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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornì da AnAge articles
Observations: The gestation time probably includes a period of delayed implantation. In the wild, these animals probably live up to 23 years (Ronald Nowak 1999). Little is known about their longevity in captivity.
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AnAge articles

Habitat ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lions are comfortable in a wide range of habitats, from 400 m above sea level through the hills, forests, and fields of the local islands to dives of up to 600 m below sea level. Yet, the majority of individuals prefer to remain on sandy beaches and hunt primarily at depths no greater than 200 m below sea level. When breeding females will seek shelter in the inland vegetation and, when necessary, they will hunt mainland birds and their nests.

Range elevation: 400 (high) m.

Range depth: 600 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: polar ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lions, also known as Hooker’s sea lions, inhabit the southern stretches of New Zealand’s territory in the Pacific with colonies reaching as far north as the Foveaux Straight and as far south as Macquarie Island. However, the vast majority of breeding occurs among the Auckland Islands, with a scattering of breeding colonies inhabiting the Campbell Islands. The population is estimated to be between 10,000 and 13,000 total individuals. Although New Zealand sea lions were thought to have disappeared from the mainland 200 years ago due to human hunting, in 1993 it was reported that a single sea lion had breed on the mainland peninsula.

Biogeographic Regions: oceanic islands (Native )

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lions are carnivorous. They predominately eat arrow squids, but other common prey include red cods, opalfishes, other small local fishes, octopuses, rays and sharks. Most dives are to less than 200 m and last for four to five minutes; maximum dives reach 600 m. Immature sea lions feed on the same type and size of prey as adults. There have been reports of New Zealand sea lions traveling on land and hunting Southern Royal Albatross,. A number of studies have concluded that New Zealand sea lions often forages and functions to its physiologic limits; this is thought to limit reproductive output.

Animal Foods: birds; fish; mollusks; other marine invertebrates

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Associations ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand seal lions are dominant predators. They hunt similarly endangered species, including the Southern Royal Albatross, which worries local scientists and poses an interesting conundrum.

New Zealand seal lions have a mutualist relationship with the red-billed gull. This bird will perch on the back of New Zealand seal lions picking the blowflies and other insects from the lion’s back and head. This behavior is similar to that of birds and cattle.

Mutualist Species:

  • red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae)
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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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There are no known positive effects of New Zealand seal lions on humans.

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Benefits ( Anglèis )

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There are no known adverse effects of New Zealand seal lions on humans.

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

According to the New Zealand Department of Conservation, New Zealand seal lions are listed as critical, while IUCN lists the species as vulnerable. New Zealand is highly concerned about New Zealand seal lions, because of interactions with local fishing vessels. They rely on arrow squid for food, but humans fish for this squid, as well. Similar to dolphin interactions with tuna fishing, New Zealand seal lions tend to be a common incidental catch of squid fishermen. The New Zealand Government has put limits on the numbers of New Zealand seal lions that can be caught in fishing nets. Once this limit is reached, the fishery must close operations for the remainder of the season.

Another cause for conservation concern for New Zealand seal lions are bacterial epidemics. Each epidemic takes out hundreds of adults and pups. Scientists must take this into consideration when contemplating further management plans for this species, because the population is already limited and has a restricted range.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Behavior ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lion communications have not been described, but is widely studied in their popular relatives, California sea lions. For California sea lions, the most common form of communication is vocal. Males, in particular, use vocal communication to indicate territorial ownership, sexual readiness, and readiness to fight. Females use vocal cues to communicate alarm and readiness to suckle to their pups. Pups have an alarm vocalization as well as a vocalization to indicate hunger.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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New Zealand sea lions are not formally kept in captivity and little is known about their lifespan. However, it is estimated that the maximum lifespan for both males and females is about 23 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
23 (high) years.

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Morphology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lion males have a defined mane around their shoulders and a dark brown or black color. Males reach between 2.4 and 3.5 m in length and weigh between 200 and 400 kg. Conversely, females are a much lighter grey and some are even yellow with some darker shades around the flippers. Females are also significantly smaller reaching only between 1.6 and 2 m in length and weighing between 100 and 160 kg. Pups are typically brown in appearance with young males resembling females until full maturation. This species also features a very short, blunt head with a length to width ratio of 2:1, compared to an average ratio for fur seals and sea lions of 3:1.

New Zealand sea lions are similar to Australian sea lions in appearance, but many differences have surfaced which are used to distinguish New Zealand sea lions, not only from Australian sea lions, but also from most other species of sea lion. It is typical for New Zealand sea lions to have a deep concave palate (22 mm in males and 14.5 mm in females), a dental formula of I: 3/2 C: 1/1 Cheek teeth: 6/5, and a smooth cylindrical projection of the tympanic bulla.

Range mass: 100 to 400 kg.

Range length: 1.6 to 3.5 m.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Associations ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

The only known predators on New Zealand seal lions are sharks and dogs on the mainland. Humans also hunted New Zealand sea lions, but today New Zealand laws protect the species.

Known Predators:

  • sharks (Carcharhiniformes)
  • domesticated dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Reproduction ( Anglèis )

fornì da Animal Diversity Web

New Zealand sea lions are polygynous and males are territorial. One dominant male will occupy a beach in late November and harems of up to 25 females will gather in December. Other bulls will remain on the perimeter of the territory occasionally challenging the dominant male. By late January, the harems will break up and the bulls will disperse.

Mating System: polygynous

Breeding occurs in New Zealand's summer months and is followed by a gestation period of about 11 months. Females move to a breeding beach about 2 days before giving birth. They usually have only one pup at a time and give birth every one to two years. During their first year, the pups are completely dependent on the mother for food and protection.

At birth males are larger than females, with males weighing in at about 10.6 kg and females 9.7 kg.

Breeding interval: New Zealand sea lions breed once every one to two years.

Breeding season: Mating occurs between ecember to early January.

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Average gestation period: 11 months.

Average time to independence: 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 (low) years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 9 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 7000 g.

Average gestation period: 365 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Body reserves for pups are relatively low at birth. Suckling occurs for eight to nine days before the mother's first foraging trip, which tends to last for only two days. A direct influence on pup mortality is male harassment; females move pups to inland vegetation six weeks after birth, presumably to protect them from adult males.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care

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Ferland, D. 2013. "Phocarctos hookeri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Phocarctos_hookeri.html
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David Ferland, Michigan State University
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University

Biology ( Anglèis )

fornì da Arkive
Breeding takes place in colonies between November and January (4) (2). Bulls (males) arrive at the breeding beaches in November each year, and start to fight amongst themselves to establish territories. Those that successfully secure and hold a territory are known as 'beach masters' (2) and will have privileged access to a harem of females (5). Throughout the entire breeding season, the beach masters are unable to return to the sea to feed, as this would force them to relinquish their hard-won territory. Instead they rely on their reserves of blubber during this period (5). Pregnant females arrive at the beaches around a month later than males (3). They give birth, usually to a single pup after arriving at the breeding beach, and mate after around a week to ten days (3) (5). Two weeks after giving birth, the mother starts to leave the pup in order to feed at sea, returning to the beach so that the pup can suckle (2) (3). She identifies her own pup by its distinctive calls (5). The pup begins to swim after two or three weeks, but it will suckle for a further eight months or more, and even up to a year (2) (3). Sexual maturity is reached at three to four years in females and five years in males (5). Hooker's sea lion feeds on small fish, squid, octopuses, crabs, mussels and other invertebrates. The occasional penguin may also be taken (3) (4). Whilst feeding, this species makes the deepest and longest dives of any sea lion in the world (6).
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Conservation ( Anglèis )

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At present, a 20 kilometre Marine Mammal Sanctuary exists around the Auckland Islands, and the sub-Antarctic islands of New Zealand were granted UNESCO World Heritage status in 1998 (2). At present, steps are being taken to reduce the threat posed to the species from the squid fishing industry, including closure of the fishery by the Government when the estimated number of sea lions caught in the nets exceeds a set limit each year (2). Marine mammal escape devices are being tested, and there is increasing pressure on the industry to use net-free methods of fishing (2).
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Description ( Anglèis )

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Hooker's sea lion, also known as the New Zealand sea lion, is one of the rarest and most threatened sea lions in the world (2). Adult males are dark blackish-brown in colour and have a distinct light mane that reaches down to their shoulders. Females are grey or buff-coloured, and have a paler belly. Males are much larger than females. Pups are born with a thick covering of dark hair, which is lost at some point after birth (3).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Breeding and hauling out occurs on sandy beaches (4). For the fist six months of life, the pups explore the freshwater creeks and pools around the beach (3). The adults often wander as far as two kilometres inland (2) and can be found resting in forests or on grassy cliffs (3).
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Range ( Anglèis )

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This species has a very restricted range (4) and breeds only on the sub-Antarctic islands of New Zealand (3). Over 95 percent of breeding takes place in just three colonies in the Auckland Islands (2). Outside of the breeding season, these sea lions haul out from the Australian sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island to the south-eastern coast of New Zealand's South Island, with a few sightings of individuals on the North Island (2).
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Status ( Anglèis )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) by the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). Listed as a threatened species under New Zealand's Marine Mammals Protection Act (2).
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Threats ( Anglèis )

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During the nineteenth century, Hooker's sea lion was killed for its hide and oil. Since 1893, however, killing this species has been illegal (2). Rabbits, which were introduced into the breeding islands of Hooker's sea lion, caused a problem as pups were falling into the rabbit burrows, resulting in high pup mortality (4) (2). Rabbits have since been eradicated and their burrows have been filled in (2). Currently, the most serious current threat is accidental by-catch in the nets of the squid fishing industry (2). This fishery has operated in the range of this sea lion since the 1970s, and has been a serious problem since then (2). In January 1998 the Hooker's sea lion population suffered a catastrophic mass mortality event, which is thought to have killed 53 percent of pups and a high percentage of adults that year (7) (2). The cause of this mass mortality is unknown (2). Before this event there were an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 individuals (7). This species is exceptionally vulnerable because its breeding range is so restricted (2).
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Benefits ( Anglèis )

fornì da FAO species catalogs
Conservation Status : Prehistoric use of this sea lion was made by the native Maori people of New Zealand. Commercial sealing began in the early 19th Century for hides and oil and continued until stocks were severely depleted by the middle of that century (in less than 50 years). Sporadic commercial sealing activity continued through the second world war, after which commercial sealing was banned in New Zealand. One unusual source of mortality comes from the activities of rabbits introduced by humans, which have excavated burrows near sea lion rookeries. Pups have been known to explore these burrows, become entrapped, and suffocate. IUCN: Vulnerable.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN

Diagnostic Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da FAO species catalogs
Hooker's sea lions have a muzzle that is fairly broad; the top is either flat or slightly rounded. The ear pinnae are small and inconspicuous. The vibrissae are moderate in length, reaching as far back as the pinnae on some animals. In adult males, the neck and shoulders are greatly enlarged, and there is a mane of thicker and longer hair from the nape to the shoulders, and the chin to the chest. The head appears small. Adult females are much smaller and thinner than males through the neck, chest, and shoulders; the head and muzzle are narrower or less domed than in males. At birth, pups are dark brown with a lighter crown and nape; a pale stripe extends from the crown to the nose, including the mystacial area. Pups begin to moult their birth coat at 2 months. Adult females and subadults of both sexes are silvery grey to brownish grey above and tan to pale yellow below. The demarcation between light and dark is high on the neck and usually extends over the insertion of the flippers. The light coloration often extends above the ears (which can appear highlighted) to the eyes, and down the sides of the muzzle, There is considerable variation in the extent of dark and light areas, particularly on the head. The crown and the top of the muzzle are often darker, giving the appearance of a stripe of dark colour running to the nose, which can be more extensive, and include most of the muzzle. On some animals there may be little discernable contrast between coloration above and below. The foreflippers are often darker above, greyish to brown. Subadult males darken as they mature, and may pass through reddish orange or brown colour phases before attaining sexual maturity. Adult males have a dark brown to charcoal coat, which can have a hint of silver-grey, particularly on the sides and back. The dental formula is I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 6/5. Can be confused with: Three otariids (New Zealand fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, and subantarctic fur seal) are known to occur in or near the present range of the Hooker's sea lion. Hooker's sea lions can be differentiated from fur seals, based on coloration, fur characteristics, head and muzzle shape, size of the ear pinnae, and size and shape of the outer toes on the hindflippers.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN

Size ( Anglèis )

fornì da FAO species catalogs
It is estimated that adult males reach 3.3 m and 400 kg or more. Adult females can be at least 2 m long and weigh 160 kg. Newborns are approximately 60 to 70 cm and weigh 6.5 to 8 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN

Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da FAO species catalogs
The breeding season in this species is more defined than that of the similar Australian sea lion. Adult males establish small territories that have fluid boundaries. Pups are born from early December to early January. Hooker's sea lions do not appear to be migratory although they disperse widely over their range during the non-breeding season.Some animals can be found at major rookeries and haul-outs year-round. Their activities at sea are little known.There are no detailed accounts of feeding habits, but Hooker's sea lions take a wide variety of prey, including squid and such demersal species as flounder, octopus, and crustaceans. They are also known to take penguins, and even fur seal and elephant seal pups, on occasion. Some observations suggest they feed continuously while at sea.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN

Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri və ya oklend dəniz şiri (lat. Phocarctos hookeri) — Qulaqlı suitilər fəsiləsinə aid növ.

Xariçi görünüşü

Erkəkləri qara-qəhvəyi rəngdə olub, 2,5 m uzunluğa malik olurlar. Çiyinlərinin üzərini örtən tüklər səbəbbindən daha iri görsənirlər. Dişilər nisbətən kiçik və açıq-boz rəngə malik olurlar. Onların uzunluğu isə 2 metr təşkil edir.

Yayıldığı ərazi

Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri əsasən Yeni Zelandiya yaxınlığında subantarktik qurşaq adalarında müşahidə edilir. Bunlara misal Oklend adaları, Sners adalarıKembell adaları. Bu canlıların 90% Oklend adalarında yaşayır. Cənub adası sahillərində tək-tük dəniz şirlərinin koloniyalarına rast gəlinir. Çütləşmə dönəmində Şimal adası (Yeni Zelandiya) adasındada görmək olar.

Davranışı

 src=
Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri

Sahildə hər erkəyin öz ərazisi vardır. Bəzən dişiyə sahiblənmək üçün qanlı davalar baş verir. Bu döyüşlərdə yalnız ən güçlü və dözünlüsü qalib gəlir. Sahildə şirlərin dincəldiyi ərazilərin 80 % bu canlılar arasında bölünür. Cavan dəniz şirləri isə anaları ilə birlikdə adaların nisbətən daxili hissələrinə gedirlər. Adalarda dəniz şirlərinə yırtıçılar baxımından bir təhlükə yoxdur.

Təhlükə və sayları

Dünyada hal-hazırda 10-15 min baş bu növün nümayəndələri vardır. Əvvəllər sayı dəqiq bilinmirdi. Məlumdur ki, bu növun nümayyəndələrinə indi daha çox rast gəlinir, nəyinki əvvəllər. XIX əsrdə onlar Oklend adalarında tamami ilə məhv edilmişdi. Halbuki 1806-cı ildə bu növ bu ərazidə aşkarlanmışdı. Hazırda isə adalar qoruq elan edilmiş və əraziyə giriş qadağandır.

Ədəbiyyat

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
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Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri: Brief Summary ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Yeni Zelandiya dəniz şiri və ya oklend dəniz şiri (lat. Phocarctos hookeri) — Qulaqlı suitilər fəsiləsinə aid növ.

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Morleon Zeland Nevez ( Breton )

fornì da wikipedia BR

Morleon Zeland-Nevez (Phocarctos hookeri) a zo ur bronneg mor kigdebrer eus ar c'herentiad Otariidae. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Phocarctos.

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Lleó marí de Nova Zelanda ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA

El lleó marí de Nova Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri) és una espècie d'otàrid. És l'única del gènere Phocarctos.

No se l'ha de confondre amb l'ós marí de Nova Zelanda (Arctocephalus forsteri). És bastant proper al lleó marí australià (Neophoca cinerea) i a vegades se'ls ha considerat com a única espècie.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Lleó marí de Nova Zelanda Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Lleó marí de Nova Zelanda: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El lleó marí de Nova Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri) és una espècie d'otàrid. És l'única del gènere Phocarctos.

No se l'ha de confondre amb l'ós marí de Nova Zelanda (Arctocephalus forsteri). És bastant proper al lleó marí australià (Neophoca cinerea) i a vegades se'ls ha considerat com a única espècie.

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Lachtan novozélandský ( Cech )

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Lachtan novozélandský (Phocarctos hookeri) je ploutvonožec který se páří, rodí a vychovává svá mláďata téměř výhradně na území Nového Zélandu. Je jediným druhem monotypického rodu Phocarctos z čeledě lachtanovitých.

Výskyt

Rozmnožuje se subantarktických ostrovech jižně od Nového Zélandu, přibližně ze 70 % na Aucklandských ostrovech (hlavně ostrovy Dundas Island, Enderby Island a Figure of Eight Island) a asi ze 30 % na Campbellovych ostrovech. Jen několik kusů se ročně rodí severněji na pobřeží poloostrova Otago na Jižním ostrově Nového Zélandu a jihozápadněji na ostrově Macquarie. Mimo dobu rozmnožování bývají většinou spatřeni okolo svých rodných míst, malé skupinky se občas vyskytnou u břehů Jižního ostrova a jednotlivci až u Severního ostrova Nového Zélandu. Přestože při toulkách za potravou uplavou velké vzdálenosti, nemají pravidelné migrační trasy.[2][3][4][5][6]

Popis

Na prvý pohled patrným poznávacím znamením lachtana novozélandského je tupý čenich a pouze krátké vousy. Dospělí samci jsou tmavohnědí až černí a mají bohatou tmavou hřívu sahající jim až po ramena. Samice jsou obecně světlejší, mají srst krémově šedé barvy, kolem ploutví a tlamy mívají tmavší skvrnky. Pohlavní dimorfismus je dán také velikosti, samci dosahují délky 240 až 350 cm a váhy 250 až 400 kg, samice měří od 160 do 200 cm a váží od 100 do 160 kg. Přední ploutve mají lachtani novozélandští velmi silné a používají je k plavání i k pohybu po souši, dokáží je složit pod sebe a nazvednout se na nich. Zadními ploutvemi ve vodě většinou jen kormidlují. Často jsou samice s mláďaty (i teprve 6 týdnů starými) spatřeny odpočívat na pevnině v travnatém nebo keřovitém porostu až ve vzdálenosti 2 km od pobřeží.

Převážná část jejich stravy je tvořena bentickými i pelagickými živočichy, hlavonožci, salpami, korýši, rybami a tučňáky. Ze všech lachtanů se potápějí nejhlouběji, běžně do hloubky 300 m a byli zaznamenáni i 600 m hluboko. Průměrná doba potápění činí asi 4 minuty, bylo zaznamenáno i ponoření po dobu 14,5 minut. Samci byli pozorováni při lovu mláďat jiných nebo vlastního druhu lachtanů. Na podporu trávení polykají četné kameny i nepravidelných tvarů, které zase vyvrhují i s chapadly chobotnic a krunýři korýšů.[2][3][4][5][6]

Rozmnožování

Vrhnutí mláďat i jejich výchova probíhá na písečných nebo travnatých mořských pobřežích. V listopadu, téměř o měsíc dříve než samice, připlují k pevnině samci a započnou, do značné míry rituální, souboje o nejvhodnější místo. Po doplutí samic si samci podle úspěšnosti vytvářejí harémy o počtech 8 až 25 samic. Mladší samci se pohybují po okolí a občas se snaží ze střežených stád některou samici "zcizit". Samice zhruba za týden až 10 dnů po příchodu vrhne jediné mládě velké 0,7 až 1 m mající srst světlou nebo čokoládově hnědou se světlejší oblasti okolo hlavy. Jejich průměrná váha činí u samiček 7,2 kg a u samečků 7,9 kg. Samice své potomky pravidelně kojí tučným mlékem, k ostatním samicím a mláďatům se chovají poměrně přátelsky. Samci jsou v této době naopak vůči ostatním dospělým samcům velmi agresivní.

