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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 40 years (captivity) Observations: Despite a higher MRDT (Finch et al. 1990), rhesus macaques appear to age significantly faster than humans from a physiological perspective (Caleb Finch 1990). The females of this species reach menopause at the age of 25 years (Ronald Nowak 1999). Maximum longevity is 40 years (Bodkin et al. 2003). It is possible that one animal under caloric restriction for part of its life lived for slightly longer than 40 years but this record is unverified (George Roth, pers. comm.).
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Conservation Status ( Anglèis )

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IUCN considers this species Lower risk/ near threatened.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Joshua Seinfeld, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Sensa tìtol ( Anglèis )

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The common name, rhesus monkey, is responsible for the naming of the hereditary blood antigen Rh-factor that was discovered on their red blood cells in 1940. Rh-factor is also found in humans. The mixing of Rh blood with non-Rh blood during blood transfusions or the later stages of pregnancy can result in potentially dangerous defense reactions.

(Nowak 1991)

The name "rhesus" comes from Greek, Rhesos, the King of Thrace who assisted Priam at Troy. Audebert, the person who applied the name to the species, stated that it had no meaning.

(Jaeger 1972)

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Behavior ( Anglèis )

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Communication in all monkeys involves a variety of visual signals (such as body postures and facial expression), tactile communication (such as grooming, playing and fighting), vocalizations, and scent cues.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Benefits ( Anglèis )

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In India, rhesus monkeys do significant damage to crops and gardens in many areas. Because they are viewed as sacred animals by Hindus, often little is done to stop them from stealing crops.

As is true of most nonhuman primates, there is a high risk that they could carry diseases which affect humans.

(Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990)

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings); crop pest

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Benefits ( Anglèis )

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Macaca mulatta is a popular zoo animal because of its innate curiosity and active lifestyle. These monkeys are also used extensively for research. They are especially useful in biological, medicinal, and psychological research. Macaca mulatta is most often used in psychological research when the emphasis is on perception, learning, or behavior.

(Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990)

Positive Impacts: source of medicine or drug ; research and education

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Associations ( Anglèis )

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The role of these animals in their ecosystems has not been fully described. Because of their frugivory, rhesus monkeys may help to disperse seeds. As a prey species, they may affect predator populations.

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Trophic Strategy ( Anglèis )

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The dietary habits of rhesus monkeys can vary greatly depending upon where they live. Macaca mulatta is omnivorous, and often eat roots, herbs, fruits, insects, crops, and small animals. The diet can also vary with the season. For example, rhesus that live in the mountain forests of northern Pakistan feed primarily on clovers during the summer, but during winter when snow covers the ground they are forced to switch to foods with lower nutritional values and higher fiber contents, such as pine needles and oak leaves. These monkeys seem to choose their environments carefully with respect to food resources. Even when they are forced to switch to lower quality food sources during the winter months they do not exhibit higher mortality rates, although they may lose a considerable percentage of their body weight.

(Macdonald, 1984; Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990)

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; insects

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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Macaca mulatta lives in a wide range of habitats, and shows a great deal of adaptability. Some populations live in flatlands, while others, in northern India and Pakistan, live in the Himalayas at elevations up to 3,000 m. These primates are able to aclimate to a variety of climatic extremes, from the hot, dry temperatures found in deserts, to cold winter temperatures which fall to well below the freezing point.

In addition to living in the wilderness, some populations of M. mulatta have become accustomed to living alongside humans. Occasionally, small groups can be found living in the densely populated urban areas of northern India. Groups of rhesus monkeys that become used to living in areas occupied by people usually search out other human-populated areas if people attempt to relocate them away from civilization.

(Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990)

Range elevation: 3,000 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; mountains

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Joshua Seinfeld, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( Anglèis )

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Rhesus monkeys can live up to 30 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
30 (high) hours.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
30 (high) hours.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
36.0 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
23.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
35.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
26.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
30.0 years.

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Morphology ( Anglèis )

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These smallish monkeys have grizzled-brown fur dorsally, with the fur on the ventrum being slightly lighter in color. The hair is short on the head. The face and buttocks of adults are red.

Length varies in this species, ranging between 45 and 64 cm. The tail adds an additional 19 to 32 cm to the total length. Males are somewhat heavier than females, weighing between 6.5 and 12 kg. Females weigh a mere 5.5 kg on average.

Range mass: 4 to 12 kg.

Range length: 45 to 64 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are most commonly found in western Afghanistan, through India to northern Thailand. This species was abundant historically in southern China and Tibet, but humans have caused drastic decline of populations in these areas over the last sixty years. Because M. mulatta is often used for research, today populations are kept in captivity world wide.

(Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990; Wilson and Reeder, 1993)

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )

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Joshua Seinfeld, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Anglèis )

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Primates are often wary of potential predators. It is likey that large carnivores, raptors, and snakes could prey upon these macaques.

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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Although rhesus monkeys show mate preferences, in general they are highly promiscuous. As they live in multi-male, multifemale groups, there are ample opportunities for individuals to copulate with multiple partners.

Female rhesus monkeys have a sexual cycle of 29 days. They are receptive to copulation for between 8 and 11 days during that cycle. To solicit copulations, females present their hindquarters to males. The skin of the perineal region becomes redded when the female is in estrus, and aliphatic acids are present, proving a potential chemical cue to their state of fertility.

Rhesus monkeys are serial mounters, meaning that males mount a female multiple times before ejaculating.

Males attract mates either by having high dominance status within the social group, or sometimes by being friendly (grooming, carrying infants, etc) to females.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

The breeding season varies widely amongst populations. Populations that live in areas where the winters are cold mate in the fall so that the young are born in the spring. Macaca mulatta that live where seasonal changes are less pronounced have less well-defined mating seasons.

The gestation period is around 165 days, and almost all pregnancies results in birth of a single young. When kept under uniform conditions in captivity, females maintain a steady estrus cycle of 26 to 28 days.

Unlike many primate species, the estrus cycle of M. mulatta is not accompanied by major changes in the females' genital region. There is only minor swelling and redness around the genital area.

In populations that have distinct breeding seasons, testes swell to almost double their normal size during the breeding season. The disproportionately large testicles of male rhesus monkeys, and the increase in size of their testicles during the breeding season, is probably related to the number of times a male can copulate over a short period of time.

(Buscovitch, 1993; Nowak, 1991; Parker, 1990)

Newborn macaques weigh between 400 and 500g. They nurse from their mother for about 1 year. Although young macaques typically cling to their mother's ventrum for the first few weeks of life, as their ability to keep themselves upright improves, they ride upon the mother's back. Females reach nreproductive maturity at 2.5 to 3 years of age. Males take longer to complete the transition to adulthood, reaching sexual maturity at 4.5 to 7 years of age. (Nowak, 1991)

Breeding interval: Females are capable of producing one young per year under good conditions.

Breeding season: Populations that live in areas where the winters are cold mate in the fall; those that live where seasonal changes are less pronounced have less well defined mating seasons

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 133 to 200 days.

Average gestation period: 165 days.

Average weaning age: 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2.5 to 4 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4.5 to 7 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous

Average birth mass: 464 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

As is common to most primates, the bulk of parental care falls to females. Mothers provide their young with protection, nutrition, grooming, and social experience from birth until independence.

The role of males in parental care is somewhat confusing. Because social groups contain multiple males, and because females mate with many of these males, there is no certainty of paternity, so males don't even know which young are theirs. There may be some care given to young by close male friends of the mother. These males may be more likely to have sired the offspring.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning; inherits maternal/paternal territory; maternal position in the dominance hierarchy affects status of young

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Seinfeld, J. 2000. "Macaca mulatta" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html
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Joshua Seinfeld, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology ( Anglèis )

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This adaptable species is highly promiscuous and both males and females mate with as many members of the opposite sex as possible. They travel in groups of between 8 and 180 individuals, usually with two to four times as many females as males. Breeding takes place whenever the seasons permit, with no defined period in non-seasonal areas. Females undergo a regular oestrus cycle of 26 – 29 days, but unlike many other macaques, the genital region swells and darkens in colour only slightly during the fertile period, and only in younger adult females (4). Gestation lasts around 165 days, and females give birth to a single young or, rarely, twins. The young is fed milk for a year, first clinging to the mother's belly, but riding on her back when older. After weaning, female juveniles may remain with the same group whereas males often disperse to another. Females become sexually mature between 2.5 and 4 years and males between 4.5 and 7 years. Females who reach ages of more than 25 years go through the menopause, eventually becoming infertile (6). The rhesus macaque shows dominance hierarchies in both sexes, but more so in males. The status of each individual is inherited from its mother. There may be confrontations between groups, but these are rare as weaker groups actively avoid stronger groups. Females within groups can be very loud, but rarely fight as they are usually closely related (4). All members of the group practise social grooming for pleasure, health and as a form of submission and appeasement. Appeasement is also shown by the fear grimace in which the lips are retracted to reveal the clenched teeth. Staring with the mouth open signifies threat and putting the tail vertically upwards indicates aggressive confidence. Infants attract their mother's attention by cooing, and adult females will also coo to attract a male. Males respond by lip-smacking as an invitation to mate (5). The diet of the rhesus macaque varies by region. They are omnivorous opportunists, feeding mainly on roots, herbs, insects, crop plants and small animals. They are good swimmers and will cross water to find food (4).
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Conservation ( Anglèis )

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Continued research and monitoring of this species' behaviour, population status and range is necessary to foresee declines as a result of land use change across southern and Southeast Asia (1).
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Description ( Anglèis )

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With an expressive face and active lifestyle, the rhesus macaque is a charismatic species. Its coat is pale brown above and fades on the underside, but the naked face and rump are bright red in adults (2). It has large cheek pouches which it uses to store food when foraging (5). Audebert, who named the rhesus macaque, did so after the Greek King of Thrace, Rhesos, but emphasized that it had no special relevance. Since, the name rhesus has been extended to the hereditary blood antigen 'Rh-factor' which was discovered on the red blood cells of rhesus macaques and was also found to be present in humans (4).
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Habitat ( Anglèis )

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The rhesus macaque occupies an enormous range of habitats and climates, ranging from snow-covered mountains through dense forests to semi-desert and urban areas (1).
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Range ( Anglèis )

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Still widespread across southern Asia, the rhesus macaque has nevertheless become locally extinct in some of its former range. It has been introduced into Florida, USA as well as to Cayo Santiago Island near Puerto Rico, and is kept in captivity in large numbers worldwide due to its common use in research (4). This species has even been a participant in space travel (4).
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Status ( Anglèis )

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The rhesus macaque is classified as Lower Risk – near threatened (LR/nt) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1) and is listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats ( Anglèis )

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Whilst the rhesus macaque is threatened in the wild, a large captive population is maintained around the world for use in biological, psychological and medicinal research, especially for studies into perception, learning and behaviour. In the wild, the rhesus macaque is a generalist with great adaptability, allowing it to make the most of changes in land use. In India they are known for crop-raiding but their status as sacred animals in the Hindu religion prevents persecution by humans (4). Interspecies breeding is known to occur but appears to have no effect on the offspring's fertility, as other interspecies crosses usually do (6).
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中国传统文化寓意 ( Zh Hans )

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作为侯爵的象征,封侯挂印,背背封侯,马上封侯
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《图说中国吉祥物》
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Macaca mulatta ( Asturian )

fornì da wikipedia AST
Pa ver el personaxe de la mitoloxía griega, Reso.

El macacu Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), frecuentemente denomináu'l monu Rhesus, ye una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae, una de les más conocíes de monos del Vieyu Mundu.

Carauterístiques

Ye un macacu típicu, común dende Afganistán al norte de la India y China meridional. Los machos crecen y algamen un altor de 60 cm, con una cola d'unos 30 cm. Presenten dimorfismu sexual; los machos pueden pesar hasta 6 kg; les femes hasta la metá y midir 40 cm. Tienen un color que varia dende'l marrón al gris, cola cara rosada. Tienen una mira de vida de cerca de 25 años. Nun se conocen subespecies.[2]

Los macacos y la ciencia

El factor Rh del grupu sanguineu recibe'l so nome del macacu Rhesus, pos foi nesti animal onde foi identificáu esti factor per primer vegada.

Fueron usaos nos bien conocíos esperimentos d'apego nos 1950s, sol control del psicólogu comparativu Harry Harlow.

Ye capaz de reconocese nun espeyu.[3]

La NASA llanzó esti macacu al espaciu nos 1950s y los 1960s, y el Programa Espacial Soviéticu/Rusu unviar al espaciu, en 1997 nes Misiones Bion.

En xineru de 2000, foi'l primera primate clonáu, cola nacencia de Tetra. Y en xineru de 2001 nació ANDi, el primer primate trexénicu; ANDi porta genes estraños orixinalmente d'una aguamala Scyphozoa.

Los trabayos del xenoma d'esta especie completar en 2007,[4] faciendo al Rhesus el segundu primate non-humanu en tener el xenoma secuenciáu. L'estudiu[5] amuesa qu'humanos y macacos comparten cerca del 93 % del so secuencia d'ADN y un ancestru común aprosimao 25 millones d'años tras.

A pesar que la mayoría de los estudios en Rhesus son de delles llocalidaes del norte de la India, la conocencia de la so conducta natural provien d'estudios nuna colonia nel "Centru Caribeñu d'Estudios con Primates" de la Universidá de Puertu Ricu na islla de Cayo Santiago, Puertu Ricu. Importáronse 409 macacos Rhesus de la India y, en 2007 yá yeren 950. El personal humano ye de 11. Nun hai predadores na isla, y el contautu humanu ta prohibíu, sacante como parte de programes d'investigación, a partir de 1938. La colonia ye suministrada en dalguna estensión, pero cerca del so 50 % de la dieta ye de forrajeo natural. Estos macacos esfruten de llambionaes, como pasteles (en:Fig Newton) y damascos, y particularmente arrinquen cantidaes de malvariscos.

Referencies

  1. Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. y Yongcheng, L.. «Macaca mulatta» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.2.
  2. (2005) en Wilson, Don: Mammal Species of the World, 3ª (n'inglés), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. «Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Do Recognize Themselves in the Mirror: Implications for the Evolution of Self-Recognition». PLoS ONE 5 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pon.0012865. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pon.0012865.
  4. «A Barrel of Monkey Xenes». Science 316 (5822). doi:10.1126/science.316.5822.215.
  5. DNA sequence of Rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications. Human Genome Sequencing Center. Consultáu'l 15 d'abril de 2007.

Enllaces esternos



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Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

fornì da wikipedia AST
Pa ver el personaxe de la mitoloxía griega, Reso. Pa ver la traxedia d'Eurípides, Reso (obra).

El macacu Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), frecuentemente denomináu'l monu Rhesus, ye una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae, una de les más conocíes de monos del Vieyu Mundu.

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Makak rhesus ( Breton )

fornì da wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar makak rhesus(Daveoù a vank)[1] a zo ur makak, Macaca mulatta an anv skiantel anezhañ.

An naturour gall Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800) an hini eo a anvas ar marmouz-se Macaca rhesus e 1798.

Anavezet eo al loen dre ma voe roet e anv d'ar reiziad rezuz e 1940, da-heul labourioù ar bevoniour ha mezeg aostrian Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) hag ar bevoniour stadunanat Alexander Solomon Wiener (1907-1976), oc'h ober d'an treuzskuilhadurioù gwad bezañ suroc'h-surañ.

E-doug ar bloavezhioù 1950-60 e vannas an NASA fuzeennoù-arnodiñ en egor, makaked rhesus en o bourzh.

Ar makak rhesus Sam o kemer perzh er Raktres Mercury e 1959.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez hag isspesadoù

  • ██ Tiriad Macaca mulatta.
  • Al loen a gaver ar c'hwec'h isspesad anezhañ :

    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda,
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota,
    • Macaca mulatta mulatta,
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis,
    • Macaca mulatta vestita,
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
      en Azia ar C'hreiz, ar Gevred hag ar Su.

    Liammoù diavaez

    Notennoù ha daveennoù

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    Makak rhesus: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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    Ar makak rhesus(Daveoù a vank) a zo ur makak, Macaca mulatta an anv skiantel anezhañ.

    An naturour gall Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800) an hini eo a anvas ar marmouz-se Macaca rhesus e 1798.

    Anavezet eo al loen dre ma voe roet e anv d'ar reiziad rezuz e 1940, da-heul labourioù ar bevoniour ha mezeg aostrian Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) hag ar bevoniour stadunanat Alexander Solomon Wiener (1907-1976), oc'h ober d'an treuzskuilhadurioù gwad bezañ suroc'h-surañ.

    E-doug ar bloavezhioù 1950-60 e vannas an NASA fuzeennoù-arnodiñ en egor, makaked rhesus en o bourzh.

    Ar makak rhesus Sam o kemer perzh er Raktres Mercury e 1959.
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    Macaco rhesus ( Catalan; Valensian )

    fornì da wikipedia CA

    El macaco rhesus (Macaca mulatta), sovint anomenat el mico rhesus, és una espècie de primat catarins de la família Cercopithecidae, una de les més conegudes de micos del Vell Món.

    És un macaco típic, comú des de l'Afganistan al nord de l'Índia i la Xina meridional. Els macacos Rhesus mascles creixen fins a una alçada de 6 dm, amb cues que arriben als 3 dm. Presenten dimorfisme sexual: els mascles poden pesar fins a 6 kg, les femelles fins a la meitat i mesurar 4 dm. Tenen un color que varia des del marró al gris, amb cares rosades. Tenen una expectativa de vida de prop de 25 anys.

    Els macacos i la ciència

    El factor Rh del grup sanguini rep el seu nom del macaco Rhesus, ja que fou en aquest animal on fou identificat aquest factor per primera vegada.

    Van ser usats en els molt coneguts experiments d'afecció en els 1950, sota el control del psicòleg comparatiu Harry Harlow.

    La NASA va llançar aquest macaco a l'espai en els 1950 i els 1960, i el Programa Espacial Soviètic/Rus ha enviat a l'espai, el 1997 a les Missions Bion.

    El gener de 2000, fou el primer primat clonat, amb el naixement de Tetra. I el gener de 2001 neix ANDI, el primer primat transgènic; ANDI porta gens estranys originalment d'una medusa Scyphozoa.

    Els treballs del genoma d'aquesta espècie de Rhesus es completen el 2007, fent al Rhesus, el segon primat no-humà a tenir el genoma seqüenciat. L'estudi mostra que humans i macacos comparteixen prop del 93% de la seva seqüència d'ADN ia un avantpassat comú aproximadament 25 milions d'anys enrere.

    Malgrat que la majoria dels estudis en Rhesus són de diverses localitats del nord de l'Índia, el coneixement de la seva conducta natural d'espècie prové d'estudis en una colònia al "Centre del Carib d'Estudis amb Primats" de la Universitat de Puerto Rico a l'illa de "Gai Santiago, Puerto Rico. Es van importar 409 macacos Rhesus de l'Índia, i el 2007 ja són 950. El personal humà és d'11. No hi ha depredadors a l'illa, i el contacte humà està prohibit, excepte com a part de programes de recerca, a partir de 1938. La colònia és proveïda en alguna extensió, però a prop del seu 50% de la dieta és de farratge natural. Aquests macacos gaudeixen de llaminadures, com pastissos i domassos, i particularment arrenquen quantitats de malví.

    Classificació

    Hi ha diverses subespècies de Rhesus:

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda

    Referències

    • ↑ Eudey et al (2000). Macaca mulatta. 2006 Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas IUCN. IUCN 2006. Consultado el 9 de mayo 2006.
    • ↑ Zahn, L. M., Jasny, B. R., Culotta, E., and Pennisi, E. (13 d'abril de 2007). «A Barrel of Monkey Genes» Science. Vol. 316. pàg. 215. DOI 10.1126/science.316.5822.215.
    • ↑ (13 d'abril de 2007) DNA sequence of Rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications. Human Genome Sequencing Center. Consultado el 15 abril 2007.

    Enllaços externs

     src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Macaco rhesus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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    Macaco rhesus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

    fornì da wikipedia CA

    El macaco rhesus (Macaca mulatta), sovint anomenat el mico rhesus, és una espècie de primat catarins de la família Cercopithecidae, una de les més conegudes de micos del Vell Món.

    És un macaco típic, comú des de l'Afganistan al nord de l'Índia i la Xina meridional. Els macacos Rhesus mascles creixen fins a una alçada de 6 dm, amb cues que arriben als 3 dm. Presenten dimorfisme sexual: els mascles poden pesar fins a 6 kg, les femelles fins a la meitat i mesurar 4 dm. Tenen un color que varia des del marró al gris, amb cares rosades. Tenen una expectativa de vida de prop de 25 anys.

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    Makak rhesus ( Cech )

    fornì da wikipedia CZ

    Makak rhesus (Macaca mulatta) je úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití. Má sedm poddruhů. Žije v Asii od Afganistanu přes Indií, Barmu, Thajsko až po Vietnam a jižní Čínu. Obývá celou řadu biotopů od tropických pralesů, přes polopouště a bažinaté oblasti, od nížin až po horská pásma do 3000 metrů n. m.


    Popis

    Dospělý jedinec má tělo dlouhé 50 až 60 cm a ocas do 25 cm. Na rozdíl od ostatních makaků má ocas jen poloviční délky těla. Jeho hmotnost se pohybuje mezi 7,5 až 8,2 kg. Srst má zbarvenou hnědě až šedo hnědě, břicho a hlavu má světlejší. Má lícní torby a velké rudé sedací mozoly. Jednotlivé poddruhy se od sebe liší velikostí, zbarvením a délkou i kvalitou srstí.

    Stravování

    Jsou to všežravci, živí se ovocem, semeny, listy a pupeny stromů a keřů, zeleninou, různými částmi bylin a drobnými živočichy. Díky své všežravosti jsou postrachem farmářů, protože jim ničí úrodu, velmi rádi si pochutnávají na plodech ovocných stromů nebo na kukuřičných klasech.

    Život v tlupě

    Žijí v tlupách, které čítají obvykle od deseti do padesáti jedinců a mohou být velmi agresivní. V čele tlupy je statný samec, který se nesnáší s jinými. Všechny konkurenty se snaží od své družiny odehnat. Když však narušitel neustoupí, může souboj vést až k smrti jednoho z protivníků. Vítěz bere vše a tak získá celý harém. Teritorium nemají přesně vymezené. Jsou to denní tvorové, pobývají více na zemi než na stromech, pohybují se po čtyřech končetinách.

    Nevyhýbají se ani osídleným oblastem a setkat se s nimi lze v kterémkoliv prostředí - přímo ve středu města na historických památkách, v klášterech, na vesnicích nebo v divokých pralesích. Domorodci je nepronásleduji, ani když hodují na jejich polích, ačkoliv nepatři mezi posvátná zvířata. Hinduistické náboženství je vůči přírodě velice milosrdné a nedovoluje zabíjet zvířata nebo jim ubližovat. Po staletí tak žije makak rhesus ve vzácné shodě s lidmi.

    Rozmnožování

    V období říje dochází u samice ke zduření pohlavních orgánů a jejich okolí. Po oplodnění samcem trvá březost asi 165 dnů. Samice nosí mládě na břiše a kojí je více než jeden rok. Pohlavně dospívají ve 3 až 5 letech. Plné tělesné vyspělosti dosahují až ve věku okolo šesti roků. Nedospělého samce poznáme podle růžového šourku, zatímco dospělý jej má červený. Dožívají se ve volné přírodě 20 a v zajetí i 30 let.

    Využití

    Jsou to primáti, kteří jsou nejčastěji využívání k laboratorním pokusům. Mnoho jich bylo chováno v zařízeních při lékařských výzkumných ústavech a laboratořích, kde byli využíváni jako velice důležitá pokusná zvířata. Jednou z památek na dřívější využití makaků rhesus jako laboratorních zvířat je zkratka antigenu vyskytujícím se v červených krvinkách asi u 85 % lidské populace, tzv. Rh faktor (Rh = rhesus). Makak rhesus býval kdysi jednou z nejznámějších opic vůbec. Nechyběl totiž v žádném cirkuse či zvěřinci, jsou to opice velmi inteligentní a snadno ovladatelné.

    Poptávka výzkumníků po těchto opicích byla v jednu dobu taková, že indická vláda vydala nařízení omezující jejich vývoz. Mezi další velké vývozce patří Vietnam a Čína. Mnoho světových laboratoří již nyní používá všechny, nebo podstatnou část makaků pro výzkum ze svých laboratorních chovů.

    Ve staré čínské medicíně se používá tzv. „Calculus Macacae Mulattae“ – bezoár – kámen ze zažívacího traktu makaka rhesus. Roztlučené bezoárové kameny se používaly jako lék proti otravám všeho druhu, proti nevolnostem, bolestem, poruchám zažívání, epilepsii a dokonce proti zlým duchům.

    Poddruhy

    Na tak velkém a členitém území které makak rhesus obývá se vytvořilo několik poddruhů. Ty, které obývají hory, jsou velké s dlouhou hustou srstí, zatímco například ty z jižních části Indie jsou drobnější a srst mají krátkou a řídkou. Rozeznáváme tato poddruhy:

    Odkazy

    Reference

    1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

    Literatura

    • Luděk Dobroruka, Zvířata celého světa, Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, sv. 5, 1979

    Externí odkazy

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    Makak rhesus: Brief Summary ( Cech )

    fornì da wikipedia CZ

    Makak rhesus (Macaca mulatta) je úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití. Má sedm poddruhů. Žije v Asii od Afganistanu přes Indií, Barmu, Thajsko až po Vietnam a jižní Čínu. Obývá celou řadu biotopů od tropických pralesů, přes polopouště a bažinaté oblasti, od nížin až po horská pásma do 3000 metrů n. m.


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    Rhesusabe ( Danèis )

    fornì da wikipedia DA

    Rhesusaben (Macaca mulatta) er en art i slægten makakaber, der er udbredt over en stor del af Asien. Arten har spillet en stor rolle i lægevidenskaben og biologien, hvor den stadig bruges som forsøgsdyr. Aben har givet navn til rhesusblodsystemet.

    Etymologi

    Navnet Rhesus kommer fra Rhesos, en thrakisk konge i græsk mytologi som kæmpede på Trojas side under den trojanske krig. Navnet har ifølge artens navngiver, den franske maler og naturhistoriker Jean-Baptise Audebert (1759-1800), ingen særlig mening i forhold til dyret.[2]

    Udbredelse

    Rhesusaben lever i Asien, fra Afghanistan over Indien, som er dens primære udbredelsesområde, til det sydlige Kina og de nordlige dele af Thailand og Vietnam. Arten forekommer også på Hainan-øen. I Florida og Puerto Rico findes forvildede flokke som tidligere har været husdyr.[1]

    Beskrivelse

    Pelsen er brun til olivengrøn og den hårløse del af ansigtet er rosa eller rød. Kropslængden er 47 til 65 centimeter og halens længde er med 19 til 30 centimeter gennemsnitlig for makakaber. Vægten kan hos hanner nå op på 7,7 kilogram. Hanner kan blive dobbelt så store som hunner. I gennemsnit vejer hunner 5,4 kilogram.[2]

    Levevis

    Rhesusaber er ikke specialiserede med hensyn til levested. De forekommer både i lavlandet og i Himalayas højlandsskove op til 4000 meter over havet. De findes til og med i indiske storbyer.[1] Rhesusaben er god til at svømme og klatre, og den bevæger sig ofte på jorden.[1][2] Den ligner de andre makakaber med hensyn til den sociale adfærd. Rhesusaber lever i store grupper med op til hundrede individer (sjældent op til 180 medlemmer[2]), som kan bestå af betydeligt flere hunner end hanner.[3] I hver gruppe findes et udpræget hierarki og et stort antal forskellige lyde anvendes i kommunikationen. Gruppen er ikke særlig territorial over for andre grupper. Der forekommer desuden grupper, der kun består af hanner.[3]

    Føde

    Rhesusaber er altædende og lever især af frugt, men tager også blade, rødder og frø samt insekter og andre mindre dyr.[2]

    Formering

    Når rhesusabehunnen er klar til parring er den stærkt rødfarvet i et nøgent område ved bagdelen. Individer som lever i højlandsområder har parringstid om efteråret, så ungerne fødes om foråret. Hos lavlandsindivider findes ingen bestemt parringstid.[3] Efter drægtighedsperioden, som er på 165 dage, føder hunnen oftest en enkelt unge, undertiden tvillinger.[2] I ungens andet leveår stopper hunnen med at give die. Hunner bliver kønsmodne efter 2½ til 4 år, mens hanner bliver det efter 4½ til 7 år.[2] Rhesusaber bliver op til 30 år gamle.[3]

    Rhesusaber og mennesker

     src=
    En rhesusabe i sin beskyttelsesdragt kort før missionen Little Joe 2 (1959).

