Average gestation period: 76 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 (high) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 (high) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

After finding a safe nesting spot and laying their eggs, these turtles do not provide any further parental care.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)

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Slepetski, L. 2000. "Cuora amboinensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cuora_amboinensis.html
autor
Lisa Slepetski, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Biology ( Anglèis )

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The South Asian keeled box turtle is primarily nocturnal and spends most of its day hiding under piles of leaf litter along banks of streams (5). It feeds on a wide variety of foods, mainly aquatic plants, but also molluscs and crustaceans, and fallen fruits, fungi and soft invertebrates, such as worms and slugs, when on land (6). Turtles play a central role in their ecosystem food chain, through predation, and as prey for other forest animals (2) (5). They have been observed performing interesting courtship behaviour, whereby the male and female face each other, and with outstretched necks they move their heads in the shape of an infinity symbol (2). However, the male has also been observed being very aggressive during courtship, chasing the female and biting her on the neck (2). Sometimes males attempt to mate with each other, which results in violent fights (6). The nesting seasons are in January to February, and April, during which time around two to three brittle, white eggs are laid. After 67 to 77 days of incubation, tiny hatchlings appear, only up to 5 centimetres long, and contrary to adults which spend as much time on land as they do in the water, juveniles are entirely aquatic (2) (4) (5). In many Cuora species, the survival rate of hatchlings is reported to be very low, as hatchlings, as well as eggs, are an important food source for monitor lizards, herons and some small mammals (5). This is likely to contribute to the low reproductive rate of box turtles. They reach sexual maturity after four to five years and have a life expectancy of between 25 and 30 years (5).
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Conservation ( Anglèis )

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Due to the unsustainable trade in this species, the South Asian box turtle was listed in 2000 on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and thus trade should now be strictly controlled and monitored (3). However, illegal trade still poses a significant problem, for example, Hong Kong documented an illegal import in 2003 of over 10, 000 specimens (7). It is also likely to occur in a number of protected areas throughout its large range, but at present there are no known specific conservation measures in place for this turtle. Hopefully the devastating trade in box turtles can be controlled before numbers of this fascinating reptile decline any further.
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Description ( Anglèis )

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The South Asian box turtle gets its name from the ability to box itself up completely within its shell. This is due to the hinged lower shell, which, like other box turtles, can be folded up when the head is withdrawn, securely protecting the animal from any predators (4). It can grow to over 20 centimetres in length which makes it the largest of the Asian box turtles, which all belong to the genus Cuora (5). The highly domed upper shell, or carapace, is dark olive or black, whilst the lower shell, or plastron, is yellow to light brown, with large dark-brown or black patches toward the outside of each scute (2). The smallish head is olive to dark brown on top, yellow to olive underneath, with three distinctive black stripes running along the side of the head, from the nostrils to the neck. It has a protruding snout and slightly hooked upper jaw (2) (4). The limbs are olive to black and large scales cover the front of the forelimbs. Males can be distinguished from females by their longer, thicker tails, and their slightly smaller size (2).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Mainly inhabits warm aquatic environments, such as marshes, swamps, ponds, pools in streams and flooded rice paddies. It tends to be found in water with soft bottoms and very little current, but as a semi-aquatic turtle they are also capable of moving rapidly on land, and can be found quite far from water (2) (6).
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Range ( Anglèis )

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There are four known subspecies of the South Asian box turtle; Cuora amboinensis amboinensis can be found in Indonesia and the Philippines, C. a. kamaroma occurs in eastern India, the Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Borneo, C. a. couro lives on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra, Thailand, Singapore, southern Myanmar, China and Cambodia, and C. a. lineata occurs in north-eastern Myanmar (5).
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Status ( Anglèis )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats ( Anglèis )

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The main threat to this species, like other box turtles, is over-collection for the food and pet trade. The national and international trade in this species is massive, for example, in 1991, 200,000 South Asian box turtles were exported from Sulawesi alone, and hundreds of thousands have been imported into Hong Kong and China over the last decade. Box turtles are particularly susceptible to overexploitation due to their low reproductive rate, which means they cannot breed fast enough to replace those being taken. Exports for the pet trade are not as great as those for food markets, but still thousands have been exported to Western countries, most of them originating from Indonesia. As well as for human consumption and the pet trade, this species is used for decorative ornaments, and as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine (5). For example, they are often released into ponds at Buddhist temples, particularly in Malaysia (6), and their heads and shells are frequently sold as a tonic after childbirth (5). This unsustainable exploitation has heavily impacted on populations of the South Asian box turtle, and numbers are declining in the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand, and are thought to be verging on extinction in Lao PDR. Numbers are also likely to be decreasing in other parts of its range, but there is a lack of population status and trend data (5). South Asian box turtles are additionally threatened by habitat loss and degradation, through extensive deforestation over much of its range, and human relocation programmes in Indonesia. About 61% of the Indonesian human population was moved from Java to Sumatra, and people have also been relocated to Sulawesi. This increase in human populations, and associated infrastructure and development, is likely to have decreased the amount of habitat available for the turtle (5).
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Cuora amboinensis ( Catalan; Valensian )

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La tortuga de caixa del sud-est asiàtic ( Cuora amboinensis) és una espècie de tortuga de caixa de la família Geoemydidae.

Es distribueix per les Illes Nicobar, est de l'Índia (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tailàndia, Cambodja, Laos, centre i sud del Vietnam, oest de Malàsia, Singapur, Filipines (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negres, Panay, etc.), Indonèsia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, est de Malàsia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, kabupaten Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Oriental, Bali, Palawan i les Moluques), i possiblement Sri Lanka.



Referències

  • Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG) (2000). Cuora amboinensis. Llista Vermella de la UICN, Unió Internacional per a la Conservació de la Natura, 2006. Consultat el 11 May 2006 (en anglès). Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable and the criteria used
  • Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys). Salamandra 41: 21-26. PDF fulltext
  • da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar (2008): Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8): 2037–2049. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 (HTML abstract, PDF first page)
  • Filella, Eduard (1997): Cuora amboinensis la tortuga caja del sudeste asiático y sus subespecies ["C. amboinensis, the southeast Asian box turtle, and its subspecies"]. Reptilia 13: 43-47 [Article in Spanish]Plantilla:Verify source.
  • Fritz, Uwe & Mendau, D. (2002): Ein Gattungsbastard zweier südostasiatischer Schildkröten: Cuora amboinensis kamaroma RUMMLER & FRITZ 1991 × Mauremys annamensis (SIEBENROCK 1903) ["An intergeneric hybrid of two Southeast Asian turtles: C. a. kamaroma × M. annamensis"]. Salamandra 38(3): 129-134 [Article in German]Plantilla:Verify source.


Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cuora amboinensis Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Podeu veure l'entrada corresponent a aquest tàxon, clade o naturalista dins el projecte Wikispecies.
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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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La tortuga de caixa del sud-est asiàtic ( Cuora amboinensis) és una espècie de tortuga de caixa de la família Geoemydidae.

Es distribueix per les Illes Nicobar, est de l'Índia (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tailàndia, Cambodja, Laos, centre i sud del Vietnam, oest de Malàsia, Singapur, Filipines (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negres, Panay, etc.), Indonèsia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, est de Malàsia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, kabupaten Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Oriental, Bali, Palawan i les Moluques), i possiblement Sri Lanka.



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Želva amboinská ( Cech )

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Želva amboinská (Cuora amboinensis), též kuora východoasijská, je druhem rodu Cuora a patří mezi želvy sladkovodní.

Popis

Je hnědě zbarvena, má žluté proužky na hlavě a krku. Karapax má hladký a klenutý se žlutým proužkem na jeho okraji. Plastron má barvu pastelově žlutou s černými a hnědými skvrnami, nevykrojený u ocasu. Končetiny má šedočerné. Na prstech má silné drápy. Samce i samici je nesnadné odlišit. Samci mají delší, tlustší ocas a samičky mají klenutější karapax.[2] Je velká 20 – 25 cm (karapax).[3]

Dokáže se celá uzavřít do krunýře. Někdy se vydá i daleko od vody. Velmi ráda se sluní. Není plachá, lze ji tedy zastihnout na vyčnívajících kamenech a kmenech. Žije asi 15 let. Je aktivní ve dne, k zimnímu spánku se neukládá.[4]

Potrava

Živí se hmyzem, bezobratlími živočichy, drobnými obratlovci, ale i rostlinami a spadenými plody. Potravu loví pod vodou i sbírá na souši.[5] Mlaďata se živí téměř výhradně masem.[2]

 src=
Mladé želvy poddruhu Cuora amboinensis kamaroma.