Ve stáří 10 až 14 dnů je samice opouštějí na dva až tři dny, odcházejí za potravou do moře. S přibývajícím věkem se jejich pobyt v moři prodlužuje a tím i přestávky v kojení. Osamocená mláďata se shlukují do skupin, matky po návratu svého potomka poznávají podle hlasu a pachu, někdy nakrmí i cizí hladové mládě což je u ploutvonožců neobvyklé chování. Mláďata začínají plavat a sama se učí hledat potravu již ve věku 2 až 3 týdnů, asi za dva měsíce změní svůj mladistvý šat a po přelínání vypadají barevně jako dospělé samice. Jejich matky je však opatrují a příležitostně kojí po dobu 8 až 12 měsíců. Průměrná úmrtnost mláďat do věku 1 roku je asi 35 %, některá zahynou zalehnutím samců při častých územních sporech nebo jejich kanibalismem. Samci po dobu rozmnožování neodcházejí do moře a stravují nashromážděné tělesné zásoby.

Samice přicházejí do říje za šest až sedm dní po vrhu (od půlky prosince do půlky ledna), páření probíhá na pevnině. Koncem ledna samci odcházejí do moře a harémy se rozpadají. Samice pohlavně dospívají za 3 až 4 roky a samci za 5 let, své stádečko jsou však schopni si vytvořit až ve věku nejméně 8 let. Samice porodí jedno mládě za jeden až dva roky. U samic se předpokládá dožití 18 let a u samců 23 let.[2][3][4][5][6]

Ohrožení

Lachtan novozélandský je se svým odhadovaným počtem do 12 000 zvířat řazen mezi druhy ploutvonožců s nejmenším počtem jedinců. Navíc se rozmnožují jen na několika málo místech od sebe nepříliš vzdálených, takže případná ekologická katastrofa i menšího rozsahu (tsunami nebo ropná skvrna) by mohla jejich další existenci tragicky ovlivnit.

V minulosti byla tato zvířata hojně lovena pro kůže a tuk na olej, od roku 1894 jsou chráněna zákonem; přesto se jejich počty nezvyšují. V současnosti jsou ohrožována rybolovem v okolních vodách jednak přímo, kdy bývají lapena do vlečných sítí a jednak nepřímo, kdy jsou jejich obvyklá místa vylovena a samice tak nenacházejí dostatek potravy v době kojení potomků. Jedinými přirozenými nepřáteli lachtanů novozélandských jsou žraloci a kosatky. Dále bývají ohrožováni neidentifikovanými nemocemi, např. v roce 1998 uhynula více než polovina narozených mláďat a téměř pětina dospělých zvířat. V létech 2002 a 2003 následoval další hromadný úhyn zvířat zapříčiněný bakterií Klebsiella pneumoniae způsobující pneumonii.

Jsou nejvzácnějšími a nejohroženějšími lachtany na světě. Podle IUCN jsou lachtani novozélandští hodnoceni jako zranitelný druh (VU).[2][3][5][6][7]

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d GALES, Nick. Hooker's sea lion recovery plan [online]. Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ, rev. 1995 [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. ISBN 0-478-01707-3. (anglicky)
  3. a b c d ROUSE, Ingrid. Animal Diversity Web: Phocarctos hookeri [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 2001 [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b c ARKive: Phocarctos hookeri [online]. ARKive, Wildscreen Trading Ltd., Bristol, UK [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b c d SAUNDRY, Peter. Encyclopedia: Phocarctos hookeri [online]. The Encyclopedia of Earth, rev. 21.05.2011 [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. a b c d ROBERTSON, Bruce C.; CHILVERS, B. Louise. Mammal Review (2011): The population decline of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri [online]. The Mammal Society, Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Oxford, GB, rev. 07.10.2010 [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phocarctos hookeri [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2012 [cit. 2012-09-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Lachtan novozélandský: Brief Summary ( Cech )

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Lachtan novozélandský (Phocarctos hookeri) je ploutvonožec který se páří, rodí a vychovává svá mláďata téměř výhradně na území Nového Zélandu. Je jediným druhem monotypického rodu Phocarctos z čeledě lachtanovitých.

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Neuseeländischer Seelöwe ( Alman )

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Der Neuseeländische Seelöwe (Phocarctos hookeri) ist eine große Ohrenrobbe, die in der subpolaren Zone beheimatet ist.

Merkmale

Die Bullen sind schwarzbraun gefärbt und erreichen Größen von 2,45 Metern; durch eine Schultermähne wirken sie massig. Die Kühe sind zierlicher: sie sind hellbraun und höchstens 2 Meter lang.

Verbreitung

Die Kolonien finden sich im Süden von Neuseeland auf den subantarktischen Inseln: den Aucklandinseln, den Snaresinseln und der Campbell-Insel. Dabei finden sich 95 Prozent der weltweiten Bestände in drei Kolonien auf den Auckland Islands. An den Küsten der neuseeländischen Südinsel sind Kolonien dagegen extrem selten. Vor allem außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit kommen diese Seelöwen an die Küsten der neuseeländischen Südinsel, selten auch der Nordinsel.

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Verbreitungskarte des Neuseeländischen Seelöwen

Lebensweise

An den Küsten versucht jedes Männchen, ein Territorium gegen seine Geschlechtsgenossen zu verteidigen. Dabei kommt es zu heftigen Kämpfen, bei denen nur die stärksten Bullen bestehen können; etwa 80 % aller Männchen werden hierbei zur Aufgabe oder an einen aussichtslosen Platz am Rande der Kolonie gedrängt. Die Weibchen, die in der Umgebung eines Bullen an Land gehen, bilden dessen Harem, mit dem er sich paaren kann.

Jungtiere werden von den Weibchen ins Landesinnere in die Vegetationszone gebracht; auf den Inseln ist dies wegen des Fehlens von Raubtieren für die Jungen ungefährlich.

 src=
Neuseeländischer Seelöwe (am Strand bei Kaka Point / Neuseeland)

Bedrohung und Schutz

Es gibt etwa 10.000 bis 15.000 Individuen dieser Art. Der ursprüngliche Status ist unbekannt, wahrscheinlich aber war der Neuseeländische Seelöwe einmal viel häufiger und hatte auch auf dem neuseeländischen Festland Kolonien. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden viele Seelöwen durch Robbenjäger getötet. So wurden die Seelöwen der Auckland Islands nach der Entdeckung der Inseln 1806 in nur zwanzig Jahren restlos vernichtet. Heute sind die Auckland Islands ein menschenleeres Robbenschutzgebiet, in dem sich die Bestände weitgehend erholen konnten.

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.

Weblinks

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Neuseeländischer Seelöwe: Brief Summary ( Alman )

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Der Neuseeländische Seelöwe (Phocarctos hookeri) ist eine große Ohrenrobbe, die in der subpolaren Zone beheimatet ist.

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Phocarctos hookeri ( Antërlenga (Assossiassion Antërnassional për na Lenga Ausiliaria) )

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Phocarctos hookeri es un specie de Phocarctos.

Nota
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Шинэ Зеландын далайн арслан ( mòngol )

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Шинэ Зеландын далайн арслан (Phocarctos hookeri) нь Чихт далайн хав овгийн сэлүүр хөлтөн юм. 2008 оны байдлаар 9000 орчим байна. Арьс үс болон тосыг нь авах зорилгоор агнасаар тоо толгой нь цөөрчээ.

Гадаад төрх

Эр далайн арслан 220 см урт, эм нь 180 см. Эр нь 300-400 кг, эм нь 140-230 кг байна. Мах идэштэн бөгөөд загас, арваалж, наймаалж, оцон шувуу иднэ. Голдуу шөнийн цагаар 30 м хүртэл шумбан ан хийдэг.

Үржил

12-1 сард 1 зулзага гаргана. 6-8 сар, зарим үед 1 нас хүртэл нь хөхүүлдэг.

Галлерей

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Шинэ Зеландын далайн арслан: Brief Summary ( mòngol )

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Шинэ Зеландын далайн арслан (Phocarctos hookeri) нь Чихт далайн хав овгийн сэлүүр хөлтөн юм. 2008 оны байдлаар 9000 орчим байна. Арьс үс болон тосыг нь авах зорилгоор агнасаар тоо толгой нь цөөрчээ.

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New Zealand sea lion ( Anglèis )

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The New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri), once known as Hooker's sea lion, and as pakake or whakahao (male) and kake (female) in Māori,[2] is a species of sea lion that is endemic to New Zealand and primarily breeds on New Zealand's subantarctic Auckland and Campbell islands, and have in recent years been slowly breeding and recolonising around the coast of New Zealand's South and Stewart islands.[3] The New Zealand sea lion numbers around 12,000 and is one of the world's rarest sea lion species.[4] They are the only species of the genus Phocarctos.

Physiology and behaviour

New Zealand sea lions are one of the largest New Zealand animals. Like all otariids, they have marked sexual dimorphism; adult males are 240–350 centimetres (7.9–11.5 ft) long and weigh 320–450 kilograms (710–990 lb), while adult females are 180–200 centimetres (5.9–6.6 ft) long and weigh 90–160 kilograms (200–350 lb).[5] At birth, pups are 70–100 centimetres (2.3–3.3 ft) long and weigh 8–10 kilograms (18–22 lb); the natal pelage is a thick coat of dark brown hair that becomes dark gray with cream markings on the top of the head, nose, tail and at the base of the flippers. Adult females' coats vary from buff to creamy grey with darker pigmentation around the muzzle and the flippers. Adult males are blackish-brown with a well-developed black mane of coarse hair reaching the shoulders.[6] New Zealand sea lions are strongly philopatric.[7]

The New Zealand sea lion's terrestrial behaviour is unique among other pinniped species. In the breeding season, female New Zealand sea lions gradually move inland with their pups to protect them from harassment by males, wind, storms, and potential parasitic infections.[8] They can move up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) inland, from sandy beaches to tall grasses, and into forests.[9][10] They are the only pinniped species known to disperse far inland and have a preference for forests.[8]

Distribution

The main breeding populations are at the Auckland and Campbell Islands in the New Zealand subantarctic, where approximately 99% of the species' annual pup production occurs. There are currently three functioning breeding rookeries on the Auckland Islands.[11] Most sea lions are born on Dundas Island. A smaller rookery exists at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island and the smallest rookery is on Figure of Eight Island. An even smaller rookery at South East Point on Auckland Island appears to now have been abandoned. The other major breeding area is the Campbell Islands.