    I hinduismen regnes rhesusaber som hellige dyr.[2] De kan leve uden at blive generet af mennesker i byerne og forekommer oftest ved hinduernes tempelanlæg. De er også vigtige som forsøgsdyr, fordi de er nemme at passe. Opdagelsen af rhesusfaktoren skete omkring 1940 med individer af denne art.[3]

    Den 18. juni 1948 placeredes en rhesusabe med navnet Albert i spidsen af en V2-raket før en testflyvning, men primaten døde allerede ved starten.[4] Mellem 1959 og 1960 indgik rhesusaber i NASAs Mercuryprogram, hvor nogle individer sendtes ud i rummet, for eksempel under missionen Little Joe 1B.[5] År 2000 blev første rhesusabe klonet.[6]

    Tidligere indfangedes mange individer i naturen af hensyn til forskning, hvilket i nogle regioner betød en større tilbagegang i populationen. I dag avles forsøgsdyr mest direkte i udlandet og derfor er den største nuværende trussel ødelæggelsen af rhesusabernes levesteder. I nogle af deres oprindelige leveområder er de udryddede eller meget sjældne (for eksempel i det sydlige Kina og i Tibet), men i Indien er de beskyttede på grund af deres status. Hele arten listes af IUCN som ikke truet (LC).[1]

    Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

    1. ^ a b c d e Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Macaca mulatta". IUCNs rødliste. Hentet 2016-08-15. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
    2. ^ a b c d e f g h M. Richardson (2005-04-02). "Rhesus macaque". ARKive. Hentet 15. august 2016.
    3. ^ a b c d e J. Seinfeld (2000). "Macaca mulatta". Animal Diversity Web (engelsk). University of Michigan. Hentet 15. august 2016.
    4. ^ "History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics - part 1". NASA. Hentet 2016-08-15.
    5. ^ "Mission LJ-1B". NASA. Hentet 2016-08-15.
    6. ^ By Dean Irvine (2007-11-19). "You, again: Are we getting closer to cloning humans? - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Hentet 2014-12-21.
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    Rhesusabe: Brief Summary ( Danèis )

    fornì da wikipedia DA

    Rhesusaben (Macaca mulatta) er en art i slægten makakaber, der er udbredt over en stor del af Asien. Arten har spillet en stor rolle i lægevidenskaben og biologien, hvor den stadig bruges som forsøgsdyr. Aben har givet navn til rhesusblodsystemet.

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    Rhesusaffe ( Alman )

    fornì da wikipedia DE

    Der Rhesusaffe (Macaca mulatta) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Makaken innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten. Er spielte in der Medizingeschichte eine wichtige Rolle, da man an seinem Blut das erste Mal den nach ihm benannten Rhesusfaktor feststellte.

    Etymologie

    Der Name Rhesus kommt von Rhesos, einem thrakischen König der griechischen Mythologie, der im Trojanischen Krieg auf Seiten Trojas kämpfte. Der Name hat laut seinem Benenner, Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759–1800), einem französischen Naturforscher und Maler, keine tiefere Bedeutung.[1]

    Beschreibung

    Das Fell des Rhesusaffen ist braun oder olivfarben, das haarlose Gesicht ist rosa oder rötlich gefärbt. Sein Schwanz ist mit rund 21 bis 23 Zentimetern Länge im Vergleich zu anderen Makakenarten mittellang. Männchen werden mit durchschnittlich 53 Zentimetern Kopfrumpflänge und 7,7 Kilogramm Gewicht deutlich größer und schwerer als Weibchen, die 47 Zentimeter Kopfrumpflänge und durchschnittlich 5,3 Kilogramm erreichen.[2]

    Cytologie

    Das Genom des Rhesusaffen ist innerhalb des Zellkerns in 21 Chromosomenpaare organisiert, einschließlich eines Paars Geschlechtschromosomen. Das vollständige Genom wurde erstmals 2007 analysiert; es besteht aus 3.097.370.727 Basenpaaren. Die Anzahl der Gene (zunächst auf 30.000 geschätzt) ist noch unbekannt.[3][4]

    Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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    Verbreitungsgebiet

    Rhesusaffen leben in Asien, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Afghanistan über Indien – ihrem Hauptverbreitungsgebiet – bis ins südliche China und Thailand. Verwilderte Gruppen leben auch in Florida und auf Puerto Rico. Sie sind in Bezug auf ihren Lebensraum nicht wählerisch: Sie kommen sowohl im Flachland als auch in den Gebirgswäldern des Himalayas vor, sogar in Großstädten des indischen Subkontinents haben sie sich ausgebreitet.

    Lebensweise

    Aktivitätszeiten und Fortbewegung

    Rhesusaffen sind wie alle Altweltaffen tagaktiv. Je nach Lebensraum können sie sich vorrangig am Boden oder in den Bäumen aufhalten. Sie bewegen sich meist quadruped (auf allen vieren) fort und können auch gut schwimmen und dabei Distanzen bis zu einem Kilometer zurücklegen. Die Größe der Streifgebiete und die Länge der Tagesstreifzüge sind sehr variabel. Wo sie in Tempeln oder Städten leben und gefüttert werden, sind ihre Streifgebiete zwischen 0,01 und 3 km² groß und die täglich zurückgelegten Wegstrecken kurz. In bewaldeten Regionen legen sie rund 1,4 km am Tag zurück und die Streifgebiete umfassen bis zu 15 km². In Gebirgsregionen hingegen können die Gebiete bis zu 22 km² umfassen und die Tagesstreifzüge bis zu 3,5 km.[2]

    Sozialverhalten

     src=
    Rhesusaffen vor dem Roten Fort im nordindischen Agra
     src=
    Rhesusaffe auf einem Zaun in Thailand (Tempelaffe)

    In ihrem Gruppenverhalten entsprechen Rhesusaffen den übrigen Makaken. Sie leben in großen Gruppen von 10 bis 80 Tieren, die sich aus vielen Männchen, Weibchen und Jungtieren zusammensetzen. Weibchen verbleiben zeitlebens in ihrer Geburtsgruppe, Cliquen nahe verwandter Weibchen bilden so den matrilinearen Kern der Gruppe. Männchen müssen beim Eintreten der Geschlechtsreife ihre Geburtsgruppe verlassen und verbringen ihr Leben oft in mehreren Gruppen hintereinander.

    Die Weibchen etablieren eine stabile, dauerhafte Rangordnung, die vorwiegend vom Rang der Mutter abhängt und unter anderem in besserem Zugang zu Nahrungsquellen sichtbar wird. Die Rangordnung der Männchen ist weniger stabil, der Status der Männchen basiert auf einer Kombination aus sozialem und aggressivem Verhalten. Aggressives Verhalten anderen Männchen gegenüber umfasst unter anderem Schläge, Reißen am Fell, Ziehen am Schwanz und Bisse, aber auch Drohgebärden. Wenn ein Männchen die dominante Rolle in der Gruppe innehat, behält es diese für durchschnittlich zwei Jahre bei, ehe es von einem anderen verdrängt wird.

    Das Territorialverhalten ist wenig ausgeprägt: Die Streifgebiete der einzelnen Gruppen überlappen und verschiedene Gruppen treffen sich häufig, was meistens friedlich abläuft.

    Rhesusaffen kommunizieren mit einer Reihe von Lauten und Gesten. Häufig sind Gurr- und Grunzlaute zu hören, etwa bei der Fortbewegung oder wenn sich ein Tier einem anderen zum Grooming annähert. Es gibt auch Zwitscherlaute, die eine Nahrungsquelle anzeigen, schrille Alarmschreie und Drohlaute.[5]

    Nahrung

    Rhesusaffen haben sich gut an die Nähe des Menschen angepasst, und ein Großteil ihrer Nahrung kann aus menschlichen Quellen stammen, entweder durch direkte Fütterung oder indirekt, indem sie auf Feldern, in Gärten oder in Mülltonnen nach Fressbarem suchen. Sie sind Allesfresser, die sich aber vorwiegend von pflanzlichen Materialien wie Früchten, Blüten, Blättern, Samen, Baumsäften, Kräutern und Rinden ernähren. Ergänzt wird ihr Speiseplan durch Insekten, Eier, Krabben, Fische und Pilze.

    Fortpflanzung

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    Rhesusaffe mit Jungtier

    Die Paarungsbereitschaft der Rhesusaffen lässt sich an äußeren Anzeichen gut erkennen, an einer Intensivierung der Rotfärbung des Afters sowie bei den Männchen an einer deutlichen Vergrößerung der Hoden. Während Tiere, die in höheren Regionen leben, eine fixe Paarungszeit haben (im Herbst, sodass die Jungen im Frühling zur Welt kommen), gibt es bei Flachlandbewohnern keine eindeutigen Zeiten. Die Tragzeit beträgt rund 165 Tage, meist kommt ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Nicht nur die Mutter, sondern auch andere Weibchen der Gruppe und gelegentlich auch Männchen kümmern sich um das Junge, das im zweiten Lebenshalbjahr entwöhnt wird. Weibchen werden mit drei Jahren geschlechtsreif; Männchen sind zwar prinzipiell mit rund vier Jahren zeugungsfähig, erreichen ihre volle Größe aber erst mit rund acht Jahren und pflanzen sich selten vorher fort. Rhesusaffen können bis zu 30 Jahre alt werden. Der älteste Rhesusaffe in Gefangenschaft ist Isoko, eine Bewohnerin des Kyoto City Zoo in Kyoto, die am 15. April 2021 ihren 43. Geburtstag feierte. Sie wurde 1978 ebenfalls dort geboren.[6]

    Fressfeinde

    Rhesusaffen werden in ihrem westlichen Verbreitungsgebiet (Pakistan, Indien) vor allem von Leoparden gerissen. Aber auch Bengaltiger und Wölfe stellen eine Gefahr für die Primaten dar. Junge Tiere werden auch von Bengalkatzen oder Rohrkatzen gerissen.

    Rhesusaffen und Menschen

    Nutzung und Forschung

     src=
    Der Rhesusaffe „Sam“ bei seinem Raumflug 1959

    Im Hinduismus gelten Rhesusaffen als heilige Tiere. Sie können unbehelligt in Städten leben und finden sich oft bei Tempelanlagen. Als Labor- und Forschungstiere spielen sie aufgrund ihrer leichten Haltung eine bedeutende Rolle, nicht nur wegen des Rhesusfaktors, der 1940 an ihnen entdeckt wurde. So wurden 1959 und 1960 Rhesusaffen von der NASA im Rahmen des Mercury-Programms in den Weltraum geschickt. Im Jahr 2000 wurden Rhesusaffen erstmals geklont.

    1985 etablierte Norman L. Letvin das erste nicht-menschliche Primaten-Modell zur Erforschung von HIV, nachdem es ihm gelungen war, das Simiane Immundefizienz-Virus (SIV) zu isolieren und nachzuweisen, dass es bei indischen Rhesusaffen AIDS-ähnliche Schädigungen des Immunsystems und Todesfälle verursacht.[7]

    Im April 2007 wurde in der Fachzeitschrift Science das Ergebnis der detaillierten DNA-Sequenzierung des Rhesusaffen-Genoms bekannt gegeben.[8] Es war nach Mensch und Schimpanse das dritte vollständig sequenzierte Genom eines Primaten. Demnach stimmen 93,5 % der DNA-Basenpaare der Rhesusaffen mit denen des Menschen überein. Überrascht hat die Forscher, dass die beim Menschen Phenylketonurie und Sanfilippo-Syndrom verursachenden Genmutationen sich als die normalen Genvarianten der Rhesusaffen erwiesen. Ein Vergleich von 13.888 Genen des Menschen, der Schimpansen und der Rhesusaffen ergab zudem, dass 233 Schimpansen-Gene, aber nur 154 Gene des Menschen sich so stark von den Rhesusaffen-Genen unterscheiden, dass sie veränderte Proteine kodieren.[9] Dies bedeutet, dass sich die Schimpansen im Verlauf der Stammesgeschichte weiter von den gemeinsamen Vorfahren von Schimpansen und Menschen entfernt haben als der Mensch.

    Rhesusaffe

    Gefährdung

    Früher wurden Rhesusaffen, aber auch andere Affenarten, zu Forschungszwecken aus ihren natürlichen Lebensräumen in afrikanischen, asiatischen und lateinamerikanischen Wäldern entfernt, was gebietsweise zu bedeutenden Rückgängen in der Population führte.[10][11] Allein Indien exportierte in den 1950er-Jahren jährlich ca. 200.000[12] bis 250.000[13][11] Rhesusaffen, wobei es bereits beim Einfangen in der Wildnis, während der Gefangenschaft und beim Transport in das jeweilige Bestimmungsland zu hohen Verlusten kam. Die meisten Tiere wurden an amerikanische Forschungseinrichtungen verkauft, wo sie z. B. zur Herstellung von Impfstoffen gegen Kinderlähmung oder in Strahlenversuchen zur Erprobung der Neutronenbombe eingesetzt wurden.[12] Berichte der „Internationalen Liga zum Schutz der Primaten“ über diese und weitere Strahlenversuche mit Rhesusaffen, z. B. zu den Auswirkungen der Atombombe, gaben den Ausschlag dafür, dass Indiens Ministerpräsident Morarji Desai die Affenausfuhr am 1. April 1978 vollständig stoppte,[12][14][15] nachdem sie bereits vorher auf 20.000 Tiere pro Jahr gedrosselt worden war. Zwar werden Rhesusaffen für die Forschung heutzutage meist gezüchtet, als neue Bedrohung ist jedoch die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraumes in den Mittelpunkt getreten. In manchen Gebieten sind sie ausgestorben oder sehr selten geworden (zum Beispiel in Südchina und Tibet), in Indien sind sie aufgrund ihres Status geschützt. Insgesamt listet die IUCN diese Art als gering gefährdet.

    Systematik

    Die nächsten Verwandten des Rhesusaffen sind der Formosa-Makak aus Taiwan und der Japanmakak. Die drei Arten bilden die mulatta-Gruppe innerhalb der Gattung der Makaken.

    Literatur

    • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
    • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

    Einzelnachweise

    1. Jean Baptiste Audebert: Histoire naturelle des singes, des makis et des galéopithéques. Desray, Paris, S. 62–64 (Tafel & Text) (gallica.bnf.fr – 1799-1800).
    2. a b Zahlen nach Primate Factsheets
    3. MapViewer Eintrag
    4. Gibbs RA, Rogers J, Katze MG, et al.: Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome. In: Science. 316, Nr. 5822, April 2007, S. 222–34. doi:10.1126/science.1139247. PMID 17431167.
    5. Audiodateien verschiedener Rhesusaffen-Laute (Memento vom 6. Februar 2007 im Internet Archive)
    6. Oldest living rhesus macaque/monkey in captivity. Abgerufen am 11. September 2021 (deutsch).
    7. Andrew James McMichael: Norman Letvin 1949–2012. In: Nature Immunology. Band 13, 2012, S. 801, doi:10.1038/ni.2399.
    8. Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium: Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome. Science, Band 116, Heft 5822 vom 13. April 2007, S. 222–234, doi:10.1126/science.1139247
    9. M. A. Bakewell, P. Shi, J. Zhang: More genes underwent positive selection in chimpanzee evolution than in human evolution. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104, 2007, S. 7489, doi:10.1073/pnas.0701705104.
    10. Medical News. 28. August 1972.
    11. a b Hans Ruesch: Nackte Herrscherin. Die Entkleidung der medizinischen Wissenschaft. Edition Hirthammer Tier- und Naturschutz-GmbH, München 1978, ISBN 3-921288-44-4, S. 67.
    12. a b c Horst Stern: Tierversuche. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-499-17406-5, S. 75.
    13. Times of India. 16. September 1955.
    14. Horst Szwitalski: … das nächste Opfer bitte! In: stern. Nr. 35. 24. August 1978, S. 17.
    15. dpa, 5. März 1978.
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    Rhesusaffe: Brief Summary ( Alman )

    fornì da wikipedia DE

    Der Rhesusaffe (Macaca mulatta) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Makaken innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten. Er spielte in der Medizingeschichte eine wichtige Rolle, da man an seinem Blut das erste Mal den nach ihm benannten Rhesusfaktor feststellte.

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    Macaco rhesus ( Ossitan (apress 1500) )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    Lo Macaco rhesus[1] (Macaca mulatta), es una de las espècias de monard mai conegudas de l'Ancian mond.

    Caracteristicas generalas

    Es un macaco tipic, comun dins tot l'Afganistan, fins en Índia septentrionala e en China miègjornala. Los macacos rhesus arriban a una longor de 64 centimètres, amb une coa fina a 30 centimètres. Los mascles pesan en mejana 7,7 kg e las femnas 5,3 kg[2]. Son de color bruna a grisa e lor cara es rosada.

    Animal de laboratòri

    Aisit de far venir en captivitat, lo macaco rhesus foguèt sovent utilizat per de recercas medicalas o biologicas. En mai de las experiéncias sul sang, serviguèt dins las experiéncias plan conegudas del psicològ Harry Harlow dins los ans 1950 sus la privacion mairala. La NASA lança de macacas rhesus dins l'espaci pendent los ans 1950 e 60.

    En genièr de 2000, lo rhesus es lo primièr primat clonat amb la naissença de Tetra. Genièr de 2001 viu la naissença d'ANDi, lo primièr primat transgenic. ANDi pòrta de gèns estrangièrs eissits d'una medusa.

    Çò que sabèm del compòrtament salvatge del macaco rhesus ven dels estudis menats dins una colonia fondada sus l'illa de Cayo Santiago pel Centre de recerca caribèu suls primats de l'Universitat de Puerto Rico. I a pas cap predator sus aquela illa, e la preséncia umana i es autorizada pas que per las recercas scientificas.

    Dins la natura

     src=
    Un grop de rhesus dins un temple en Índia.

    Abitant las zonas aridas e los terrens descobèrts, los macacos rhesus pòdon tanben se trapar dins las pradas, las regions boscosas e dins de regions montanhòlas fins a 2 500 mètres d'altitud. Se dich que son bons nadaires e aman o far. Los rhesus son coneguts per lor tendéncia a se desplaçar dels espacis rurals cap als sectors urbans, venent cercar las almòinas o la bordilhas dels umans. Venguèron de parasitas dins de zònas coma la vila de Nòva Delhi, per exemple, ont son percebut coma un risc possible per la seguretat e la santat publicas.

    Vivent de jorn, los rhesus son tan terrèstres qu'arboricòls. Son gaireben totes erbivòrs e se noirisson de fuèlhas, d'agulhas de pins, de raices e s'escai d'insectes o d'animalòts. Aqueles monards devolopèron de pòchas de sèrvas dins lors gautas, que gardan de noiritura e fugisson per manjar çò trapat mai tard, quand son en seguretat.

    Reproduccion

     src=
    Femes e joves rhesus a Bharatpur (Rajasthan).

    La gestacion dura en mejana 166,5 jorns (donadas presas sus 700 naissença viventas en captivitat ont las datas son seguras). Mai las femes son d'edat mai lors gestacions son longas e mai pesucs los pichons, los autres critèris coma lo sèxe del pichon, lo periòde de l'an o l'identitat pairala avent pas d'incidéncia sus la duretat de gestacion.

    Organizacion sociala

    Coma los autres macacos, los grops de rhesus comprenon de mascles e de femes. Lo grop pòt comptar fins a 180 individús mas la mejana se situa a une vintena. Las femes son 4 còp mendre que los mascles. L'ierarquia sociala es matriarcala (o matrilineària), lo reng de cadun depend de son ligam de parentat amb la feme dominanta. Lo sonh dels mai joves e la vigilància del territòri son partejats pels membres del grop. Se las femes son mai o mens placids, los mascles son mai turbulents. Los macacos rhesus son considerats coma de monards tarabastejaire. Lo monard que trapa de noiridura va normalament avertir lo grop per de crits especifics mas foguèt constatat que de joves o de dominats evitan d'o far se lor descobèrta es pas observada pel d'autres.

    Abitat

    Classificacion

    De sosespècias de rhesus :

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda

    Eponimia

    Lo macaco rhesus es subretot celèbre pel nom que donèt a un sistèma de grop sanguin, a causa d'una comunautat antigenica entre los globuls roges del monard e lo globuls roges umans.

    Veire l'article principal Grop sanguin e l'article grop Rhasus.

    Nòtas e referéncias

    1. Diversitat genetica e evolucion dels Gammaherpesvirinae dels primats.
    2. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/rhesus_macaque

    Bibliografia

    • Gerald MS, Waitt C, Little AC & Kraiselburd E, 2007. Females Pay Attention to Female Secondary Sexual Color: An Experimental Study in Macaca mulatta. International Journal of Primatology 28 : 1-7.
    • Matheson MD, 1999. Social Contact Following Severe Aggression in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): A New Test of the Consolation Hypothesis. International Journal of Primatology 20 : 961-975.
    • Fooden J & Albrecht GH, 1999. Tail-Length Evolution in Fascicularis-Group Macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca). International Journal of Primatology 20 : 431-440.
    • Wenyuan Q, Yongzu Z, Manry D & Southwick CH, 1993. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the Taihang mountains, Jiyuan county, Henan, China. International Journal of Primatology 14 : 607-621.
    • Bernstein IS, 1993. Seasonal influences on rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) behavior. International Journal of Primatology 14 : 383-403.
    • Silk J, Short J, Roberts J & Kusnitz J, 1993. Gestation length in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). International Journal of Primatology 14 : 95-104.
    • Johnson RL, Malik I & Berman CM, 1991. Age- and dominance-related variation in feeding time among free-ranging female rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 12 : 337-356.
    • Deutsch JC & Lee PC, 1991. Dominance and feeding competition in captive rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 12 : 615-628.

    Referéncias extèrnas

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    Macaco rhesus: Brief Summary ( Ossitan (apress 1500) )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    Lo Macaco rhesus (Macaca mulatta), es una de las espècias de monard mai conegudas de l'Ancian mond.

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    Rhesus macaque ( Scossèis )

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    The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is ane o the best-kent species o Auld Warld puggies.

    References

    1. Timmins, R. J.; Richardson, M.; Chhangani, A.; Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Macaca mulatta". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
    2. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
    3. "Macaca mulatta". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
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    Rhesus macaque: Brief Summary ( Scossèis )

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    The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is ane o the best-kent species o Auld Warld puggies.

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    Μακάκος ρήσος ( Grech modern (1453-) )

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     src=
    Μακάκος ρήσος στο Οχυρό Άγκρα

    Ο μακάκος ρήσος ή μακάκος ο μουλάττος (Macaca mulatta) είναι από τα γνωστότερα είδη πιθήκων του παλαιού κόσμου. Αναγράφεται ως ελάχιστης ανησυχίας στον κόκκινο κατάλογο των απειλούμενων ειδών της IUCN, λόγω της ευρείας του διασποράς, του εικαζόμενου μεγάλου πληθυσμού και της ανεκτικότητάς του σε ένα ευρύ φάσμα οικοτόπων. Είναι αυτόχθων της Νότιας, Κεντρικής και Νοτιοανατολικής Ασίας και έχει την ευρύτερη γεωγραφική περιοχή όλων των μη ανθρώπινων πρωτευόντων, καταλαμβάνοντας μια μεγάλη ποικιλία υψομέτρων και οικοτόπων, από βοσκοτόπους σε ξηροτόπους και δασικές περιοχές, αλλά επίσης και κοντά σε ανθρώπινους οικισμούς.[1]

    Η ονομασία «ρήσος» προέρχεται από τον μυθολογικό βασιλιά Ρήσο της Θράκης, ενός ελάσσονος χαρακτήρα στην Ιλιάδα. Ωστόσο, ο Γάλλος φυσιοδίφης Ζαν-Μπατίστ Ώντμπερ (Jean-Baptiste Audebert), ο οποίος ονομάτισε το είδος, ανέφερε ότι δεν έχει βαθύτερο νόημα.[2]

    Παραπομπές

    1. Πρότυπο:Cite iucn
    2. Jaeger, E. (1972). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
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    Μακάκος ρήσος: Brief Summary ( Grech modern (1453-) )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
     src= Μακάκος ρήσος στο Οχυρό Άγκρα

    Ο μακάκος ρήσος ή μακάκος ο μουλάττος (Macaca mulatta) είναι από τα γνωστότερα είδη πιθήκων του παλαιού κόσμου. Αναγράφεται ως ελάχιστης ανησυχίας στον κόκκινο κατάλογο των απειλούμενων ειδών της IUCN, λόγω της ευρείας του διασποράς, του εικαζόμενου μεγάλου πληθυσμού και της ανεκτικότητάς του σε ένα ευρύ φάσμα οικοτόπων. Είναι αυτόχθων της Νότιας, Κεντρικής και Νοτιοανατολικής Ασίας και έχει την ευρύτερη γεωγραφική περιοχή όλων των μη ανθρώπινων πρωτευόντων, καταλαμβάνοντας μια μεγάλη ποικιλία υψομέτρων και οικοτόπων, από βοσκοτόπους σε ξηροτόπους και δασικές περιοχές, αλλά επίσης και κοντά σε ανθρώπινους οικισμούς.

    Η ονομασία «ρήσος» προέρχεται από τον μυθολογικό βασιλιά Ρήσο της Θράκης, ενός ελάσσονος χαρακτήρα στην Ιλιάδα. Ωστόσο, ο Γάλλος φυσιοδίφης Ζαν-Μπατίστ Ώντμπερ (Jean-Baptiste Audebert), ο οποίος ονομάτισε το είδος, ανέφερε ότι δεν έχει βαθύτερο νόημα.

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    Макаки-резус ( macédon )

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    Макаки-резус е макаки со песочна боја (Macaca mulatta).

    Карактеристики

    Макакито-резус се долги 43-64 см, не сметајќи ја влакнестата опашка која е долга од 20 до 30 см и тешки се 4,5 и 11 кг. Се хранат со овошје, семки, корења, растенија и инсекти. Се сметаат за свети во некои делови на Индија. Издржливи во заробеништво, високо интелегентни и итри, тие се многу добри миленици кога се мали, но можат да станат многу непријатни кога ќе пораснат. Се користат во медицинските истражувања. Определувањето на Рх (од резус) факторот во човечката крв вклучува реакција во крвта од овој вид.[3]

    Наводи

    1. Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M (уред.). уред. Mammal Species of the World (III издание). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 163. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100551.
    2. Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. (2008). Macaca mulatta. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2008. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 4 January 2009. (англиски)
    3. Британика Енциклопедиски Речник. Топер, МТМ, 2005, Книга 8, стр. 84
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    Макаки-резус: Brief Summary ( macédon )

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    Макаки-резус е макаки со песочна боја (Macaca mulatta).