Reprodukce

Pohlavní dospělosti samička dosahuje pátým až šestým rokem a samec v osmi letech.[2] Před pářením potřebuje osmitýdenní klid. Po období klidu se páří.[4] Při namlouvacím rituálu samec vyleze na samičku a zatlačí drápy na její hlavu. Samička svou hlavu zasune do krunýře a vystrčí svou zadní část. K páření dochází ve vodě.[2] I při chovu v zajetí se dobře rozmnožují.[6]

Samice klade vejce dvakrát až čtyřikrát za sezonu, v dubnu až červnu.[3] Snáší 2 vejce o hmotnosti 15 - 20 g. Inkubační doba je asi 48 - 54 dnů. Mláďata váží 14 g a jsou velká asi 4 cm.[5] Mláďata tráví ve vodě o hodně více času, než dospělé želvy.[6]

Výskyt

Obývá močály, tůně, zavlažovací kanály, jezera, řeky, mělké vody a vlhkou souš. Vyskytuje se v jihovýchodní Asii, od Indie po Barmu, v Bangladéši, Malajsii, Thajsku, na Filipínách, vysazena byla i na Floridě.[3]

Patřila k nejběžnějším želvám v jihovýchodní Asii, ohrožuje ji však obchod s želvím masem, který ji tlačí na pokraj vyhubení.

Chov v zoo

Tento druh želvy je chován ve více než 50 evropských zoo. Z toho v jedenácti německých zoo.[7] V rámci Česka je želva amboinská chována v pěti zoo:[7][8]

Chov v Zoo Praha

V Zoo Praha je tento druh chován v pavilonu Indonéská džungle. Podařilo se odchovat již několik mláďat, a to například v letech 2011, 2014, 2015.[7] V roce 2017 se podařilo odchovat jedno mládě. Ke konci roku 2017 bylo chováno 14 jedinců.[9] V roce 2018 se podařilo odchovat dvě mláďata.[10] V březnu 2019 se vylíhlo další mládě.[11]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d vodní želvy - želva ambionská
  3. a b c zoopraha.cz - lexikon zvířat - Želva amboinská
  4. a b aquapage.cz - Želva amboinská, Kuora východoasijská
  5. a b zoobrno.cz - Cuora amboinensis - Želva amboinská
  6. a b rybicky.net - Kuora ambionská
  7. a b c www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-11-19]. Dostupné online.
  8. Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017
  9. Výroční zpráva 2017. Zoo Praha [online]. [cit. 2019-04-02]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  10. Přírůstky. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2019-04-02]. Dostupné online.
  11. Přírůstky. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2019-04-24]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Želva amboinská: Brief Summary ( Cech )

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Želva amboinská (Cuora amboinensis), též kuora východoasijská, je druhem rodu Cuora a patří mezi želvy sladkovodní.

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Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte ( Alman )

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Die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte (Cuora amboinensis) wird auch Malayische Scharnierschildkröte genannt und gehört innerhalb der Familie der altweltlichen Sumpfschildkröten (Geoemydidae) zur Gattung der Scharnierschildkröten (Cuora).

Beschreibung

Die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte erreicht eine Länge von rund 20 Zentimetern, selten bis zu 25 Zentimetern. Der gewölbte Carapax weist eine dunkelbraune Färbung sowie drei Längskiele auf. Die Längskiele bilden sich bei adulten Tieren mit zunehmendem Alter zurück. Der Plastron ist gelblich und mit unregelmäßigen dunklen Flecken versehen. Beim Männchen ist der Bauchpanzer nach innen gewölbt. Wie alle Scharnierschildkröten kann auch die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte mittels eines Scharniers im Bauchpanzer ihre Extremitäten komplett in den Panzer einziehen.

Der Kopf ist auf der Oberseite bräunlich gefärbt. Die Kopfunterseite sowie die Kehle geht ins Gelbliche. An der Oberseite des Kopfes ist ein gelbes Längsband zu sehen, das bis zur Schnauzenspitze reicht. Unmittelbar unter diesem Band verläuft ein zweites breiteres Band, das braun gefärbt ist. Die Extremitäten sind braun und enden in kräftigen Krallen, die mit kleinen Schwimmhäuten versehen sind.

Je nach Verbreitungsgebiet unterscheiden sich die Tiere morphologisch und genetisch voneinander. Beispielsweise zeigt die indische Form eine intensiv orange Zeichnung, wobei die blassgelbe Farbe der Schlüpflinge erst nach einigen Wochen zu Orange wechselt.[1]

Die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte erreicht ein Alter von 30 bis 40 Jahren. Die Tiere leben als Einzelgänger und verteidigen ihre Reviere gegenüber Rivalen energisch.

Verbreitung

Die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte ist in weiten Teilen Asiens verbreitet. Sie ist nach der Molukkeninsel Amboina benannt worden. Malaysia und Indonesien gehören zu ihren Hauptverbreitungsgebieten.

Diese Schildkröten leben vorzugsweise in stehenden oder langsam fließenden Gewässern mit schlammigem Untergrund. Sie sind weitestgehend an das Leben im Wasser angepasst und verlassen es meist nur zur Eiablage und zum Sonnenbad. Sie vertragen auch eutrophierte Habitate gut.

Nahrung

Insekten, Weichtiere, Fische zählen zu ihrer Hauptnahrung. Sie fressen auch Pflanzen und Früchte. Aas verschmähen sie ebenfalls nicht.

Fortpflanzung

Die Weibchen der Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte erreichen die Geschlechtsreife mit fünf bis sechs Jahren. Männchen erreichen diese erst mit acht bis neun Jahren. Das Weibchen legt ein bis zwei Gelege pro Jahr, mit jeweils einem bis fünf Eiern. Die Eier haben eine Länge von etwa 50 Millimetern, eine Breite von 28 Millimetern sowie ein Gewicht von 20 bis 24 Gramm. Der Schlupf erfolgt abhängig von der Inkubationstemperatur nach 76 bis 100 Tagen. Die Schlüpflinge wiegen zwischen zehn und 15 Gramm.

Gefährdung

Seit 2000 wird die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte in der roten Liste der IUCN als gefährdete Art geführt (Status „vulnerable“). Sie ist vor allem durch illegalen Handel zum Zwecke des Verzehrs, zur Herstellung traditioneller chinesischer Medizin und für den Haustierhandel bedroht.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Turtle Island Redaktion: Erste indische Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte geschlüpft! In: Turtle Island. 26. Juli 2018, abgerufen am 16. April 2021.
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Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Die Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte (Cuora amboinensis) wird auch Malayische Scharnierschildkröte genannt und gehört innerhalb der Familie der altweltlichen Sumpfschildkröten (Geoemydidae) zur Gattung der Scharnierschildkröten (Cuora).

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Amboina box turtle ( Anglèis )

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The Amboina box turtle or Southeast Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) is a species of Asian box turtle.

It is found in the Nicobar Islands, eastern India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, central and southern Vietnam, west Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon Island, Sumatra, Borneo, East Malaysia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, East Timor, Bali, Palawan and Maluku), and possibly China (Guangxi and Guangdong) and Sri Lanka.

The type locality is "Amboine" (or "Amboina") Island, today Ambon Island in Indonesia.

Description

These turtles have blackish-brown to olive-brown colored shells that are not as ornate as many other box turtles. All have a blackish-olive head with three yellow stripes on the side. The male can be identified by his slightly concave plastron. There is no specific rule as to what the underbellies may look like, for either sex. In addition, scutes and growth rings are a poor indicator of age (similar to tree rings, but less accurate); the only reliable method of estimating a turtle’s age is to evaluate the overall texture and wear of the shell, as growth rings form irregularly.[4][5]

There are four subspecies that are primarily differentiated by differences in the color and shape of the carapace:[6]

Has a quite flat shell with flared marginal scutes. The plastron has bigger black spots, and it possesses a bigger head; well adapted for an aquatic lifestyle. For individuals suspected to be of this subspecies: Ratio of carapace length / height: 3.08. Average ratio dimensions of plastron spots: 1.21 (almost circular)
Moderately domed carapace, some individuals possess flared marginal scutes. The plastron shows black markings on every plastral scute. Darker in coloration, more oval black spots on the plastron.
High domed carapace and smaller, more elongated plastron with less black spots than the other subspecies. It has a smaller and shorter tail compared to the other subspecies and does not have any flares in the marginal scutes. Average ratio of carapace length / height: 2.82. Average ratio dimensions of plastron spots: 2.14 (small and elongated)
Resembles Cuora amboinensis kamaroma, but in the carapace there is a bright colored mid-dorsal line, and sometimes a bright colored lateral line. The plastral scutes possess large black spots similar to Cuora amboinensis couro.