Historically, New Zealand sea lions were distributed all over mainland New Zealand and Stewart Island, but were extirpated from these areas due to human hunting activities.[12][13] For the first time in over 150 years, sea lions began breeding again on the South Island coast in 1993, on the Otago Peninsula.[12] Other small populations of breeding sea lions have recently begun to establish in various parts of the Stewart Island coastline and have been observed on the Catlins coast south of the Clutha River.[14]

Recent DNA information indicates the New Zealand sea lion is a lineage previously restricted to subantarctic regions. Somewhere between 1300 and 1500 AD, a genetically distinct mainland lineage was wiped out by the first Maori settlers,[15] and the subantarctic lineage has since then gradually filled the ecological niche.[16] It has been inferred from middens and ancient DNA that a third lineage was made extinct at the Chatham Islands due to predation by the Moriori people.[17][18]

Diet and predation

New Zealand sea lions are known to prey on a wide range of species including fish such as Antarctic horsefish and Patagonian toothfish, cephalopods (e.g. New Zealand arrow squid and yellow octopus), crustaceans, seabirds and other marine mammals, and even New Zealand fur seals.[19] Studies indicate a strong location effect on diet, with almost no overlap in prey species comparing sea lions at Otago Peninsula and Campbell Island, at the north and south extents of the species' breeding range.[20][21] New Zealand sea lions are in turn preyed on by great white sharks, with 27% showing evidence of scarring from near-miss shark attacks in an opportunistic study of adult New Zealand sea lions at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island.[22]

Status

One of colonies on Enderby Island

New Zealand sea lions are considered the most threatened sea lion in the world.[23] The species' status is largely driven by the main breeding population at the Auckland Islands, which declined by ~50% between 2000 and 2015.[24] The 2013 sea lion pup production count on the Auckland Islands showed the number of pups born on the islands has risen to 1931, from the 2012 figure of 1684 (dead pups are also counted, since the annual pup count is used to assess the population of breeding females, but not future births when the counted pups mature). The 2013 number was the highest in five years.[25][26] The Campbell Island population 'appears to be increasing slowly' and births here comprise ~30% of the species' total.[27] The Otago and Stewart Island sea lion populations are currently small, though increasing. Population estimates for the whole species declined from ~15,000 in the mid-1990s to 9,000 in 2008 (based on the number of pups born).

In 2010, the Department of Conservation—responsible for marine mammal conservation—changed the New Zealand Threat Classification System ranking from Nationally Endangered to Nationally Critical.[28] The Department of Conservation estimates that Auckland Islands' sea lions, nearly 80% of the total, could be functionally extinct by 2035.[29][30] However, the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries considers research on which this prediction is based is low quality and ‘should not be used in management decisions’.[31] In 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) changed the classification of this species to "Endangered", based on low overall population size, the small number of breeding populations and the projected trend of the Auckland Islands breeding population.[1]

In 2019, the New Zealand sea lion's status was found to have improved and they are now "Nationally Vulnerable". Their overall rate of population decline has slowed in most breeding locations[32] and Stewart Island was officially recognised as a new breeding colony in 2018.[33][3] Their global IUCN status remains "Endangered".[34]

Sea lions on Aramoana in the Otago Harbour
With kayakers in Karitane Harbour
Female on Smaills Beach

Threats

Subsistence hunting and commercial sealing

Subsistence hunting and commercial harvest of sea lions greatly reduced the breeding range and population size of New Zealand sea lions between the 13th and 19th Centuries. In 1893, sealing for both New Zealand sea lions and New Zealand fur seals was prohibited by law in New Zealand.[12]

Commercial fishery bycatch

In the 1990s, as the volume of squid fishing around the Auckland Islands increased, numbers of sea lions were captured as bycatch and drowned in the squid trawl nets. The government uses a modelling system to set a fishing-related mortality limit (FRML) each year. If the limit is predicted to be exceeded, the Minister of Primary Industries may close the fishery. The last time the FRML was exceeded was in 2000, though a number of closures occurred in the 1990s.[31]

In late February 2013, the first observed sea lion mortalities in the Auckland Island squid fleet in three years occurred. Juvenile sea lions slipped through the grid at the opening of the net into its cod end.[35] The 23-cm grid aperture is designed to hold adult sea lions in the SLED (sea lion exclusion device) and yet still allow squid to pass into the net.[31] In 2013, one adult female was taken as incidental bycatch.[36]

In August 2013, the seasonal southern blue whiting fleet captured 21 male sea lions in fishing grounds more than 100 km off the Campbell Islands. Four were released alive. No captures were reported by government observers the year before. The government responded to the captures by requesting the vessels try sea lion exclusion devices (SLEDs) to reduce this bycatch.

The estimated captures in the 2014 season were 11.58% of the FRML.[37] The proportion of vessels in the Auckland Island squid fishery with government observers has increased over the years, providing independent reports of bycatch based on observation rather than computer model estimates. During the 2014 season, the observers' coverage was of 84% of tows.[37] In the concluded 2014 season, two sea lions were reportedly captured in the fishery.[37]

Sea lion exclusion devices

In 2001, the sea lion exclusion device (SLED) was introduced into the Auckland Island squid fishery to reduce sea lion bycatch.[38] Conservation advocates have supported SLED use to protect other marine animals or sharks.[39][40] Since 2007, all vessels in the Auckland Islands fishery have been equipped with SLEDs.[31] Some scientists do not believe sea lions survive the interaction with a SLED,[41][42] though the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) believes the direct effect of fishing-related mortality on the sea lion population is minimal. MPI has concluded that a sea lion has an 85% chance of escaping the SLED and a 97 per cent probability of surviving a SLED escape, though it says this estimate may be 'mildly pessimistic'.[31]

Food limitation

Food availability is a well-known, major cause of population change in pinniped species.[43] The Auckland Islands population has displayed numerous indicators of food limitation during the recent decline in breeder numbers, including: poor maternal condition, delayed maturation, years with very low pupping rate, low survival of pups born and long-term shifts in diet composition.[44][45][46] Starvation was provisionally identified as cause of mortality for 62% of pups necropsied at Campbell Island in 2015, when 58% of all pups born were estimated to have died in the first month of life.[47]

Disease

Though the Auckland Island sea lion pup production is highly variable, a decline trend for some years followed the outbreak of an introduced bacterial disease caused by a Campylobacter species in 1998 which killed an estimated 53% of newborn pups and 20% of adult females. In 2002, another probably introduced bacterial disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae killed 32% of pups, and in 2003 another 21% of the pups.[48] Since 2002, K. pneumoniae bacteria have caused significant mortality in the sea lion pups at Enderby Island. Infected pups have meningitis, as well as sepsis.[49] On 12 March 2014, the Conservation Minister Nick Smith was quoted as saying an "excessive focus on fishing bycatch" existed and 300 pups had died this summer from an as yet unidentified disease.[50]

Mainland threats

The mainland population was estimated to reach 1000 animals by 2044, leading to issues of ‘marine protected areas, local fishing quotas and numbers management’.[51]

New Zealand sea lions are projected to potentially distribute all around mainland New Zealand, but they face potential human conflicts, especially due to their unique inland movement behaviour.[3][8] New Zealand sea lions have been hit by cars on roads, and deliberately killed, harassed, and clubbed.[52][53] There have also been incidents of disturbance from domestic dogs. Infrastructure such as roads and fences also pose as barriers to their inland movement.[54] Females and pups on the mainland have also adapted to commercial pine plantations, which are privately-owned lands.[3][9]

