This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [15,21,22,25,28,29,51,56,62,69,88,92,97]).
Aboveground description: The few to several leaves of paleyellow iris are stiff and erect [21], linear, and 10 to 35 inches (25-90 cm) long [92]. Single or multiple flowering stems are 20 to 39 inches (50-100 cm) tall, usually shorter than or equaling leaves [21]. Plants take 3 years to mature before flowering (review by [35]). Flowers are bright yellow or cream-colored and 3 to 4 inches (7-9 cm) wide [21]. Paleyellow iris fruits are 6-angled capsules, 2 to 4 inches (5-9 cm) long [21]. The dark brown, smooth, disk-like seeds are closely packed into 3 rows within the capsule (review by [73]). Seeds have a hard seed coat beneath which there is a gas space, allowing seeds to float in water [11].
Belowground description: Paleyellow iris has rhizomes that are 0.4 to 2 inches (1-4 cm) in diameter (reviews by [73,90]). Paleyellow iris invests heavily in root development, particularly as a young plant, allowing it to establish in habitats with fluctuating water levels [93]. Roots are usually 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) long but can be up to 12 inches (30 cm) long (review by [73]).
Potential for postfire establishment and spread: As of 2009, there were no studies documenting the establishment and spread of paleyellow iris after fire. One review from England suggests that the removal of aboveground material and plants after a late summer fire and winter flooding facilitated paleyellow iris seed germination and seedling growth [73].
Preventing postfire establishment and spread: Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This can be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant seed or rhizomes into burned areas. Specific recommendations include:
For more detailed information on these topics see the following publications: [2,5,24,81].
Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: Prescribed fire may or may not be an appropriate management tool in the wetland and riparian ecosystems where paleyellow iris occurs. Prescribed fire is not likely to be a useful control measure for invasive species like paleyellow iris in plant communities where fires are typically rare and native species are not fire-adapted. For example, prescribed fire is probably not appropriate in the forested wetlands of the Northeast. Prescribed fire may be an appropriate tool in herbaceous wetlands that commonly support native species adapted to frequent fire (review by [14]), but its effects on paleyellow iris were unknown as of 2009. Reviews caution against this control method because fire may stimulate paleyellow iris sprouting [9,35], seed germination, and/or seedling growth [35].Fuels: No information is available on this topic.
FIRE REGIMES: Fire regimes in wetland and riparian areas vary widely across the United States. For example, fire is unusual in northeastern riparian communities and may only occur in times of severe drought or wetland drainage. Riparian plants may not be fire-adapted in these systems. Long fire-return intervals are typical in wetlands of the Northeast (review by [14]). In contrast, fires are a common occurrence in southeastern wetlands, which support large quantities of flammable, herbaceous vegetation that is well-adapted to frequent fires. Stand-replacement fires may occur in coastal wetlands at 1- to 10-year fire-return intervals (review by [68]). As of 2009, there was insufficient information to predict how paleyellow iris might respond to these FIRE REGIMES. It is not clear if or how paleyellow iris may influence FIRE REGIMES, though it is likely that the impact of paleyellow iris varies given its occurrence in communities with very different FIRE REGIMES. See the Fire Regime Table for further information on FIRE REGIMES of vegetation communities in which paleyellow iris may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Paleyellow iris germination is best in moist [11,77] but not waterlogged [42,77] conditions. One review suggests that paleyellow iris germination may be more dependent on temperature than light [78]. In the field, paleyellow iris germination in its native range is said to be poor due to fat-like substances present on the inner seed coat. Seedlings were rare in most habitats (review by [73]). However, one author states that a "large number" of paleyellow iris seeds in Great Britain germinate and put out roots [93]. In Montana, one author suggests that paleyellow iris germination rates were high based on the high number of seedlings observed in the field and from observations of field-collected seed [54].