Several distinct populations are believed to represent up to four more subspecies, or at least striking varieties.[8]

C. a. kamaroma has hybridized in captivity with the Vietnamese pond turtle – a species nearly extinct in the wild – and with males of the Chinese pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii).[9] Other hybrids are known, like C. amboinensis × Cuora trifasciata.[8]

Ecology and status

They are omnivorous, with younger turtles tending towards more meat consumption and older turtles eating a more herbivorous diet.[4]

Although Cuora amboinensis is classified as endangered by the IUCN,[10] they are able to thrive in some areas of the world. For example, they can be found in the storm drains of Brunei. These are seriously polluted, and yet seem to be extremely popular habitat for these turtles and other animals that can withstand eutrophication. In some places, this species is hunted for use in folk medicine.[11]

Cuora amboinensis can be quite difficult to breed in captivity, compared with other box turtles. These turtles have a mating ritual very similar to that of other box turtles. No courtship occurs, the male simply climbs upon the female. He then snaps at her head, so that she closes the front half of her shell, opening the back.

Cuora amboinensis is one of the most heavily traded species in Southeast Asia, captured from the wild in huge numbers to supply demand for pets, meat and for use in traditional medicines. Indonesia is the greatest source of this species and while there are quotas in place, these quotas are regularly exceeded.

Pet care

Adult C. amboinensis amboinensis
Juvenile Malayan box turtles (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma)

Any individual considering a turtle as a pet should thoroughly research both general care and the care of the particular species in which they are interested. Individuals considering a Cuora amboinensis as a pet should keep in mind that it is a tropical, non-hibernating species who needs much warmer water (about 82 °F) than many other semi-aquatic species. The adult Cuora amboinensis is smaller in comparison to more well-known species such as the red-eared slider or cooter, but a fully grown adult will generally need at least a 55-gallon tank and this habitat should be semi-aquatic, not terrestrial.

Cuora amboinensis is far more aquatic than many other box turtle species. Unfortunately, this has often led to pet Cuoras being incorrectly housed in terrestrial habitats. Although they are clumsy swimmers and need shallower water than other semi-aquatic turtles that are stronger swimmers, (e.g., sliders, cooters, and painteds), they tend to vastly prefer being in the water to on land. In the wild, they will often live in almost entirely in water only emerging to bask and to lay eggs. They can even mate in the water.

References

  1. ^ Cota, M.; Hoang, H.; Horne, B.D.; Kusrini, M.D.; McCormack, T.; Platt, K.; Schoppe, S.; Shepherd, C. (2020). "Cuora amboinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T5958A3078812. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5958A3078812.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 214–215. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Cuora amboinensis".
  5. ^ "Jabberwock Reptiles". Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  6. ^ Filella (1997); measurements taken at the LCRC 2006-SEP-20.
  7. ^ a b c Cuora amboinensis, The Reptile Database
  8. ^ a b Vetter & Van Dijk (2006)
  9. ^ Fritz & Mendau (2002), Galgon & Fritz (2002), Buskirk et al. (2005)
  10. ^ ATTWG (2000)
  11. ^ da Nóbrega Alves et al. (2008)
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Amboina box turtle: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The Amboina box turtle or Southeast Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) is a species of Asian box turtle.

It is found in the Nicobar Islands, eastern India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, central and southern Vietnam, west Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon Island, Sumatra, Borneo, East Malaysia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, East Timor, Bali, Palawan and Maluku), and possibly China (Guangxi and Guangdong) and Sri Lanka.

The type locality is "Amboine" (or "Amboina") Island, today Ambon Island in Indonesia.

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Cuora amboinensis ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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La tortuga de caja del sureste asiático (Cuora amboinensis) es una especie de tortuga de caja de la familia Geoemydidae.

Se distribuye por Islas Nicobar, este de la India(Assam), Bangladés, Birmania, Tailandia, Camboya, Laos, centro y sur de Vietnam, oeste de Malasia, Singapur, Filipinas (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, este de Malasia, Brunéi, Nias, Enggano, Kabupaten Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Oriental, Bali, Palawan y las Molucas), y posiblemente Sri Lanka.

Referencias

  1. {{subst:aut|Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG)}} (2000). «Cuora amboinensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de mayo de 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable and the criteria used

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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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La tortuga de caja del sureste asiático (Cuora amboinensis) es una especie de tortuga de caja de la familia Geoemydidae.

Se distribuye por Islas Nicobar, este de la India(Assam), Bangladés, Birmania, Tailandia, Camboya, Laos, centro y sur de Vietnam, oeste de Malasia, Singapur, Filipinas (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, este de Malasia, Brunéi, Nias, Enggano, Kabupaten Simeulue, Java, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Oriental, Bali, Palawan y las Molucas), y posiblemente Sri Lanka.

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Cuora amboinensis ( Basch )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Cuora amboinensis Cuora generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Geoemydidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Cuora amboinensis ( Fransèis )

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Cuora amboinensis ou tortue boîte de Malaisie est une espèce de tortues de la famille des Geoemydidae[1].

Il s'agit d'une espèce protégée. Depuis 2000, elle est classée à l'annexe II de la CITES, ainsi qu'à l'état vulnérable sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.

Habitat et répartition

La tortue boîte de Malaisie vit dans les étangs et marécages, dans les rizières et dans les estuaires à cours lent.

Cette espèce se rencontre dans l'est de l'Inde, au Bangladesh, en Birmanie, en Thaïlande, au Laos, au Viêt Nam, au Cambodge, en Malaisie, au Brunei, en Indonésie et aux Philippines[1].

Sa présence est incertaine au Timor oriental.

Description

C'est une tortue semi-aquatique[2].

 src=
Cuora amboinensis amboinensis

•Nom commun : Tortue boîte d’Asie

•Famille : Geoemydidae

•Réglementation : Annexe II

•Taille adulte : 25 cm

•Longévité : 30 à 35 ans

•Alimentation : omnivore

•Reproduction : ovipare

•Biotope : Humide grande partie aquatique

•Hygrométrie : 70 %

•Températures : point chaud 37 °C ; eau : 22 à 27 °C

Alimentation

Elle est essentiellement végétarienne, mangeant des végétaux et des fruits tels la banane, le kiwi jaune, le kaki, les figues ...

Reproduction

D'avril à mai, elle pond de 1à 5 œufs de forme globuleuse (4-5 * 3 cm). Les petites tortues naissent au bout de 70 à 90 jours.[3]

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon TFTSG (14 juin 2011)[4] :

Publications originales

  • Daudin, 1801 : Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles ; ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes, vol. 2, F. Dufart, Paris, p. 1-432 (texte intégral).
  • McCord & Philippen, 1998 : A new subspecies of box turtle, Cuora amboinensis lineata, from northern Myanmar (Burma), with remarks on the distribution and geographic variation of the species. Reptile Hobbyist, vol. 1998, p. 51–58.
  • Rummler & Fritz, 1991 : Geographische Variabilität der Amboina-Scharnierschildkröte Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802), mit Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart, C. a. kamaroma subsp. nov.. Salamandra, vol. 27, no 1, p. 17–45.
  • Schweigger, 1812 : Prodromus monographiae Cheloniorum. Königsberger Archiv für Naturwissenschaftliche und Mathematik, vol. 1, p. 271–368 & 406–458.

Notes et références

  1. a et b TFTSG, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. M. Millefanti et M. Avanzi (trad. Nelly Turrini et Isabelle Langlois-Lefèbvre), Le grand livre des tortues terrestres et aquatiques, De Vecchi S.A., 2011 (1re éd. 2003), 216 p. (ISBN 978-2-7328-9649-6), p. Cuora favomarginata page 133
  3. M. Millefanti et M. Avanzi (trad. Nelly Turrini et Isabelle Langlois-Lefèbvre), Le grand livre des tortues terrestres et aquatiques, De Vecchi S.A., 2011 (1re éd. 2003), 216 p. (ISBN 978-2-7328-9649-6), p. Cuora amboinensis page 182 et 183
  4. TFTSG, consulté le 14 juin 2011
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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Cuora amboinensis ou tortue boîte de Malaisie est une espèce de tortues de la famille des Geoemydidae.