In order ensure the protection of New Zealand sea lions, the Department of Conservation works to engage with local communities and spread awareness on this species' recolonisation and behaviour.[13][55]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Chilvers, B.L. (2015). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T17026A1306343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T17026A1306343.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Scott-Fyfe, Rauhina. Mātauranga Māori Project on the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) (PDF) (Report). Department of Conservation and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Fyfe, Jim; Zhang, Yuqian; McNally, Nathan; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2022). "Integrated SDM database: Enhancing the relevance and utility of species distribution models in conservation management". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 13: 243–261. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13736. ISSN 2041-210X. S2CID 243893898.
  4. ^ "New Zealand sea lion / rāpoka / whakahao". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  5. ^ "Biology of New Zealand sea lion". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Perrin, William. Encyclopedia of marine mammals.
  7. ^ Chilvers, B. Louise; Wilkinson, Ian S. (19 August 2008). "Philopatry and site fidelity of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)". Wildlife Research. 35 (5): 463–470. doi:10.1071/WR07053. ISSN 1448-5494.
  8. ^ a b c Augé, Amélie; Chilvers; Moore; Mathieu; Robertson (1 January 2009). "Aggregation and dispersion of female New Zealand sea lions at the Sandy Bay breeding colony, Auckland Islands: How unusual is their spatial behaviour?". Behaviour. 146 (9): 1287–1311. doi:10.1163/15683909X427687. ISSN 0005-7959.
  9. ^ a b Augé, Amélie A.; Chilvers, B. Louise; Mathieu, Renaud; Moore, Antoni B. (2012). "On-land habitat preferences of female New Zealand sea lions at Sandy Bay, Auckland Islands". Marine Mammal Science. 28 (3): 620–637. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00515.x. ISSN 1748-7692.
  10. ^ Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Erasmi, Stefan; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2018). "Quantifying apart what belongs together: A multi-state species distribution modelling framework for species using distinct habitats". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 9 (1): 98–108. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12847. ISSN 2041-210X. S2CID 91050320.
  11. ^ "DoC: 7 March 2013, CSP Technical Working Group".
  12. ^ a b c Childerhouse, S; Gales, N (1998). "Historical and modern distribution and abundance of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 25: 1–16. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9518131.
  13. ^ a b Graham-McLay, Charlotte (9 November 2021). "New Zealand's Sea Lions Are Back, and Crashing Golf Courses and Soccer Matches". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  14. ^ "Hungry for Answers". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. May 2014.
  15. ^ Wishart S.. Newcomers. The New Zealand Geographic
  16. ^ "Research reveals New Zealand sea lion is a relative newcomer". Otago University. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  17. ^ McFadgen, B.G. (March 1994). "Archaeology and Holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand. 24 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517454.
  18. ^ Rawlence, N. (2016). "Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations". Molecular Biology. 25 (16): 3950–3961. doi:10.1111/mec.13726. PMID 27289078. S2CID 25866513.
  19. ^ Childerhouse, S; Dix, B; Gales, N (2001). "Diet of New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri at the Auckland Islands". Wildlife Research. 26: 839–846. doi:10.1071/wr98079.
  20. ^ Auge, A; Lalas, C; Davis, L; Chilvers, BL (2011). "Autumn diet of recolonising female New Zealand sea lions based at Otago Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 46: 97–110. doi:10.1080/00288330.2011.606326.
  21. ^ Roberts, J; Lalas, C (2015). "Diet of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) at their southern breeding limits". Polar Biology. 38 (9): 1483–1491. doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1710-3. S2CID 7836909.
  22. ^ Robertson, Bruce C. "The population decline of the New Zealand sea lion" (PDF). Mammal Society: 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  23. ^ "New Zealand sea lion". NZ Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  24. ^ "New Zealand sea lion research at the Auckland Islands 2014/15" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  25. ^ "DoC: 7 March 2013m CSP Technical Working Group".
  26. ^ "Seafood NZ: Auckland Island Sea Lion Pup Count Up For Second Year".
  27. ^ Childerhouse, S (2015). Final Report: NZ sea lion research at Campbell Island-Motu Ihupuku, 2014/15 (Report). Blue Planet Marine.
  28. ^ "Zero quota urged for sea lion". Radio New Zealand. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  29. ^ "New Zealand sea lion". WWF. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  30. ^ "NZ sea lions facing extinction in 24 years—study". nzherald.co.nz. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  31. ^ a b c d e "SQUID (SQU6T) – FINAL ADVICE PAP" (PDF). New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2014.
  32. ^ Baker, C. Scott (2019). Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals, 2019. Laura J. Boren, Simon Childerhouse, Rochelle Constantine, Anton Van Helden, D. Lundquist, William Rayment. Wellington, New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-988514-93-2. OCLC 1143283099.
  33. ^ "First new NZ sea lion breeding colony in more than 150 years". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  34. ^ University, Louise Chilvers (Massey; Zealand), New (18 November 2014). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2015-2.rlts.t17026a1306343.en.
  35. ^ "Accidental Sea Lion Captures Regretable". Ministry for Primary Industries.
  36. ^ Ministry for Primary Industries, SQU6T Weekly Report for week ending 26 May
  37. ^ a b c Ministry for Primary Industries, SQU6T Weekly Report for week ending 29 June
  38. ^ "Sea lion bycatch in New Zealand trawl fisheries". Dragonfly Limited. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  39. ^ Davidson, Issac (26 February 2013). "Plan to save feared predator delves into murky waters". NZ Herald.
  40. ^ "Shock over accidental catch rates". 3 News. 13 February 2013.
  41. ^ "Plan to end sea lion kill limit criticised". Otago Daily Times. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  42. ^ "Forest & Bird condemns 40% rise in sea lion quota". Forest & Bird. 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  43. ^ Trites, A; Donnely, C (2003). "The decline of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska: a review of the nutritional stress hypothesis". Mammal Rev. 33: 3–28. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00009.x.
  44. ^ Auge, A (2010). Foraging ecology of recolonising female New Zealand sea lions around the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand (Ph.D. thesis). University of Otago.
  45. ^ Roberts, J; Doonan, I (2014). NZ sea lion: demographic assessment of the causes of decline at the Auckland Islands—Part 2 correlative assessment (Report). Prepared by NIWA for the NZ Department of Conservation.
  46. ^ Stewart-Sinclair, P (2013). The role of long-term diet change in the decline of the New Zealand sea lion population (M.Sc. thesis). Massey University.
  47. ^ Childerhouse, S (2015). Final Report: NZ sea lion research at Campbell Island-Motu Ihupuku, 2014/15 (Report). Blue Planet Marine.
  48. ^ Kate Mulcahy & Raewyn Peart (2012). Wonders of the Sea – the protection of New Zealand's marine mammals. New Zealand Environmental Defence Society. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-9876660-1-7.
  49. ^ Roe, W.D.; Rogers, L.; Pinpimai, K.; Dittmer, K.; Marshall, J.; Chilvers, B.L. (April 2015). "Septicaemia and meningitis caused by infection of New Zealand sea lion pups with a hypermucoviscous strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae". Veterinary Microbiology. 176 (3–4): 301–308. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.019. PMID 25682024.
  50. ^ Fox, Rebecca (12 March 2014). "300 sea lion pup deaths prompts search for answers". Otago Daily Times.
  51. ^ Augé, A.A; A.B. Moore; B.L. Chilvers (2012). "Predicting interactions between recolonizing marine mammals and fisheries: defining precautionary management". Fisheries Management and Ecology. 19 (5): 426–433. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2012.00861.x.
  52. ^ Lalas, C (2008). Clarkson; Kurian; Nachowitz; Rennie (eds.). "Recolonisation of Otago, southern New Zealand, by fur seals and sea lions: Unexpected patterns and consequences". Proceedings of the Conser-Vision Conference. University of Waikato: 1–15.
  53. ^ Roberts, Jim (2015). Review of threats to the recovery of NZ sea lions and other otariid species (PDF). Wellington: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. pp. 11–14.
  54. ^ Mcconkey, S. D.; Mcconnell, H.; Lalas, C.; Heinrich, S.; Ludmerer, A.; Mcnally, N.; Parker, E.; Borofsky, C.; Schimanski, K.; Mcintosh, G. (2002). "A Northward Spread In The Breeding Distribution Of The New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocartos Hooeri)". Australian Mammalogy. 24 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1071/am02097. ISSN 1836-7402.
  55. ^ Pannett, Rachel; Francis, Ellen (13 November 2021). "'Cheeky' sea lions are returning to New Zealand's shores — and locals are learning to share the coast". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2021.

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New Zealand sea lion: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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The New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri), once known as Hooker's sea lion, and as pakake or whakahao (male) and kake (female) in Māori, is a species of sea lion that is endemic to New Zealand and primarily breeds on New Zealand's subantarctic Auckland and Campbell islands, and have in recent years been slowly breeding and recolonising around the coast of New Zealand's South and Stewart islands. The New Zealand sea lion numbers around 12,000 and is one of the world's rarest sea lion species. They are the only species of the genus Phocarctos.

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Phocarctos hookeri ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El león marino de Nueva Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los otáridos.[2]​ Habita en las costas de la Isla Sur e Isla Stewart, en Nueva Zelanda en pequeñas colonias y en grandes colonias en las islas subantárticas neozelandesas, especialmente en las Islas Auckland. Es uno de los mayores animales del país y desde la década de los 90 del siglo XIX se lo considera una especie protegida.

A mediados de los 90 del siglo XX se estimaba una población de 15 mil ejemplares. El brote de una epidemia en 1998 causó la muerte del 20% de hembras adultas y del 50% de las crías. En 2006 se estimaba una población de 11 855 ejemplares, lo que colocaba a la especie con Lista Roja de la IUCN como especie en peligro de extinción.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Chilvers, B.L. (2015). «Phocarctos hookeri». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de junio de 2015.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Phocarctos hookeri: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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El león marino de Nueva Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los otáridos.​ Habita en las costas de la Isla Sur e Isla Stewart, en Nueva Zelanda en pequeñas colonias y en grandes colonias en las islas subantárticas neozelandesas, especialmente en las Islas Auckland. Es uno de los mayores animales del país y desde la década de los 90 del siglo XIX se lo considera una especie protegida.

A mediados de los 90 del siglo XX se estimaba una población de 15 mil ejemplares. El brote de una epidemia en 1998 causó la muerte del 20% de hembras adultas y del 50% de las crías. En 2006 se estimaba una población de 11 855 ejemplares, lo que colocaba a la especie con

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Phocarctos hookeri ( Basch )

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Phocarctos hookeri Phocarctos generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Otariidae familian sailkatuta dago..

Erreferentziak

  1. Gray (1844) Terror and Zool. Voy. H.M.S..
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Phocarctos hookeri: Brief Summary ( Basch )

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Phocarctos hookeri Phocarctos generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Otariidae familian sailkatuta dago..

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Uudenseelanninmerileijona ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Uudenseelanninmerileijona (Phocarctos hookeri) on korvahyljelaji, jonka päälisääntymisalue on Uuden-Seelannin subantarktisilla saarilla, erityisesti Aucklandsaarilla, mutta jota tavataan jonkin verran myös Uuden-Seelannin Eteläsaaren ja Stewartinsaaren rannikoilla.[1]

Uudenseelanninmerileijonakoiraat ovat noin 2,5 metrin pituisia ja painavat 320–450 kilogrammaa. Naaraat ovat selvästi pienempiä, alle kaksimetrisiä ja 90–165 kilon painoisia. Hylkeet voivat elää noin 25-vuotiaiksi.[1] Koiraat tulevat sukukypsiksi 5-vuotiaina, naaraat 3–4 vuoden iässä. Kantoaika on 12 kuukautta. Poikaset syntyvät vajaan metrin pituisina, 8-10-kiloisina; niiden pitkä kuuttikarva alkaa vaihtua normaaliin karvoitukseen noin kahden kuukauden iässä.[1]

Nzhookerso1.jpg

Laji on yksi Uuden-Seelannin suurimmista eläimistä, ja sillä on ollut suojelustatus jo 1890-luvulla. 1990-luvun puolivälissä merileijonia oli ilmeisesti noin 15 000, mutta määrä on ilmeisesti vähentynyt vuonna 1998 levinneen taudin jäljiltä. Tauti tappoi noin 20 % täysikasvuisista naaraista ja 50 % sen vuoden pennuista. Vuonna 2004 merileijonia arvioitiin olevan noin 13 000.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut, että lajin suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "uuden-seelanninisohylje".[2]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Chilvers, B.L.: Phocarctos hookeri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.6.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet 2008. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo. Viitattu 8.11.2010. Suomen kielen lautakunta suhtautui toimikunnan nimistöehdotukseen torjuvasti. Ks. Suomen kielen lautakunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet Kotus.fi. 20.11.2008. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus. Viitattu 18.10.2011.
Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Uudenseelanninmerileijona: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Uudenseelanninmerileijona (Phocarctos hookeri) on korvahyljelaji, jonka päälisääntymisalue on Uuden-Seelannin subantarktisilla saarilla, erityisesti Aucklandsaarilla, mutta jota tavataan jonkin verran myös Uuden-Seelannin Eteläsaaren ja Stewartinsaaren rannikoilla.