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    মলুৱা বান্দৰ ( Assamèis )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    মলুৱা বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজী: Rhesus Macaque) হ’ল, আটাইতকৈ বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত আৰু মানুহৰ সৈতে ওচৰ সম্পৰ্ক থকা এবিধ বান্দৰৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ই যথেষ্ট বুদ্ধিমান বান্দৰ হিচাপে খ্যাত৷

    দৈহিক গঠন

    মলুৱা বান্দৰ আকাৰত অসমীয়া বান্দৰতকৈ অলপ সৰু৷ ইয়াৰ দেহটো মূগা বা মটীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু মুখখন গুলপীয়া৷ পেটৰ বৰণ দেহৰ অন্যান্য অংশতকৈ অলপ পাতল৷ ইয়াৰ মূৰৰ নোমবোৰ দেহৰ নোমতকৈ তুলনামূলকভাৱে চুটি৷ উৰুৰ বৰণ অলপ মামৰে ধৰা ৰঙা বৰণৰ [3] মতাতকৈ মাইকী প্ৰাণীবোৰৰ আকাৰ কিছু সৰু৷

    দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৪৭-৬৩ ছে: মি: আৰু ওজন প্ৰায় ৫-১১ কি: গ্ৰা:৷

    বসতিস্থল তথা বিস্তৃতি

    মলুৱা বান্দৰ উত্তৰ ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, পাকিস্তান, নেপাল, বাৰ্মা, থাইলেণ্ড, আফগানিস্তান, ভিয়েটনাম, দক্ষিণ চীন আদি দেশৰ নিগাজী বাসিন্দা (native)৷ এছিয়া মহাদেশৰ নানা প্ৰকাৰৰ অঞ্চল যেনে, ঘাঁহনি, শুস্ক অৰণ্য, আনকি পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চল সমূহটো মলুৱা বান্দৰে নিজকে খাপ খুৱাই লৈ বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছে ৷ অন্যান্য প্ৰজাতি সমূহতকৈ অধিক খৰতকীয়া ভাৱে এই জন্তু বিধে মানৱ সমাজৰ নগৰীয়া সভ্যতাৰ লগত নিজকে খাপ খুৱাব পাৰিছে আৰু অধিক নিৰ্ভৰশীল হৈ পৰিছে ৷[4] মলুৱা বান্দৰৰ বাবে পানী অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়, য'ত মলুৱা বান্দৰ থাকে তাত সাধাৰণতে পানীৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক ভঁৰাল থাকে[5]

    আচৰণ

    মলুৱা বান্দৰে সাধাৰণতে জাক পাতি বা দল-বান্ধি বাস কৰে৷ ইহঁতে নিজৰ দলৰ বিচৰণ ভূমি (Home range) তে ফুৰা-চকা কৰে৷ এনে বিচৰণ ভূমিৰ পৰিধি ১ হেক্টৰৰ পৰা ৪০০ হেক্টৰলৈকে হ'ব পাৰে [6]৷ একোটা জাকত এটা কৈ দমনকাৰী মতা (alpha male) প্ৰাণীয়ে অন্য মতা প্ৰাণীবোৰক দমন কৰি ৰাখে৷ দমনকাৰী মতা প্ৰাণীয়ে নানা ধৰণৰ ভাবুকি প্ৰদৰ্শনেৰে যেনে গছৰ ডাল জোকৰা ইত্যাদি কামেৰে দলত নিজৰ স্হান অটুট ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে ৷ এই প্ৰজাতিটৌ সাতোৰাটো পাৰ্গত৷ মলুৱা বান্দৰে স্হল তথা গছতো বাস কৰে৷ ই মূলত : তৃণভোজী , ফল-মূল, গছৰ গুটী, শিপা, বাকলি আদি খাই জীয়াই থাকে৷ ই ৯২ বিধ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিন ভিন গছৰ পাত খোৱা দেখা যায়৷ অৱশ্যে বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নৰ পৰা পোৱা তথ্য অনুসৰি মলুৱা বান্দৰে মাজে মাজে উইহাঁফলু, ফৰিং, পৰুৱা আদিও খাদ্য হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ মলুৱা বান্দৰক মানুহে কৰা খেতি আৰু বাগিচাৰ ফচল খোৱাও দেখা যায়৷ মন্দিৰ বা জনবহুল অঞ্চলত বাস কৰা কিছুমান মলুৱা বান্দৰৰ জাকে মানুহে ৰন্ধা খাদ্যও খায়৷ শকান বতৰত ই দিনে ৩-৪ বাৰকৈ পানী খায়৷

    বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মুখ-ভংগীমা, দেহৰ ভংগীমা আৰু মাতেৰে মলুৱা বান্দৰে পৰস্পৰে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত মত-বিনিময় কৰে বুলি জনা যায় [7]

    প্ৰজনন

    মাইকী মলুৱা বান্দৰে চাৰি বছৰমান বয়সৰ পৰা পোৱালী দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু ২৫ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে প্ৰজননক্ষম হৈ থাকে৷ ইয়াৰ আয়ুস সাধাৰণতে ২৯ বছৰ[8]

    সংৰক্ষণ

    ভাৰতীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ আইনে মলুৱা বান্দৰক দুই নং তালিকাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে৷ মলুৱা বান্দৰ হত্যা বা ধৰা বা কিনা-বেচা কৰা আইনমতে দণ্ডনীয়৷ বৰ্তমান মলুৱা বান্দৰ আৰু মানুহৰ মাজত ঠায়ে ঠায়ে সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে৷ ফলত মলুৱা বান্দৰৰ স্থিতি সংকটাপন্ন হৈ উঠিছে[9]

    চিত্ৰ

    তথ্যসূত্ৰ

    1. Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 163. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100551.
    2. Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A., Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Macaca mulatta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/12554.
    3. "অসমৰ প্ৰাইমেট'-সৌম্যদ্বীপ দত্ত, নেচাৰ্চ বেকন
    4. Ciani, A. C. (1986). Intertroop Agonistic Behavior of a Feral Rhesus Macaque Troop in Ranging in Town and Forest Areas in India. Aggressive Behavior 12: 433−439. http://www.esploratore.com/files/resourcesmodule/@random44be4ac49f856/1153323855_Intertroop_Agonistic_Behavior_of_a_Feral_rhesus_Macaque_Troop_Ranging_in_Town_and_Areas_in_India.pdf.
    5. "অসমৰ প্ৰাইমেট'-সৌম্যদ্বীপ দত্ত, নেচাৰ্চ বেকন
    6. "অসমৰ প্ৰাইমেট'-সৌম্যদ্বীপ দত্ত, নেচাৰ্চ বেকন
    7. Maestripieri D. (1999) "Primate social organization, gestural repertoire size, and communication dynamics: a comparative study of macaque s". In: King BJ, editor. The origins of language: what nonhuman primates can tell us. Santa Fe (NM): School American Research Pr. p 55-77.
    8. Walker ML, Herndon JG (2008). "Menopause in nonhuman primates?". Biology of Reproduction খণ্ড 79 (3): 398–406. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536. PMID 18495681.
    9. "অসমৰ প্ৰাইমেট'-সৌম্যদ্বীপ দত্ত, নেচাৰ্চ বেকন

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    মলুৱা বান্দৰ: Brief Summary ( Assamèis )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    মলুৱা বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজী: Rhesus Macaque) হ’ল, আটাইতকৈ বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত আৰু মানুহৰ সৈতে ওচৰ সম্পৰ্ক থকা এবিধ বান্দৰৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ই যথেষ্ট বুদ্ধিমান বান্দৰ হিচাপে খ্যাত৷

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    માકડું ( Gujarati )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
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    પાણીમાં તરતું માકડાનું બચ્ચું

    માકડું (હિંદી: मर्कट, અંગ્રેજી: RHESUS MACAQUE, સંસ્કૃત: मर्कटः) એક પ્રકારનું વાંદરું છે. આ લાલ મોઢાવાળો વાંદરો અધિકતર મર્કટ નામે પણ પ્રસિદ્ધ છે. માનવવસ્તીથી દૂર રહેનાર આ વાંદરો કોઈક વાર માનવવસ્તીની આસપાસ પણ જોવા મળતો હોય છે.[૧] આ માકડાનાં રૂધિરમાં 'રિસસ' નામનું એક રોગપ્રતિકારક દ્રવ્ય (એન્ટિજન) વહેતું હોય છે. આ દ્રવ્ય પરથી તેનુ 'રિસસ મેકક' એવું અંગ્રેજી નામ પડ્યું છે. પ્રાકૃતિક અવસ્થામાં એનું ૪-૧૫ વર્ષનું આયુષ્ય હોય છે. જ્યારે બંધનાવસ્થામાં અનુમાનિત ૨૫ વર્ષ તે જીવી શકે છે. આ માકડા એ વિશ્વભરનાં તમામ 'પ્રાઇમેટ્સ્'માં સૌપ્રથમ રોકેટ દ્વારા અવકાશયાત્રા કરી છે.[૨]

    શરીર

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    આંધ્રપ્રદેશીય માકડું

    માકડાની ઊંચાઈ સામાન્યપણે ૫૦ થી ૬૦ સેન્ટિમીટરની હોય છે. નર માદા કરતાં બમણાં મોટા હોય છે, એ આ માકડા પ્રજાતિની વિશિષ્ટતા છે. ૨૦થી ૨૫ વર્ષનું આયુષ્ય ભોગવતાં આ માકંડા વર્ષમાં બે વખત બચ્ચાંને જન્મ આપે છે. તેઓનાં પ્રજનનનો સમયગાળો સામાન્યપણે અનિશ્ચિત હોય છે, પરંતુ એ સમયગાળો માર્ચ અને જૂનની વચ્ચે ગણવામાં આવે છે. [૩] [૪] ઉત્તર ભારતમાં મળતાં હનુમાન કદનાં વાંદરા કરતાં આ વાંદરાનું કદ નાનું હોય છે અને રંગ ભૂખરો લાલ હોય છે. તેનાં મુખનો રંગ લાલ હોય છે, જ્યારે પૂંછડીનો રંગ નારંગી હોય છે. પાછળ તરફ વળેલા કપાળ પરના વાળ વચ્ચે પાંથી જોવા મળે છે. આ માકડાની પૂંઠની નીચેનો ભાગ પણ લાલ કે નારંગી રંગનો હોય છે. તેની પૂંછડી ટૂંકી હોય છે, જે મોટા ભાગે ઊભી જ રાખતા હોય છે. તેઓની ચામડી લાલ પડતાં કથ્થાઈ રંગની હોય છે. તેઓ પાણીમાં ખુબ જ ઉત્તમપણે તરી શકે છે.

    આહાર

    આ માકડાઓ મિશ્રાહારી હોય છે. તેઓ ફળ-ફૂલ કે પાંદડાં સિવાય જીવડાં, ઈયળો અને કરોળિયાનો પણ આહાર કરે છે. તેઓ અત્યંત ઝડપથી ભોજન કરી શકે છે. આવશ્યકતા જણાતાં તેઓ તેમનાં મુખમાં કોથળી જેવી એક વિશેષ જગ્યામાં પોતાના આહારને સંગ્રહી પણ શકે છે.

    સ્થાન

    માકડાઓ મુખ્યતયા ડુંગરાળ વિસ્તારોમાં વધું જોવા મળે છે. ડાંગ, શૂલપાણેશ્વર, વાંસાદ, રતનમહાલ ઇત્યાદિ દક્ષિણ ગુજરાતના ડુંગરાળ વિસ્તારોમાં વધુ જોવા મળે છે. તેઓ અમુકવાર મનુષ્ય વિસ્તારમાં જોવા મળે છે. સમૂહમાં રહેતા આ માકડા પ્રગાઢ વન્યપ્રદેશોમાં નિવાસ કરતાં નથી. વનની સમીપ સ્થિત ખુલ્લા વિસ્તારો અને માનવ વસ્તીની નજીક રહેવું તેમને ગમે છે. મદારીઓ પહેલાં આ માકડાઓનાં ખેલ નગરોમાં કરતાં. પરંતુ તે ખેલ પર સરકારી પ્રતિબંધ હોવાથી હવે એ માકડા સરળતાથી નગરોમાં દેખાતાં નથી. કેટલાક ધાર્મિક સ્થળોની આર-પાસ શ્રુદ્ધાળુઓ દ્વારા અપાતા ખાદ્યપદાર્થોને કારણે એવાં વિસ્તારોમાં માકડાની વસ્તીમાં વધારો જોવા મળે છે. અતઃ માનવથી તેમનો ભય દૂર પણ થયો છે. અતઃ ક્યારેક તો હિંમતપૂર્વક હાથમાંથી ચીજ-વસ્તુઓ ઝૂંટવી પણ જતાં તેઓ ભય ખાતાં નથી.

    વર્તણૂક

    આ વાંદરૂં ટોળામાં રહે છે,જેમાં સૌથી મોટો નર વાંદરો સરદાર તરીકે રહે છે. નર માકડાઓની વચ્ચે નેતૃત્વ માટે વારંવાર લડાઈઓ થતી રહે છે. સંઘર્ષમાં વિજયી નર નેતૃત્વા કરતો હોય છે. તે નેતૃત્વ કરનાર નરને અંગ્રજી માં 'આલ્ફા' કહેવાય છે.[૫] સમૂહમાં અન્ય નરનાં બચ્ચા હોય તો તેમને નવો પ્રભુત્વ ધરાવતો નર મારી પણ નાંખે છે. ટોળકીની બધી માદાઓ ઉપર આ નર સ્વાભાવિક પ્રભુત્વ ધરાવતો હોય છે. જંગલ કાંઠે તથા માનવવસ્તી નજીક ખોરાકની શોધમાં ફરે છે. ક્યારેક હનુમાન વાંદરા સાથે ટોળામાં પણ જોવા મળે છે. આ પ્રાણી તરવામાં પાવરધું હોય છે. પરસ્પર સંદેશાવ્યવહાર માટે ભિન્ન ભિન્ન ધ્વનિઓ નીકાળી એક બીજા સાથે સંપર્ક કરે છે. મોઢા, હાથપગ તથા શરીરનાં હલનચલન દ્વારા પણ તેઓ સંદેશા મોકલતા હોય છે.[૬]

    વિશેષ

    જૈવિક સંશોધનોમાં માકડાનો ઉપયોગ કરવામાં આવતો હોય છે. એક સંશોધન અનુસાર માનવ અને માકડાનાં નવ્વાણું ટકા જીન્સ મળતાં આવે છે. લોહીની ઓળખમાં આર. એચ. ફેક્ટર હોય છે, આ તારણ માકડા પર કરેલા સંશોધન પરથી સિદ્ધ થયું હતું. આજ આર. એચ. ફેક્ટર દ્વારા લોહીનાં ગ્રુપની જાણ થાય છે.

    આ પણ જુઓ

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    વિકિપીડિયા લેખકો અને સંપાદકો

    માકડું: Brief Summary ( Gujarati )

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     src= પાણીમાં તરતું માકડાનું બચ્ચું

    માકડું (હિંદી: मर्कट, અંગ્રેજી: RHESUS MACAQUE, સંસ્કૃત: मर्कटः) એક પ્રકારનું વાંદરું છે. આ લાલ મોઢાવાળો વાંદરો અધિકતર મર્કટ નામે પણ પ્રસિદ્ધ છે. માનવવસ્તીથી દૂર રહેનાર આ વાંદરો કોઈક વાર માનવવસ્તીની આસપાસ પણ જોવા મળતો હોય છે. આ માકડાનાં રૂધિરમાં 'રિસસ' નામનું એક રોગપ્રતિકારક દ્રવ્ય (એન્ટિજન) વહેતું હોય છે. આ દ્રવ્ય પરથી તેનુ 'રિસસ મેકક' એવું અંગ્રેજી નામ પડ્યું છે. પ્રાકૃતિક અવસ્થામાં એનું ૪-૧૫ વર્ષનું આયુષ્ય હોય છે. જ્યારે બંધનાવસ્થામાં અનુમાનિત ૨૫ વર્ષ તે જીવી શકે છે. આ માકડા એ વિશ્વભરનાં તમામ 'પ્રાઇમેટ્સ્'માં સૌપ્રથમ રોકેટ દ્વારા અવકાશયાત્રા કરી છે.

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    વિકિપીડિયા લેખકો અને સંપાદકો

    செம்முகக் குரங்கு ( tamil )

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    செம்முக மந்தி (அல்லது செம்முகக் குரங்கு) (Rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, அல்லது Rhesus monkey), என்பது உலகின் பழமையான குரங்கு வகைகளில் ஒன்று. இவற்றின் பரந்த பரம்பல் அடிப்படையில், அச்சுறுத்தலுக்கு உள்ளாகி இருக்கும் உயிரினங்களின் சிவப்புப் பட்டியலில் தீவாய்ப்புக் கவலை குறைந்த இனமாக அடையாளம் காணப்பட்டுள்ளது. தெற்காசியா, மத்திய ஆசியா மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா ஆகிய பகுதிகளில், புல்வெளி, வறண்ட மற்றும் காட்டுப் பகுதிகளில் வாழ்கின்றன. அத்துடன் மனிதக் குடியேற்றங்களுக்கு நெருக்கமான இடங்களில் வசிக்கின்றன.[2]

    இலக்கியத்தில்

    பனிவரை நிவந்த பாசிலைப் பலவின் கனிகவர்ந் துண்ட கருவிரற் கடுவன் செம்முக மந்தியொடு சிறந்துசேண் விளங்கி மழைமிசை யறியா மால்வரை யடுக்கத்துக் (புறநானூறு 200)

    கடுந்தெறல் இராமன் உடன்புணர் சீதையை வலித்தகை அரக்கன் வௌவிய ஞான்றை நிலஞ்சேர் மதரணி கண்ட குரங்கின் செம்முகப் பெருங்கிளை இழைப்பொலிந்தாஅங்கு அறாஅ அருநகை இனிது பெற்றிகுமே (புறநானூறு பாடல் 378)

    கடுவன் முறியார் பெருங்கிளை அறிதல் அஞ்சிக் கறிவளர் அடுக்கத்தில் களவினில் புணர்ந்த செம்முக மந்தி செல்குறி கருங்கால் பொன்இணர் வேங்கைப் பூஞ்சினை (நற்றிணை 151)

    ஆடு மகள் நடந்த கொடும் புரி நோன் கயிற்று அதவத் தீம் கனி அன்ன செம் முகத் துய்த் தலை மந்தி வன் பறழ் தூங்க (நற்றிணை 95)

    வட்டக் கழங்கில் தாஅய்த் துய்த்தலைச் செம்முக மந்தி ஆடும் (அகநானூறு 241)

    கருவிரற் செம்முக வெண்பற்சூன் மந்தி பருவிரலாற் பைஞ்சுனைநீர் தூஉய்ப்-பெருவரைமேற் றேன்றேவர்க் கொக்கு மலைநாட! வாரலோ வான்றேவர் கொட்கும் வழி (திணைமாலை நூற்றைம்பது)

    சேற்றயல் மிளிர்வன கயலிள வாளை செருச்செய வோர்ப்பன செம்முக மந்தி ஏற்றையொ டுழிதரும் எழில்திகழ் சாரல் இடைச்சுர மேவிய இவர்வண மென்னே. (சம்பந்தர், முதல் திருமுறை)

    கைம்மகவேந்திக் கடுவனொடு ஊடிக்கழைபாய் வான் செம்முக மந்தி கருவரையேறுஞ் சிராப்பள்ளி (சம்பந்தர், திருமுறை)

    மேற்கோள்கள்

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    விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

    செம்முகக் குரங்கு: Brief Summary ( tamil )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    செம்முக மந்தி (அல்லது செம்முகக் குரங்கு) (Rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, அல்லது Rhesus monkey), என்பது உலகின் பழமையான குரங்கு வகைகளில் ஒன்று. இவற்றின் பரந்த பரம்பல் அடிப்படையில், அச்சுறுத்தலுக்கு உள்ளாகி இருக்கும் உயிரினங்களின் சிவப்புப் பட்டியலில் தீவாய்ப்புக் கவலை குறைந்த இனமாக அடையாளம் காணப்பட்டுள்ளது. தெற்காசியா, மத்திய ஆசியா மற்றும் தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா ஆகிய பகுதிகளில், புல்வெளி, வறண்ட மற்றும் காட்டுப் பகுதிகளில் வாழ்கின்றன. அத்துடன் மனிதக் குடியேற்றங்களுக்கு நெருக்கமான இடங்களில் வசிக்கின்றன.

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    விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

    မျောက်စပ် ( birman )

    fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

    အရှေ့တောင် အာရှ၊ တောင်အာရှ နှင့် အရှေ့အာရှတွင် တွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ မြောက်ပိုင်း၊ ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ၊ ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ၊ နီပေါနိုင်ငံ၊ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ၊ အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံ၊ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ တောင်ပိုင်း နှင့် ဆက်စပ်သော ဒေသများတွင် တွေ့ရတတ်သည်။

    ရေကူးကျွမ်းကျင်ပြီး မိုင်ဝက်ခန့် ရေကူးနိုင်သည်။ သစ်ကိုင်းများ ပေါ်တွင် အနေနည်းပြီး မြေပြင်ပေါ်တွင် အနေများသည်။ ၃နှစ်မှ ၄နှစ်တွင် အရွယ်ရောက်သည်။ ၁၃၅ ရက် မှ ၁၄၅ ရက် အထိ ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်သည်။ သဘာဝ တောတွင်း သက်တမ်းတွင် ၁၁ နှစ် အထိ နေပြီး တိရစ္ဆာန်ဥယျာဉ်များတွင် ၂၀ နှစ် အထိ နေထိုင်ကြသည်။

    ကိုးကား

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    မျောက်စပ်: Brief Summary ( birman )

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    အရှေ့တောင် အာရှ၊ တောင်အာရှ နှင့် အရှေ့အာရှတွင် တွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ မြောက်ပိုင်း၊ ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ၊ ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ၊ နီပေါနိုင်ငံ၊ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ၊ အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံ၊ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ တောင်ပိုင်း နှင့် ဆက်စပ်သော ဒေသများတွင် တွေ့ရတတ်သည်။

    ရေကူးကျွမ်းကျင်ပြီး မိုင်ဝက်ခန့် ရေကူးနိုင်သည်။ သစ်ကိုင်းများ ပေါ်တွင် အနေနည်းပြီး မြေပြင်ပေါ်တွင် အနေများသည်။ ၃နှစ်မှ ၄နှစ်တွင် အရွယ်ရောက်သည်။ ၁၃၅ ရက် မှ ၁၄၅ ရက် အထိ ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်သည်။ သဘာဝ တောတွင်း သက်တမ်းတွင် ၁၁ နှစ် အထိ နေပြီး တိရစ္ဆာန်ဥယျာဉ်များတွင် ၂၀ နှစ် အထိ နေထိုင်ကြသည်။

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    ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

    Rhesus macaque ( Anglèis )

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    The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in length with a 20.7–22.9 cm (8.1–9.0 in) tail and weighs 5.3–7.7 kg (12–17 lb). It is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia and has the widest geographic range of all non-human primates, occupying a great diversity of altitudes and a great variety of habitats, from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements. Feral colonies are found in the United States, thought to be either released by humans or escapees after hurricanes destroyed zoo and wildlife park facilities.

    The rhesus macaque is diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial. It is mostly herbivorous, mainly eating fruit, but will also consume seeds, roots, buds, bark, and cereals. Studies show almost 100 different plant species in its diet. Rhesus macaques are generalist omnivores, and have a highly varied and flexible diet.[4] With an increase in anthropogenic land changes, rhesus macaques have evolved alongside intense and rapid environmental disturbance associated with human agriculture and urbanization resulting in proportions of their diet to be altered.[4] It will also eat invertebrates, drink water from streams and rivers, and has specialised cheek pouches where it can temporarily store food.

    Like other macaques, the rhesus macaque is gregarious, with troops comprising 20–200 individuals. The social groups are matrilineal, whereby a female's rank is decided by the rank of her mother. There has been extensive research into female philopatry, common in social animals, as females tend not to leave the social group. The rhesus macaque communicates with a variety of facial expressions, vocalisations, body postures, and gestures. Facial expressions are used to appease or redirect aggression, assert dominance, and threaten other individuals, and vocalisations may be made to elicit grooming, while moving, or in threatening situations. It spends most of its day feeding and resting; the remainder is occupied with traveling, grooming, and playing.

    Due to its relatively easy upkeep, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research on human and animal health-related topics. It has facilitated many scientific breakthroughs including vaccines for rabies, smallpox, and polio and antiretroviral medication to treat HIV/AIDS. A rhesus macaque became the first primate astronaut in 1948, but died during the flight, followed on 14 June 1949 by Albert II, who became the first primate and first mammal in space. It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats.

    Etymology

    The name "rhesus" is reminiscent of the mythological king Rhesus of Thrace, a minor character in the Iliad. However, the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Audebert, who applied the name to the species, stated: "it has no meaning".[5] The rhesus macaque is also known colloquially as the "rhesus monkey".[6][7]

    An archaic name for the rhesus macaque, in use in the 19th century, is "bruh".[8][9]

    Taxonomy

    Rhesus macaque in Agra fort, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
    Mother Rhesus macaque with her baby in Nepal

    According to Zimmermann's first description of 1780, the rhesus macaque is distributed in eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, as far east as the Brahmaputra Valley, Barak valley and in peninsular India, Nepal, and northern Pakistan. Today, this is known as the Indian rhesus macaque M. m. mulatta, which includes the morphologically similar M. rhesus villosus, described by True in 1894, from Kashmir, and M. m. mcmahoni, described by Pocock in 1932 from Kootai, Pakistan. Several Chinese subspecies of rhesus macaques were described between 1867 and 1917. The molecular differences identified among populations, however, are alone not consistent enough to conclusively define any subspecies.[10]

    The Chinese subspecies can be divided as follows:

    • M. m. mulatta is found in western and central China, in the south of Yunnan, and southwest of Guangxi;[11]
    • M. m. lasiota (Gray, 1868), the west Chinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in the west of Sichuan, northwest of Yunnan, and southeast of Qinghai;[11] it is possibly synonymous with M. m. sanctijohannis (R. Swinhoe, 1867), if not with M. m. mulatta.[10]
    • M. m. tcheliensis (Milne-Edwards, 1870), the north Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in the north of Henan, south of Shanxi, and near Beijing. Some consider it as the most endangered subspecies.[12] Others consider it possibly synonymous with M. m. sanctijohannis, if not with M. m. mulatta.[10]
    • M. m. vestita (Milne-Edwards, 1892), the Tibetan rhesus macaque, lives in the southeast of Tibet, northwest of Yunnan (Deqing), and perhaps including Yushu;[11] it is possibly synonymous with M. m. sanctijohannis, if not with M. m. mulatta.[10]
    • M. m. littoralis (Elliot, 1909), the south Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, northwest of Guangdong, north of Guangxi, northeast of Yunnan, east of Sichuan, and south of Shaanxi;[11] it is possibly synonymous with M. m. sanctijohannis, if not with M. m. mulatta.[10]
    • M. m. brevicaudus, also referred to as Pithecus brevicaudus (Elliot, 1913), lives on the Hainan Island and Wanshan Islands in Guangdong, and the islands near Hong Kong;[11] it may be synonymous with M. m. mulatta.[10]
    • M. m. siamica (Kloss, 1917), the Indochinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in Myanmar, in the north of Thailand and Vietnam, in Laos, and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, northwest Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, central and eastern Sichuan, and western and south-central Yunnan; possibly synonymous with M. m. sanctijohannis, if not with M. m. mulatta.[10]

    Description

    Male Rhesus macaque in Agra fort, Uttar Pradesh

    The rhesus macaque is brown or grey in color and has a pink face, which is bereft of fur. It has, on average, 50 vertebrae and a wide rib cage. Its tail averages between 20.7 and 22.9 cm (8.1 and 9.0 in).[13] Adult males measure about 53 cm (21 in) on average and weigh about 7.7 kg (17 lb). Females are smaller, averaging 47 cm (19 in) in length and 5.3 kg (12 lb) in weight.[13][14] The ratio of arm length to leg length is 89.6–94.3%.[15]

    The rhesus macaque has a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3 × 2 = 32 and bilophodont molar teeth.[16]

    Distribution and habitat

    Rhesus macaques are native to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Afghanistan, Vietnam, southern China, and some neighbouring areas. They have the widest geographic ranges of any non-human primate, occupying a great diversity of altitudes throughout Central, South, and Southeast Asia. Inhabiting arid, open areas, rhesus macaques may be found in grasslands, woodlands, and in mountainous regions up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation. They are strong swimmers,[17] and can swim across rivers.[18] Rhesus macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans.[19] They adapt well to human presence, and form larger troops in human-dominated landscapes than in forests.[20] Rhesus monkeys live in patches of forest within agricultural areas, which gives them access to agroecosystem habitats and makes them at ease in navigating through them.[21]

    The southern and the northern distributional limits for rhesus and bonnet macaques, respectively, currently run parallel to each other in the western part of India, are separated by a large gap in the center, and converge on the eastern coast of the peninsula to form a distribution overlap zone. This overlap region is characterized by the presence of mixed-species troops, with pure troops of both species sometimes occurring even in close proximity to one another. The range extension of rhesus macaque – a natural process in some areas, and a direct consequence of introduction by humans in other regions – poses grave implications for the endemic and declining populations of bonnet macaques in southern India.[22]

    Kumar et al (2013)[23] provides a summary of population distribution and habitat in India. It states that there were sightings of rhesus macaques in all surveyed habitats except semi-evergreen forests.[23]

    Fossil record

    Fossilized isolated teeth and mandible fragments from Tianyuan Cave and a juvenile maxilla from Wanglaopu Cave near Zhoukoudian represent the first recognized occurrence of rhesus macaque fossils in the far north of China, and thus the population of rhesus macaques which lived around Beijing decades ago is believed to have originated from Pleistocene ancestors rather than being human-introduced.[24] Fossil mandible fragments from the Taedong River Basin around Pyongyang, North Korea, have also been assigned to this species.[25]

    Feral colonies

    Rhesus macaques have also been introduced to other areas, such as the United States, and become feral.