Il s'agit d'une espèce protégée. Depuis 2000, elle est classée à l'annexe II de la CITES, ainsi qu'à l'état vulnérable sur la liste rouge de l'UICN.

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Cuora amboinensis ( Galissian )

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A Cuora amboinensis é unha especie de tartaruga de caixa da familia dos xeoemídidos. Distribúese polas Illas Nicobar, leste da India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tailandia, Camboxa, Laos, centro e sur de Vietnam, oeste de Malaisia, Singapur, Filipinas (Leyte, Luzón, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, leste de Malaisia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Kabupaten Simeulue, Xava, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Leste, Balí, Palawan e as Molucas), e posiblemente Sri Lanka.

Notas

  1. Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (ATTWG) (2000). "Cuora amboinensis". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza. Consultado o 11 de mayo de 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable and the criteria used

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Galissian )

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A Cuora amboinensis é unha especie de tartaruga de caixa da familia dos xeoemídidos. Distribúese polas Illas Nicobar, leste da India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tailandia, Camboxa, Laos, centro e sur de Vietnam, oeste de Malaisia, Singapur, Filipinas (Leyte, Luzón, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, etc.), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon, Sumatra, Borneo, leste de Malaisia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Kabupaten Simeulue, Xava, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Ceram, Seram, Buru, Timor Leste, Balí, Palawan e as Molucas), e posiblemente Sri Lanka.

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Kuya batok ( Indonesian )

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Kuya batok alias kura-kura batok (Cuora amboinensis) adalah sejenis kura-kura yang tergolong suku Geoemydidae. Menyebar luas dari India di sebelah barat hingga Maluku di timur, kura-kura ini dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai Amboina Box Turtle atau Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Nama spesiesnya merujuk pada Amboina (nama lama Ambon), yakni lokasi asal tipe spesies ini.

Pengenalan

 src=
Garis-garis kuning yang khas di wajah kuya batok

Kura-kura dengan tempurung punggung (karapas) yang cenderung membulat tinggi dan perisai perut (plastron) yang dapat ditekuk menurut garis melintang, sedemikian sehingga dapat menyembunyikan kepala dan tungkainya rapat-rapat. Terdapat tiga buah lunas (tonjolan memanjang) di atas perisai punggung, yakni di tengah keping-keping perisai vertebral dan di kanan kirinya pada keping-keping kostal dekat perbatasan dengan keping vertebral. Keping-keping vertebral hampir sama panjang, kecuali no 5 yang lebih pendek; dengan urutan no 2> 3> 1> 4> 5. Perisai perut tidak berlekuk pada ujung depan dan ujung belakang.[4] Pada hewan jantan, perisai perut bagian belakang agak melekuk (cekung).

 src=
Sisi bawah kuya batok betina. Dari Simeulue

Punggung berwarna kehitaman, kecoklatan hingga coklat-zaitun. Perutnya putih kotor atau krem, dengan bercak-bercak besar kehitaman. Kepala berwarna hitam dengan tiga garis kuning yang khas: pada sekeliling tepi kepala di atas mata, pada pipi, dan pada bibirnya. Garis kuning juga terdapat sepanjang tepi kaki-kakinya.

Anak jenis dan penyebaran

 src=
Anak jenis dari Simeulue

Sekurang-kurangnya terdapat empat anak jenis (subspesies) Cuora amboinensis, yang terutama dibedakan dari warna dan bentuk tempurungnya[5]

Di samping itu, beberapa populasi yang terpisah lainnya diyakini membentuk hingga empat anak jenis, atau setidaknya varietas yang menyolok, yang berbeda dengan sebelumnya:[6]

Ekologi dan konservasi

Kuya batok hidup terutama di lahan basah di lingkungan sungai besar atau kecil, rawa-rawa, dan bahkan sawah. Bersifat omnivora, kura-kura ini menyukai bahan nabati (tumbuh-tumbuhan) sebagai makanannya, namun juga mau memangsa ikan dan udang.

Di banyak kelompok masyarakat tradisional, kuya batok sering diburu untuk dimakan dagingnya. IUCN, Uni Konservasi Dunia, telah memasukkan populasi kuya batok ke dalam kategori Rentan (VU, vulnerable)[8]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Daudin, F.M. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suit à l'Histoire naturell générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigee par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. To. 2: 309. F. Dufart, Paris.
  2. ^ Daudin, F.M. Op. cit.: 128.
  3. ^ Gray, J.E. 1856. On some new species freshwater tortoises from North America, Ceylon and Australia. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology ... (2) 18: 264. Taylor & Francis, London.
  4. ^ Iskandar, D.T. 2000. Kura-kura & Buaya Indonesia & Papua Nugini, dengan catatan mengenai jenis-jenis di Asia Tenggara. Penerbit ITB dan IUCN. Hal. 103-105
  5. ^ Filella, Eduard (1997): Cuora amboinensis la tortuga caja del sudeste asiático y sus subespecies. Reptilia 13: 43-47
  6. ^ Vetter, H. & Van Dijk, P.P. (2006): Turtles of the World (Vol. 4: East and South Asia) – Schildkröten der Welt (Band 4: Ost- und Südasien). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.
  7. ^ Iskandar (2000) memasukkan populasi Kalimantan ke dalam anak jenis kamaroma
  8. ^ Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Cuora amboinensis. Pada: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Diakses pada 17 Januari 2010

Pranala luar

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Kuya batok: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Kuya batok alias kura-kura batok (Cuora amboinensis) adalah sejenis kura-kura yang tergolong suku Geoemydidae. Menyebar luas dari India di sebelah barat hingga Maluku di timur, kura-kura ini dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai Amboina Box Turtle atau Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Nama spesiesnya merujuk pada Amboina (nama lama Ambon), yakni lokasi asal tipe spesies ini.

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Cuora amboinensis ( Italian )

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La tartaruga scatola del Sud-est asiatico (Cuora amboinensis Riche in Daudin, 1801) è una specie di tartaruga della famiglia dei Geoemididi[2].

Tassonomia

Ne vengono riconosciute quattro sottospecie[2]:

Descrizione

È una specie di ridotte dimensioni, con il guscio che raggiunge al massimo 200–250 mm di lunghezza ed ha una forma variabile, da appiattito a bombato, in relazione alla sottospecie. I maschi sono in genere più piccoli delle femmine, hanno un piastrone leggermente concavo ed una coda relativamente più lunga. Il carapace è scuro (verde-oliva, marrone o nero), mentre il piastrone è chiaro (giallo, crema o marrone pallido) e può presentare delle macchie di varia estensione sugli scuti marginali. Come in tutte le altre specie congeneri, il lobo anteriore del piastrone è mobile e consente la chiusura ermetica del guscio a protezione del collo e della testa, quando questi ultimi sono ritratti nella corazza. Negli immaturi (ad eccezione di C. a. lineata) sono visibili tre carene (una vertebrale e due costali) sul carapace, il cui margine è leggermente dentellato. La testa e il collo sono uniformemente scuri (marrone-verde) nelle parti superiori e giallastri in quelle inferiori; tre strisce giallo-arancio attraversano longitudinalmente i lati della testa[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

C. amboinensis è ampiamente distribuita nel Sud-est asiatico, dall'India nord-orientale (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, isole Nicobare), attraverso la penisola indocinese (Thailandia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambogia, Myanmar, Laos, Malesia peninsulare), fino alle Filippine (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar, arcipelago di Sulu) e all'Indonesia (Giava, Kalimantan, Piccole Isole della Sonda, Molucche, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor). È una specie eclettica, in grado di adattarsi ad una grande varietà di habitat anche piuttosto alterati dalle attività antropiche. Popola acque dolci di ogni genere, comprese tra 0 e 500 m di altitudine. Si rinviene solitamente in sistemi lotici con fondo molle (stagni, paludi, pozze temporanee, torbiere, paludi di mangrovia, laghetti artificiali, canali, risaie, ecc.), ma non è infrequente trovare individui in ruscelli e fiumi. Gli immaturi tendono ad essere più prettamente acquatici degli adulti[3].

Biologia

Le dimensioni e il numero delle uova (da 1 a 4), il tempo d'incubazione e il periodo di deposizione variano a seconda della regione. È una specie onnivora che si nutre di piante, frutta, funghi e invertebrati che trova in acqua o sulla terraferma[3].