Uudenseelanninmerileijonakoiraat ovat noin 2,5 metrin pituisia ja painavat 320–450 kilogrammaa. Naaraat ovat selvästi pienempiä, alle kaksimetrisiä ja 90–165 kilon painoisia. Hylkeet voivat elää noin 25-vuotiaiksi. Koiraat tulevat sukukypsiksi 5-vuotiaina, naaraat 3–4 vuoden iässä. Kantoaika on 12 kuukautta. Poikaset syntyvät vajaan metrin pituisina, 8-10-kiloisina; niiden pitkä kuuttikarva alkaa vaihtua normaaliin karvoitukseen noin kahden kuukauden iässä.

Nzhookerso1.jpg

Laji on yksi Uuden-Seelannin suurimmista eläimistä, ja sillä on ollut suojelustatus jo 1890-luvulla. 1990-luvun puolivälissä merileijonia oli ilmeisesti noin 15 000, mutta määrä on ilmeisesti vähentynyt vuonna 1998 levinneen taudin jäljiltä. Tauti tappoi noin 20 % täysikasvuisista naaraista ja 50 % sen vuoden pennuista. Vuonna 2004 merileijonia arvioitiin olevan noin 13 000.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut, että lajin suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "uuden-seelanninisohylje".

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Lion de mer de Nouvelle-Zélande ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Phocarctos hookeri

Le lion de mer de Nouvelle-Zélande (Phocarctos hookeri) est une espèce d'otaries, seule du genre Phocarctos.

Il ne faut pas la confondre avec l'otarie de Nouvelle-Zélande, Arctocephalus forsteri. Il est assez proche du lion de mer d'Australie Neophoca cinerea, et a parfois été considéré comme étant une seule et même espèce.

Milieu de vie

Elle est limitée aux côtes de l'île Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande, au climat tempéré froid. Mais elle ne s'éloigne pas en pleine mer et reste au bord des côtes.

Biologie

 src=
Crâne de Lion de Phocarctos hookeri, par Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, 1844

Conservation

L'espèce est considérée comme en danger selon l'UICN, avec un effectif proche de 15 000 animaux, mais fluctuant en fonction des aléas météorologiques (qui affectent surtout la survie des petits en bas âge). L'atteinte qu'elle porterait aux stocks de mollusques selon les pêcheurs est l'objet de frictions entre ceux-ci, les écologistes et le gouvernement néo-zélandais (qui autorise la capture d'une centaine de têtes par an).

 src=
Aire de répartition des lions de mer néo-zélandais

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Lion de mer de Nouvelle-Zélande: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Phocarctos hookeri

Le lion de mer de Nouvelle-Zélande (Phocarctos hookeri) est une espèce d'otaries, seule du genre Phocarctos.

Il ne faut pas la confondre avec l'otarie de Nouvelle-Zélande, Arctocephalus forsteri. Il est assez proche du lion de mer d'Australie Neophoca cinerea, et a parfois été considéré comme étant une seule et même espèce.

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Novozelandski morski lav ( Croat )

fornì da wikipedia hr Croatian

Novi Zeland morski lav (Phocarctos hookeri) također poznat kao Hookerov morski lav ili whakahao na maorskom je vrsta morskih lavova koja živi na novozelandskom Južnom i Stewart otoku do neke mjere, te u većoj mjeri oko novozelandskih sub-antarktički otoka, posebno otoka Aucklanda. On je monotipik svoga roda.

Karakteristike

Novo Zelandski morski lavovi, kao i svi ušati tuljani, su obilježeni spolnim dvoličjem. Odrasli mužjaci su dugački 240 do 350 cm i teški 320 do 450 kg, a odrasle ženke dugačke 180 do 200 cm i teške od 90 do 165 kg. Pri rođenju, lavovi su 7 do 10 cm dugi i teški 7 do 8 kg.[1]

 src=
Područje naseljavanja

Populacija

Kao jedan od većih životinja u Novom Zelandu lav je zaštićena vrsta, budući da im je broj od 1890-ih godina,[2] u padu i spadaju među najugroženim životinje u svijetu.[3] Smatralo se da ih sredinom 1990-tih ima oko 15.000 . Nakon izbijanja bolesti 1998. broj ima se značajno smanjio, bolest je prouzročila smrt oko 20 posto odraslih žena i 50 posto mladunčadi te godine. Procjene (na temelju mladunaca) je da ih ima oko 9.000 2008. godine.

Izvor

  1. Perrin, William. Encyclopedia of marine mammals
  2. Forest & Bird condemns 40% rise in sea lion quota. Forest & Bird (19. prosinca 2008.) pristupljeno 27. siječnja 2009.
  3. New Zealand Sea Lion. NZ Department of Conservation pristupljeno 27. siječnja 2009.
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Novozelandski morski lav: Brief Summary ( Croat )

fornì da wikipedia hr Croatian

Novi Zeland morski lav (Phocarctos hookeri) također poznat kao Hookerov morski lav ili whakahao na maorskom je vrsta morskih lavova koja živi na novozelandskom Južnom i Stewart otoku do neke mjere, te u većoj mjeri oko novozelandskih sub-antarktički otoka, posebno otoka Aucklanda. On je monotipik svoga roda.

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Phocarctos hookeri ( Italian )

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Il leone marino della Nuova Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri), noto anche come leone marino di Hooker o Whakahao in māori, è una specie di otaria che si riproduce intorno alle coste dell'Isola del Sud della Nuova Zelanda e dell'isola di Stewart/Rakiura in un numero non elevato, ma la maggior parte degli individui vive intorno alle isole sub-antartiche neozelandesi, soprattutto alle isole Auckland. Essendo uno tra i più grandi animali neozelandesi, è stato una specie protetta fin dagli anni 1890.

Descrizione

I leoni marini della Nuova Zelanda, come tutte le otarie, presentano un marcato dimorfismo sessuale. I maschi adulti misurano 240-350 cm di lunghezza e pesano circa 320-450 kg. Le femmine adulte sono lunghe 180-200 cm di lunghezza e pesano mediamente 90-165 kg. I piccoli misurano alla nascita 70-100 cm e pesano circa 7-8 kg.

Conservazione

A metà degli anni novanta si stimava una popolazione di circa 15.000 individui. Questo numero, però, è andato declinando, dal momento che nel 1998 lo scoppio di un'epidemia ha causato in quell'anno la morte di circa il 20% delle femmine adulte e del 50% dei cuccioli. Le stime (basate sulla conta dei cuccioli) sono, per il 2004, di circa 13.000 individui.

Una sentenza della Corte d'Appello della Nuova Zelanda emessa il 7 aprile 2004, con le ragioni esposte separatamente il 13 luglio 2004 (CA39/04), ha revocato una decisione restrittiva del Ministero della Pesca, basata sui dati del Ministero della Pesca neozelandese; la Corte ha permesso ai pescatori di calamari di catturare accidentalmente fino a 124 leoni nella stagione 2004, contro i 62 specificati dal Ministero. Dal momento che la specie viene considerata lontana dall'essere «in pericolo», la Corte ha ritenuto che l'imposizione del Ministero di questa cifra bassa (una delle più basse mai imposte nei 20 anni della storia di queste restrizioni) stava superando quella richiesta dalla legge.

Galleria d'immagini

Bibliografia

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Phocarctos hookeri: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il leone marino della Nuova Zelanda (Phocarctos hookeri), noto anche come leone marino di Hooker o Whakahao in māori, è una specie di otaria che si riproduce intorno alle coste dell'Isola del Sud della Nuova Zelanda e dell'isola di Stewart/Rakiura in un numero non elevato, ma la maggior parte degli individui vive intorno alle isole sub-antartiche neozelandesi, soprattutto alle isole Auckland. Essendo uno tra i più grandi animali neozelandesi, è stato una specie protetta fin dagli anni 1890.

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Naujosios Zelandijos jūrų liūtas ( lituan )

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Binomas Phocarctos hookeri

Naujosios Zelandijos jūrų liūtas (lot. Phocarctos hookeri) – ruonių (Pinnipedia) pobūrio jūros žinduolis.


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Naujosios Zelandijos jūrų liūtas: Brief Summary ( lituan )

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Naujosios Zelandijos jūrų liūtas (lot. Phocarctos hookeri) – ruonių (Pinnipedia) pobūrio jūros žinduolis.


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Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw ( olandèis; flamand )

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De Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw (Phocarctos hookeri) is een oorrob die voorkomt in de zee ten zuiden van Zuidereiland. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Phocarctos.

Kenmerken

De Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw heeft een vrij kleine kop. De vachtkleur verschilt per individu, geslacht en leeftijd. Vrouwtjes en jonge dieren hebben een zilvergrijze of bruingrijze vacht, met een bleekgele of roomwitte vacht op de buik, het gebied boven de oren en de ogen, en aan de zijkanten van de snuit. Vrouwtjes worden gemiddeld 2 meter lang en 160 kilogram zwaar. Het mannetje heeft een donkerbruine tot zwarte vacht met donkere manen om de nek, die een zilvergrijze glans hebben. Hij wordt 250 tot 350 centimeter lang en tussen de 300 en 450 kilogram zwaar. Jongere mannetjes, die de eerste jaren dezelfde vachtkleur hebben als vrouwtjes, doorlopen een roodbruine fase voor ze hun volwassen vachtkleur bereiken.