In the laboratory, only 25% of fresh-collected seeds from the Netherlands germinated in drained soil in 6 weeks [11]. Germination rates for nonscarified seeds in Great Britain varied from 48% after 15 days to 40% after 12 months (review by [73]). Fresh seed collected from established plants in northern Florida exhibited a germination rate of 62% (Jacono and Ramsey unpublished data cited in [52]). Fall-collected seed from the Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River had a germination rate of 33% after 97 days of inundated conditions and 90 days of moist conditions [77].
Scarification improves paleyellow iris germination ([11,26], review by [73]). In a laboratory study in northern England, scarified paleyellow iris seeds germinated at a significantly higher rate than those that were not scarified (70% versus 48%) (P<0.01) [26]. In laboratory studies in the United States, paleyellow iris seeds that had their "caps" removed and were placed in water experienced much higher germination; in 30 days, 97% of seeds with caps removed had germinated, while no seeds with intact caps germinated in this time period [13].
Paleyellow iris needs moisture to establish and survive [36,87,94]. Consequently, it often occurs on the wet edges of lakes [15,18,29,74,88,96], ponds [15,21,28,29,60,65,92,94], rivers [18,19,53,88], and streams [21,22,25,29,32,54,56,71]. Paleyellow iris also occurs in marshes [16,22,25,26,54,56,69,77,88,96], tidal marshes [70,77], wetlands ([8,71], reviews by [35,89,90]), swamps [18,21,56,96], swampy woodlands [22], open woods [25], wood edges [25], and glacial potholes ([54], review by [58]). Paleyellow iris occurs on beach swales [65] and rocky coastal shorelines (review by [89]).
Paleyellow iris is associated with human-made structures such as ditches ([16,28,59,88], review by [35]), irrigation canal banks ([54,92], Lake County Weed District, Pablo, Montana, 2001 personal communication cited in [52]), constructed gravel trails through wetlands [77], man-made pools [31,37,59], meadows [22,25], wet pastures (review by [35]), and other disturbed sites [71,77,97].
Water characteristics: Paleyellow iris is found in fresh (reviews by [78,90]), brackish ([16,70], review by [78]) and salt (reviews by [78,90]) water. In its native range, paleyellow iris persists in the high zones of saltmarshes and may be found surrounded by estuarine water with a salinity of 24% during high tides (review by [73]).
Paleyellow iris can tolerate water with low levels of oxygen (reviews by [53,73]). One source suggests that it prefers cool water, which may limit its expansion into warm-water areas [52]. Because deep water can prevent seed germination [42,77] and impairs seedling growth [11,43], paleyellow iris generally grows in shallow water, but it may create extensive mats floating over deeper water (review by [35]). In New Zealand, paleyellow iris occurred in water ranging from 0 to 2.6 feet (0 to 0.8 m) in depth [74]. In Montana, paleyellow iris grew in 2 to 3 feet (1 m) of standing water [54].
Soils: Paleyellow iris usually grows on water-deposited substrates such as silt ([26,38,52,71], review by [35]), sand ([38,71], reviews by [35,73]), gravel ([71,77], review by [73]), and cobbles [52,71]. One review notes that paleyellow iris may be found on "rocky" sites [35]. It is associated with calcareous [17,53], sandy loams, clay loams, and other loamy or clayey [17] soils derived from sandstone and schist [53] in its native range. It is present on peat soils in both its native (review by [73]) and nonnative [70] ranges.
Paleyellow iris occurred on soils with pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.55 in Turkey [17] and 3.6 to 7.7 in Britain (review by [73]). In England, paleyellow iris occurred in spring and seepage waters with pH ranging from 6.8 to 7.2 [53]. One review from its nonnative range suggests that paleyellow iris prefers acidic soils ranging from pH 3.6 to 7.7 and averaging 6.0 [78]. Paleyellow iris prefers high nutrient sites in both its native ([36], review by [73]) and nonnative (review by [78]) ranges.