Conservazione

Le popolazioni di C. amboinensis stanno mostrando un rapido e generale declino in tutte le regioni dell'areale, tanto che negli ultimi venti anni lo status è passato da «Rischio Minimo» a «Vulnerabile». La testuggine scatola del Sud-est asiatico è considerata tra le specie di cheloni più commerciate al mondo, tenendo presente che il mercato illegale è stimato come dieci volte superiore a quello regolarmente documentato. Gli esemplari prelevati sono destinati al mercato alimentare, a quello terraristico e alla medicina tradizionale cinese[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2016, Cuora amboinensis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Cuora amboinensis, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 1º novembre 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Cuora amboinensis, su Turtles of the World. URL consultato il 1º novembre 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 settembre 2015).

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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La tartaruga scatola del Sud-est asiatico (Cuora amboinensis Riche in Daudin, 1801) è una specie di tartaruga della famiglia dei Geoemididi.

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Kura-kura Katup ( malèis )

fornì da wikipedia MS

Kura-kura Padi, bahasa Inggerisnya, Southeast Asian box turtle, atau Amboina box turtle[2] adalah kura-kura dari genus Kura-kura katup.

Kura-kura ini dijumpai di Pulau Nicobar, timur India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Kemboja, Laos, tengah dan selatan Vietnam, Semenanjung Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, dan sebagainya), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Pulau Ambon, Sumatera, Borneo, Timur Malaysia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Simeulue, Pulau Jawa, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Seram, Buru, Timor Timur , Bali, Palawan dan Maluku), dan mungkin di China (Guangxi dan Guangdong) serta Sri Lanka.

Nama "Amboina" diambil daripada nama Pulau Ambon di Indonesia tempat di mana spesies ini dijumpai dan awal direkodkan.

Ciri-ciri

Kura-kura ini mempunyai tempurung belakang (karapas) yang cenderung membulat tinggi dan berperisai perut (plastron) berengsel yang dapat dibuka dan tutup untuk menyembunyikan kepala dan kaki-kakinya sepenuhnya.

Kura-kura ini berwarna coklat kehitaman hinggalah coklat kekuningan. Sesetengah spesies mempunyai lunas kuning cerah, hitam, jingga atau garisan putih sepanjang lunas mereka. Secara umum, badannya mempunyai pelbagai warna dan pekat.

Kebanyakan spesies ini mempunyai jalur di kedua-dua sisi kepala yang biasanya bertemu ke bahagian hidung. Kura-kura jantan mempunyai plastron yang melengkung ke dalam.

Tabiat

Kura-kura Padi bersifat daratan, semi-akuatik dan akuatik sepenuhnya. Namun, kebanyakannya hidup di perairan air cetek, sungai mengalir, kolam atau tasik yang mempunyai banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai makanan. Biasanya, kura-kura ini bersifat maserba iaitu memakan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan kecil.

Taksonomi

Terdapat empat subspesies yang dibezakan melalui warna-warna pada badan dan bentuk-bentuk ketara pada tempurungnya;

Tempurungnya (karapas) lebih rendah berbanding subspesies lain. Mempunyai bintik hitam besar pada plastron, serta kepala yg lebih besar.
Tempurungnya lebih tinggi, dan saiznya lebih kecil. Bentuk badan yg lebih lonjong serta kurang tanda hitam pada plastron. Ekornya lebih pendek berbanding subspesies yang lain.
  • Cuora amboinensis lineata (Burmese Box Turtle) McCord & Philippen, 1998 – Myanmar

Galeri

Rujukan

  1. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 214–215. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 17 December 2010. Dicapai 29 May 2012.
  2. ^ Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Kura-kura Katup: Brief Summary ( malèis )

fornì da wikipedia MS

Kura-kura Padi, bahasa Inggerisnya, Southeast Asian box turtle, atau Amboina box turtle adalah kura-kura dari genus Kura-kura katup.

Kura-kura ini dijumpai di Pulau Nicobar, timur India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Kemboja, Laos, tengah dan selatan Vietnam, Semenanjung Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina (Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Panay, dan sebagainya), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Pulau Ambon, Sumatera, Borneo, Timur Malaysia, Brunei, Nias, Enggano, Simeulue, Pulau Jawa, Sumbawa, Halmahera, Seram, Buru, Timor Timur , Bali, Palawan dan Maluku), dan mungkin di China (Guangxi dan Guangdong) serta Sri Lanka.

Nama "Amboina" diambil daripada nama Pulau Ambon di Indonesia tempat di mana spesies ini dijumpai dan awal direkodkan.

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Ambonese doosschildpad ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

De Ambonese doosschildpad[2] (Cuora amboinensis) is een schildpad uit de familie Geoemydidae.[3] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Marie Daudin in 1802. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Testudo amboinensis gebruikt.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De Ambonese doosschildpad heeft een donkerbruin, enigszins bol rugschild dat meestal bruingrijs tot zwart van kleur is, en een grijze huid met een meestal zwarte kop. Kenmerkend is de gele strepentekening op de kop. Jonge dieren zijn nog vrij plat en hebben ook veel reliëf op het schild, evenals een kam op de rug maar deze kenmerken verdwijnen naarmate de dieren ouder worden.

Voorkomen

Deze soort komt voor in Ambon, maar ook in delen van de Molukken, Filipijnen en Celebes. Moerassen en andere waterrijke maar niet te diepe gebieden vormen de habitat. Het is een aan water gebonden schildpad, die ook vaak op het land komt om te zonnen of te eten. Het voedsel bestaat uit insecten, wormen en aas, en ook wel plantendelen worden gegeten. De maximale schildlengte is ongeveer 20 centimeter en deze schildpad heeft het vermogen het buikschild dicht te klappen bij bedreiging, vandaar de naam doosschildpad, zie ook deze1) externe link voor een foto hiervan.

Status

Het gaat niet goed met Ambonese doosschildpad omdat er honderdduizenden exemplaren naar onder andere China geëxporteerd worden. Niet alleen wordt het vlees gegeten in onder andere soepgerechten, ook wordt het schild vermalen om er 'medicijnen' van te maken2). Ook worden vele wilde dieren in de handel aangeboden.

Deze schildpad is vanwege het rustige karakter geschikter om in een terrarium te houden dan veel andere soorten. De echte reptielenliefhebber koopt echter nooit wildvangdieren van soorten die niet algemeen voorkomen, en heeft ook niet als doel dieren te 'houden', maar dieren zich voort te laten planten. Dat gebeurt bij reptielen echter alleen als men erin geslaagd is ze een goede leefomgeving te bieden.

Naamgeving en taxonomie

De Ambonese doosschildpad dankt zijn Nederlandstalige naam aan het verspreidingsgebied op Ambon en ook de wetenschappelijke soortnaam amboinensis is hiernaar een verwijzing. De wetenschappelijke naam werd voor het eerst gepubliceerd door François Marie Daudin in 1802, oorspronkelijk werd de geslachtsnaam Testudo gebruikt, deze groep van schildpadden wordt tegenwoordig tot de landschildpadden (Testudinae) gerekend.

Er worden vier ondersoorten erkend, inclusief de pas in 1998 voor het eerst beschreven Cuora amboinensis lineata. De ondersoorten verschillen vooral in verspreidingsgebied.[3]

Externe links

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. (en) Ambonese doosschildpad op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Bernhard Grzimek, Het Leven Der Dieren Deel VI: Reptielen, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 108. ISBN 90 274 8626 3.
  3. a b Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, The Reptile Database - Cuora amboinensis.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G. J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer & Roger Bour - Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status - ISSN 10887105 (2014) - Website
  • (en) C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour - Turtles of the World - Website
  • (en) Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann - The Reptile Database - Cuora amboinensis - Website Geconsulteerd 31 mei 2015
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Ambonese doosschildpad: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De Ambonese doosschildpad (Cuora amboinensis) is een schildpad uit de familie Geoemydidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Marie Daudin in 1802. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Testudo amboinensis gebruikt.

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Żółw sundajski ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Żółw sundajski, pudełecznik sundajski[2] (Cuora amboinensis) – gatunek gada z podrzędu żółwi skrytoszyjnych z rodziny batagurów, por. Archipelag Sundajski.