    Around the spring of 1938, a colony of rhesus macaques was released in and around Silver Springs in Florida by a tour boat operator known locally as "Colonel Tooey" to enhance his "Jungle Cruise". A traditional story that the monkeys were released for scenery enhancement in the Tarzan movies that were filmed at that location is false, as the only Tarzan movie filmed in the area, 1939's Tarzan Finds a Son!, does not contain rhesus macaques.[26]

    Various colonies of rhesus macaque are speculated to be the result of zoos and wildlife parks destroyed in hurricanes, most notably Hurricane Andrew.[27] A 2020 estimate put the number at 550–600 rhesus macaques living in the state;[28] officials have caught more than 1,000 of the monkeys in the past decade. Most of the captured monkeys tested positive for herpes B virus, which leads wildlife officials to consider the animals a public health hazard.[29]

    Feral colonies have also resulted from research activities. There is a colony of rhesus macaques on Morgan Island, one of the Sea Islands in the South Carolina Lowcountry. They were imported in the 1970s for use in the local labs.[30][31] Another research colony was established by the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the University of Puerto Rico on the island of Cayo Santiago,[32] off of Puerto Rico. There are no predators on the island, and humans are not permitted to land, except as part of the research program. Another Puerto Rico research colony was released into the Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge in 1966. As of 2022 they are continuing to do ecological harm, damage crops amounting to $300,000/year and cost $1,000,000/year to manage.[33]

    Ecology and behavior

    Rhesus macaque displaying its canine teeth

    Rhesus macaques are diurnal animals, and both arboreal and terrestrial. They are quadrupedal and, when on the ground, they walk digitigrade and plantigrade. They are mostly herbivorous, feeding mainly on fruit, but also eating seeds, roots, buds, bark, and cereals. They are estimated to consume around 99 different plant species in 46 families. During the monsoon season, they get much of their water from ripe and succulent fruit. Macaques living far from water sources lick dewdrops from leaves and drink rainwater accumulated in tree hollows.[34] They have also been observed eating termites, grasshoppers, ants, and beetles.[35] When food is abundant, they are distributed in patches, and forage throughout the day in their home ranges. They drink water when foraging, and gather around streams and rivers.[36] Rhesus macaques have specialized pouch-like cheeks, allowing them to temporarily hoard their food.[37]

    In psychological research, rhesus macaques have demonstrated a variety of complex cognitive abilities, including the ability to make same-different judgments, understand simple rules, and monitor their own mental states.[38][39] They have even been shown to demonstrate self-agency,[40] an important type of self-awareness. In 2014, onlookers at a train station in Kanpur, India, documented a rhesus monkey, knocked unconscious by overhead power lines, that was revived by another rhesus that systematically administered a series of resuscitative actions.[41]

    Group structure

    Rhesus macaque adult females with baby, IIT Mandi, Himachal, India. Aug '20

    Like other macaques, rhesus troops comprise a mixture of 20–200 males and females.[42] Females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4:1. Males and females both have separate hierarchies. Female philopatry, common among social mammals, has been extensively studied in rhesus macaques. Females tend not to leave the social group, and have highly stable matrilineal hierarchies in which a female's rank is dependent on the rank of her mother. In addition, a single group may have multiple matrilineal lines existing in a hierarchy, and a female outranks any unrelated females that rank lower than her mother.[43] Rhesus macaques are unusual in that the youngest females tend to outrank their older sisters.[44] This is likely because young females are more fit and fertile. Mothers seem to prevent the older daughters from forming coalitions against her. The youngest daughter is the most dependent on the mother, and would have nothing to gain from helping her siblings in overthrowing their mother. Since each daughter had a high rank in her early years, rebelling against her mother is discouraged.[45] Juvenile male macaques also exist in matrilineal lines, but once they reach four to five years of age, they are driven out of their natal groups by the dominant male. Thus, adult males gain dominance by age and experience.[36]

    In the group, macaques position themselves based on rank. The "central male subgroup" contains the two or three oldest and most dominant males which are codominant, along with females, their infants, and juveniles. This subgroup occupies the center of the group and determines the movements, foraging, and other routines.[36] The females of this subgroup are also the most dominant of the entire group. The farther to the periphery a subgroup is, the less dominant it is. Subgroups on the periphery of the central group are run by one dominant male, of a rank lower than the central males, and he maintains order in the group, and communicates messages between the central and peripheral males. A subgroup of subordinate, often subadult, males occupy the very edge of the groups, and have the responsibility of communicating with other macaque groups and making alarm calls.[46] Rhesus social behaviour has been described as despotic, in that high-ranking individuals often show little tolerance, and frequently become aggressive towards non-kin.[47] Top-ranking female rhesus monkeys are known to sexually coerce unreceptive males and also physically injure them, biting off digits and damaging their genitals.[48]

    Rhesus macaques have been observed engaging in interspecies grooming with Hanuman langurs and with Sambar deer.[49]

    Communication

    Rhesus macaques interact using a variety of facial expressions, vocalizations, body postures, and gestures. Perhaps the most common facial expression the macaque makes is the "silent bared teeth" face.[50] This is made between individuals of different social ranks, with the lower-ranking one giving the expression to its superior. A less-dominant individual also makes a "fear grimace", accompanied by a scream, to appease or redirect aggression.[51] Another submissive behavior is the "present rump", where an individual raises its tail and exposes its genitals to the dominant one.[50] A dominant individual threatens another individual by standing quadrupedally and making a silent "open mouth stare" accompanied by the tail sticking straight.[52] During movements, macaques make coos and grunts. These are also made during affiliative interactions, and approaches before grooming.[53] When they find rare food of high quality, macaques emit warbles, harmonic arches, or chirps. When in threatening situations, macaques emit a single loud, high-pitched sound called a shrill bark.[54] Screeches, screams, squeaks, pant-threats, growls, and barks are used during aggressive interactions.[54] Infants "gecker" to attract their mother's attention.[55]

    Reproduction

    Mother rhesus macaque with her baby

    Adult male macaques try to maximize their reproductive success by entering into sex with females both in and outside the breeding period. Females prefer to mate with males that are not familiar to them. Outsider males who are not members of the female's own troop are preferred over higher-ranking males. Outside of the consortship period, males and females return the prior behavior of not exhibiting preferential treatment or any special relationship. The breeding period can last up to eleven days, and a female usually mates with numerous males during that time. Male rhesus macaques have been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females and they suffer more wounds during the mating season.[56] Female macaques first breed when they are four years old and reach menopause at around twenty-five years of age.[57] Male macaques generally play no role in raising the young but do have peaceful relationships with the offspring of their consort pairs.[36]

    Manson and Parry[58] found that free-ranging rhesus macaques avoid inbreeding. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods.

    Mothers with one or more immature daughters in addition to their infants are in contact with their infants less than those with no older immature daughters, because the mothers may pass the parenting responsibilities to their daughters. High-ranking mothers with older immature daughters also reject their infants significantly more than those without older daughters and tend to begin mating earlier in the mating season than expected based on their dates of parturition the preceding birth season.[59] Infants farther from the center of the groups are more vulnerable to infanticide from outside groups.[36] Some mothers abuse their infants, which is believed to be the result of controlling parenting styles.[60]

    Self-awareness

    In several experiments giving mirrors to rhesus monkeys, they looked into the mirrors and groomed themselves, as well as flexed various muscle groups. This behaviour indicates that they recognised and were aware of themselves.[61]

    Human - Rhesus conflict

    The Macaque–human relationships is complex and culturally specific, ranging from relatively peaceful coexistence to extreme levels of conflict.[62] The relationship between rhesus macaques and humans is in constant change, with conflict being shaped by historic changes in social and cultural practices. The changing perceptions of nature and human-nature relationships is influenced by larger political-economic decisions. When looking at conflict between humans and rhesus macaques there lacks an integrative approach that draws upon multiple fields to provide a more holistic understanding of the emergence and evolution of this conflict. Conflicts can be as a result of rapidly changing agricultural practices, increasing infrastructure to support urbanisation, and emerging economic activities (e.g., tourism, food processing etc.) requiring more clearing of land including forests, and rising numbers of rhesus macaques. The issue is multi-dimensional and has a direct connection to overall economic policy – more specifically the relationship among agricultural, forest, and land use policies. Deeply understanding factors relating to conflict is all the more critical in an uncertain and unpredictable future of climate change that is likely to increase the vulnerability of fragile mountain ecosystems and marginal communities.[63]

    Conflict between Rhesus Macaques and humans is at all time high, with areas once forested habitat being converted to industrial agriculture. Specifically looking at Nepal, this process has increased urban infrastructure such as housing and roads that increasingly fragment forest ecosystems. The expansion of monocultures, increased forest fragmentation, degradation of natural habitats, and changing agricultural practices have led to a significant increase in the frequency of human-macaque conflict[64].Crop raiding is one of the biggest visible effects of Human-Rhesus conflict occurring where Rhesus Macaque feed on growing crops that directly effected harvest size, and crop health with corn, and rice. The estimated financial cost to individual farmer households of macaque corn and rice raiding is approximately US$ 14.9 or 4.2% of their yearly income[64].This has resulted in farmers and other members of the population viewing macaques inhabiting agricultural landscapes as serious crop pests[64].Nepal is a significant study area with almost 44% of Nepal's land area containing suitable habitat for rhesus macaques[65] but only having 8% of such suitable area being protected national parks.[65] As well the rating of Rhesus macaques as the top ten crop-raiding wildlife species in Nepal[65] adds to such negative perception. Studying crop raiding behaviour is essential to developing effective strategies to manage human-macaque conflict while promoting both primate conservation and the economic well-being of the local community.[64] It is stated that the human-macaque conflict is one of the most critical challenges faced by wildlife managers.[64] Suggestions to mitigate conflict include "prioritizing forest restoration programs, strategic management plans designed to connect isolated forest fragments with high rhesus macaque population densities, creating government programs that compensate farmers for income lost due to crop-raiding, and educational outreach that informs local villagers of the importance of conservation and protecting biodiversity[65]". Mitigation strategies offers the most effective solutions to reduce conflict occurring between rhesus macaques and humans in Nepal.[65]

    India is another country that is seeing the rise of human - macaque conflict. Macaque-Human conflict particularly occurs in the twin hill-states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh[66] with such conflict being a source of contentious debate in political scenarios, resentment and polarization amongst agriculturalists and wildlife conservationists.[63] In India crop raiding by rhesus macaques has been identified as the main cause of conflict[63]. In urban areas, rhesus macaques damage property and injure people in house raids in order to access food and provisions.[66] Whereas in agricultural areas, they cause financial losses to farmers due to crop depredation.[66] The estimated extent of crop damages in Himachal Pradesh ranges from 10–100% to 40–80% of all crop losses.[66] The financial implications of such damage is estimated at approximately USD$ 200,000 in agriculture and USD$ 150,000 in horticulture.[66] Quantification of crop and financial loses is challenging with a potential misrepresentation due to farmer perspectives where perception of perceived losses are potentially higher, than actual losses. This has led to harsh actions against rhesus macaque communities. Another factor in rhesus perception includes economic status, farmer economic stability, cultural attitudes towards the given species and the frequency and intensity of wildlife conflicts.[66] All of the above have resulted in changed in conservation and management with legal rhesus macaque culling issued in 2010.[66]

    Human wildlife conflict is also occurring in China, specifically in the area of Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The peak period of conflict occurs from August-October when wildlife overlaps with humans severely due to the high natural productivity stemming from the warm and humid climate. Factors associated with accessibility and availability of food and shelter appear to be the key drivers of human-macaque conflict, with an overall increase between the years of 2012 and 2021.[21]

    One key factor of conflict that directly effects the human macaque relationship is visibility. Visibility of rhesus macaques in agroecosystem dominated areas largely impacts conflict between humans and rhesus macaques. The conspicuous presence of rhesus macaques in and around farms results in farmers believing that macaques cause heavy crop depredations which, in turn, have led to negative perceptions and actions against the species.[67] Whereas visibility in urban areas can result in a positive relationship, areas include around temples, and tourist areas where their dietary needs are largely met by food provisioning.

    Towards the end of March 2018, it was reported that a monkey had entered a house in the village of Talabasta, Indian state of Odisha, and kidnapped a baby. The baby was later found dead in a well. Though monkeys are known to attack people, enter homes, and damage property, this reported behaviour was unusual.[68][69]

    Population management tools

    Managing conflict between humans and rhesus macaque is a difficult challenge. As mentioned previously there are many factors that go into why conflict occurs. This nuanced relationship requires thoughtfulness in management practices. Behaviour and population management are the two main areas of management that humans will look into to try and minimize conflict, protect wildlife, and promote co-existence.

    When looking at and altering behaviour, crop raiding is the potentially the most significant behaviour change that is crucial in reducing conflict rates. One example is the implementation of guards in agricultural setting to chase off intruding monkeys using dogs slingshot, and firecrackers.[70] This method is no-lethal and can alter behavioural patterns of crop raiding monkeys. Another strategy that farmers can employ is to plant alternative, buffer crops which are unattractive to monkeys in high-conflict zones such as along the edges of macaque habitat.[70] In urban settings planting food trees within city periphery and country parks aim to discourage macaques from entering nearby residential areas for food.[70]

    Better establishing tourism and urban behaviour in areas that have population of rhesus macaques as means to facilitate better relationship. In areas of tourism human behaviour is necessary to prevent conflict. One method of this is to introduce public education programs as well as restrict visitors to specific viewing platforms, with the goal to minimize physical proximity.[70] An important aspect is enforcing no feed regulations that only allow provisioning to be performed by trained staff at scheduled times.[70] Regulating visitor behaviours that provoke aggressive responses from macaques, including noise regulation greatly benefits conflict reduction.[70] Replacing food conditioned behaviours established by human visitors and further human education will greatly aid in returning co-existence between rhesus macaques and humans.

    A method of population management is translocation. Translocation of problem macaques in urban rhesus communities in India has been employed as a non-lethal solution to human–macaque conflicts.[70] Translocation can be seen as a short term fix due to the fact that they have the potential to return, and other rhesus macaques populations may take their place. As well translocation can be inappropriate when there is a lack of suitable habitat to move animals because of anthropogenic habitat modification.[70] Before translocation occurs there must be a cost benefit appraisal of relative costs should be done to quantify the resources it will take.[70] An in depth understanding of issues prior to translocation is vital for positive effects to occur. Recognizing landscape health and productivity is the first step before making management decisions.

    Another tool of population management is found in sterilisation and/or contraceptive programmes that represent an alternative management practice.[70] Fertility control looks to be a feasible management tool for reducing human–macaque conflict because it avoids the extermination of the animals and avoids costs and problems associated with translocation.[70] Although there is potential of sterilization and general fertility control to be positive there is limited research and understanding of the long term effects of sterilization programs and its effectivity.[70]

    In science

    Project Mercury rocket Little Joe 1B, launched in 1960, carried Miss Sam to 9.3 mi (15.0 km) in altitude.

    The rhesus macaque is well known to science. Due to its relatively easy upkeep in captivity, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research on human and animal health-related topics. It has given its name to the Rh factor, one of the elements of a person's blood group, by the discoverers of the factor, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener. The rhesus macaque was also used in the well-known experiments on maternal deprivation carried out in the 1950s by controversial comparative psychologist Harry Harlow. Other medical breakthroughs facilitated by the use of the rhesus macaque include:[71]

    The U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force, and NASA launched rhesus macaques into outer space during the 1950s and 1960s, and the Soviet/Russian space program launched them into space as recently as 1997 on the Bion missions. Albert II became the first primate and first mammal in space during a U.S. V-2 rocket suborbital flight on 14 June 1949, and died on impact when a parachute failed.

    Another rhesus monkey, Able, was launched on a suborbital spaceflight in 1959, and was among the first living beings (along with Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey on the same mission) to travel in space and return alive.[72]

    On 25 October 1999, the rhesus macaque became the first cloned primate with the birth of Tetra. January 2001 had the birth of ANDi, the first transgenic primate; ANDi carries foreign genes originally from a jellyfish.[73]

    Though most studies of the rhesus macaque are from various locations in northern India, some knowledge of the natural behavior of the species comes from studies carried out on a colony established by the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the University of Puerto Rico on the island of Cayo Santiago, off Puerto Rico. No predators are on the island, and humans are not permitted to land except as part of the research programmes. The colony is provisioned to some extent, but about half of its food comes from natural foraging.

    Rhesus macaques, like many macaques, carry the herpes B virus. This virus does not typically harm the monkey, but is very dangerous to humans in the rare event that it jumps species, for example in the 1997 death of Yerkes National Primate Research Center researcher Elizabeth Griffin.[74][75][76]

    Rhesus macaque in a Japanese zoo, 2016

    Genome sequencing

    Work on the genome of the rhesus macaque was completed in 2007, making the species the second nonhuman primate whose genome was sequenced.[77] Humans and macaques apparently share about 93% of their DNA sequence and shared a common ancestor roughly 25 million years ago.[78] The rhesus macaque has 21 pairs of chromosomes.[79]

    Comparison of rhesus macaques, chimpanzees, and humans revealed the structure of ancestral primate genomes, positive selection pressure and lineage-specific expansions, and contractions of gene families. "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said Evan Eichler, University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to Homo sapiens," said Bruce Lahn, University of Chicago.[80]

    After the human and chimpanzee genomes were sequenced and compared, it was usually impossible to tell whether differences were the result of the human or chimpanzee gene changing from the common ancestor. After the rhesus macaque genome was sequenced, three genes could be compared. If two genes were the same, they were presumed to be the original gene.[81]

    The chimpanzee and human genome diverged 6 million years ago. They have 98% identity and many conserved regulatory regions. Comparing the macaque and human genomes, further identified evolutionary pressure and gene function. Like the chimpanzee, changes were on the level of gene rearrangements rather than single mutations. Frequent insertions, deletions, changes in the order and number of genes, and segmental duplications near gaps, centromeres and telomeres occurred. So, macaque, chimpanzee, and human chromosomes are mosaics of each other.

    Some normal gene sequences in healthy macaques and chimpanzees cause profound disease in humans. For example, the normal sequence of phenylalanine hydroxylase in macaques and chimpanzees is the mutated sequence responsible for phenylketonuria in humans. So, humans must have been under evolutionary pressure to adopt a different mechanism. Some gene families are conserved or under evolutionary pressure and expansion in all three primate species, while some are under expansion uniquely in human, chimpanzee, or macaque. For example, cholesterol pathways are conserved in all three species (and other primate species). In all three species, immune response genes are under positive selection, and genes of T cell-mediated immunity, signal transduction, cell adhesion, and membrane proteins generally. Genes for keratin, which produce hair shafts, were rapidly evolving in all three species, possibly because of climate change or mate selection. The X chromosome has three times more rearrangements than other chromosomes. The macaque gained 1,358 genes by duplication. Triangulation of human, chimpanzee, and macaque sequences showed expansion of gene families in each species.

    The PKFP gene, important in sugar (fructose) metabolism, is expanded in macaques, possibly because of their high-fruit diet. So are genes for the olfactory receptor, cytochrome P450 (which degrades toxins), and CCL3L1-CCL4 (associated in humans with HIV susceptibility). Immune genes are expanded in macaques, relative to all four great ape species. The macaque genome has 33 major histocompatibility genes, three times those of human. This has clinical significance because the macaque is used as an experimental model of the human immune system.

    In humans, the preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) gene family is expanded. It is actively expressed in cancers, but normally is testis-specific, possibly involved in spermatogenesis. The PRAME family has 26 members on human chromosome 1. In the macaque, it has eight, and has been very simple and stable for millions of years. The PRAME family arose in translocations in the common mouse-primate ancestor 85 million years ago, and is expanded on mouse chromosome 4.

    DNA microarrays are used in macaque research. For example, Michael Katze of University of Washington, Seattle, infected macaques with 1918 and modern influenzas. The DNA microarray showed the macaque genomic response to human influenza on a cellular level in each tissue. Both viruses stimulated innate immune system inflammation, but the 1918 flu stimulated stronger and more persistent inflammation, causing extensive tissue damage, and it did not stimulate the interferon-1 pathway. The DNA response showed a transition from innate to adaptive immune response over seven days.[82][83]

    The full sequence and annotation of the macaque genome is available on the Ensembl genome browser.[84]

    Conservation status

    The rhesus macaque is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and estimated to exist in large numbers; it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, including urban environments.[1] Rhesus macaques have the largest natural range of any non-human primate which contributes to the conservation status of "least concern".[4] The Thai population is locally threatened. In addition to habitat destruction and agricultural encroachment, pet releases of the different species into existing troops are diluting the gene pool and putting its genetic integrity at risk.[85][86] Despite the wealth of information on their ecology and behaviour, little attention has been paid to their demography or population status,[87] which can pose a risk for future rhesus macaque population. Rhesus macaques increased population stress on other species, having extended their distributional limits by approximately 3,500 km2 in Southeastern India.[88] The increased area of rhesus macaques has been caused by human intervention tactics whereby village translocation occurs from urban conflict ridden areas.[88] This influx has led to the widespread establishment of the rhesus macaque, accompanied by the disappearance of the bonnet macaque in these areas.[88]

    See also

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    Rhesus macaque: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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    The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in length with a 20.7–22.9 cm (8.1–9.0 in) tail and weighs 5.3–7.7 kg (12–17 lb). It is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia and has the widest geographic range of all non-human primates, occupying a great diversity of altitudes and a great variety of habitats, from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements. Feral colonies are found in the United States, thought to be either released by humans or escapees after hurricanes destroyed zoo and wildlife park facilities.

    The rhesus macaque is diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial. It is mostly herbivorous, mainly eating fruit, but will also consume seeds, roots, buds, bark, and cereals. Studies show almost 100 different plant species in its diet. Rhesus macaques are generalist omnivores, and have a highly varied and flexible diet. With an increase in anthropogenic land changes, rhesus macaques have evolved alongside intense and rapid environmental disturbance associated with human agriculture and urbanization resulting in proportions of their diet to be altered. It will also eat invertebrates, drink water from streams and rivers, and has specialised cheek pouches where it can temporarily store food.

    Like other macaques, the rhesus macaque is gregarious, with troops comprising 20–200 individuals. The social groups are matrilineal, whereby a female's rank is decided by the rank of her mother. There has been extensive research into female philopatry, common in social animals, as females tend not to leave the social group. The rhesus macaque communicates with a variety of facial expressions, vocalisations, body postures, and gestures. Facial expressions are used to appease or redirect aggression, assert dominance, and threaten other individuals, and vocalisations may be made to elicit grooming, while moving, or in threatening situations. It spends most of its day feeding and resting; the remainder is occupied with traveling, grooming, and playing.

    Due to its relatively easy upkeep, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research on human and animal health-related topics. It has facilitated many scientific breakthroughs including vaccines for rabies, smallpox, and polio and antiretroviral medication to treat HIV/AIDS. A rhesus macaque became the first primate astronaut in 1948, but died during the flight, followed on 14 June 1949 by Albert II, who became the first primate and first mammal in space. It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats.

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    Rezuso ( Esperant )

    fornì da wikipedia EO

    Rezuso (Macaca mulatta) estas bone konata specio de makakoj, kiu renkontiĝas inter Afganio ĝis suda Ĉinio, en naturo aŭ ĉe la homoj, eĉ en urboj, ĉefe en Barato, kie ili estas rigarditaj kiel konservitajn bestojn kaj estas protektitaj, ĝis alteco de 2 500 metroj.

    La maksimuma pezo estas 6 kg, la longeco ĉirkaŭ 64 cm; ili formas rondojn po kelkdekoj da individuoj, kie la hierarkia rango estas determinita de la inbestoj. Ili estas bruemaj, kaj povas vivi ĝis 30 jaroj.

     src=
    Rezuso ĉe templo en Barato
    Rhesus Macaque.png

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    Macaca mulatta ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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    El macaco Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), frecuentemente denominado el mono Rhesus, es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae, una de las más conocidas de monos del Viejo Mundo.

    Características

    Es un macaco típico, común desde Afganistán al norte de la India y China meridional. Los machos crecen y alcanzan una altura de 60 cm, con una cola de unos 30 cm. Presentan dimorfismo sexual; los machos pueden pesar hasta 6 kg; las hembras hasta la mitad y medir 40 cm. Tienen un color que varía desde el marrón al gris, con la cara rosada. Tienen una expectativa de vida de cerca de 25 años. No se conocen subespecies.[2]

    Los macacos y la ciencia

    El factor Rh del grupo sanguíneo recibe su nombre del macaco Rhesus, pues fue en este animal donde fue identificado este factor por primera vez.

    Fueron usados en los muy conocidos experimentos de apego en los 1950s, bajo el control del psicólogo comparativo Harry Harlow.

    Es capaz de reconocerse en un espejo.[3]

    La NASA lanzó este macaco al espacio en los años 1950 y 1960, y el Programa Espacial Ruso lo envió al espacio, en 1997 en las Misiones Bion.

    En 2018, fue el primer primate clonado, con el nacimiento de dos macacos . Y en enero de 2001 nació ANDi, el primer primate transgénico; ANDi porta genes extraños originalmente de una medusa Scyphozoa.

    Los trabajos del genoma de esta especie se completaron en 2007,[4]​ haciendo al Rhesus el segundo primate no-humano en tener el genoma secuenciado. El estudio[5]​ muestra que humanos y macacos comparten cerca del 93 % de su secuencia de ADN y un ancestro común aproximadamente 25 millones de años atrás.

    A pesar de que la mayoría de los estudios en Rhesus son de varias localidades del norte de la India, el conocimiento de su conducta natural proviene de estudios en una colonia en el "Centro Caribeño de Estudios con Primates" de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en la isla de Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Se importaron 409 macacos Rhesus de la India y, en 2007 ya eran 950. El personal humano es de 11. No hay predadores en la isla, y el contacto humano está prohibido, excepto como parte de programas de investigación, a partir de 1938. La colonia es aprovisionada en alguna extensión, pero cerca de su 50 % de la dieta es de forrajeo natural. Estos macacos disfrutan de golosinas, como pasteles (en:Fig Newton) y damascos, y particularmente arrancan cantidades de malvaviscos.

    Referencias

    1. Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. y Yongcheng, L. (2008). «Macaca mulatta». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2013.
    2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Macaca mulatta». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
    3. Rajala, Abigail Z.; Reininger, Katharine R.; Lancaster, Kimberly M.; Populin, Luis C.; Lauwereyns, Jan (2010). «Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Do Recognize Themselves in the Mirror: Implications for the Evolution of Self-Recognition». PLoS ONE 5 (9): e12865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865.
    4. Zahn, L. M.; Jasny, B. R.; Culotta, E.; Pennisi, E. (2007). «A Barrel of Monkey Genes». Science 316 (5822): 215. doi:10.1126/science.316.5822.215.
    5. DNA sequence of Rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications. Human Genome Sequencing Center. 13 de abril de 2007. Consultado el 15 de abril de 2007.

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    Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

    fornì da wikipedia ES

    El macaco Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), frecuentemente denominado el mono Rhesus, es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae, una de las más conocidas de monos del Viejo Mundo.

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    Reesusmakaak ( Éston )

    fornì da wikipedia ET

    Reesusmakaak (Macaca mulatta) on pärdiklaste sugukonda makaakide perekonda kuuluv imetaja.[2]

    Klassifikatsioon

    Reesusmakaakidel klassifitseeritakse järgmised alamliigid:

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda.