Voedsel

De Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw leeft voornamelijk van kleine vissen en platvissen, inktvissen en kreeftachtigen als garnalen, aangevuld met pinguïns en soms jonge zeeberen. Op Macquarie-eiland vormen pinguïns zelfs de hoofdmoot van het dieet.

Voortplanting

De jongen worden tussen december en januari geboren op enkele open zandstranden. Deze voortplantingsstranden zijn beperkt tot slechts enkele eilanden. De grootste groepen zijn te vinden op de Aucklandeilanden, maar ook Campbell-eiland en de Snares herbergen kraamkamers. De volwassen mannetjes trekken eind oktober, begin november naar deze stranden om een territorium te vestigen. De vrouwtjes volgen eind november, begin december. Zeven tot tien dagen na de worp zal het vrouwtje weer worden gedekt.

De jongen hebben bij de geboorte een donkerbruine vacht met roomkleurige tekening die loopt van de bovenzijde van de kop tot aan de snuit en de hals. Ze verliezen deze vacht na twee maanden. Al bij de geboorte is het verschil tussen mannetjes en vrouwtjes te merken: mannetjes wegen gemiddeld 7,9 kilogram, vrouwtjes 7,2 kilogram. De zoogtijd duurt bijna een jaar. Na drie à vier jaar zijn de vrouwtjes geslachtsrijp, mannetjes na vijf jaar.

Door het kleine aantal voortplantingsgebieden is de soort zeer kwetsbaar voor verstoring. De belangrijkste reden voor de achteruitgang van de soort is bijvangst in vissersnetten. Ook raken jongen klem in de holen van uitheemse konijnen, die langs het strand voorkomen. Samen met een ziekte heeft dit geleid tot de IUCN-status "bedreigd" in 2015.[1]

Verspreiding

Deze zeeleeuw leeft enkel langs de zuidkust van het Nieuw-Zeelandse Zuidereiland en rondom de kleine subantarctische eilandjes ten zuiden van dit eiland. De grootste voortplantingskolonie bevindt zich op de Aucklandeilanden. Ze rusten op stranden, rotsen en klippen langs de kust. Ze wagen zich tot 150 kilometer van de kust vandaan.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De Nieuw-Zeelandse zeeleeuw (Phocarctos hookeri) is een oorrob die voorkomt in de zee ten zuiden van Zuidereiland. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Phocarctos.

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New Zealand-sjøløve ( norvegèis )

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New Zealand-sjøløve eller Hookers sjøløve (Phocarctos hookeri) er en art av sjøløver som bor i og rundt New Zealands Sørøya og Stewart Island/Rakiura. New Zealand-sjøløven lever av å jakte på fisk og andre små dyr.

Slektstre

Pinnipedia

Phocidae (selfamilien)



Otariidae




antarktisk pelssel (Arctocephalus gazella)




guadalupepelssel (Arctocephalus townsendi)



Juan Fernández-pelssel (Arctocephalus philippii)






galápagospelssel (Arctocephalus galapagoensis)



New Zealand-pelssel (Arctocephalus forsteri)






australsk sjøløve (Neophoca cinerea)



New Zealand-sjøløve (Phocarctos hookeri)





tropisk pelssel (Arctocephalus tropicalis)



sørafrikansk pelssel (Arctocephalus pusillus)



søramerikansk sjøløve (Otaria flavescens)








californiasjøløve (Zalophus californianus)



galápagossjøløve (Zalophus wollebaeki)




japansjøløve (Zalophus japonicus) (†)




stellersjøløve (Eumetopias jubatus)





nordlig pelssel (Callorhinus ursinus)



Odobenidae

hvalross (Odobenus rosmarus)




Kladogrammet over viser slektskapet i øreselfamilien.[1]

Referanser

  1. ^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). «Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description». Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)

Eksterne lenker

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New Zealand-sjøløve: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

New Zealand-sjøløve eller Hookers sjøløve (Phocarctos hookeri) er en art av sjøløver som bor i og rundt New Zealands Sørøya og Stewart Island/Rakiura. New Zealand-sjøløven lever av å jakte på fisk og andre små dyr.

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Maoryszanka uszata ( polonèis )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Maoryszanka uszata[4], uchatka nowozelandzka (Phocarctos hookeri) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka morskiego z rodziny uchatkowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Phocarctos. Występuje w Nowej Zelandii i na wyspach wokół Antarktydy[5]. Samce są koloru czarnego bądź brązowego, mierzą około 2,45 m, natomiast samice mają do 2 m długości i są jasnobrązowe. Obecnie żyje 10 000-15 000 osobników tego gatunku. Są chronione od 1890 r.

Galeria

Przypisy

  1. Phocarctos hookeri, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. W. Peters. (Über die Ohrenrobben (Seelöwen und Seebären), Otariae, insbesondere über die in den Sammlungen zu Berlin befindlichen Arten). „Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin”, s. 269, 1866 (ang.).
  3. Chilvers, B.L. 2015, Phocarctos hookeri [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.1 [dostęp 2015-07-14] (ang.).
  4. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 153. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Phocarctos hookeri. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 25 września 2009]
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Maoryszanka uszata: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

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Maoryszanka uszata, uchatka nowozelandzka (Phocarctos hookeri) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka morskiego z rodziny uchatkowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Phocarctos. Występuje w Nowej Zelandii i na wyspach wokół Antarktydy. Samce są koloru czarnego bądź brązowego, mierzą około 2,45 m, natomiast samice mają do 2 m długości i są jasnobrązowe. Obecnie żyje 10 000-15 000 osobników tego gatunku. Są chronione od 1890 r.

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Phocarctos hookeri ( portughèis )

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Phocarctos hookeri, conhecido popularmente como leão-marinho-da-nova-zelândia ou leão-marinho-de-hooker, é uma espécie de mamífero marinho da família Otariidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Phocarctos.[1] Ocorre nas ilhas subantárticas ao sul da Nova Zelândia.

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

A espécie ocorre na Austrália e Nova Zelândia. Possui uma distribuição geográfica limitada, habitando as ilhas subantárticas ao sul da Nova Zelândia, e águas adjacentes. A principal colônia reprodutiva é nas ilhas Auckland, seguida da Ilha Campbell. Registros indicam a presença de leões-marinhos, principalmente machos, na ilha Stewart e na costa sudeste da ilha do Sul, na Nova Zelândia. Animais errantes também pode ser encontrados na Ilha Macquarie.[2]

Conservação

A União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) classifica a espécie como "em perigo" de extinção devido a distribuição geográfica restrita, a população reduzida e a restrição das colônias reprodutivas em apenas duas ilhas subantárticas, o que deixa a população vulnerável à doenças, ao estresse climático e as atividades humanas, principalmente a pesca por rede. O estado de conservação foi alterado de "vulnerável" para "em perigo" em 2015.[2] O Departamento de Conservação da Nova Zelândia (DOC), em 2010, alterou a classificação nacional de em perigo para estado crítico.[3]

Referências

  1. a b Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494
  2. a b c Chilvers, B.L. (2015). Phocarctos hookeri (em inglês). IUCN 2015. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2015 . Página visitada em 23 de junho de 2015..
  3. Ritchmough, R. «Summary of changes to the conservation status of taxa in the 2008–11 New Zealand Threat Classification System listing cycle» (PDF). Department of Conservation. Consultado em 23 de junho de 2015
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Phocarctos hookeri: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

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Phocarctos hookeri, conhecido popularmente como leão-marinho-da-nova-zelândia ou leão-marinho-de-hooker, é uma espécie de mamífero marinho da família Otariidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Phocarctos. Ocorre nas ilhas subantárticas ao sul da Nova Zelândia.

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Hookers sjölejon ( svedèis )

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Hookers sjölejon (Phocarctos hookeri) är en stor sälart i familjen öronsälar som lever på öar i närheten av Nya Zeeland.

Utseende

Hannar har svartbrun päls och når vanligen en längd av 2,5 meter men vissa individer blir 3,5 meter långa. Vid skuldran har de en tjock man. Honor är ljusbruna och maximalt 2 meter långa.[2]

Utbredning

Denna art lever på öar norr om Antarktis i Stilla havet, till exempel Aucklandöarna, Snareöarna och Campbell Island. De största kolonierna finns på Aucklandöarna.[2] Utanför parningstiden vandrar många individer till Nya Zeelands södra ö.

Levnadssätt

Innan parningen slåss hannarna om en bra plats i kolonin. Bara de tuffaste hannarna för möjlighet att para sig. Cirka 80 procent av hannarna får nöja sig med en plats vid kolonins rand där det sällan finns honor. En framgångsrik hanne har vanligtvis många honor.

Honorna föder oftast en unge åt gången[2], vårdar det några dagar och flyttar ungdjuret länge bort från kustlinjen innan de parar sig på nytt. I landets inre är ungdjuren säkra på grund av att andra rovdjur saknas.

Födan utgörs av bläckfiskar, mindre fiskar, kräftdjur, musslor och pingviner. Hookers sjölejon slukar mindre stenar för en bättre ämnesomsättning i mag- tarmkanalen.[2]

Hookers sjölejon och människan

Om beståndet före 1800-talet vet man inte mycket. Troligtvis fanns mycket fler individer än idag. Under 1800-talet dödades många djur och populationen på Aucklandöarna var utdöd bara tjugo år efter ögruppens upptäckt. Idag är ögruppen en skyddszon och beståndet har återhämtat sig. Hela beståndet beräknas till mellan 10 000 och 15 000 individer[1].

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Phocarctos hookeriIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Seal Specialist Group (1996), version 11 maj 2006.
  2. ^ [a b c d] Phocarctos hookeri på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 15 april 2010.
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Hookers sjölejon: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Hookers sjölejon (Phocarctos hookeri) är en stor sälart i familjen öronsälar som lever på öar i närheten av Nya Zeeland.

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Phocarctos hookeri ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK

Морфологія

Морфометрія. Довжина голови й тіла: 200 — 250 см (до 270 см, самці), 160 — 200 см (самиці), маса: більше 400 кг (самці), 90 — 160 кг (самиці).