Opis
Karapaks wysoki, mocno wysklepiony, barwy ciemnobrązowej lub brązowo-czarnej z kilem pośrodku. U młodych żółwi jest bardziej płaski z trzema kilami, z których dwa przebiegają po bokach i z czasem zanikają. Plastron najczęściej jest barwy jasnożółtej lub kremowej, rzadziej jasnobrązowy. Na brzusznych płytkach rozmieszczone są ciemnobrązowe lub czarne plamy. Głowa mała, smukła i trójkątna. Szyja długa. Z boków głowy nad oczami przebiegają żółte pasy, łączące się ze sobą na wysokości nosa.
Rozmiary
Karapaks ok. 22 cm długości.
Biotop
Nizinne, podmokłe obszary, jak pola ryżowe. Lubi płytkie zbiorniki o mulistym dnie.
Pokarm
Wszystkożerne.
Behawior
Aktywne za dnia przez cały rok, w ciągu którego przez większość czasu poszukują pokarmu. Potrafią szczelnie zamykać plastron w przypadku zaniepokojenia, ukrywając w skorupie głowę i łapy.
Rozmnażanie
Od kwietnia do lipca samica składa od 2 do 3 jaj wielkości 50x30 mm. Wylęgłe żółwiki mają ok. 38-48 mm dł. i ważą 9-12 g.
Występowanie
Wschodnia Azja: Nikobary, Bangladesz, Birma Kambodża, Wietnam, Malezja po Filipiny.

Galeria

Linki zewnętrzne

Żółw sundajski (Cuora amboinensis Daudin, 1802)

Przypisy

  1. Cuora amboinensis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  2. Zwierzęta : encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
p d e
Systematyka współcześnie żyjących żółwi Domena: eukariontyKrólestwo: zwierzętaTyp: strunowcePodtyp: kręgowceGromada: gady / zauropsydyRząd: żółwiePodrząd
Cryptodira
Pleurodira
Układ filogenetyczny na podstawie Anders G.J. Rhodin, James F. Parham, Peter Paul van Dijk, and John B. Iverson: Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary (ang.). 2009.
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Żółw sundajski: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL

Żółw sundajski, pudełecznik sundajski (Cuora amboinensis) – gatunek gada z podrzędu żółwi skrytoszyjnych z rodziny batagurów, por. Archipelag Sundajski.

Opis Karapaks wysoki, mocno wysklepiony, barwy ciemnobrązowej lub brązowo-czarnej z kilem pośrodku. U młodych żółwi jest bardziej płaski z trzema kilami, z których dwa przebiegają po bokach i z czasem zanikają. Plastron najczęściej jest barwy jasnożółtej lub kremowej, rzadziej jasnobrązowy. Na brzusznych płytkach rozmieszczone są ciemnobrązowe lub czarne plamy. Głowa mała, smukła i trójkątna. Szyja długa. Z boków głowy nad oczami przebiegają żółte pasy, łączące się ze sobą na wysokości nosa. Rozmiary Karapaks ok. 22 cm długości. Biotop Nizinne, podmokłe obszary, jak pola ryżowe. Lubi płytkie zbiorniki o mulistym dnie. Pokarm Wszystkożerne. Behawior Aktywne za dnia przez cały rok, w ciągu którego przez większość czasu poszukują pokarmu. Potrafią szczelnie zamykać plastron w przypadku zaniepokojenia, ukrywając w skorupie głowę i łapy. Rozmnażanie Od kwietnia do lipca samica składa od 2 do 3 jaj wielkości 50x30 mm. Wylęgłe żółwiki mają ok. 38-48 mm dł. i ważą 9-12 g. Występowanie Wschodnia Azja: Nikobary, Bangladesz, Birma Kambodża, Wietnam, Malezja po Filipiny.
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Cuora amboinensis ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Cuora amboinensis é uma tartaruga de caixa, originária da Ásia, designadamente da Malásia e Indonésia. A Cuora amboinensis habita zonas pantanosas, leitos de rios, riachos lentos, águas calmas pouco profundas e é considerada a mais aquática de todas as tartarugas do género Cuora.

Trata-se de uma tartaruga omnívora, que não hiberna, com um ciclo de reprodução não definido ao longo do ano e que tem a particularidade de se fechar em torno da sua carapaça, daí a designação de tartaruga de caixa.

Trata-se de uma tartaruga muito bonita, bastante utilizada como animal de estimação, sobretudo na Europa e EUA, com a carapaça negra, plastrão bege com manchas escuras e a cabeça e pescoço também negros mas com riscas longitudinais de um amarelo muito vivo. Tem uma esperança de vida que pode atingir os quarenta anos, ficando definida a maturidade sexual ao fim de 4 ou 5 anos de vida.

Infelizmente, esta espécie encontra-se no Anexo II da Convenção CITES, muito por força das capturas massivas intencionais efectuadas no continente asiático, tanto para efeitos de alimentação, como para colocação no mercado internacional como animais de estimação.

Bibliografia

"Toutes les Tortues du Monde", Franck Bonin et Autres, Éditions Délachaux, França, 1998

"Cuora amboinensis kamaroma", Rui Pessoa, Lisboa, 2004

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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

fornì da wikipedia PT

Cuora amboinensis é uma tartaruga de caixa, originária da Ásia, designadamente da Malásia e Indonésia. A Cuora amboinensis habita zonas pantanosas, leitos de rios, riachos lentos, águas calmas pouco profundas e é considerada a mais aquática de todas as tartarugas do género Cuora.

Trata-se de uma tartaruga omnívora, que não hiberna, com um ciclo de reprodução não definido ao longo do ano e que tem a particularidade de se fechar em torno da sua carapaça, daí a designação de tartaruga de caixa.

Trata-se de uma tartaruga muito bonita, bastante utilizada como animal de estimação, sobretudo na Europa e EUA, com a carapaça negra, plastrão bege com manchas escuras e a cabeça e pescoço também negros mas com riscas longitudinais de um amarelo muito vivo. Tem uma esperança de vida que pode atingir os quarenta anos, ficando definida a maturidade sexual ao fim de 4 ou 5 anos de vida.

Infelizmente, esta espécie encontra-se no Anexo II da Convenção CITES, muito por força das capturas massivas intencionais efectuadas no continente asiático, tanto para efeitos de alimentação, como para colocação no mercado internacional como animais de estimação.

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Kuora malajská ( slovach )

fornì da wikipedia SK

Kuora malajská (Cuora amboinensis) je sladkovodná korytnačka z čeľade Bataguridae.

Opis

Je hnedo sfarbená, má žlté prúžky na hlave a krku. Karapax má hladký a klenutý so žltým prúžkom na jeho okraji. Plastrón má farbu pastelovo žltú s čiernymi a hnedými škvrnami, nevykrojený pri chvoste. Končatiny má šedočierne. Na prstoch má silné pazúry. Samce aj samice je neľahké odlíšiť. Samce majú dlhší, hrubší chvost a samičky majú klenutejší karapax.[1] Je veľká 20 – 25 cm (karapax).[2]

Dokáže sa celá uzavrieť do panciera. Niekedy sa vydá aj ďaleko od vody. Veľmi rada sa slní. Nie je plachá, možno ju teda zastihnúť na vyčnievajúcich kameňoch a kmeňoch. Žije asi 15 rokov. Je aktívna cez deň, k zimnému spánku sa neukladá.[3]

Potrava

Živí sa hmyzom, bezstavovcami, drobnými stavovcami, ale aj rastlinami a spadnutými plodmi. Potravu loví pod vodou aj zbiera na súši.[4] Mláďatá sa živia takmer výhradne mäsom.[1]

Reprodukcia

Pohlavnej dospelosti samička dosahuje piatym až šiestym rokom a samec v ôsmich rokoch.[1] Pred párením potrebuje osemtýždňový pokoj. Po období pokoja sa pári.[3] Pri dvoriacom rituále samec vylezie na samičku a zatlačí pazúry na jej hlavu. Samička svoju hlavu zasunie do panciera a vystrčí svoju zadnú časť. K páreniu dochádza vo vode.[1] Aj pri chove v zajatí sa dobre rozmnožujú.[5]

Samica kladie vajcia dvakrát až štyrikrát za sezónu, v apríli až júni.[2] Znáša 2 vajcia o hmotnosti 15 – 20 g. Inkubačná doba je asi 48 – 54 dní. Mláďatá vážia 14 g a sú veľké asi 4 cm.[4] Mláďatá trávia vo vode oveľa viac času, ako dospelé korytnačky.[5]

Výskyt

Obýva močiare, tône, zavlažovacie kanály, jazerá, rieky, plytké vody a vlhkú súš. Vyskytuje sa v juhovýchodnej Ázii, od Indie po Mjanmarsko, v krajinách Bangladéš, Malajzia, Thajsko, Filipíny, tiež na Kube, vysadená bola aj na Floride.[2]

Patrila k najbežnejším korytnačkám v juhovýchodnej Ázii, ohrozuje ju však obchod s korytnačím mäsom, ktorý ju tlačí na pokraj vyhubenia.