    Elu- ja käitumisviisid

    Reesusmakaagid elavad looduslikes elupaikades suurte karjadena.

    Nad on väga elava ja püsimatu loomuga - ajavad üksteist taga ja karjuvad, kuid unustavad raevu ja rahunevad sama kiiresti.[3]

    Hindud peavad neid pühadeks loomadeks.

    Laboriloomana

    Reesusmakaake (nii täiskasvanud, vastsündnud kui ka veel sündimata reesusmakaake) kasutatakse laialdaselt laboriloomadena.

    Viited

    1. Sissekanne IUCN-is, veebiversioon (vaadatud 25.02.2015)(inglise keeles)
    2. Loomade elu 7:431.
    3. Loomade elu 7:431.

    Kirjandus

    MERS-CoV loommudelis
    Darryl Falzarano, Emmie de Wit, Angela L. Rasmussen jt, Interferon-α2b and ribavirin treatment improves outcome in MERS-CoV-infected rhesus macaques, Nat Med. oktoober 2013 ; 19(10): 1313–1317. doi: 10.1038/nm.3362, PMCID: PMC4093902, NIHMSID: NIHMS519648

    Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Macaque rhésus seisuga 25.02.2015.

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    Reesusmakaak: Brief Summary ( Éston )

    fornì da wikipedia ET

    Reesusmakaak (Macaca mulatta) on pärdiklaste sugukonda makaakide perekonda kuuluv imetaja.

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    Rhesus makako ( Basch )

    fornì da wikipedia EU

    Rhesus makakoa (Macaca mulatta) makako espezie bat da, ikerkuntzan oso erabilia.

    Asiako tximino honen bizilekua Afganistandik Txina eta Thailandiaraino hedatzen da. Tximino hau sakratua da hinduentzako. Oso arrunta da zirku, zoologiko eta, askotan, medikuntza laborategietan. Lehen primatea izan zen espazioan.

    Erreferentziak

    Kanpo estekak

    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Rhesus makako: Brief Summary ( Basch )

    fornì da wikipedia EU

    Rhesus makakoa (Macaca mulatta) makako espezie bat da, ikerkuntzan oso erabilia.

    Asiako tximino honen bizilekua Afganistandik Txina eta Thailandiaraino hedatzen da. Tximino hau sakratua da hinduentzako. Oso arrunta da zirku, zoologiko eta, askotan, medikuntza laborategietan. Lehen primatea izan zen espazioan.

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    Reesusmakaki ( Finlandèis )

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    Reesusmakaki (Macaca mulatta) eli reesusapina on häntäapinoihin (Cercopithecidae) kuuluva laji.

    Reesusmakakin turkki on keskipitkä. Sen ruumis on noin 50 cm pitkä, häntä noin 25 cm pitkä. Painoa sillä on 6–10 kg; naaraat ovat uroksia pienempiä. Sitä esiintyy laajalla alueella Afganistanista Intian yli Pohjois-Thaimaahan, Etelä-Kiinaan ja Vietnamiin asti hyvin erilaisilla biotoopeilla aarniometsissä, metsäviljelmillä ja kallioalueilla sekä kylien, kaupunkien ja luostareiden välittömässä läheisyydessä.

    Reesusmakaki syö marjoja ja siemeniä sekä hyönteisiä ja muita pikkueläimiä. Kantoaika kestää 130–180 päivää; naaras synnyttää yhden poikasen, jota se hoitaa useita kuukausia.

    Reesusmakaki on tärkeä koe-eläin lääketieteessä, kuten aids-tutkimuksessa, neurotieteessä ja käyttäytymisen biologian tutkimuksessa. Reesusmakakin koko perimä on selvitetty.[2]

    Lähteet

    Viitteet

    1. Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L.: Macaca mulatta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. Reesusapinan perimä kartoitettu Bioteknologia.info. Viitattu 1.3.2009.
    Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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    Reesusmakaki: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

    fornì da wikipedia FI

    Reesusmakaki (Macaca mulatta) eli reesusapina on häntäapinoihin (Cercopithecidae) kuuluva laji.

    Reesusmakakin turkki on keskipitkä. Sen ruumis on noin 50 cm pitkä, häntä noin 25 cm pitkä. Painoa sillä on 6–10 kg; naaraat ovat uroksia pienempiä. Sitä esiintyy laajalla alueella Afganistanista Intian yli Pohjois-Thaimaahan, Etelä-Kiinaan ja Vietnamiin asti hyvin erilaisilla biotoopeilla aarniometsissä, metsäviljelmillä ja kallioalueilla sekä kylien, kaupunkien ja luostareiden välittömässä läheisyydessä.

    Reesusmakaki syö marjoja ja siemeniä sekä hyönteisiä ja muita pikkueläimiä. Kantoaika kestää 130–180 päivää; naaras synnyttää yhden poikasen, jota se hoitaa useita kuukausia.

    Reesusmakaki on tärkeä koe-eläin lääketieteessä, kuten aids-tutkimuksessa, neurotieteessä ja käyttäytymisen biologian tutkimuksessa. Reesusmakakin koko perimä on selvitetty.

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    Macaque rhésus ( Fransèis )

    fornì da wikipedia FR

    Macaca mulatta

    Le macaque rhésus[1],[2] (Macaca mulatta), aussi appelé singe rhésus ou bandar, est l'une des espèces de singes les plus connues de l'Ancien monde notamment à travers une sexualité débordante permettant une large reproduction, et ainsi un grand nombre de sujets permettant une étude représentative de la population des macaques rhésus (cf. Landsteiner et Levine).

    Caractéristiques générales

    Un petit singe assis sur une pelouse.
    Un macaque rhésus mâle près de Katmandou.
     src=
    Un macaque rhésus mâle à गोकर्ण (ne), Népal. Novembre 2019.

    C'est un macaque typique, commun dans tout l'Afghanistan, jusqu'en Inde septentrionale et en Chine méridionale.

    Les macaques rhésus ont un corps mesurant de 45 à 64 centimètres[3] et une queue atteignant 30 centimètres. Les mâles pèsent en moyenne 7,7 kg et les femelles 5,3 kg[4].

    Ils ont une couleur brune à grise et leur visage est rosé.

    Animal de laboratoire

    Relativement facile à élever en captivité, le singe rhésus a été souvent utilisé pour des recherches médicales ou biologiques. Outre les expériences sur le sang, il a servi dans les expériences bien connues du psychologue Harry Harlow dans les années 1950 sur la privation maternelle. La NASA lança des macaques rhésus dans l'espace durant les années 1950 et 1960.

    En janvier 2000, le rhésus est devenu le premier primate cloné avec la naissance de Tetra. Janvier 2001 vit la naissance de ANDi, le premier primate transgénique. ANDi porte des gènes étrangers issus d'une méduse.

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    [5]Caryotype d'un macaque rhésus mâle.

    Sa séquence ADN diffère de 7% avec celle des Hommes[6] et il possède 21 paires de chromosomes[1].

    La plupart de nos connaissances sur le comportement sauvage du macaque rhésus viennent des études menées dans une colonie fondée sur l'île de Cayo Santiago par le Centre de recherche caribéen sur les primates de l'université de Porto Rico. Il n'y a aucun prédateur sur cette île, et la présence humaine n'y est autorisée que pour les recherches scientifiques.

    Dans la nature

     src=
    Un groupe de rhésus dans l'enceinte d'un temple en Inde.

    Habitant les zones arides et les terrains découverts, les macaques rhésus peuvent aussi se trouver dans les prairies, les régions boisées et dans des régions montagneuses jusqu'à 2 500 mètres d'altitude. On dit qu'ils sont de bons nageurs et apprécient cette activité. Les rhésus sont connus pour leur tendance à se déplacer des espaces ruraux vers les secteurs urbains, venant chercher les aumônes ou les ordures des humains. Ils sont devenus de vrais parasites dans certaines zones comme la ville de New Delhi, par exemple, où ils sont perçus comme un risque possible pour la sécurité et la santé publiques.

    Vivant le jour, les rhésus sont aussi bien terrestres qu'arboricoles. Ils sont pour la plupart herbivores et se nourrissent de feuilles, d'aiguilles de pins, de racines et occasionnellement d'insectes ou de petits animaux. Ces singes ont développé des poches de stockage dans leurs joues, ce qui leur permet d'emmagasiner de la nourriture et de s'enfuir pour manger les morceaux récoltés plus tard, lorsqu'ils sont en sécurité.

    Reproduction

     src=
    Femelles et jeunes rhésus à Bharatpur (Rajasthan).

    La gestation dure en moyenne 166,5 jours (données recueillies sur 700 naissances vivantes en captivité où les dates sont sûres). Les femelles les plus âgées ayant des gestations plus longues et des petits plus lourds, les autres critères comme le sexe du petit, la période de l'année ou l'identité paternelle n'ayant pas d'incidence sur la durée de gestation.

    Organisation sociale

    Comme les autres macaques, les groupes de rhésus comprennent des mâles et des femelles. Le groupe peut compter jusqu'à 180 individus mais la moyenne se situe à une vingtaine. Les femelles sont 4 fois plus nombreuses que les mâles. La hiérarchie sociale est matriarcale (ou matrilinéaire), le rang de chacun dépend de son lien de parenté avec la femelle dominante. Le soin des plus jeunes et la surveillance du territoire sont partagés par les membres du groupe[7]. Si les femelles sont plus ou moins placides, les mâles sont plus turbulents. Les macaques rhésus sont considérés comme des singes bruyants. Le singe qui découvre de la nourriture va normalement avertir le groupe par des cris spécifiques mais on a pu constater que des jeunes ou des dominés évitent de le faire si leur découverte n'a pas été observée par d'autres.

    Habitat

    Classification

    Il y a diverses sous-espèces de rhésus :

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda

    Éponymie

    Le singe rhésus est surtout célèbre par le nom qu'il a donné à un système de groupe sanguin, du fait d'une communauté antigénique entre les globules rouges du singe et les globules rouges humains.

    Voir l'article principal Groupe sanguin et l'article groupe Rhésus.

    Notes et références

    1. a et b (en) P. Perticone, M. Rizzoni, F. Palitti et P. di Chiara, « Banding patterns of the chromosomes of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) », Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 3, no 4,‎ 1er juillet 1974, p. 291–295 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 17 septembre 2020)
    2. « Diversité génétique et évolution des Gammaherpesvirinae de primates » dans la revue Virologie, volume 11, numéro 1, pp. 43-62, janvier-février 2007 Lire le résumé en ligne
    3. Collectif, Histoire naturelle, Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), p. Macaque rhésus page 542
    4. (en) [1], sur pin.primate.wisc.edu
    5. Daniel T. Meehan, Mary Ann Zink, Melissa Mahlen et Marilu Nelson, « Gene targeting in adult rhesus macaque fibroblasts », BMC Biotechnology, vol. 8, no 1,‎ 26 mars 2008, p. 31 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 18 septembre 2020)
    6. (en) « DNA sequence of Rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications », sur EurekAlert! (consulté le 17 septembre 2020)
    7. Bernard Chapais, Liens de sang: Aux origines biologiques de la société humaine, Montréal, Boréal, 2015, 368 p. (ISBN 9782764623862), p. 63-64

    Références externes

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    Macaque rhésus: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

    fornì da wikipedia FR

    Macaca mulatta

    Le macaque rhésus, (Macaca mulatta), aussi appelé singe rhésus ou bandar, est l'une des espèces de singes les plus connues de l'Ancien monde notamment à travers une sexualité débordante permettant une large reproduction, et ainsi un grand nombre de sujets permettant une étude représentative de la population des macaques rhésus (cf. Landsteiner et Levine).

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    Moncaí réasas ( Irlandèis )

    fornì da wikipedia GA

    Meacaic atá dúchasach do dheisceart na hÁise ón Afganastáin go Vítneam. Dingthe, fionnrua/donn. Áitríonn sé gnáthóga ilghnéitheacha, bailte ina measc. Úsáidtear go forleathan i dtaighde míochaine é. Tugtar meacaic réasas air freisin. Ainmnítear fachtóir Rhesus sa bhfuil as.

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    Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
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    Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
    Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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    Macaca mulatta ( Galissian )

    fornì da wikipedia gl Galician

    Macaca mulatta, xeralmente chamado macaco rhesus (ou macaco -ou mono- Rhesus, resus ou reso), é unha especie de mono do Vello Mundo que vive en parte de Asia. Na lista da Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas da IUCN está considerado como en estado "pouco preocupante" en vista da súa ampla área de distribución, as súas grandes poboacións e a súa tolerancia a unha ampla variedade de hábitats. É nativo do sur, centro e sueste asiático, onde as mandas ou tropas de M. mulatta habitan hábitats moi diversos, desde praderías a áreas desérticas ou forestais, e tamén nas proximidades de asentamentos humanos.[1] A especie é moi utilizada en ciencia como organismo modelo. No descubrimento do factor do grupo sanguíneo Rh humano utilizouse sangue deste macaco.

    O seu nome común de macaco rhesus procede do que lle deu o naturalista francés Jean-Baptiste Audebert, que o chamou Macaca rhesus (Audebert, 1798). "Rhesus" é unha relembranza do nome dun rei de Tracia que aparece na Ilíada de Homero, chamado Rhesus ou Reso, aínda que Audebert sinalou que "non ten significado".[3] Agora o seu nome científico é Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780), que é máis antigo.

    Características

    O macaco rhesus ten cor marrón ou gris e unha face rosa, a cal está desprovista de pelo. Ten un rabo de lonxitude media que mide entre 20,7 e 22,9 cm. Os machos adultos miden uns 53 cm como media e pesan uns 7,7. As femias son menores, duns 47 cm de lonxitude media e 5,3 kg de peso. Este macaco ten como media 50 vértebras. A súa proporción da lonxitude do brazo con respecto á lonxitude da perna é de 89%. Teñen escápula dorsal e unha ampla caixa torácica de costelas.

    Teñen 32 dentes cunha fórmula dental 2.1.2.32.1.2.3 e molares bilofodontos. Os molares superiores teñen catro cúspides chamadas: paracono, metacono, protocono e hipocono. Os molares inferiores teñen tamén catro cúspides: metacónido, protocónido, hipocónido e entocónido.

    Distribución e hábitat

    A especie é nativa do norte da India, Bangladesh, Paquistán, Nepal, Birmania, Tailandia, Afganistán, Vietnam, sur de China e algunhas áreas veciñas. Teñen a área de distribución máis ampla dun primate despois da do home, ocupando unha gran diversidade de altitudes a través de Asia central, do sur, e do sueste. Habitan áreas áridas abertas, e poden encontrarse en praderías, bosques e rexións montañosas ata os 2.500 m de altura. Nadan con frecuencia. As crías de poucos días xa poden nadar e os adultos poden nadar algo máis de medio quilómetro entre unha illa e outra. Teñen tendencia a trasladarse desde zonas rurais a urbanas, onde se manteñen das dádivas ou dos residuos dos humanos.[4] Adáptanse ben á presensza humana e forman mandas máis grandes en paisaxes dominadas polos humanos que nos bosques.[5]

    Os límites de distribución sur e norte do M. mulatta e do M. radiata, actualmente corren paralelamente un doutro na parte oeste da India, están separados por un gran espazo no centro e converxen na costa leste da península para formar unha zona de distribución solapada. Esta rexión de solapamento caracterízase pola presenza de mandas formadas por individuos das dúas especies mesturados, e dúas mandas puras dunha soa especie ás veces poden aparecen en estreita proximidade. A extensión da área de distribución do macaco rhesus, debido a un proceso natural nalgunhas áreas e unha consecuencia directa da introdución polos humanos noutras, ten graves implicacións para as poboacións en declive ou endémicas dos M. radiata no sur da India.[6]

    Distribución das subespecies e poboacións

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    Macacos rhesus no Forte Vermello de Agra na India.

    Segundo as primeiras descricións de Zimmermann de 1780, este macaco estaba distribuído polo leste de Afganistán, Bangladesh, Bután, e no val do Brahmaputra na península da India, Nepal, e norte de Paquistán. Hoxe, esa poboación coñécese como macaco rhesus da India, M. m. mulatta, que inclúe os morfoloxicamene similares M. rhesus villosus, descrito por True en 1894, de Caxemira, e M. m. mcmahoni, descrito por Pocock en 1932, de Kootai, Paquistán. Describíronse varias subespecies chinesas entre 1867 e 1917. Porén, as diferenzas moleculares identificadas entre as poboacións non son o suficientemente consistentes de seu para definilas concluintemente como subspecies, e hai diversas opinións sobre as súas sinonimias.[7]
    Estas subespecies chinesas poden dividirse da seguinte maneira:

    • M. m. mulatta encóntrase en China occidental e central, no sur de Yunnan, e suroeste de Guangxi;[8]
    • M. m. lasiota (Gray, 1868), o macaco rhesus chines occidental, está distribuído no oeste de Sichuan, noroeste de Yunnan e sueste de Qinghai;[8] é posiblemente sinónimo de M. m. sanctijohannis (Swinhoe 1867) ou mesmo de M. m. mulatta.[7]
    • M. m. tcheliensis (Milne-Edwards, 1870), o macaco rhesus chinés do norte, vive no norte de Henan, sur de Shanxi e preto de Beijing. Algúns considérano como a subespecie que está máis en perigo.[9] Outros considérana un posible sinónimo de M. m. sanctijohannis ou mesmo de M. m. mulatta.[7]
    • M. m. vestita (Milne-Edwards, 1892), o macaco rhesus tibetano, vive no sur do Tibet, noroeste de Yunnan (Deqing), e quizais en Yushu;[8] é un posible sinónimo de M. m. sanctijohannis ou mesmo de M. m. mulatta.[7]
    • M. m. littoralis (Elliot, 1909), o macaco rhesus chinés do sur, vive en Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, noroeste de Guangdong, norte de Guangxi, nordeste de Yunnan, leste de Sichuan e sur de Shaanxi;[8] é un posible sinónimo de M. m. sanctijohannis ou mesmo de M. m. mulatta.[7]
    • M. m. brevicaudus, tamén denominado Pithecus brevicaudus (Elliot, 1913), vive na illa de Hainan e Illas Wanshan en Guangdong e nas illas próximas a Hong Kong;[8] pode ser sinónimo de M. m. mulatta.[7]
    • M. m. siamica (Kloss, 1917), o macaco rhesus de Indochina, está distribuído por Myanmar, no norte de Tailandia e Vietnam, en Laos e nas provincias chinesas de Anhui, noroeste de Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan central e oriental, e Yunnan occidental e centromeridional; é un posible sinónimo de M. m. sanctijohannis ou mesmo de M. m. mulatta.[7]

    Ecoloxía e comportamento

    Os macacos rhesus son animais diúrnos, e fan tanto vida arborícola coma terrestre. Teñen unha marcha cuadrúpede e cando están no chan poden camiñar como dixitígrados ou plantígrados. Son principalmente herbívoros, alimentándose principalmente de froitas, pero tamén comen sementes, raíces, gromos e cortiza. Estímase que consomen arredor de 99 especies de plantas de 46 familias. Durante a estación do monzón, obteñen gran parte da auga das froitas maduras suculentas. Os que viven lonxe de fontes de auga lamben o resío das follas e beben a auga da chuvia acumulada en ocos das árbores.[10] Tamén se observou que comen térmites, saltóns, formigas e escaravellos.[11] Cando a comida é abundante, distribúense en pequenas áreas (parches) do territorio e aliméntanse ao longo do día. Beben auga durante a súa alimentación e xúntanse nos regatos e ríos.[12] Teñen bolsas nas meixelas especializadas nas que almacenan temporalmente os alimentos.

    En estudos psicolóxicos os macacos rhesus demostraron diversas habilidades cognitivas complexas, incluíndo a capacidade de facer xuízos de igual-diferente, comprender regras simples e monitorizar os seus propios estados mentais.[13][14] Incluso demostran ter autonomía do tipo self-agency,[15] un importante tipo de autoconciencia.

    En varios experimentos nos que se deron espellos aos macacos rhesus, miraban ao espello e se acicalaban e flexionaban varios grupos musculares. Este comportamento indica que se recoñecen e son conscientes de si mesmos.[16]

    Estrutura do grupo

    Como outros macacos, as mandas dos rhesus comprenden unha mestura de 20 a 200 machos e femias.[17] As femias poden superar en número aos machos nunha proporción de 4:1. Os machos e femias teñen xerarquías separadas. A filopatría das femias, algo común entre os mamíferos sociais, foi estensamente estudada nesta especie. As femias adoitan non abandonar o grupo social, e teñen unhas xerarquías matrilineares altamente estables nas cales o rango dunha femia depende do rango da nai. Ademais, un só grupo pode ter múltiples liñas matrilineares que existen ordenadas nunha xerarquía, e unha femia está por riba do rango de calquera femia non emparentada que teña un rango inferior ao da súa nai.[18] Unha característica pouco usual desta especie é que as femias máis novas adoitan ser superiores en rango ás súas irmás máis vellas.[19] Isto débese probablemente a que as femias novas están en mellores condicións e son máis fértiles. As nais parece que impiden que as irmás maiores formen coalicións contra ela. A irmá máis nova é a que máis depende da nai, e non tería nada que gañar se axudase ás súas irmás a derrocar a súa nai. Como cada irmá tiña un rango alto nos seus primeiros anos, rebelarse contra a nai é desalentado.[20] Os macacos machos mozos tamén viven en liñas matrilineares, pero unha vez que chegan a ter catro ou cinco anos, son expulsados dos seus grupos natais polo macho dominante. Así, os machos adultos gañan a dominancia pola idade e a experiencia.[12]

    No grupo, a posición dos macacos está baseada no rango. O "subgrupo do macho central" consta dos dous ou tres machos máis dominantes e máis vellos que son codominantes, xunto con femias, os seus fillos, e inividuos xuvenís. Este subgrupo ocupa o centro do grupo e determina os movementos, alimentación e outras rutinas.[12] As femias deste subgrupo son tamén as máis dominantes de todo o grupo. Canto máis próximo á periferia da manda está un subgrupo, menos dominante é. Os subgrupos na periferia do grupo central son dirixidos por un macho dominante, de rango inferior ao dos machos centrais, e el mantén a orde no grupo e comunica mensaxes entre os machos centrais e periféricos. Un subgrupo de machos subordinados, a miúdo subadultos, ocupan os límites máis externos dos grupos e teñen a responsabilidade de comunicar con outros grupos de macacos e de dar as chamadas de alarma.[21] O comportamento social dos macacos rhesus foi descrito como despótico, porque os individuos de alto rango mostran pouca tolerancia e realizan agresións frecuentes e a miúdo graves sobre os que non son parentes.[22]

    Comunicación

    O macaco rhesus interacciona usando diversas expresións faciais, vocalizacións, posturas corporais e xestos. Quizais a expresión facial máis común do macaco é a face coa chamada expresión de "dentes á vista silenciosa",[23] que se fai entre individuos de diferentes rangos sociais, e son os de rango inferior os que a mostran aos de rango superior. Un individuo menos dominante tamén fai a expresión "aceno de medo", acompañada dun chío, para acalmar ou reorientar unha agresión.[24] Outro comportamento submiso é o de "presentar ancas", no que un individuo ergue o rabo e expón os seus xenitais ao individuo dominante.[23] Un individuo dominante ameaza a outro individuo ao poñerse en pé a catro patas e facer unha silenciosa "ollada fixa coa boca aberta" acompañada coa posición recta do rabo.[25] Cando se trasladan, os macacos emiten arrolos e gruñidos. Isto tamén o fan durante as interaccións afiliativas, e nas aproximacións antes do acicalamento.[26] Cando encontran unha comida escasa ou de alta calidade, os macacos emiten sons que se denominan "trilos", "arcos harmónicos" ou "píos". Cando están en situacións ameazantes, os macacos emiten un son único alto e agudo chamado "ladrido estridente".[27] Durante as interaccións agresivas emiten chíos renxentes, gritos, chíos agudos, arfadas ameazantes, gruñidos e ladridos.[27] As crías pequenas emiten unha especie de "cacarexos" repetidos ("gecker") para atraer a atención das súas nais.[28]

    Reprodución

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    Un macaco rhesus con dúas crías pequenas preto do templo de Jakhu de Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.

    Os macacos macho adultos tratan de maximizar o seu éxito reprodutivo apareándose con femias tanto dentro coma fóra do período reprodutor. As femias prefiren aparearse cos machos que cren incrementarán a supervivencia dos seus fillos. Así, un consorte macho proporcion os recursos para as súas femias e protéxeas dos predadores. Os machos máis grandes e dominantes é máis probable que provean mellor ás femias. O período reprodutor pode duran ata 11 días, e unha femia xeralmente se aparea con catro machos durante ese tempo. Non se observou que os machos loiten polo acceso con femias sexualmente receptivas, aínda que sofren máis feridas durante a tempada de apareamento.[29] As femias reprodúcense por primeira vez cando teñen catro anos, e chegan á menopausa arredor dos 25 anos.[30] Cando se aparean, un macho xeralmente exacula en menos de 15 segundos despois da penetración.[31] Os machos xeralmente non interveñen na crianza dos fillos, pero teñen relacións pacíficas coa descendencia das súas parellas consortes.[12]

    Manson e Parry[32] atoparon que os macacos rhesus evitan a endogamia. Nunca se observou que as femias adultas copulasen con machos da súa propia liña materna durante os períodos fértiles.

    As nais cunha ou máis fillas inmaturas están en contacto coas súas crías menos que as que no teñen crías inmaturas maiores, porque as nais poden pasar as responsabilidades maternais ás súas fillas. As nais de rango alto con fillas inmaturas maiores tamén rexeitan as súas crías significativamente máis que as que non teñen fillas maiores, e adoitan empezar a aparearse antes do esperado na tempada de apareamento baseándose nas datas do parto da tempada de necementos precedente.[33] As crías que están fóra do centro dos grupos son máis vulnerables ao infanticidio por parte de grupos externos.[12] Algunhas nais maltratan as súas crías, o cal se cre é o resultado de estilos parentais de control.[34]

    En ciencia

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    O foguete espacial do Proxecto Mercury Little Joe 1B, lanzado en 1960, levou de pasaxeira a Miss Sam ata 15,0 km de altitude.

    O macaco rhesus é moi utilizado en ciencia. Debido ao seu relativamente doado mantemento en catividade, gran dispoñibilidade de exemplares e semellanza anatómica e fisiolóxica cos humanos, foi amplamente usado en investigación médica e biolóxica sobre asuntos relacionados coa saúde humana e animal. Esta especie deulle o seu nome ao factor rhesus, do grupo sanguíneo Rh humano, descuberto por Karl Landsteiner e Alexander Wiener. O soro sanguíneo que serviu para facer este descubrimento foi producido ao inmunizar coellos con glóbulos vermellos de macaco rhesus. O antíxeno que induciu esta inmunización foi denominado polos seus descubridores factor Rh para indicar que fora o sangue do macaco rhesus o que se usara na produción do soro. Posteriormente un factor seroloxicamente similar ao Rh atopouse tamén en humanos.[35]

    O macaco rhesus foi utilizado nos experimentos sobre privación materna levados a cabo na década de 1950 polo controvertido psicólogo comparativo Harry Harlow.