Опис. Колір самців чорно-коричневий; вони мають гриву довгого грубого чорного волосся. Забарвлення самиць сріблясто-сіре зверху й кремове знизу.

Поведінка

Як характерно для багатьох отарієвих, цуценята збираються в групи окремо від матерів. Самиці відвідують їх щоб погодувати. Самиці і щенята впізнають один одного за допомогою вокалізації та запаху, а невеликий відсоток самиць дозволяють іншим цуценятам годуватися разом зі своїм, що є незвичайною поведінкою як для ластоногих. Phocarctos hookeri є хорошими пірнальниками, середня глибина занурення самиць: 129 м, а середня тривалості занурення становить 3,9 хвилини. Максимальна глибина занурення понад 600 м, а максимальна тривалість занурення: 14,5 хвилин. Довгих міграцій не здійснюють, але можуть віддалятися доволі далеко від берега. Здобиччю є різноманітні донні й морські хребетні та безхребетні організми, наприклад Hemerocoetes monopterygius, восьминіг, Munida, Macruronus, кальмари, ракоподібні. Хижаками для цих тварин є акули та морські леопарди. Цуценят також вбивають дорослі самці свого виду.

Життєвий цикл

Вагітність триває 11,5 місяці. Більшість цуценят народжується в грудні на початку січня. Народжується єдине дитя шоколадно-коричневого кольору. Вага новонароджених: 8 — 10 кг, довжина: 70 — 100 см. Вигодовування молоком, ймовірно, триває 10 місяців. Статева зрілість самців настає у 5 — 6-річному віці. Самці живуть принаймні до 23 років, самиці принаймні до 26 років.

Галерея

Джерела

Ronald M. Nowak. Walker's mammals of the world. — JHU Press, 1999. — Т. 1. — С. 855. — ISBN 0801857899.

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Sư tử biển New Zealand ( vietnamèis )

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Phocarctos hookeri là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Otariidae, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1844.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Gales, N. (2008). Phocarctos hookeri. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 1 năm 2009. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A3b)
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Phocarctos hookeri”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Sư tử biển New Zealand: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Phocarctos hookeri là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Otariidae, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1844.

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Новозеландский морской лев ( russ; russi )

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Латинское название Phocarctos hookeri
Gray, 1844

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ITIS 180617 NCBI 34888 Международная Красная книга
Status iucn3.1 VU ru.svg
Уязвимые виды
IUCN 3.1 Vulnerable: 17026

Новозеландский морской лев или оклендский морской лев[1] (лат. Phocarctos hookeri) — крупный ушастый тюлень субантарктических островов.

Внешний вид

Самцы окрашены в чёрно-коричневый цвет и достигают длины до 2,45 м. Из-за гривы, покрывающей плечи, они выглядят ещё массивнее, чем они и так есть. Самки значительно меньше и окрашены в светло-серые тона. Их величина достигает максимум 2 м.

Распространение

Лежбища новозеландских морских львов находятся на субантарктических островах вблизи Новой Зеландии. К ним относятся острова Окленд, Снэрс и Кэмпбелл. 95% общей популяции этих животных встречается на островах Окленд. На берегах Южного острова Новой Зеландии колонии морских львов весьма редки. Их можно встретить лишь вне брачного сезона на Южном острове, изредка также на Северном.

Поведение

 src=
Лежбище новозеландских морских львов

На берегу каждый самец пытается оборонять свою территорию против других самцов. При этом дело доходит до жестоких поединков, в которых одержать верх могут только самые сильные и выносливые. Около 80% самцов оказываются вытесненными на неперспективные места на периферии лежбища. Самки, выходящие на берег на территории определённого самца, образуют его гарем, с которым он спаривается. Молодые новозеландские морские львы кочуют вместе с матерями вглубь островов, где есть вегетация. Из-за отсутствия хищников подобные предприятия не представляют опасности.

Угрозы и численность

Сегодня существует от 10 до 15 тысяч особей этого вида. Изначальная численность неизвестна, однако по всей вероятности новозеландский морской лев некогда встречался намного чаще, чем сегодня, и имел обширные колонии в том числе и на обоих новозеландских островах. В XIX веке многие животные стали жертвами промышленников. На островах Окленд они были всего за 20 лет полностью истреблены, после того как были открыты там в 1806 году. Сегодня острова являются запретной природоохранной зоной и на них возобновилась популяция морских львов.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 110. — 10 000 экз.
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Новозеландский морской лев: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

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Новозеландский морской лев или оклендский морской лев (лат. Phocarctos hookeri) — крупный ушастый тюлень субантарктических островов.

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新西兰海狮 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Phocarctos hookeri
Gray,1844) 新西兰海狮分布区域
新西兰海狮分布区域

新西兰海狮(学名:Phocarctos hookeri),也称胡氏海狮,是分布于新西兰亚南极群岛附近海域的一种海狮。成年雄性体长2.3~2.7米,重320~450公斤;雌性长1.8~2米,重90~165公斤;刚出生的小海狮长约0.7~1米,重8~10公斤。[1]


参考资料

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新西兰海狮: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

新西兰海狮(学名:Phocarctos hookeri),也称胡氏海狮,是分布于新西兰亚南极群岛附近海域的一种海狮。成年雄性体长2.3~2.7米,重320~450公斤;雌性长1.8~2米,重90~165公斤;刚出生的小海狮长约0.7~1米,重8~10公斤。


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ニュージーランドアシカ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
ニュージーランドアシカ ニュージーランドアシカ
ニュージーランドアシカ Phocarctos hookeri
保全状況評価 ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目 Carnivora : アシカ科 Otariidae : ニュージーランドアシカ属
Phocarctos : ニュージーランドアシカ
P. hookeri 学名 Phocarctos hookeri 和名 ニュージーランドアシカ 英名 New Zealand sea lion

ニュージーランドアシカPhocarctos hookeri)は、ネコ目(食肉目)アシカ科ニュージーランドアシカ属に分類される鰭脚類

分類[編集]

本種のみでニュージーランドアシカ属を形成する。

後述の通り、現在ニュージーランドの南島に棲息するアシカとマオリ族によって絶滅させられたアシカは遺伝的に異なる系統であった。また、更新世のアシカは、ニュージーランドアシカともオーストラリアアシカとも異なる。

分布[編集]

ニュージーランドキャンベル島オークランド諸島スネアズ諸島固有種

オスが南島マッコーリー島オーストラリア)へ迷行した例がある。

形態[編集]

全長オス220cm、メス180cm。体重オス300-400kg、メス140-230kg。吻端は太く、額が突出しない。

幼獣は暗褐色の体毛で覆われる。オスの成獣は全身が黒褐色の体毛で覆われ、鬣が発達し肩部に達する。メスの成獣は背面が灰褐色、腹面が淡褐色の体毛で覆われる。

生態[編集]

海岸に生息する。大規模な回遊は行わない。

食性は動物食で、魚類甲殻類軟体動物などを食べるがペンギンを食べる事もある。主に夜間に水深30mまで潜水し、獲物を捕食する。

繁殖形態は胎生。オスは10-11月、メスは11-12月に砂浜に上陸し主に砂浜(水中で交尾する事もある)で交尾を行う。メスは出産してから1週間で発情し、再び交尾を行う。12-翌1月に砂浜で1回に1頭の幼獣を産む。授乳期間は6-8か月だが、1年に達する事もある。

人間との関係[編集]

毛皮や油目的の乱獲などにより生息数は激減した。1970年代における生息数は3000-4000頭と推定されている。

現在、南島などに棲息しているのは亜南極諸島からの移住個体の子孫であり、遺伝的に異なる本来のアシカは北島・南島・チャタム諸島[1][2] などでマオリ族の狩猟によって絶滅した。[3]同じ理由で絶滅したワイタハペンギンも、後に亜南極諸島から移住したキンメペンギンによってニッチが再現された。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ニュージーランドアシカに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにニュージーランドアシカに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 大隅清治監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科2 海生哺乳類』、平凡社1986年、100、105-106頁。
  • 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『レッド・データ・アニマルズ8 太平洋、インド洋』、講談社2001年、28-29、164頁。

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ McFadgen, B.G. (March 1994). “Archaeology and Holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island”. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Royal Society of New Zealand) 24 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517454.
  2. ^ Rawlence, N. (2016). “Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations”. Molecular Biology 25: 3950–3961.
  3. ^ Wishart S.. Newcomers. The New Zealand Geographic

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ニュージーランドアシカ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

ニュージーランドアシカ(Phocarctos hookeri)は、ネコ目(食肉目)アシカ科ニュージーランドアシカ属に分類される鰭脚類

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뉴질랜드바다사자 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

뉴질랜드바다사자 또는 후커바다사자 (Phocarctos hookeri)는 주로 뉴질랜드의 아남극 오클랜드 제도와 캠벨 제도 그리고 뉴질랜드 남섬스튜어트 섬의 해안가 일부 지역에서 번식하는 바다사자의 일종이다. 뉴질랜드바다사자는 약 10,000마리 정도이며, 세계에서 가장 희귀한 바다사자로 추정되어 있다.[2] 뉴질랜드바다사자속(Phocarctos)의 유일종이다.

계통 분류

다음은 물개과의 계통 분류이다.[3]

물개과 북방물개속

북방물개

           

남극물개

     

과달루페물개

   

후안페르난데스물개

         

갈라파고스물개

   

뉴질랜드물개

         

아남극물개

   

갈색물개

   

남아메리카바다사자

       

오스트레일리아바다사자

   

뉴질랜드바다사자

        큰바다사자속

큰바다사자

바다사자속

바다사자

     

캘리포니아바다사자

   

갈라파고스바다사자

           

각주

  1. Chilvers, BL. (2015). “Phocarctos hookeri”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2015.3판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2015년 9월 23일에 확인함.
  2. “Facts about sea lion”. Department of Conservation. 2013년 12월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 5월 8일에 확인함.
  3. Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). “Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description”. 《Mammal Review》 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
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Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da World Register of Marine Species
Subantarctic islands south of New Zealand

Arferiment

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Jacob van der Land [email]