Referencie

  • Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Želva amboinská na českej Wikipédii.

Iné projekty

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Kuora malajská: Brief Summary ( slovach )

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Kuora malajská (Cuora amboinensis) je sladkovodná korytnačka z čeľade Bataguridae.

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Cuora amboinensis ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Cuora amboinensis[3] är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av François Marie Daudin 1802. Cuora amboinensis ingår i släktet asksköldpaddor och familjen Geoemydidae.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.[1]

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:[5]

  • C. a. amboinensis
  • C. a. couro
  • C. a. kamaroma
  • C. a. lineata

Utbredning

Cuora amboinensis lever i Bangladesh, Kambodia, Indien, Indonesien, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand och Vietnam.[1][5]

Underarten Cuora amboinensis amboinensis återfinns på Moluckerna, Sulawesi och Filippinerna.[7]

Cuora amboinensis cuoro lever på Sumatra, Java och andra närliggande öar i västra Indonesien.[7]

Cuora amboinensis kamaroma har en spridning från delstaten Assam i Indien, Bangladesh och Nikobarerna i nordöst genom sydöstra Asien ner till Malackahalvön, den förekommer också på Borneo och Filippinerna.[7]

Underarten Cuora amboinensis lineata lever i nordöstra och södra Myanmar.[8]

Habitat

Arten föredrar låglänta vattensamlingar med mjuka bottnar och långsamma strömmar, exempelvis träsk, kärr, dammar, långsamma partier i vattendrag och risfält.[7] Även om Cuora amboinensis är mestadels vattenlevande kan vuxna djur ofta hittas långt från vatten, ungdjuren är dock helt vattenlevande.[1][7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2000 Cuora amboinensis Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2015-09-21.
  2. ^ Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. (1835) Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2., Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 680 p.
  3. ^ [a b c] Daudin (1802) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suit à l'Histoire naturell générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigee par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Vol. 2., F. Dufart, Paris [1802], 432 pp.
  4. ^ Suckow, Adolph (1798) Anfangsgründe der theoretischen und angewandten Naturgeschichte der Thiere., Leipzig, vol. 3, 298 pp.
  5. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/cuora+amboinensis/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Cuora amboinensis. Uetz P. , 2007-10-02
  7. ^ [a b c d e] Turtles of the World. Cuora amboinensis Arkiverad 23 september 2015 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.. Ernst, C.H., Altenburg, R.G.M., & Barbour, R.W., 2015-09-22
  8. ^ McCord, William P.; Philippen, Hans-Dieter 1998. A New Subspecies of Box Turtle, Cuora amboinensis lineata, from Northern Myanmar (Burma), with Remarks on the Distribution and Geographic Variation of the Species. Reptile Hobbyist (March issue): 51-58

Externa länkar

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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Cuora amboinensis är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av François Marie Daudin 1802. Cuora amboinensis ingår i släktet asksköldpaddor och familjen Geoemydidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.

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Шарнірна черепаха амбоїнська ( ucrain )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 20 см. Голова витягнута. Шия помірного розміру. Панцир сильно опуклий, майже як у сухопутних черепах. На карапаксі розташовані поздовжні кілі у кількості до 3. З віком вони стають все більше. Лапи мають досить потужні кігті.

Голова зверху бура і прикрашена надбрівними яскраво—жовтими смужками, а низ голови і шиї жовтий. Панцир зверху темно—бурого кольору. Пластрон жовтуватий з темними плямами. Лапи коричневі.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє ставки, болота, залиті водою рисові поля. Це досить територіальна тварина, веде спосіб життя одинака. Харчується комахами, молюсками, рибою, падлом.

Самки відкладають від 2 до 5 великих яєць довжиною близько 4 см.

Тривалість життя до 40 років.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає на Нікобарських островах, Ассамі (Індія), Бангладеш, М'янмі, Таїланді, Камбоджі, В'єтнамі, західній Малайзії, Сінгапурі, на Філіппінах, в Індонезії.

Підвиди

  • Cuora amboinensis amboinensis
  • Cuora amboinensis couro
  • Cuora amboinensis kamaroma
  • Cuora amboinensis lineata

Джерела

  • Filella, Eduard 1997. Cuora amboinensis la tortuga caja del sudeste asiático y sus subespecies. Reptilia (13): 43-47
  • Hennig, A.S. 2004. Haltung von Wasserschildkröten. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 125 pp.
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Cuora amboinensis ( vietnamèis )

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Cuora amboinensis là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Daudin mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). “Checklist of Chelonians of the World”. Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 214–215. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 12 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Cuora amboinensis”. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Cuora amboinensis tại Wikimedia Commons


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Cuora amboinensis: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Cuora amboinensis là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Daudin mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.

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Амбоинская шарнирная черепаха ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Cuora amboinensis
Daudin, 1802

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

ITIS 551907 NCBI 74909 Международная Красная книга
Status iucn3.1 VU ru.svg
Уязвимые виды
IUCN 3.1 Vulnerable: 5958

Амбоинская шарнирная черепаха[1], или амбоинская коробчатая черепаха[1] (лат. Cuora amboinensis) — вид черепах.

Панцирь сильно выпуклый, от чёрно-бурого до оливково-бурого цвета, длиной до 20 см. Голова сверху бурая и украшена надбровными светло-жёлтыми полосками, низ головы и шеи жёлтый. Ареал амбоинской черепахи охватывает полуостров Индокитай, Большие и Малые Зондские острова, а также Филиппины. Населяет пруды, болота, залитые водой рисовые поля. Питается животной и растительной пищей. Самки откладывают по 2—5 крупных яиц длиной около 4 см.

В Международной Красной книге амбоинская шарнирная черепаха имеет статус уязвимого вида (категория VU).

Галерея

  •  src=

    В аквариуме.

  •  src=

    Они хорошо передвигается по земле.

  •  src=

    Cuora amboinensis kamaroma.

  •  src=

    В пекинском зоопарке.

  •  src=

    В варшавском зоопарке.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 145. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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Амбоинская шарнирная черепаха: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

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Амбоинская шарнирная черепаха, или амбоинская коробчатая черепаха (лат. Cuora amboinensis) — вид черепах.

Панцирь сильно выпуклый, от чёрно-бурого до оливково-бурого цвета, длиной до 20 см. Голова сверху бурая и украшена надбровными светло-жёлтыми полосками, низ головы и шеи жёлтый. Ареал амбоинской черепахи охватывает полуостров Индокитай, Большие и Малые Зондские острова, а также Филиппины. Населяет пруды, болота, залитые водой рисовые поля. Питается животной и растительной пищей. Самки откладывают по 2—5 крупных яиц длиной около 4 см.

В Международной Красной книге амбоинская шарнирная черепаха имеет статус уязвимого вида (категория VU).

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马来闭壳龟 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Cuora amboinensis
(Daudin, 1802)[2]

马来闭壳龟学名Cuora amboinensis)又名安布闭壳龟,为龟科闭壳龟属爬行动物。本種目前已知包含最少有4個有效亞種,牠們分布于印度尼科巴群島孟加拉緬甸泰國寮國柬埔寨越南中部及南部、馬來西亞西部、新加坡菲律賓印尼,並可能分佈至中国广东广西,常见于平原地区的沼泽、湿地、池塘、河流中的水荡以及水稻田等水流缓慢、底质松软的水域。该物种的模式产地在印度尼西亚。[2]

幼体几乎完全水栖,成体偏好陆栖。草食性为主,吃水生植物真菌,也吃一些昆虫

飼養

如要以马来闭壳龟作為寵物龜,飼養者要深入研究飼養方式,並要做好一般護理和照顧。考慮以马来闭壳龟作為寵物時,要了解它是一種熱帶、非冬眠的物種,比許多其他箱龜需要更溫暖的水(約82華氏度)。完全成熟的成龜通常需要半水陸的飼養環境。

马来闭壳龟比其他箱龜更能適應在水中生活。不幸的是,這往往導致被錯誤地放在陸地中飼養。雖然他們是拙劣的游泳者和比其他半水棲龜需要較淺水,但他們往往會比較喜歡在水中。在野生環境中,他們往往會住在幾乎完全在水曬太陽和產卵,他們甚至可以在水中交配。