    Outros avances médicos facilitados polo uso deste macaco foron:

    Os macacos foron lanzados ao espazo nos programas espaciais do exército e aviación de Estados Unidos e da NASA durante as décadas de 1950e 60, e o programa espacial soviético/ruso enviounos ao espazo en 1997 nas misións Bion. Un destes primates ("Able"), lanzado nun voo espacial suborbital norteamericano en 1959, foi un dos primeiros seres vivos (xunto con "Miss Baker" na mesma misión) en viaxar ao espazo e retornar vivo.[37]

    En 1994, o macaco rhesus foi o primeiro primate en ser clonado ao conseguirse que nacera o macaco Tetra. En 2001 naceu ANDi, o primeiro primate transxénico, que portaba xenes alleos procedentes de medusas.[38]

    Aínda que a maioría dos estudos do macaco rhesus en estado natural fixéronse en localizacións do norte da India, tamén se estudou o seu comportamento natural en colonias establecidas no Caribbean Primate Research Center da Universidade de Puerto Rico situadas na illa de Cayo Santiago. Non hai predadores nesa illa e alí non se permite a presenza humna excepto a dos investigadores. A colonia recibe certa cantidade de alimentos, pero aproximadamente a metade da súa comida é alimento natural que eles mesmos conseguen.[39]

    Os macacos rhesus, como moitos outros macacos, portan o virus herpes B. Este virus non lle causa danos ao mono normalmente, pero é moi perigoso para os humanos no raro caso de que se produza unha transmisión entre especies (zoonose), como por exemplo a morte en 1997 no Yerkes National Primate Research Center da investigadora Elizabeth Griffin.[40][41][42]

    Secuenciación do xenoma

    Os traballos sobre o xenoma do macaco rhesus rematáronse en 2007, facendo desta especie o segundo primate non humano co xenoma secuenciado.[43] Os humanos e os macacos aparentemente comparten o 93% das súas secuencias de ADN e teñen un antepasado común que viviu hai uns 25 millóns de anos.[44] O macaco rhesus ten 21 pares de cromosomas (os humanos teñen 23 pares) e o tamaño do seu xenoma é de 3.097,37 Mb.[45]

    A comparación dos xenomas do macaco, chimpancé e humanos revelou a estrutura dos xenomas dos primates ancestrais, unha presión de selección positiva e expansións específicas de liñaxe, así como contraccións de familias xénicas.

    Segundo dixo Evan Elcher da Universidade de Washington, Seattle, "o obxectivo é reconstruír a historia de cada xene no xenoma humano". O ADN de diferentes pólas da árbore evolutiva dos primates permitiranos "rastrear os cambios evolutivos que ocorreron en varios puntos do tempo, e que conduciron desde os antepasados comúns do clado dos primates ao Homo sapiens", tal como dixo Bruce Lahn da Universidade de Chicago.[46]

    Unha vez que se secuenciaron e compararon os xenomas humano e do chimpancé, era xeralmente imposible dicir se as diferenzas eran ou non resultado dos cambios dos xenes humanos ou de chimpancé a partir do devanceiro común. Pero despois de que se secuenciou o xenoma do macaco, os xenes podían compararse de tres en tres. Se dous xenes eran iguais, considerábase que ese era o xene orixinal.[47]

    Os xenomas de chimpancés e humanos diverxiron hai 6 millóns de nos. Teñen un 98% de identidade e moitas rexións regulatorias conservadas. Comparando os xenomas do macaco e o humano, que diverxiron hai 25 millóns de anos e teñen un 93% de identidade, identificáronse mellor as presións evolutivas e as funcións xénicas.

    Como se observou no chimpancé, os cambios producíranse nos arranxos de xenes máis que nas mutacións simples. Ocorreron frecuentes insercións, delecións, cambios na orde e o número de xenes e duplicacións segmentais preto de ocos (gaps), centrómeros e telómeros. Así, os cromosomas do macaco, chimpancé e humanos son mosaicos uns dos outros.

    Sorprendentemente, algunhas secuencias xénicas normais de macacos e chimpancés saudables causan graves doenzas nos humanos. Por exemplo, a secuencia normal do xene da fenilalanina hidroxilase de macacos e chimpancés é a secuencia mutada responsable da fenilcetonuria en humanos. Por tnto, os humanos deberon estar baixo unha presión evolutiva para adoptaren un mecanismo diferente no funcionmento deste encima.

    Algunhas familias xénicas están conservadas ou baixo presión evolutiva e expansión nestas tres especies de primates, mentres que algunhas están baixo expansión só en humnos, chimpancés ou macacos. A triangulación das secuencias de humanos, chimpancés e macacos mostrou a expansión das familias xénicas en cada unha das especies.

    Por exemplo, as vías do colesterol están conservadas nas tres especies (e noutras especies de primates). Nas tres especies, os xenes da resposta inmunitaria están baixo selección positiva, e os xenes da inmunidade mediada por células T, transdución de sinais, adhesión celular e proteínas de membrana xeralmente tamén. Os xenes da queratina, que producen os talos do pelo, evolucionaron rapidamente nas tres especies, posiblemente debido aos cambios climáticos ou selección de parella. O cromosoma X ten o triplo de rearranxos que os outros cromosomas. O macaco gañou 1.358 xenes por duplicación.

    O xene PKFP, importante no metabolismo do azucre (frutosa), está expandido en macacos, posiblemente a causa da súa dieta altamente fruxívora. Tamén o están os xenes do receptor olfactorio, citocromo P450 (que degrada toxinas) e CCL3L1-CCL4 (asociado en humanos coa susceptibilidade ao VIH).

    Os xenes inmunes están expandidos en macacos con respecto ás catro especies de grandes simios. O xenoma do macaco ten 33 xenes de histocompatibilidade maior, tres veces máis que os humanos. Isto ten importancia clínica porque o macaco se usa como modelo experimental do sistema inmunitario humano.

    Nos humanos, a familia do antíxeno do melanoma expresado preferencialmente (PRAME) está expandida. Exprésase activamente en cancros, pero normalmente é específico do testículo, e posiblemente está implicado na espermatoxénese. A familia PRAME consta de 26 membros no cromosoma 1 humano. No macaco, ten só oito, e foi moi simple e estable durante millóns de anos. A familia PRAME orixinouse por translocacións no antepasado común de ratos e primates hai 85 millóns de anos e expandiuse no cromosoma 4 do rato.

    Na investigación co macaco rhesus utilízanse con frecuencia micromatrices de ADN. Por exemplo, Michael Katze da Universidade de Washington, Seattle, infectou macacos co virus da gripe de 1918 e modernos. As micromatrices de ADN mostraron a resposta xenómica do macaco á gripe humana a nivel celular en cada tecido. Ambos os virus estimulaban a inflamación do sistema inmunitario innato, pero o de 1918 estimulaba unha inflamación máis forte e persistente, causando extensos danos nos tecidos, e non estimulaba a vía do interferón-1. A resposta do ADN mostraba unha transición da resposta innata á adaptativa en sete días.[48][49]

    A secuencia completa e anotación do xenoma do macaco está dispoñible no buscador de xenomas Ensembl.[50]

    Notas

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    2. 2,0 2,1 Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    3. Jaeger, E. 1972. A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
    4. Ciani, A. C. (1986). Intertroop Agonistic Behavior of a Feral Rhesus Macaque Troop in Ranging in Town and Forest Areas in India (PDF). Aggressive Behavior 12: 433−439. Consultado o 5 January 2016.
    5. Rishi, Kumar; Anindya, Sinha; Sindhu, Radhakrishna (2013). "Comparative Demography of Two Commensal Macaques in India: Implications for Population Status and Conservation". Folia Primatologica 84: 384–393. doi:10.1159/000351935.
    6. Kumar, R. Radhakrishna; Sinha, A. (2011). "Of Least Concern? Range Extension by Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Threatens Long-Term Survival of Bonnet Macaques (M. radiata) in Peninsular India". International Journal of Primatology 32 (4): 945–959. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9514-y. Consultado o 5 January 2016.
    7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 Brandon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A. A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C. P.; Melnick, D. J.; Morales, J. C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.-B. (February 2004). Asian Primate Classification (PDF). 25, No. 1. International Journal of Primatology. pp. 97–164. Consultado o 5 January 2016.
    8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Shilai, JXWYM 1991. Taxonomic revision and distribution of subspecies of Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) in China. Zoological Research, 1991-03 Abstract
    9. Zhang,Y., Shi, L. 1993. Phylogeny of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis. International Journal of Primatology, Volume 14, Number 4: 587-605. doi 10.1007/BF02215449
    10. Makwana, S (1979). "Field Ecology and Behavior of the rhesus macaque. Food, Feeding and Drinking in Dehra Dun Forests". Indian Journal of Forestry 2 (3): 242–253.
    11. Lindburg, D.G. (1971) The rhesus monkeys in north India: an ecological and behavioural study. In: Rosenblum, LA (ed.) Primate Behaviour: Developments in the field and laboratory research. Academic Press, New York, vol.1, pp. 83–104.
    12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Southwick, C., Beg, M., and R. Siddiqi (1965) "Rhesus Monkeys in North India." Primate Behavior: Field Studies of monkeys and apes. DeVore, I. San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
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    14. Blanchard, Tommy C.; Wolfe, Lauren S.; Vlaev, Ivo; Winston, Joel S.; Hayden, Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Biases in preferences for sequences of outcomes in monkeys". Cognition 130 (3): 289–299. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.012. Consultado o 5 January 2016.
    15. Couchman, J. J. (2011). "Self-agency in rhesus monkeys". Biology Letters 8 (1): 39–41. PMC 3259954. PMID 21733868. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0536. Consultado o 5 January 2016.
    16. Rajala, A. Z.; Reininger, K. R.; Lancaster, K. M. & Populin, L. C. (2010). "Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: implications for the evolution of self-recognition". PLOS ONE 5: e12865. PMC 2947497. PMID 20927365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865.
    17. Teas, J., Richie, T., Taylor, H., and C. Southwick. "Population Patterns and Behavioral Ecology of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) in Nepal." The Macaques: Studies in ecology, behavior, and evolution. Lindenburg, D. San Francisco: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980
    18. Judge, P. & F. Waal (1997). "Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: coping with long-term crowding". Animal Behaviour 54 (3): 643–662. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0469.
    19. Waal , F. "Codevelopment of dominance relations and affiliative bonds in rhesus monkeys." Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior. Pereira, M., and L. Fairbanks. New York: Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993.
    20. Hill, D., Okayasu, N. (1996) "Determinants of dominance among female macaques: nepotism, demography and danger." Evolution and Ecology of Macaque Societies. Fa, J. and D. Lindburg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    21. Gouzoules H.; Gouzoules S.; Tomaszycki M. (1998). "Agonistic screams and the classification of dominance relationships: are rhesus monkeys fuzzy logicians?". Animal Behaviour 55 (1): 51–60. PMID 9480671. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0583.
    22. Thierry, B (1985). "Social development in three species of macaque (Macaca mulatta, M. fasicularis, M. tonkeana): A preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life". Behavioral Processes 11: 89–95. doi:10.1016/0376-6357(85)90105-6.
    23. 23,0 23,1 Maestripieri D. (1999) "Primate social organization, gestural repertoire size, and communication dynamics: a comparative study of macaque s". In: King BJ, editor. The origins of language: what nonhuman primates can tell us. Santa Fe (NM): School American Research Pr. p 55-77.
    24. Rowe N. (1996) The pictorial guide to the living primates. East Hampton (NY): Pogonias Pr.
    25. Partan SR (2002). "Single and multichannel signal composition: facial expressions and vocalizations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)". Behaviour 139 (2–3): 993–1027. doi:10.1163/15685390260337877.
    26. Hauser MD (1998). "Functional referents and acoustic similarity field playback experiments with rhesus monkeys". Anim Behav 55 (6): 1647–58. PMID 9642008. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0712.
    27. 27,0 27,1 Lindburg DG. (1971) "The rhesus monkey in north India : an ecological and behavioral study". In: Rosenblum LA, editor. Primate behavior: developments in field and laboratory research, Volume 2. New York : Academic Pr. p 1-106.
    28. Patel, E.R. and M.J. Owren "Acoustic and Behavioral Analyses of 'Gecker' Distress Vocalizations in Young Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulata) (Abstract)" American Journal of Primatology Vol 62, Issue Supplement 1. 11 May 2004. p. 48.
    29. Bercovitch F (1997). "Reproductive Strategies of Rhesus Macaques". Primates 38 (3): 247–263. doi:10.1007/BF02381613.
    30. Walker ML, Herndon JG (2008). "Menopause in nonhuman primates?". Biology of Reproduction 79 (3): 398–406. PMC 2553520. PMID 18495681. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536.
    31. The pursuit of pleasure. Transaction Publishers. 1992. ISBN 978-1-4128-3867-2. Consultado o 19 April 2013.
    32. Manson JH, Perry SE (1993). "Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: whose choice?". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90 (3): 335–44. PMID 8460656. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330900307.
    33. Berman, C (1992). "Immature siblings and mother-infant relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago". Animal Behaviour 44: 247–258. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(92)90031-4.
    34. Maestripieri D (1998). "Parenting Styles of Abusive Mothers in group-living Rhesus Macaques". Animal Behaviour 55 (1): 1–11. PMID 9480666. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0578.
    35. Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1941). "Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies". J Exp Med 74 (4): 309–320. PMC 2135190. PMID 19871137. doi:10.1084/jem.74.4.309.
    36. Mitruka, B. M. (1976) Introduction. In: Mitruka, B. M., Rawnsley, H. M., Vadehra, D. V., (eds.) Animals for medical research: models for the study of human disease. New York: Wiley & Sons. p 1–21.
    37. "Kansan among first to go to space" Arquivado 15 de outubro de 2013 en Wayback Machine., Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com, March 22, 2010.
    38. "GM monkey first". BBC News. BBC. 11 January 2001. Consultado o 13 February 2015.
    39. Anders Kelto. Puerto Rico's Monkey Island Lures Scientists For Generations npr
    40. [1] Arquivado 01 de novembro de 2012 en Wayback Machine. webarchive 1 de novembro de 2012 }}
    41. A Drop of Virus From a Monkey Kills a Researcher in 6 Weeks, By RICK BRAGG, New York Times, December 14, 1997
    42. "Yerkes 'family' pulled together after death of young researcher from rare Herpes B infection". Emory.edu. 1998-01-12. Consultado o 2015-03-09.
    43. Zahn, L. M.; Jasny, B. R.; Culotta, E. & Pennisi, E. (2007-04-13). "A Barrel of Monkey Genes". Science 316 (5822): 215. doi:10.1126/science.316.5822.215.
    44. "DNA sequence of Rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications" (Nota de prensa). Human Genome Sequencing Center. 13 April 2007. Consultado o 2007-04-15.
    45. P. Perticone; M. Rizzoni; F. Palitti; P. di Chiara (July 1974). "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)". Journal of Human Evolution 3 (4): 291–295. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(74)90023-2.
    46. Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2007) The rhesus macaque genome. Science, 2007, vol. 316, no. 5822: 235-237
    47. Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2007) Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome Science, Vol. 316, No. 5822. (13 April 2007): 222-234
    48. Cilloniz, Cristian; Shinya, Kyoko Peng; Xinxia Korth; Marcus J. Proll; Sean C. Aicher; Lauri D. Carter; Victoria S. Chang; Jean H. Kobasa; Darwyn Feldmann; Friedericke Strong; James E. Feldmann; Heinz Kawaoka; Yoshihiro Katze; Michael G. (2009). Diamond, Michael S, ed. "Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Macaques Is Associated with Early Dysregulation of Inflammatory Related Genes". PLoS Pathogens 5 (10): e1000604. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000604.
    49. Brown, Joseph N.; Palermo, Robert E. Baskin; Carole R. Gritsenko; Marina Sabourin; Patrick J. Long; James P. Sabourin; Carol L. Bielefeldt-Ohmann; Helle García-Sastre; Adolfo Albrecht; Randy Tumpey; Terrence M. Jacobs; Jon M. Smith; Richard D. Katze; Michael G. (15 November 2010). "Macaque Proteome Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and 1918 Reassortant Influenza Virus Infections". J Virol 84 (22): 12058–12068. doi:10.1128/jvi.01129-10. Consultado o 11 March 2013.
    50. Xenoma do macaco en Ensembl

    Véxase tamén

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    Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( Galissian )

    fornì da wikipedia gl Galician

    Macaca mulatta, xeralmente chamado macaco rhesus (ou macaco -ou mono- Rhesus, resus ou reso), é unha especie de mono do Vello Mundo que vive en parte de Asia. Na lista da Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas da IUCN está considerado como en estado "pouco preocupante" en vista da súa ampla área de distribución, as súas grandes poboacións e a súa tolerancia a unha ampla variedade de hábitats. É nativo do sur, centro e sueste asiático, onde as mandas ou tropas de M. mulatta habitan hábitats moi diversos, desde praderías a áreas desérticas ou forestais, e tamén nas proximidades de asentamentos humanos. A especie é moi utilizada en ciencia como organismo modelo. No descubrimento do factor do grupo sanguíneo Rh humano utilizouse sangue deste macaco.

    O seu nome común de macaco rhesus procede do que lle deu o naturalista francés Jean-Baptiste Audebert, que o chamou Macaca rhesus (Audebert, 1798). "Rhesus" é unha relembranza do nome dun rei de Tracia que aparece na Ilíada de Homero, chamado Rhesus ou Reso, aínda que Audebert sinalou que "non ten significado". Agora o seu nome científico é Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780), que é máis antigo.

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    Rezusowa wopica ( Sorbian superior )

    fornì da wikipedia HSB

    Rezusowa wopica (tež rhesuswopica, Macaca mulatta) je jara znata družina makakow, kotraž mjez Afghanisku a južnej Chinsku w přirodźe wustupować.

     src=
    Rezusowa wopica z młodźećom
     src=
    Ilustracija rezusoweje wopicy

    Wopis

    Maja maksimalnu wahu wot 6 kg a docpěwaja dołhosć wot něhdźe 64 cm.

    Wone wutworja skupiny z někotrych dźesatkow indiwiduumow, hdźež hierarchiski rang je determinowany wot sančkow. Wone móžeja žiwe hač 30 lět być.

    Rozšěrjenje

    Wustupuja w južnej Aziji mjez Afghanisku a Chinsku.

    Beutelgilbmaus brehm.png
    Tutón nastawk je hišće zarodk wo coologiji. Móžeš pomhać jón dale redigować. K tomu stłóč na «wobdźěłać».

    Jeli eksistuje w druhej rěči hižo bóle wuwity nastawk ze samsnej temu, potom přełožuj a dodawaj z njeho.


    Jeli nastawk ma wjace hač jedyn njedostatk, wužiwaj prošu předłohu {{Předźěłuj}}. Nimo toho so awtomatisce kategorija Kategorija:Zarodk wo coologiji doda.

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    Rezusowa wopica: Brief Summary ( Sorbian superior )

    fornì da wikipedia HSB

    Rezusowa wopica (tež rhesuswopica, Macaca mulatta) je jara znata družina makakow, kotraž mjez Afghanisku a južnej Chinsku w přirodźe wustupować.

     src=Rezusowa wopica z młodźećom src=Ilustracija rezusoweje wopicy
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    Monyet rhesus ( Indonesian )

    fornì da wikipedia ID

    Monyet rhesus (Macaca mulatta), yang juga disebut Macaque Rhesus, adalah salah satu spesies monyet Dunia Lama yang paling terkenal. Monyet ini banyak terdapat di Afganistan hingga ke India utara dan Tiongkok selatan. Monyet rhesus bersifat dimorfis secara seksual. Monyet rhesus jantan dewasa tingginya rata-rata sekitar 53 cm. Dan beratnya rata-rata 7,7 kg. Monyet betinanya lebih kecil, tingginya rata-rata 47 cm dan beratnya 5,3 kg. Warnanya coklat atau kelabu dan mukanya berwarna merah jambu dan biasanya penuh dengan bulu. Panjang ekor mereka sedang, rata-rata antara 20,7 dan 22,9 cm.

    Dalam ilmu pengetahuan

    Monyet rhesus dikenal di dunia ilmu pengetahuan karena mereka mudah dipelihara di penangkaran dan telah banyak dimanfaatkan dalam penelitian medis dan biologis. Namanya telah digunakan untuk Faktor rhesus, salah satu unsur dalam golongan darah manusia, oleh penemu faktor ini, Karl Landsteiner dan Alexander Wiener. Monyet rhesus juga digunakan dalam percobaan-percobaan terkenal tentang deprivasi ibu (keadaan tanpa induk) yang dilaksanakan pada 1950-an oleh psikolog perbandingan Harry Harlow. NASA mengirim rhesus ke luar angkasa pada 1950-an dan 1960-an, dan program antariksa Soviet/Rusia mengirim mereka ke luar angkasa, yang terakhir pada 1997 dalam misi Bion.

    Pada Januari 2000, monyet rhesus menjadi primata pertama yang diklon dengan lahirnya Tetra. Pada Januari 2001 ANDi dilahirkan, primata transgenis pertama; ANDi membawa gen-gen asing, yang aslinya berasal dari ubur-ubur.

    Penelitian tentang genome monyet rhesus diselesaikan pada 2007,[3] dan menjadikan monyet rhesus primata non-manusia kedua yang genomenya berhasil diurutkan. Studi [4] ini memperlihatkan bahwa manusia dan monyet ini sama-sama memiliki sekitar 93% dari urutan DNA mereka dan memiliki nenek moyang bersama kira-kira 25 juta tahun yang lalu.

    Meskipun kebanyakan studi tentang monyet rhesus dilakukan di berbagai lokasi di India utara, sebagian dari pengetahuan kita tentang perilaku alamiah dari spesies ini berasal dari studi-studi yang dilakukan di sebuah koloni yang didirikan oleh Pusat Penelitian Primata Karibia dari Universitas Puerto Riko di pulau Cayo Santiago, di lepas pantai Puerto Riko. Di pulau ini tidak ada predator, dan manusia tidak diizinkan datang ke situ kecuali sebagai bagian dari program-program penelitian ini. Makanan untuk koloni ini disediakan, tetapi sekitar 50% dari makanannya berasal dari alam terbuka yang harus dicari sendiri. Di tempat-tempat yang lebih terkontrol, monyet-monyet ini seringkali menikmati Fig Newton dan aprikot, dan khususnya gemar “mengumpulkan” sejumlah besar marshmallow.

    Di alam bebas

    Monyet rhesus yang hidup di tempat yang sangat kering dan terbuka, dapat pula ditemukan di padang rumput, di hutan-hutan dan wilayah pegunungan hingga ketinggian 2.500 meter di atas permukaan laut. Monyet rhesus adalah perenang yang baik dan dikabarkan senang berenang. Monyet ini terkenal karena kecenderungannya untuk pindah dari daerah pedesaan ke perkotaan, dan hidup dari pemberian atau makanan-makanan yang dibuang oleh manusia. Ia dijadikan binatang peliharaan di beberapa tempat, dan dianggap dapat mengancam kesehatan dan keamanan umum.

    Perkawinan tidak terbatas pada musim-musim tertentu. Kehamilan berlangsung antara 135-194 hari. Monyet betina menjadi dewasa pada usia tiga tahun, sementara jantan pada usia empat tahun. Jangka hidup monyet rhesus di penangkaran kira-kira 15-20 tahun untuk jantan dan 20-25 tahun untuk betina. Monyet-monyet ini jarang hidup lebih dari 15 tahun di alam bebas.

    Monyet rhesus adalah binatang siang (diurnal) yang hidup di pohon-pohon maupun di permukaan tanah. Umumnya ia herbivora dan memakan daun-daunan dan daun pinus, akar-akaran, dan kadang-kadang serangga atau binatang-binatang kecil. Monyet ini mempunyai pipi yang khusus seperti kantung, yang memungkinkannya menimbun makanannya. Bahan makanan yang sudah dikumpulkan akan dimakannya belakangan di daerah yang aman.

    Menurut Melnick, Hoelzer, Absher, dan Ashley, "Monyet rhesus mempunyai penyebaran geografis yang terluas di antara semua primata non manusia," menghuni tempat-tempat dengan berbagai ketinggian di seluruh Asia Tengah, Selatan dan Tenggara.

    Perilaku dan reproduksi

    Seperti semua monyet lainnya, gerombolan monyet rhesus terdiri atas campuran jantan dan betina. Gerombolan ini dapat terdiri hingga 180 ekor monyet, tetapi rata-rata jumlahnya 20 ekor. Monyet betina dapat lebih banyak jumlahnya dibandingkan monyet jantan dengan rasio 4:1. Hierarki sosialnya juga bersifat matriarkal, peringkatnya tergantung pada betina yang memimpin. Pemeliharaan atas monyet-monyet muda dan tugas-tugas pengawasan wilayah dibagi di antara rombongan. Sementara monyet-monyet betina biasanya hidup damai, jantannya biasanya sering ribut di antara mereka sendiri. Monyet rhesus dicirikan sebagai monyet yang ramai. Monyet-monyet yang menemukan makanan biasanya akan mengumumkan hal ini dengan panggilan-panggilan yang khas, meskipun ada yang mengatakan bahwa monyet-monyet muda atau yang rendahan kadang-kadang akan berusaha menghindari hal itu apabila temuan mereka tidak diketahui

    Klasifikasi

    Ada beberapa sub spesies dari Monyet rhesus:[1]

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda

    Rujuukan

    1. ^ a b Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ed. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (edisi ke-3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 163. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. ^ Eudey et al (2000). Macaca mulatta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Diakses 2006-05-09.
    3. ^ Zahn, L. M., Jasny, B. R., Culotta, E., and Pennisi, E. (2007-04-13). "A Barrel of Monkey Genes". Science. 316 (5822): 215. DOI:10.1126/science.316.5822.215. Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
    4. ^ Human Genome Sequencing Center (13 April 2007). DNA sequence of Monyet rhesus has evolutionary, medical implications. Siaran pers. Diakses pada 2007-04-15.

    Pranala luar

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    Monyet rhesus: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

    fornì da wikipedia ID

    Monyet rhesus (Macaca mulatta), yang juga disebut Macaque Rhesus, adalah salah satu spesies monyet Dunia Lama yang paling terkenal. Monyet ini banyak terdapat di Afganistan hingga ke India utara dan Tiongkok selatan. Monyet rhesus bersifat dimorfis secara seksual. Monyet rhesus jantan dewasa tingginya rata-rata sekitar 53 cm. Dan beratnya rata-rata 7,7 kg. Monyet betinanya lebih kecil, tingginya rata-rata 47 cm dan beratnya 5,3 kg. Warnanya coklat atau kelabu dan mukanya berwarna merah jambu dan biasanya penuh dengan bulu. Panjang ekor mereka sedang, rata-rata antara 20,7 dan 22,9 cm.

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    Macaca mulatta ( Italian )

    fornì da wikipedia IT

    Il macaco rhesus o reso o bunder (Macaca mulatta; Zimmermann, 1780) è un primate della famiglia dei Cercopitecidi, diffuso in Asia centrale, meridionale e sud-orientale.[3]

    Descrizione

    La specie è caratterizzata da un modesto grado di dimorfismo sessuale.
    I maschi adulti misurano, in media, 53 centimetri e pesano 7,7 chilogrammi, mentre le femmine sono più piccole (in media 47 centimetri di lunghezza e 5,3 chilogrammi di peso). La coda è lunga 20-23 centimetri.
    Il colore della pelliccia comprende varie sfumature dal grigio al marrone. La faccia è tipicamente glabra e di colore roseo.

    Biologia

    M. mulatta è una specie diurna, con abitudini sia arboricole che terricole. Esemplari della specie sono stati visti spesso tuffarsi in acqua, rivelandosi abili nuotatori.
    Sebbene la maggior parte delle nostre conoscenze sul comportamento del Macaca mulatta provenga dalla osservazione di colonie indiane, alcune interessanti informazioni si debbono agli studi condotti su una colonia introdotta dal Caribbean Primate Research Center della Università di Porto Rico sull'isola di Cayo Santiago. Sull'isola non esistono predatori e la presenza umana è limitata a pochi partecipanti ai programmi di ricerca, cui è concesso di raggiungere l'isola su piccole imbarcazioni. La colonia di Cayo Santiago è stata studiata per quasi 70 anni ed ha fornito una notevole mole di informazioni sul comportamento di questi primati[4].

    Alimentazione

    Sono animali onnivori la cui dieta comprende una ampia varietà di vegetali e piccoli invertebrati. La loro tendenza a concentrarsi in vicinanza delle aree abitate dagli umani ha influenzato notevolmente le loro abitudini alimentari. Nelle zone rurali praticano frequentemente razzie nei campi coltivati, cibandosi di foglie e frutti destinati alla alimentazione umana, mentre nelle zone altamente popolate non è infrequente che si nutrano di tutto quanto riescono a trovare tra i rifiuti urbani.[5]. In India numerose colonie di macachi si concentrano intorno ai templi religiosi, ove divengono oggetto di devozione da parte dei fedeli, che offrono loro pane, banane, arachidi, semi, altri frutti e vegetali ma anche dolci e gelati[6][7].
    Le colonie che vivono in aree meno antropizzate basano la loro dieta su frutti, fiori, foglie, semi, resine vegetali, germogli, radici, corteccia, funghi e anche termiti, cavallette, formiche, coleotteri nonché uova di uccelli[8].
    Nella colonia di macachi di Cayo Santiago (vedi sopra) è frequente osservare esemplari che si nutrono di terra (geofagia): secondo alcuni studiosi ciò è legato alla composizione minerale del suolo, che viene sfruttata per curare le parassitosi intestinali[9].