外部連結

参考文献

  1. ^ (英文) Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (2000). Cuora amboinensis. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於2010-02-11.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 马来闭壳龟. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:马来闭壳龟
 title=
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马来闭壳龟: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

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马来闭壳龟(学名:Cuora amboinensis)又名安布闭壳龟,为龟科闭壳龟属爬行动物。本種目前已知包含最少有4個有效亞種,牠們分布于印度尼科巴群島孟加拉緬甸泰國寮國柬埔寨越南中部及南部、馬來西亞西部、新加坡菲律賓印尼,並可能分佈至中国广东广西,常见于平原地区的沼泽、湿地、池塘、河流中的水荡以及水稻田等水流缓慢、底质松软的水域。该物种的模式产地在印度尼西亚。

幼体几乎完全水栖,成体偏好陆栖。草食性为主,吃水生植物真菌,也吃一些昆虫

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マレーハコガメ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
マレーハコガメ アンボイナハコガメ
アンボイナハコガメ
Cuora amboinensis amboinensis
保全状況評価 VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.2.3 (1994))
Status iucn2.3 VU.svgワシントン条約附属書II類 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 潜頸亜目 Cryptodira 上科 : リクガメ上科 Testudinoidea : イシガメ科 Geoemydidae : ハコガメ属 Cuora : マレーハコガメ
C. amboinensis 学名 Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802) シノニム

Testudo amboinensis Daudin, 1802 Emys cuoro Schweigger, 1812

和名 マレーハコガメ 英名 Malayan box turtle
South Asian box turtle

マレーハコガメ(馬来箱亀、学名Cuora amboinensis)は、イシガメ科ハコガメ属に分類されるカメ。ハコガメ属の模式種

分布[編集]

ハコガメ属ならびにイシガメ科で最も広い分布域を持つ。種小名amboinensisは「アンボイナ産の」の意。

  • C. a. amboinensis アンボイナハコガメ

模式標本の産地(模式産地)はアンボイナ島インドネシア)。

インドネシア(スラウェシ島モルッカ諸島)、フィリピンパラワン島スル諸島を除く)

  • C. a. couro ジャワハコガメ

模式産地はジャワ島(インドネシア)。

インドネシア(ジャワ島、スマトラ島スンバワ島やその周辺の島嶼

  • C. a. kamaroma シャムハコガメ

模式産地はタイ

インド北東部(ニコバル諸島含む)、インドネシア(ボルネオ島)、カンボジアシンガポール、タイ、バングラデシュ、フィリピン(パラワン島、スル諸島)、ブルネイベトナムマレーシア

  • C. a. liniata ビルマハコガメ

模式産地はミャンマー

ミャンマー固有亜種

形態[編集]

最大甲長21.6cmとハコガメ属最大種。オスよりもメスの方が大型になる。背甲は上から見ると楕円形や卵型。椎甲板肋甲板に筋状の盛り上がり(キール)があり、特に椎甲板のキールは発達する。縁甲板は鋸状に尖らず滑らか。背甲の色彩は黒や褐色、緑褐色で、縁甲板外縁は黄色い。腹甲には切れこみが入らない。ハコガメ属内でも蝶番が発達し、腹甲を折り曲げる事で背甲との隙間を塞ぐ事ができる。

頭部は小型で、吻端は尖らない。下顎の先端は僅かに鉤状になる個体が多い。頭部の色彩は褐色や暗褐色、黒で、側頭部には左右に3本ずつ黄色や淡黄色の筋模様が入る。

卵は長径4-5.8cm、短径2.5-3.4cmと細長いか、やや細長い楕円型。孵化直後の幼体は甲長3.8-4.7cm。幼体はキールや縁甲板外縁の黄色い縁取りが明瞭だが、成長に伴い消失する。

  • C. a. amboinensis アンボイナハコガメ

背甲は扁平で、幅が広い。キールは老齢個体でも椎甲板に残る個体が多く、肋甲板にも一部だが残る個体が多い。腹甲の暗色斑は大型で、さらに腹甲中央部に大型かつ不鮮明な褐色の斑紋が入る個体もいる。

  • C. a. couro ジャワハコガメ

背甲はやや盛り上がる。キールは老齢個体でも第2-5椎甲板に残る個体が多い。腹甲の暗色斑はやや小型。

  • C. a. kamaroma シャムハコガメ

背甲はドーム状に盛り上がり、幅が狭い。キールは消失するか、第4-5椎甲板に僅かに残る。腹甲の暗色斑は小型で、腹甲中央部に小型かつ不鮮明なの斑紋が入る個体もいる。

  • C. a. liniata ビルマハコガメ

背甲はドーム状に盛り上がる。キールは消失するか、第4-5椎甲板に僅かに残る。キールのある場所に薄灰色や緑褐色の筋模様が入る個体もいる。腹甲の暗色斑は小型。

分類[編集]

甲高や腹甲に入る斑紋から4亜種に分けられる。しかし分布の境界や形態の差異が曖昧であることから、亜種の有効性を疑問視する説もある。

  • Cuora amboinensis amboinensis (Daudin, 1802) アンボイナハコガメ Mymmer box turtle
  • Cuora amboinensis couro (Schweigger, 1812) ジャワハコガメ Mymmer box turtle
  • Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler & Fritz, 1991 シャムハコガメ Mymmer box turtle
  • Cuora amboinensis liniata Mccord & Philippen, 1998 ビルマハコガメ Mymmer box turtle

生態[編集]

熱帯雨林気候サバナ気候内における主に標高500m以下の平地や丘陵にある流れの緩やかな河川湿原水田などに生息し、底質が泥で水生植物の繁茂する止水域やその周辺を好む。地域によってはマングローブ林で見られることもある。属内でも最も水棲傾向が強く(特に幼体)、よく水に入り泳ぎも上手い。昼行性だが、水温が高い日は主に薄明薄暮時に活動する。

食性は植物食傾向の強い雑食で、植物の葉、果物水草キノコ藻類昆虫類節足動物甲殻類貝類魚類、両生類の幼生などを食べる。水中でも陸上でも採食を行う。幼体は動物食傾向が強いが、成長に伴い植物食傾向が強くなる。

繁殖形態は卵生。飼育下では1回に1-5個(通常2-3個)の卵を年に2-4回に分けて産む。卵は26℃で79日、28-29℃で74-78日、30.5-31℃で47日で孵化した例がある。

人間との関係[編集]

生息地や中華人民共和国では食用とされることもある。

ペットとして飼育されることもある。インドネシアから輸出される亜種ジャワハコガメ安価に流通しており、日本にも輸入されている。飼育にあたっては低温に弱いため、水中にはヒーターを設置して保温する。陸場には局所的で水に強い暖房器具や照明器具を照射し、体を温め皮膚や甲羅を乾かすことのできる環境を作る。水質の変化に強いが、極度に水質が悪化したり温度や陸地の設定が不適切な場合、皮膚や甲羅に疾患を患うこともある。飼育下では人工飼料や乾燥飼料等にも餌付く。成体は植物食傾向が強くなるため、葉野菜などの植物質も与えた方が良い。発情したオスや大型個体は同種他種問わずに噛みついたり強引に交尾を迫るため、基本的には単独で飼育する。

画像[編集]

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    亜種シャムハコガメの幼体
    C. a. kamaroma

参考文献[編集]

  • 安川雄一郎 「アジアハコガメ属の分類と生態・生活史」『クリーパー』第4号、クリーパー社、2000年、6-11、32頁。
  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、205頁。
  • 冨水明 「Close up06 マレーハコガメ」『ビバリウムガイド』No.21、マリン企画、2003年、86頁。
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生類はちゅう類』、小学館、2004年、75頁。
  • 海老沼剛 『水棲ガメ2 ユーラシア・オセアニア・アフリカのミズガメ』、誠文堂新光社2005年、26-27頁。
  • 安川雄一郎 「水棲ガメの世界」『ハ・ペト・ロジー』Vol.3、誠文堂新光社、2005年、33、36、40頁。
  • 冨水明 「マレーハコガメを飼う」『ビバリウムガイド』No.33、マリン企画、2006年、26-27頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、マレーハコガメに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにマレーハコガメに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

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マレーハコガメ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

マレーハコガメ(馬来箱亀、学名:Cuora amboinensis)は、イシガメ科ハコガメ属に分類されるカメ。ハコガメ属の模式種

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