    Socialità

    Come altre specie del genere Macaca, M. mulatta vive in colonie numerose, da 20 a 180 individui, organizzate secondo una struttura matriarcale, all'apice della quale si trova una femmina alfa. Le femmine sono in genere in rapporto numerico di 4:1 con i maschi. Mentre i rapporti tra le femmine sono piuttosto pacifici, i maschi esibiscono spesso comportamenti aggressivi. La cura dei piccoli e la sorveglianza del territorio sono gestite in comune da tutta la colonia. I territori delle differenti colonie spesso parzialmente si sovrappongono e ciò porta a frequenti contatti tra i differenti gruppi, che sono caratterizzati da un certo grado di interazione[10].

    Trascorrono le ore più fresche del mattino alla ricerca del cibo mentre il resto della loro giornata è dedicata al riposo, al grooming ed al gioco[11].

    Riproduzione

    Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale verso i tre anni di età, i maschi verso i quattro. Le femmine hanno cicli di fertilità di 28 giorni, come gli umani. L'accoppiamento non è confinato ad una specifica stagione. La gestazione dura da 135 a 194 giorni[12]. Secondo i biologi dell'università di Cambridge, Massachusetts, i macachi rhesus (sia maschi che femmine) attirano gli esemplari del sesso opposto in base al colore del viso. Più esso è di un rosso acceso più attirano altri macachi.

    L'aspettativa di vita media di un esemplare in cattività è di circa 15-20 anni per i maschi e 20-25 anni per le femmine. In natura raramente superano i 15 anni di vita.

    Distribuzione e habitat

    M. mulatta ha la più ampia distribuzione di un primate dopo quello dell'uomo[13].
    È diffuso nel nord dell'Afghanistan, nell'India settentrionale, nel Nepal, nel Bangladesh, in Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailandia, Vietnam e nel sud della Cina.

    È presente in un'ampia gamma di habitat, che vanno dalle zone semi-desertiche alle dense foreste tropicali, dal livello del mare sino ai 2.500 metri di altitudine. Un discreto numero di sotto-popolazioni si sono adattate a vivere in contesti urbani, creando talora problemi alle popolazioni umane.

    Tassonomia

    Ne sono state descritte diverse sottospecie:[14][15]

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda
    • Macaca mulatta siamica

    Secondo altri Autori le differenze molecolari tra le varie sub-popolazioni non sono sufficienti a definire l'esistenza di vere e proprie sottospecie.[1]

    Conservazione

    M. mulatta è considerata una specie a basso rischio di estinzione in base ai criteri della IUCN red list[1].

    Anche i macachi sanno far di conto

    In un esperimento condotto da ricercatori della Duke University[16] le abilità matematiche di due esemplari di Macaca mulatta sono state messe a confronto con quelle di un gruppo di studenti universitari.

    I due gruppi sono stati sottoposti ad un test in cui si dovevano risolvere, in pochi secondi, delle semplici addizioni, con risultati a dir poco sorprendenti: 76 % di calcoli esatti per i macachi, rispetto al 94 % degli studenti.

    L'esperimento suggerisce che la abilità aritmetica non è una prerogativa degli esseri umani ma rappresenta un carattere evolutivo comune ai primati.

    Ruolo nella ricerca scientifica

    Il Macaco Rhesus è stato intensivamente utilizzato nella ricerca medica e biologica.

    Nell’esperimento condotto da Harlow il Macaco Rhesus è separato dalla propria mamma biologica. A sostituirla sono stati dei fantocci o apparecchi dalle sembianze materne creati in laboratorio: uno ricoperto con della pelliccia, l'altro in metallo e munito di biberon contenente latte. Il primo avrebbe dovuto rappresentare il calore materno, il secondo il nutrimento. Si è proceduto inserendo i due fantocci nella gabbia della scimmia. All’inizio Harlow ha osservato come questa istintivamente si fosse scaraventata sulla mamma-sostituto nutriente per prendere il latte; nutritasi e sentiti degli strani rumori provenienti dall'esterno, si è invece notato come la scimmia preferisse a quella la mamma- sostituto con pelliccia. Il macaco, infatti, la stringeva a sé, avvertendo la necessità del contatto fisico che il fantoccio munito di biberon non gli avrebbe potuto garantire. In un secondo momento, Harlow ha inserito nella gabbia un terzo strumento, un apparecchio pensato per spaventare l’animale. Avvertito il pericolo, il Macaco è tornato ad abbracciare la mamma- sostituto con pelliccia, di nuovo preferita all’altra perché in grado di trasmettere calore e protezione. In un terzo momento, separata dai due fantocci, Harlow ha spostato la scimmia in una stanza piena di oggetti. Da sola, anziché esplorare l’ambiente circostante, si è accinta a stringere una coperta, l’unico oggetto che in quel momento potesse ricordarle il contatto fisico materno. Non appena reinseriti i due fantocci, il Macaco ha di nuovo dimostrato di preferire alla mamma- sostituto nutriente la mamma-sostituto con pelliccia che, non appena intravista, è stata stretta ed abbracciata. Questo ha significato che, anche in un nuovo contesto portatore di timore misto a curiosità, il Macaco possa dimenticare il bisogno primario di cibo, sostituito da quello di protezione. È il sentirsi protetta che spinge, poi, la scimmia ad esplorare l’ambiente che prima aveva trascurato. Bowlby, negli anni a venire, rifacendosi agli esperimenti di Harlow, utilizzerà questi dati per delineare la propria teoria sull’attaccamento.

    Note

    1. ^ a b c (EN) Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. 2008, Macaca mulatta, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
    2. ^ Macaca mulatta nell'Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
    3. ^ (EN) Colin Groves, Macaca mulatta, in D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    4. ^ Rawlins RG, Kessler MJ, editors. 1986. The history of the Cayo Santiago colony. In: The Cayo Santiago macaques: history, behavior, and biology. Albany (NY): State Univ New York Pr. p 13-45.
    5. ^ Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 July 20. Primate Factsheets: Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. Accessed 2007 April 17.
    6. ^ Wolfe LD. 1992. Feeding habits of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Jaipur and Galta, India. Hum Evol 7(1): 43-54.
    7. ^ Wolfe LD. 2002. Rhesus macaques: a comparative study of two sites, Jaipur, India, and Silver Springs, Florida. In: Fuentes A, Wolfe LD, editors. Primates face to face: conservation implications of human-nonhuman primate interconnections. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge Univ Pr. p 310-30.
    8. ^ Fooden J. Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). Field Zool 2000; 96: 1-180.
    9. ^ Knezevich M. Geophagy as a therapeutic mediator of endoparasitism in a free-ranging group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 1998; 44(1): 71-82.
    10. ^ Melnick DJ, Pearl MC, Richard AF. Male migration and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys. Am J Primatol 1984; 7(3): 229-43.
    11. ^ Seth PK. Habitat, resource utilization, patterns and determinants of behaviour in rhesus monkeys. J Hum Ecol 2000; 11(1): 1-21.
    12. ^ *Silk J, Short J, Roberts J & Kusnitz J, 1993. Gestation length in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). International Journal of Primatology 14: 95-104.
    13. ^ Southwick CH, Zhang Y, Hiang H, Liu Z, Qu W. 1996. Population ecology of rhesus macaques in tropical and temperate habitats in China. In: Fa JE, Lindburg DG, editors. Evolution and ecology of macaque societies. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge Univ Pr. p 95-105.
    14. ^ Brandon-Jones D.et al, Asian Primate Classification (PDF), in International Journal of Primatology, vol. 25, n. 1, 2004, pp. 97-164.
    15. ^ Shilai, JXWYM, Taxonomic revision and distribution of subspecies of Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) in China, in Zoological Research 1991. 1991-03.
    16. ^ Cantlon JF, Brannon EM, Basic Math in Monkeys and College Students (PDF), in PLoS Biol. 2007 Dec 18;5(12):e328 [Epub ahead of print].
    17. ^ Zahn, L. M., Jasny, B. R., Culotta, E., and Pennisi, E., A Barrel of Monkey Genes, in Science, vol. 316, n. 5822, p. 215, DOI:10.1126/science.316.5822.215.

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    Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( Italian )

    fornì da wikipedia IT

    Il macaco rhesus o reso o bunder (Macaca mulatta; Zimmermann, 1780) è un primate della famiglia dei Cercopitecidi, diffuso in Asia centrale, meridionale e sud-orientale.

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    Rezusas ( lituan )

    fornì da wikipedia LT
    Binomas Macaca mulatta

    Rezusas (lot. Macaca mulatta, angl. Rhesus Macaque, vok. Rhesusaffe) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos primatas, priklausantis markatų pošeimiui.

    Nebaigta Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.

    Vikiteka

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    Rezusas: Brief Summary ( lituan )

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    Resusaap ( olandèis; flamand )

    fornì da wikipedia NL

    De resusaap (Macaca mulatta) is een makaak uit de familie der apen van de Oude Wereld (Cercopithecidae). Hij wordt veelvuldig gebruikt als proefdier, en heeft zijn naam gegeven aan de resusfactor.

    Beschrijving

    De resusaap heeft een lange, grijzig bruine tot rossig gele vacht. De buik is bleker van kleur. Het naakte gezicht is roze. Een rodere kleur van gezicht lijkt gelieerd met een hogere kans op reproductie.[2]

    Ze worden tot 64 centimeter lang, met een staart van 17,8 tot 30 centimeter. Mannetjes worden veel groter dan vrouwtjes, ongeveer zes kilogram. Vrouwtjes worden meestal maar de helft.

    Verspreiding en leefgebied

    De resusaap komt voor in Azië, van Noord-India en Afghanistan tot Zuid-China en Vietnam. Hier leeft hij in bergbossen, graslanden en beboste streken, tot 2500 meter hoogte. De resusaap heeft een voorkeur voor droge, open gebieden. Ook komen ze steeds meer voor in stedelijk gebied. Resusapen zijn zeer goed bestand tegen extreme temperaturen, en kunnen overleven op plaatsen waar de temperatuur 's winters onder nul is.

    De aap is in de jaren dertig ingevoerd in Florida, langs de Silver River, als een attractie voor toeristen. Uit deze halfwilde apengroep zijn verscheidene populaties ontstaan, waarvan enkele vandaag de dag nog bestaan.

    Op Cayo Santiago, een eiland voor de kust van Puerto Rico, leeft ook een halfwilde troep resusapen. Deze troep wordt door de wetenschap bestudeerd. De meeste informatie die we over het gedrag van deze soort hebben, komt van de studies naar deze troep.

    Gedrag

    De resusaap slaapt hoog in de bomen. Overdag is hij actief. De resusaap zoekt op de grond naar plantaardig voedsel, voornamelijk kruiden, maar ook bladeren, naalden en wortels. Ook ongewervelde dieren en zelfs kleine gewervelden worden soms gegrepen. Resusapen hebben wangzakken, waar ze tijdelijk voedsel in opslaan.

    De resusaap kan goed klimmen, maar ook zwemmen. De dieren zijn waarschijnlijk dol op een bad en het is regelmatig waargenomen dat een groep resusapen gezamenlijk in een beek zwom.

    De resusaap leeft in troepen van elf tot zeventig dieren. Soms komen zelfs troepen van rond de 180 dieren voor, maar gemiddeld niet meer dan twintig. Er leven meer vrouwtjes dan mannetjes in een troep, over het algemeen in een verhouding van 4:1. De gehele troep voedt de jongen op en bewaakt het territorium.

    De troep wordt geleid door een dominant vrouwtje. Hiërarchie wordt bepaald door afstamming: de vrouwelijke nakomelingen van het dominante vrouwtje staan hoger in de hiërarchie dan andere vrouwtjes. De nummer twee in de groep is de jongste dochter van het dominante vrouwtje. Uiteindelijk zal de nummer twee het dominante vrouwtje worden. Ook onder mannetjes bestaat een hiërarchie, maar deze is minder stabiel. Soms splitsen troepen.

    Resusapen kennen een grote reeks aan geluiden. Vooral de mannetjes kunnen luidruchtig zijn. Er zijn blaffende en krijsende alarmgeluiden, een gil als het dier wordt aangevallen en een grom bij agressief gedrag. Ook zijn er specifieke roepen als een dier voedsel heeft gevonden. Jonge en ondergeschikte resusapen zouden zich soms stilhouden wanneer ze voedsel hebben gevonden, om zo hun ontdekking verborgen te houden voor andere apen.

    In India is de voortplanting seizoensgebonden, maar over het algemeen plant de soort zich het gehele jaar door voort. Ieder jaar wordt er na een draagtijd van 135 tot 194 dagen één jong geboren. Bij de geboorte weegt het jong ongeveer 450 gram. Het jong wordt op de buik gedragen, later ook op de rug. Vrouwtjes zijn geslachtsrijp rond het derde jaar en krijgen meestal rond hun vierde of vijfde jaar hun eerste kind. Mannetjes zijn na vier jaar geslachtsrijp.

    Resusapen worden ongeveer 28 jaar oud, maar kunnen meer dan dertig jaar oud worden.

    Resusapen en wetenschap

    Doordat de resusaap vrij makkelijk in gevangenschap te houden is, wordt de aap vaak gebruikt voor medisch en biologisch onderzoek. Hier volgen enkele voorbeelden:

    • De resusfactor, één van de elementen van iemands bloedgroep, is ontdekt bij deze apensoort.
    • In de jaren vijftig deed de vergelijkend psycholoog Harry Harlow onderzoek naar de gevolgen van onthouding van moederlijke zorg, door jonge resusaapjes bij de moeder weg te nemen en ze een kunstmatige moeder te geven.
    • In de jaren vijftig en zestig werden ook resusapen gebruikt voor de ruimtevaart. De resusaap Albert II was in 1949 de eerste primaat in de ruimte.
    • In januari 2000 werd de eerste gekloonde primaat, Tetra, geboren. Tetra was een resusaap.
    • In januari 2001 kwam ANDi, de eerste genetisch gemodificeerde primaat ter wereld.
    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
    1. (en) Resusaap op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
    2. Monkey Skin Color Linked to Breeding Success. Nature World News (24 september 2014). Geraadpleegd op 25 september 2014.
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    Resusaap: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

    fornì da wikipedia NL

    De resusaap (Macaca mulatta) is een makaak uit de familie der apen van de Oude Wereld (Cercopithecidae). Hij wordt veelvuldig gebruikt als proefdier, en heeft zijn naam gegeven aan de resusfactor.

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    Rhesusape ( norvegèis )

    fornì da wikipedia NN

    Rhesusape (Macaca mulatta) er ein makak som lever aust i Asia, der han finst frå Afghanistan i vest til kysten av Stillehavet i Kina i aust. Rhesusapen hadde siste sams forfaderen med mennesket for kring 25 millionar år sidan, og arten har vore mykje nytta til medisinsk forsking. Til dømes vart rhesusfaktoren oppdaga i denne arten, og arten har òg vore nytta til utrøyning av AIDS-vaksinar. Rhesusapar er vortne skotne opp i verdsrommet. Rhesusapen vert delt inn i seks underartar.[1][2]

    Japanmakaken oppstod truleg frå austlege populasjonar av rhesusapen i pleistocen, for mellom 0,31 og 0,88 millionar år sidan, og dei to artane er framleis nært skylde.[3]

    Genom

    Eit utkast av genomet til rhesusapen vart publisert i 2007 og var på kring 2,87 gigabasar.[1] Eit anna utkast vart publisert i 2011 og var på 2,84 gigabasar.[4] I det fyrste utkastet var mellom 90,76 og 93,54 % av basane i sekvensane til rhesusapen dei same som i menneskegenomet, avhengig av utrekningsmåte. Sterkt sannsynlege ortologe gen hadde i snitt kring 97,5 % av dei same basane og koda i snitt for like mange identiske aminosyrer.[1]

    Fleire hundre potensielle mikro-RNA er funne i rhesusapegenomet, og alle desse er meir enn 90 % like med føregangssekvensar hjå menneske. Mange er heilt like.[5]

    Det er funne 33 gen i det store vevskompatibilitetskomplekset til rhesusapen, noko som er meir enn tre gonger so mange gen som mennnesket har i dette komplekset.[6]

    Kjelder

    1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Gibbs, R. A.; Rogers, J.; Katze, M. G.; Bumgarner, R.; et al. (2007). «Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome». Science 316 (5822): 222–34. PMID 17431167. doi:10.1126/science.1139247.
    2. Zahn, L. M.; Jasny, B. R.; Culotta, E.; Pennisi, E. (2007). «A Barrel of Monkey Genes». Science 316 (5822): 215. doi:10.1126/science.316.5822.215.
    3. Marmi, Josep; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Terradas, Jaume; Takenaka, Osamu; Domingo-Roura, Xavier (2004). «Radiation and phylogeography in the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 (3): 676. PMID 15012947. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00247-1.
    4. Yan, Guangmei; Zhang, Guojie; Fang, Xiaodong; Zhang, Yanfeng; et al. (2011). «Genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models, the cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques». Nature Biotechnology 29 (11): 1019–23. PMID 22002653. doi:10.1038/nbt.1992.
    5. Yue, Junming; Sheng, Yi; Orwig, Kyle E (2008). «Identification of novel homologous microRNA genes in the rhesus macaque genome». BMC Genomics 9: 8. PMC 2254598. PMID 18186931. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-8.
    6. Pennisi, E. (2007). «Genomicists Tackle the Primate Tree». Science 316 (5822): 218–21. PMID 17431166. doi:10.1126/science.316.5822.218.
    Spire Denne biologiartikkelen er ei spire. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han.
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    Rhesusape: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

    fornì da wikipedia NN

    Rhesusape (Macaca mulatta) er ein makak som lever aust i Asia, der han finst frå Afghanistan i vest til kysten av Stillehavet i Kina i aust. Rhesusapen hadde siste sams forfaderen med mennesket for kring 25 millionar år sidan, og arten har vore mykje nytta til medisinsk forsking. Til dømes vart rhesusfaktoren oppdaga i denne arten, og arten har òg vore nytta til utrøyning av AIDS-vaksinar. Rhesusapar er vortne skotne opp i verdsrommet. Rhesusapen vert delt inn i seks underartar.

    Japanmakaken oppstod truleg frå austlege populasjonar av rhesusapen i pleistocen, for mellom 0,31 og 0,88 millionar år sidan, og dei to artane er framleis nært skylde.

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    Rhesusape ( norvegèis )

    fornì da wikipedia NO

    Rhesusape er en art i gruppen dyreaper. Voksne hanner blir ca. 53 cm i gjennomsnitt og veier gjennomsnittlig 7,7 kg. Hunnene er mindre, i gjennomsnitt 47 cm lange og 5,3 kg tunge. Den er brun eller grå på farge og har rosa ansikt som vanligvis er uten pels. Halen er middels lang, mellom 20,7 og 22,9 cm. Typisk levealder er ca. 25 år. Arten hører hjemme i nordlige India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Afghanistan, Hongkong, sørlige Kina, og Vietnam.[1]

    Referanser

    1. ^ a b Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. 2008. Macaca mulatta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T12554A3356486. Macaca mulatta.en. Lest 22. april 2018.

    Eksterne lenker

    zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
    Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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    Rhesusape: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

    fornì da wikipedia NO

    Rhesusape er en art i gruppen dyreaper. Voksne hanner blir ca. 53 cm i gjennomsnitt og veier gjennomsnittlig 7,7 kg. Hunnene er mindre, i gjennomsnitt 47 cm lange og 5,3 kg tunge. Den er brun eller grå på farge og har rosa ansikt som vanligvis er uten pels. Halen er middels lang, mellom 20,7 og 22,9 cm. Typisk levealder er ca. 25 år. Arten hører hjemme i nordlige India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Afghanistan, Hongkong, sørlige Kina, og Vietnam.

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    Makak królewski ( polonèis )

    fornì da wikipedia POL
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Makak królewski[3], rezus[4], makak rezus[5] (Macaca mulatta) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae). Żyje od Afganistanu po Indie i Chiny. Nie jest gatunkiem zagrożonym.

    Długość ciała 45–64 cm, ogon 19–32 cm, masa ciała samców mieści się w przedziale 6–12 kg. Dymorfizm płciowy przejawia się w rozmiarach ciała, samice są znacznie mniejsze, masa ciała średnio 5,5 kg. Makaki królewskie są zwierzętami socjalnymi, ale nie wykazują terytorializmu, ich stada mogą liczyć do dwustu osobników, jednak na ogół są mniejsze. Stadu przewodzą samice. Makaki królewskie są małpami bardzo głośnymi. Potrafią pływać i lubią przebywać w wodzie. W miocie rodzi się najczęściej jedno małpię o masie urodzeniowej 400–500 g. Młode pozostaje przy matce do czasu osiągnięcia samodzielności.

    Ze względu na genetyczne i fizjologiczne podobieństwo do człowieka makak królewski jest wykorzystywany w badaniach z zakresu biologii, medycyny i psychologii jako zwierzę doświadczalne, między innymi w neurobiologii i badaniach nad infekcjami wirusowymi (np. HIV). U makaków królewskich po raz pierwszy wykryto istnienie białka Rh. W 2000 przeprowadzono udane całkowite klonowanie przedstawiciela naczelnych – była to właśnie samiczka rezusa nazwana Tetra[6]. Tetra była pierwszym klonem naczelnych, identycznym z organizmem-matrycą nie tylko pod względem DNA jądrowego, ale także pod względem genów mitochondrialnych. Użyto rozszczepiania zarodków jako techniki klonowania. Jednak już w 1997 sklonowano z powodzeniem dwa rezusy z użyciem metody transferu jąder komórkowych, tej samej którą użyto klonując owcę Dolly[7]. W 2001 urodził się pierwszy transgeniczny przedstawiciel naczelnych, zwany ANDi – rezus niosący gen GFP pochodzący z meduzy[8]. W 2007 poznano jego genom (jako trzeciego po ludziach i szympansach przedstawiciela naczelnych)[9].

     src=
    Rezus o imieniu Sam przed udanym lotem w kosmos w 1959 roku

    Makak królewski, jako jeden z niewielu gatunków naczelnych, rozpoznaje swoje odbicie w lustrze, co może świadczyć o posiadaniu przez nie samoświadomości[10].

    Makaki królewskie były pierwszymi małpami wykorzystywanymi do badania możliwości przeżycia w czasie lotu kosmicznego. Od 1948 roku w amerykańskich programach kosmicznych zginęło z tego powodu niespełna 20 rezusów. W 1951 pierwszy osobnik (Yorick) powrócił żywy z odbytego lotu rakietą, lecz zmarł wkrótce po lądowaniu. Podróże kosmiczne odbyły jeszcze Able, Sam i Miss Sam.

     src= Zobacz też: Zwierzęta w kosmosie.

    Gatunek ten jest chętnie hodowany w ogrodach zoologicznych. W niewoli żyje około 25 lat, na wolności zwykle nie więcej niż 15.

    W niektórych regionach Indii makaki królewskie są czczone i chronione, natomiast w innych traktowane są jako szkodniki w sadach i ogrodach.

    Przypisy

    1. Macaca mulatta, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. 2008, Macaca mulatta [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-10-08] (ang.).
    3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 47. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    4. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 209, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
    5. Praca zbiorowa: Zwierzęta: encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005, s. 113. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
    6. Chan AW., Dominko T., Luetjens CM., Neuber E., Martinovich C., Hewitson L., Simerly CR., Schatten GP. Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting. „Science”. 287 (5451), s. 317-9, 2000. DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5451.317. PMID: 10634789.
    7. Meng L., Ely JJ., Stouffer RL., Wolf DP. Rhesus monkeys produced by nuclear transfer. „Biology of Reproduction”. 57 (2), s. 454-9, 1997. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod57.2.454. PMID: 9241063.
    8. Chan et al. 2001 "Transgenic Monkeys Produced by Retroviral Gene Transfer into Mature Oocytes".
    9. Specjalne wydanie magazynu Science poświęcone genomowi rezusa.
    10. Rajala AZ., Reininger KR., Lancaster KM., Populin LC. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: implications for the evolution of self-recognition. „PLoS ONE 5(9): e12865”, 2010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012865 (ang.).

    Bibliografia

    1. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 209, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
    2. L. Solski, 2008: Przewodnik Zoo Wrocław. (o lotach w kosmos)
    3. Seinfeld, J.: Macaca mulatta (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2000. [dostęp 2 stycznia 2009].
    Makak królewski z potomstwem
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    Makak królewski: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

    fornì da wikipedia POL

    Makak królewski, rezus, makak rezus (Macaca mulatta) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae). Żyje od Afganistanu po Indie i Chiny. Nie jest gatunkiem zagrożonym.

    Długość ciała 45–64 cm, ogon 19–32 cm, masa ciała samców mieści się w przedziale 6–12 kg. Dymorfizm płciowy przejawia się w rozmiarach ciała, samice są znacznie mniejsze, masa ciała średnio 5,5 kg. Makaki królewskie są zwierzętami socjalnymi, ale nie wykazują terytorializmu, ich stada mogą liczyć do dwustu osobników, jednak na ogół są mniejsze. Stadu przewodzą samice. Makaki królewskie są małpami bardzo głośnymi. Potrafią pływać i lubią przebywać w wodzie. W miocie rodzi się najczęściej jedno małpię o masie urodzeniowej 400–500 g. Młode pozostaje przy matce do czasu osiągnięcia samodzielności.

    Ze względu na genetyczne i fizjologiczne podobieństwo do człowieka makak królewski jest wykorzystywany w badaniach z zakresu biologii, medycyny i psychologii jako zwierzę doświadczalne, między innymi w neurobiologii i badaniach nad infekcjami wirusowymi (np. HIV). U makaków królewskich po raz pierwszy wykryto istnienie białka Rh. W 2000 przeprowadzono udane całkowite klonowanie przedstawiciela naczelnych – była to właśnie samiczka rezusa nazwana Tetra. Tetra była pierwszym klonem naczelnych, identycznym z organizmem-matrycą nie tylko pod względem DNA jądrowego, ale także pod względem genów mitochondrialnych. Użyto rozszczepiania zarodków jako techniki klonowania. Jednak już w 1997 sklonowano z powodzeniem dwa rezusy z użyciem metody transferu jąder komórkowych, tej samej którą użyto klonując owcę Dolly. W 2001 urodził się pierwszy transgeniczny przedstawiciel naczelnych, zwany ANDi – rezus niosący gen GFP pochodzący z meduzy. W 2007 poznano jego genom (jako trzeciego po ludziach i szympansach przedstawiciela naczelnych).

     src= Rezus o imieniu Sam przed udanym lotem w kosmos w 1959 roku

    Makak królewski, jako jeden z niewielu gatunków naczelnych, rozpoznaje swoje odbicie w lustrze, co może świadczyć o posiadaniu przez nie samoświadomości.

    Makaki królewskie były pierwszymi małpami wykorzystywanymi do badania możliwości przeżycia w czasie lotu kosmicznego. Od 1948 roku w amerykańskich programach kosmicznych zginęło z tego powodu niespełna 20 rezusów. W 1951 pierwszy osobnik (Yorick) powrócił żywy z odbytego lotu rakietą, lecz zmarł wkrótce po lądowaniu. Podróże kosmiczne odbyły jeszcze Able, Sam i Miss Sam.

     src= Zobacz też: Zwierzęta w kosmosie.

    Gatunek ten jest chętnie hodowany w ogrodach zoologicznych. W niewoli żyje około 25 lat, na wolności zwykle nie więcej niż 15.

    W niektórych regionach Indii makaki królewskie są czczone i chronione, natomiast w innych traktowane są jako szkodniki w sadach i ogrodach.

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    Macaca mulatta ( portughèis )

    fornì da wikipedia PT

    O macaco-rhesus (Macaca mulatta) é um primata da família Cercopithecidae que habita as florestas temperadas da Índia, China e Afeganistão.[carece de fontes?]

    É um animal de cor geralmente castanho-avermelhada, quase alaranjada com a face rosada e com muitos pelos nas regiões das sobrancelhas. Mede entre 38 e 76 cm e a cauda possui cerca de 61 centímetros. Pesa aproximadamente 13 kg. O Rhesus é omnívoro, alimentando-se de vegetais e pequenos animais. A gestação dura cerca de 146 a 180 dias e resulta num único filhote. Assim que o filhote nasce, ele é extremamente dependente dos cuidados maternos e nunca fica sozinho no seu ninho. À medida que cresce, a mãe deixa de transportá-lo. É um animal muito ativo durante o dia. Vive em grupos de aproximadamente 24 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades. É um bom nadador. Chega a viver 30 anos em cativeiro.[carece de fontes?]

    É extensivamente estudado e usado em experiências laboratoriais. O fator Rh do sangue foi demonstrado primeiramente em Rhesus. Recentemente, um estudo mostrou que, em certas condições, o macaco Rhesus pode agir com autoconsciência e até se reconhecer em frente a um espelho.[2]

    Referências

    1. Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A., Yongcheng, L. ({{{ano}}}). Macaca mulatta (em inglês). IUCN 2015. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2015 .
    2. «Pela primeira vez, macacos se reconhecem no espelho». Revista Galileu. Consultado em 20 de outubro de 2013
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    Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

    fornì da wikipedia PT

    O macaco-rhesus (Macaca mulatta) é um primata da família Cercopithecidae que habita as florestas temperadas da Índia, China e Afeganistão.[carece de fontes?]

    É um animal de cor geralmente castanho-avermelhada, quase alaranjada com a face rosada e com muitos pelos nas regiões das sobrancelhas. Mede entre 38 e 76 cm e a cauda possui cerca de 61 centímetros. Pesa aproximadamente 13 kg. O Rhesus é omnívoro, alimentando-se de vegetais e pequenos animais. A gestação dura cerca de 146 a 180 dias e resulta num único filhote. Assim que o filhote nasce, ele é extremamente dependente dos cuidados maternos e nunca fica sozinho no seu ninho. À medida que cresce, a mãe deixa de transportá-lo. É um animal muito ativo durante o dia. Vive em grupos de aproximadamente 24 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades. É um bom nadador. Chega a viver 30 anos em cativeiro.[carece de fontes?]

    É extensivamente estudado e usado em experiências laboratoriais. O fator Rh do sangue foi demonstrado primeiramente em Rhesus. Recentemente, um estudo mostrou que, em certas condições, o macaco Rhesus pode agir com autoconsciência e até se reconhecer em frente a um espelho.

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    Rhesusapa ( svedèis )

    fornì da wikipedia SV

    Rhesusapan eller rhesusmakak (Macaca mulatta) är en art i släktet makaker, som tillhör familjen markattartade apor.[2] Arten har spelat en stor roll i medicinhistorien på grund av att man med dess blod fastställde existensen av rhesusfaktorn.

    Etymologi

    Namnet Rhesus kommer från Rhesos, en thrakisk konung i grekisk mytologi som kämpade på Trojas sida under trojanska kriget. Namnet har enligt artens namngivare, den franske målaren Jean-Baptise Audebert (1759-1800), ingen särskild koppling till djuret.[3]

    Utbredning

    Dessa apor lever i Asien, från Afghanistan över Indien, som är deras huvudsakliga utbredningsområde, till södra Kina, norra Thailand och norra Vietnam. Arten förekommer även på Hainan. I Florida och Puerto Rico finns förvildade grupper som tidigare har varit husdjur.[1]

    Beskrivning

    Pälsen är brun till olivfärgad och ansiktet, som saknar hår, är rosafärgat. Påfallande är ett rött naket hudområde vid djurets anus.[3] Områdets speciella färg visar djurets parningsberedskap. Hos parningsberedda honor är stjärten djupare röd.[4] Svansens längd är med 19 till 30 centimeter genomsnittlig i släktet makaker. Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) ligger vid 47 till 65 centimeter och vikten går hos hanar upp till 7,7 kilogram. Hanar kan bli dubbelt så stora som honor. I genomsnitt väger honor 5,4 kilogram.[3]

    Levnadssätt

    Rhesusapor är inte specialiserade gällande levnadsområdet. De förekommer i slättland och även i Himalayas höglandsskogar upp till 4000 meter över havet. De finns till och med i indiska storstäder.[1] Dessa apor har bra förmåga att simma och klättra, men rör sig lika ofta på marken.[1][3] Angående gruppens sociala beteende liknar de andra makaker. Rhesusapor lever i stora grupper med upp till hundra individer (sällan upp till 180 medlemmar[3]), som består av betydligt fler honor än hanar.[4] I varje grupp finns en utpräglad hierarki och många läten för kommunikationen. Men gruppens territoriala beteende är inte speciellt utvecklat. Ibland förekommer små ungkarlsflockar med endast hanar.[4]

    Föda

    Dessa primater är allätare som tar rötter, frukt, blad och barr samt insekter och andra mindre djur.[3]

    Fortplantning

    När rhesusapor är parningsberedda har de en intensiv färgning runt anus. Individer som lever i höglandsområden har en särskild parningstid som ligger på hösten, så att ungarna föds på våren. Hos låglandsindivider finns inga särskilda parningstider.[4] Efter dräktigheten, som tar 165 dagar, föder honan oftast en enda unge, ibland tvillingar.[3] Under andra levnadsåret slutar honan att ge di och efter 2,5 till 4 år är honor könsmogna. Hanar blir könsmogna efter 4,5 till 7 år.[3] Rhesusapor blir upp till 30 år gamla.[4]

    Medvetande

    Makaker har hittills, tillsammans med alla andra mindre primater, inte ansetts ha något egentligt medvetande om sig själva. De känner normalt inte igen sig själva i en spegel, och klarar till exempel inte "spegeltestet" (man målar en fläck i pannan, som de bara kan se i en spegel, och bedömer sedan om de inser att det är de själva som har fläcken). Detta motsägs dock nu (2010) av observationer på rhesusapor, där flera individer verkar ha använt speglar för att aktivt studera sig själva.[5]

    Rhesusapor och människor

     src=
    En rhesusapa i sin skyddsdräkt kort för missionen Little Joe 2 (1959).

    Rhesusapan är den tredje primaten, efter människan och schimpansen, som fått sitt DNA avläst in i minsta detalj av forskare. Rhesusapans gener liknar till 97,5% människans. Man har kommit fram till att den närmaste förfader som är gemensam för människor och rhesusapor levde för 25 miljoner år sedan. [6]

    I hinduismen anses rhesusapor vara heliga.[3] De får leva ostörda i städerna och förekommer ofta vid hinduiska tempel. De är även viktiga som försöksdjur på grund av att de är lätta att sköta. Upptäckten av rhesusfaktorn skedde omkring 1940 med individer av denna art.[4] Den 18 juni 1948 placerades en rhesusapa med namnet Albert i spetsen av en V-2 robot för en testflygning, men primaten dog redan vid starten.[7] Mellan 1959 och 1960 ingick rhesusapor i NASA:s Mercuryprogram, där några individer skickades ut i rymden, till exempel under missionen Little Joe 1B.[8] År 2000 blev första rhesusapan klonad.[9]

    Tidigare flyttades många individer för forskningsändamål från sitt ursprungliga levnadsområde, vilket i några regioner orsakade en större tillbakagång av populationen. Idag avlas försöksdjur mestadels direkt i utlandet och därför är det största nuvarande hotet förstörelsen av rhesusapornas levnadsområde. I några av deras ursprungliga levnadsområden är de utrotade eller mycket sällsynta (till exempel i södra Kina och i Tibet), men i Indien är de skyddade på grund av deras status. Hela arten listas av IUCN som livskraftig (LC).[1]

    Källor

    • Artikel Rhesusaffe på tyska Wikipedia, 6 november 2006.

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b c d e] Macaca mulattaIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Timmins, R.J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A. & Yongcheng, L. 2008, besökt 17 mars 2009.
    2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Macaca mulatta (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
    3. ^ [a b c d e f g h i] M. Richardson (2 april 2005). ”Rhesus macaque”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 mars 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318113644/http://www.arkive.org/rhesus-macaque/macaca-mulatta/. Läst 21 december 2014.
    4. ^ [a b c d e f] J. Seinfeld (13 april 2000). Macaca mulatta (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_mulatta/. Läst 21 december 2014.
    5. ^ ”Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Do Recognize Themselves in the Mirror: Implications for the Evolution of Self-Recognition”. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12865. 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. Läst 3 oktober 2010. ”The results of this study demonstrate that rhesus monkeys do recognize themselves in the mirror and, therefore, have some form of self-awareness. Accordingly, instead of a cognitive divide, they support the notion of an evolutionary continuity of mental functions.”
    6. ^ ”Rhesusapans arvsmassa avslöjad”. DN.se. 12 april 2007. Arkiverad från originalet den 30 september 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223554/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?a=637997. Läst 7 december 2011.
    7. ^ History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics - part 1, NASA, läst 21 december 2014.
    8. ^ Mission LJ-1B, NASA, läst 21 december 2014.
    9. ^ By Dean Irvine (19 november 2007). ”You, again: Are we getting closer to cloning humans? - CNN.com”. Edition.cnn.com. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/16/ww.humancloning/index.html?iref=allsearch. Läst 21 december 2014.
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    Rhesusapa: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

    fornì da wikipedia SV

    Rhesusapan eller rhesusmakak (Macaca mulatta) är en art i släktet makaker, som tillhör familjen markattartade apor. Arten har spelat en stor roll i medicinhistorien på grund av att man med dess blod fastställde existensen av rhesusfaktorn.

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    Hint şebeği ( turch )

    fornì da wikipedia TR
     src=
    Bu madde herhangi bir kaynak içermemektedir. Lütfen güvenilir kaynaklar ekleyerek bu maddenin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olunuz. Kaynaksız içerik itiraz konusu olabilir ve kaldırılabilir. (Haziran 2016)

    Hint şebeği (Macaca mulatta) ya da rhesus maymunu, köpeksi maymunlar (Cercopithecidae) familyasının en iyi bilinen türlerinden biridir.

    Eski Latince adının (rhesus) ilk iki harfinden oluşan Rh kısaltması, bugün kan gruplarında sık duyduğumuz Rh faktörünün adında yaşamaktadır.

    Özellikleri

    Yetişkin erkekler ortalama 53 cm boyunda ve 7.7 kilo ağırlığında olurlar. Dişiler daha küçüktür, ortalama 47 cm boy ve 5.3 kilo ağırlıktadırlar. Bu şebek türünün boz ya da kahverengi bir postu ve pembemsi yüzleri vardır. Kuyruk uzunluğu ortalama 20.7 ila 22.9 cm olur. Genelde ömürleri 25 yıldır.

    Yaşam şekli

    Hint şebekleri otlaklar, orman ve dağların 2500 metreye kadar olan yerlerinde yaşayabilirler. İyi yüzerler ve yüzmeye bayılırlar. Hint şebekleri bazen sürü olarak şehirlerin içine kadar girip evlerden yiyecek çalarlar. Bu sebeple bu hayvanlar bazı yerlerde zararlı hayvan olarak kabul görür.

    Çok iyi ağaca tırmanırlar, hepçil hayvanlardır. Meyve, yaprak, kök, kabuklu yemiş, böcek ve küçük hayvanlarla beslenir. Bu maymunların yanaklarının içini yiyecekle doldurmaları onların daha çok yiyecek toplamalarına yardımcı olur.

    Dağılımı

    Bu türün yayılım alanı Afganistan'ın tamamı, Hindistan'ın kuzeyi ve Çin'in güneyini kapsar.

    Dış bağlantılar

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    Hint şebeği: Brief Summary ( turch )

    fornì da wikipedia TR

    Hint şebeği (Macaca mulatta) ya da rhesus maymunu, köpeksi maymunlar (Cercopithecidae) familyasının en iyi bilinen türlerinden biridir.

    Eski Latince adının (rhesus) ilk iki harfinden oluşan Rh kısaltması, bugün kan gruplarında sık duyduğumuz Rh faktörünün adında yaşamaktadır.

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    Макака резус ( ucrain )

    fornì da wikipedia UK
     src=
    Макака-резус в заповіднику Індія
     src=
    Макака-резус в Північній Індії
    Поцілунки та обійми між матір'ю і немовлям макак резус (лат. Macaca mulatta) в природних умовах
     src=
    Макака-резус з дитиною

    Макака резус, або Макак-резус (Macaca mulatta) — досить великі тварини, з тьмяним зеленувато-жовтуватим забарвленням шерсті. Живуть резуси великими зграями (до 20 і більше особин) у лісах або на відкритих гірських схилах.

    Індійці вважають їх священними тваринами і іноді залишають для них незібрану частину врожаю на своїх полях. Зустрічаються в Гімалаях від Непалу до Північної Бірми.

    Макаки-резуси, у великій кількості живуть навіть у містах. Лице, вуха і кисті блідо-м'ясного кольору. Резуси не бояться води, добре плавають і пірнають. Вагітність триває 164 дні, народжується 1 дитинча, якого мати годує до року. Мати ревно захищає своє дитинча. Статева зрілість настає в 4 роки. Найвідоміший з усіх видів макак. Міститься в багатьох віваріях як модельний об'єкт для медичних, етологічних та нейробіологічних досліджень.

    Джерела

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    Макака резус: Brief Summary ( ucrain )

    fornì da wikipedia UK
     src= Макака-резус в заповіднику Індія  src= Макака-резус в Північній Індії Поцілунки та обійми між матір'ю і немовлям макак резус (лат. Macaca mulatta) в природних умовах  src= Макака-резус з дитиною

    Макака резус, або Макак-резус (Macaca mulatta) — досить великі тварини, з тьмяним зеленувато-жовтуватим забарвленням шерсті. Живуть резуси великими зграями (до 20 і більше особин) у лісах або на відкритих гірських схилах.

    Індійці вважають їх священними тваринами і іноді залишають для них незібрану частину врожаю на своїх полях. Зустрічаються в Гімалаях від Непалу до Північної Бірми.

    Макаки-резуси, у великій кількості живуть навіть у містах. Лице, вуха і кисті блідо-м'ясного кольору. Резуси не бояться води, добре плавають і пірнають. Вагітність триває 164 дні, народжується 1 дитинча, якого мати годує до року. Мати ревно захищає своє дитинча. Статева зрілість настає в 4 роки. Найвідоміший з усіх видів макак. Міститься в багатьох віваріях як модельний об'єкт для медичних, етологічних та нейробіологічних досліджень.

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    Macaca mulatta ( vietnamèis )

    fornì da wikipedia VI

    Macaca mulatta là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Zimmermann mô tả năm 1780.[2] Đây là loài bản địa Nam, Trung và Đông Nam Á, Macaca mulatta sinh sống trong một loạt các môi trường sống từ đồng cỏ đến các khu vực khô cằn và rừng, nhưng cũng gần với các khu định cư của con người.

    Mô tả

    Chúng có màu nâu hoặc màu xám và có khuôn mặt màu hồng không có lông. Đuôi dài trung bình và trung bình giữa 20,7 và 22,9 cm.

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A., Yongcheng, L. (2008). “Macaca mulatta”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2010.4. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế.
    2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Macaca mulatta”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

    Tham khảo


    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    Macaca mulatta: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

    fornì da wikipedia VI

    Macaca mulatta là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Zimmermann mô tả năm 1780. Đây là loài bản địa Nam, Trung và Đông Nam Á, Macaca mulatta sinh sống trong một loạt các môi trường sống từ đồng cỏ đến các khu vực khô cằn và rừng, nhưng cũng gần với các khu định cư của con người.

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    Макак-резус ( russ; russi )

    fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
     src=
    Типичные крики, издаваемые макаками-резусами в различных эмоциональных состояниях. Линиями соединены те виды сигналов, между которыми были обнаружены звуки промежуточного характера[3].

    Между основными видами сигналов существуют промежуточные звуки.

    Распространение

    Самый благополучный и распространённый вид приматов мира: встречаются в Пакистане, Индии, в Гималаях от Непала до Северной Бирмы, в Южном Китае, странах Индокитая, в большом количестве живут даже в городах.

    Использование

     src=
    Макак-резус в Бакинском зоопарке

    Содержится во многих вивариях в качестве модельного объекта для медицинских, этологических и нейробиологических исследований. На этих обезьянах открыт резус-фактор — фактор совместимости крови.

    Примечания

    1. Макак-резус (англ.) по данным Объединённой таксономической информационной службы (ITIS).
    2. Timmins, R. J.; Richardson, M.; Chhangani, A.; Yongcheng, L. (2008). Macaca mulatta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN: e.T12554A3356486. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12554A3356486.en.
    3. 1 2 Морозов В. П. Занимательная биоакустика. Изд. 2-е, доп., перераб. — М.: Знание, 1987. — 208 с. + 32 с. вкл. — С. 16
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    Макак-резус: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

    fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
     src= Типичные крики, издаваемые макаками-резусами в различных эмоциональных состояниях. Линиями соединены те виды сигналов, между которыми были обнаружены звуки промежуточного характера.

    Между основными видами сигналов существуют промежуточные звуки.

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    普通獼猴 ( cinèis )

    fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
    [icon] 本章节需要扩充(2017年2月15日)

    普通獼猴學名Macaca mulatta),即恒河猴,是猴科動物中最爲有名的一種猴。它是典型的獼猴屬動物,分佈于日本千葉縣房總半島[4]阿富汗巴基斯坦印度北部和中國大陸南方。

    成年公猴的身體要比母猴大,平均體長度在53厘米(21英寸),體重7.7公斤(17英磅),母猴則只有47厘米(19英寸),體重5.3公斤(12英磅)。體毛顔色為褐色或灰色,臉部為粉紅色,尾巴不是很長,約在20.7~22.9厘米(8.1~9.0英寸)之間。普通獼猴的平均壽命約為25年。

    普通獼猴是用於科學試驗的重要品種。

    分類學

    普通獼猴目前被認為是單型種,未能區分出亞種[3]

    保護狀況

    普通獼猴已列入CITES附錄II中。[3]

    中國大陸

    中國大陸將普通獼猴列入國家二級保護動物 ,《中國國家重點保護野生動物名錄》[3] 和《中國瀕危動物紅皮書》易危物種。 [5]

    南亞

    普通獼猴亦受孟加拉的野生生物(保護)法案附表III,印度的野生生物(保護)法案附表I,尼泊爾的國家公園及野生生物保護法案所保護。[3]

    香港

    普通獼猴是香港唯一一種原生猴子,但至約1940年代時已在香港九龍新界絕種,而在香港亦已十分罕見。[6]

    而目前在香港金山郊野公園(因有不少猴子在此棲息而被市民稱為馬騮山)一帶棲息的野生普通獼猴並不是香港原生獼猴的後代,而是在第一次世界大戰期間引入的,目的是要獼猴將有毒的牛眼馬錢Strychnos angustiflora)吃掉以保障九龍水塘的食水安全。[7]

    普通獼猴現受《野生動物保護條例(第170章)》以及《動植物(瀕危物種保護)條例(第586章)》保護。 [5]

    日本純化

    2017年2月20日,日本千葉縣富津市公告,高宕山自然動物園日语高宕山自然動物園的164隻日本獼猴,經專家確認DNA有57隻與野生的普通獼猴(恆河獼猴)雜交,獲得縣府許可後依據《外來生物法》實施撲殺,並已於2月15日舉行慰靈儀式(慰霊祭[8][9]

    參考來源

    1. ^ Macaca mulatta. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008 [5 January 2016].
    2. ^ Macaca mulatta. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000.
    3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A., Yongcheng, L. Macaca mulatta. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
    4. ^ 多紀保彦(監修). 財団法人自然環境研究センター(編著), 编. 決定版 日本の外来生物. 平凡社. 2008-04-21. ISBN 978-4-582-54241-7 (日语).
    5. ^ 5.0 5.1 香港生物數據庫. 香港生物數據庫. 漁農自然護理署. [2009-05-11].
    6. ^ 楊家明. 《郊野三十年》. 香港: 郊野公園之友會天地圖書有限公司. 2007. ISBN 978-988-211-349-7.
    7. ^ 香港的野生猴子. 漁農自然護理署. [2009-05-11].
    8. ^ 堤恭太; 服部誠一. 飼育のサル57頭を駆除 千葉の動物園、交雑種と判明で. 朝日新聞. 2017年2月20日 [2017年2月22日] (日语).
    9. ^ 動物園で外来種との交雑サル57頭処分 千葉 富津. NHK. 2017年2月21日 [2017年2月22日]. (原始内容存档于2017年2月21日) (日语).

    外部連結

     src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:普通獼猴分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:普通獼猴
    • (英文)Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group 2000. Macaca mulatta。In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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    普通獼猴: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

    fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

    普通獼猴(學名:Macaca mulatta),即恒河猴,是猴科動物中最爲有名的一種猴。它是典型的獼猴屬動物,分佈于日本千葉縣房總半島阿富汗巴基斯坦印度北部和中國大陸南方。

    成年公猴的身體要比母猴大,平均體長度在53厘米(21英寸),體重7.7公斤(17英磅),母猴則只有47厘米(19英寸),體重5.3公斤(12英磅)。體毛顔色為褐色或灰色,臉部為粉紅色,尾巴不是很長,約在20.7~22.9厘米(8.1~9.0英寸)之間。普通獼猴的平均壽命約為25年。

    普通獼猴是用於科學試驗的重要品種。

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    アカゲザル ( Giaponèis )

    fornì da wikipedia 日本語
    アカゲザル Macaque India 3.jpg
    アカゲザル Macaca mulatta
    保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Eutheria : 霊長目 Primate 亜目 : 直鼻猿亜目 Haplorrhini : オナガザル科 Cercopithecidae 亜科 : オナガザル亜科 Cercopithecinae : マカク属 Macaca : アカゲザル M. mulatta 学名 Macaca mulatta
    Zimmermann, 1780 和名 アカゲザル(赤毛猿) 英名 Rhesus macaque
    Rhesus monkey

    アカゲザル(赤毛猿、Macaca mulatta)は、哺乳綱霊長目オナガザル科マカク属に分類されるサルの一種。実験動物として利用されるほか、日本では野生化している外来種である [2]

    分布[編集]

    Rhesus Macaque area.png

    アフガニスタンからインド北部、中国南部にかけて分布する。

    日本では千葉県房総半島に外来種として定着している[3]

    形態[編集]

    頭胴長47-64cm、尾長19-30cm[3]。体毛は褐色、上半身はより灰色がかり、下半身は赤黄色がかる。ニホンザルに似るが、尾は長め。

    生態[編集]

    昼行性で、10-50頭の群れで生活する。雑食性。

    人間との関係[編集]

     src=
    1960年にリトル・ジョー1Bロケットに乗せられるミス・サムと名付けられたアカゲザル

    宗教・文化[編集]

    ヒンドゥー教ではアカゲザルは神聖な動物とされている。

    実験動物[編集]

    • 本種は、もともと実験動物として広く利用されている動物で、 マーキュリー計画によりリトル・ジョーロケットに乗ったサルでもある。また2017年には中国の研究グループが霊長類として初めてアカゲザルのクローンを作成した[4]
    • Rh式血液型の「Rh」は、アカゲザルの英名 rhesus macaque に由来している。
    • 部屋をガラスで区切り各々1匹ずつアカゲザルを入れて、片方に食事は出るがもう片方のアカゲザルに電気ショックが流れるレバーを設置した実験では、ほぼ全員がすぐにレバーを引くのをやめて絶食を選んだ。[5]

    日本での野生化[編集]

    日本では、県南地域の観光施設で飼育されていた本種が施設の閉鎖に伴い逃げ出し、野生化したものが1995年から千葉県房総半島で確認されている[3] [6]。2005年度の調査では、350-380頭の生息が推定されている[7]。これにともない、本種と近縁なニホンザルとの交雑が2004年に確認され、遺伝子汚染の問題が広がりつつある[3][7][8]。また、柿などの農業被害も報告されている[3]。 そのため、外来生物法により特定外来生物に指定されており、飼育には特別な許可が必要となる[3][2]。同様の問題は、和歌山県に定着したタイワンザルでも発生しており、根絶へ向けて一定の成果を上げた[3][9]。千葉県は在来種のニホンザルの消滅の危機として[10]、市町村や環境省、学会らと連携しての対策を進めている[2]

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アカゲザルに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアカゲザルに関する情報があります。

    参考文献[編集]

    1. ^ Timmins, R. J., Richardson, M., Chhangani, A., Yongcheng, L. ("Macaca mulatta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
    2. ^ a b c “房総のニホンザル 守れ 外来種との交雑対策 県が本腰”. 東京新聞. (http://archive.today/2018.04.21-114205/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/chiba/list/201704/CK2017042202000153.html
    3. ^ a b c d e f g 多紀保彦(監修) 財団法人自然環境研究センター(編著) 『決定版 日本の外来生物』 平凡社ISBN 978-4-582-54241-7。
    4. ^ “中国の研究所、クローン猿作成に初成功”. BBC. (http://www.bbc.com/japanese/42829580
    5. ^ ヘルムート・F・カプラン. 死体の晩餐. 同時代社.
    6. ^ “外来ザルと交雑3割 DNA鑑定、57頭処分 老朽フェンス損傷で 富津・高宕山動物園”. 千葉日報. (http://archive.today/2018.04.21-120509/https://www.chibanippo.co.jp/news/national/388087
    7. ^ a b 川本芳・川本咲江・川合静・白井啓・吉田淳久・萩原光・白鳥大祐・直井洋司「房総半島に定着したアカゲザル集団におけるニホンザルとの交雑進行 (PDF) 」 、『霊長類研究』第23巻第2号、2011年11月17日閲覧。
    8. ^ “ニホンザル3割が交雑種 千葉・富津、57頭駆除”. 産経新聞. (https://www.sankei.com/photo/daily/news/170222/dly1702220012-n1.html
    9. ^ “特定外来生物「タイワンザル」、和歌山で根絶宣言へ”. 朝日新聞. (http://archive.today/2018.04.20-020744/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASKC955TJKC9PLBJ00C.html
    10. ^ “交雑浸透で消滅の恐れ 房総“純粋”ニホンザル 外来種アカゲザルと”. 千葉日報. (https://www.chibanippo.co.jp/news/national/125533

    外部リンク[編集]

    執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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    アカゲザル: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

    fornì da wikipedia 日本語

    アカゲザル(赤毛猿、Macaca mulatta)は、哺乳綱霊長目オナガザル科マカク属に分類されるサルの一種。実験動物として利用されるほか、日本では野生化している外来種である 。

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    히말라야원숭이 ( Corean )

    fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    히말라야원숭이 (또는 붉은털원숭이, 레서스원숭이, 벵골원숭이)는 긴꼬리원숭이과에 속하며 학명은 Macaca mulatta(또는 Rhesus Macaque)이다.

    설명

    몸길이가 50-65cm이고 꼬리길이는 18-30cm이다. 몸무게는 4-10kg이며, 털은 흐릿한 노란색 또는 갈색이다. 땅 위와 나무 위에서 5-100마리씩 무리를 지어 살며 새싹·과일·곤충·나뭇잎·나무 뿌리·곡류, 작은동물을 먹으며 잡식성이다. 의학과 행동학 연구에 많이 이용되며 동물원에서도 매우 인기가 있다. 히말라야원숭이에 대한 연구로 거의 모든 사람의 적혈구에 있는 아르에이치(Rh) 항원을 발견했다. 남부와 동남아시아의 많은 지역에서 사는데 아프가니스탄에서 태국과 중국 남부까지 분포한다. 특히 인도에서는 대로에서도 흔히 발견될 정도로 많이 발견된다. 일본원숭이보다 몸집이 좀더작고 꼬리가 더 길다. 천적은 표범, 비단뱀이다.

    사진

    분류

    히말라야원숭이는 여러 종의 아종이 있다:[1]

    • Macaca mulatta mulatta
    • Macaca mulatta villosa
    • Macaca mulatta vestita
    • Macaca mulatta lasiota
    • Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
    • Macaca mulatta brevicauda

    각주

    1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 163쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. “Macaca mulatta”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
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