Climate: Paleyellow iris occurs in temperate climates (review by [78]). Few authors report climate data for sites with paleyellow iris in North America. The Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary in northeastern Massachusetts has a mean low temperature of 27.0 °F (-2.8 °C) in January and a mean high of 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) in July. Mean annual precipitation is 44 inches (1,120 mm) [1]. In southwestern Louisiana average maximum temperatures range from 60.1 °F (15.6 °C) in January to 90.0 °F (32.2 °C) in July and average precipitation is 56.32 inches (143.05 cm) [16].
Elevation: Paleyellow iris occurs from sea level to 1,080 feet (330 m) in Britain (review by [73]). In North America, it occurs at sea level in Louisiana [16] up to 328 feet (100 m) in California [28]. Paleyellow iris occurs at 4,200 to 4,315 feet (1,280-1,315 m) near Salt Lake City, Utah [92].
Topography: In North America, paleyellow iris generally occurs on flat ground (review by [73]), but in England it may be found on the wet and waterlogged slopes of hills, mountains, and associated wet valleys where groundwater seepage or springs are present. Paleyellow iris is rare on extensive wet upper slopes and crests of hills and mountains with perched water tables [53].
On Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River near Washington, DC, paleyellow iris changed local site conditions to the extent that it facilitated its own spread; rhizome growth compacted the soil, a hardpan developed, and species other than paleyellow iris were unable to establish and persist. Paleyellow iris clones eventually replaced the native green arrow arum, an important plant for wood ducks. Mats of paleyellow iris rhizomes also prevented the germination and seedling development of willows (Salix spp.), particularly black willow. By suppressing willows and providing a raised surface, paleyellow iris promoted the spread of species not needing a mineral surface for establishment (e.g., green ash). In turn, this change in species composition facilitated the succession from marsh to swamp vegetation communities. The author concluded that paleyellow iris "apparently speeds up the destruction of the marsh by promoting expansion of the swamp and apparently preempts space and thus reduces the food supply of the wood duck which occurs on the island" [77].
As of 2001, paleyellow iris occurred along 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of irrigation canals and lateral channels near Flathead Lake in northwestern Montana (Lake County Weed District, Pablo, Montana, 2001 personal communication cited in [52]). Paleyellow iris plants may clog small streams and irrigation systems, and seeds clog water control structures and pipes ([54], review by [35]). One review cites a study from Montana suggesting that paleyellow iris plants may reduce stream width by up to 10 inches (25 cm) annually by trapping sediment. This process creates new streambanks which may be dominated by paleyellow iris seedlings (Tyron 2006 unpublished study cited in [35]).
Rate of spread: Paleyellow iris was first observed along the Frio River in south-central Texas in 1988, establishing under a bridge where silt accumulated in the stream bed. Additional silt deposition in the area encouraged paleyellow iris rooting and spread. A colony over 300 feet (90 m) long developed between 1988 and 2001. Colonies also expanded out of the silt substrate into riffle areas with gravelly or rocky substrates [52].
The largest intact paleyellow iris clone in its native range measured 2.17 feet (0.66 m) across. While individual paleyellow iris clones may be small, populations of paleyellow iris may cover large areas. Large clumps of paleyellow iris measured up to 66 feet (20 m) across in Ireland (review by [73]). On Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac, paleyellow iris occurred in clumps about 1 m² in area [77]. In southern New York, paleyellow iris occurred in a 0.75-acre (0.30-hectare) patch along a creek [50].
Control: In all cases where invasive species are targeted for control, no matter what method is employed, the potential for other invasive species to fill their void must be considered [6]. Paleyellow iris occurs with many other nonnative species of concern in wetlands; removal of paleyellow iris may lead to the expansion of populations of other nonnative species. For example, paleyellow iris occurs in the freshwaters of the Hudson River Basin, though it does not exhibit "significant ecological impacts" like the associated nonnatives curly pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), onerow yellowcress (Rorippa nasturtium), water chestnut (Trapa natans), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), and purple loosestrife [49]. In England, herbicide removal of common reed (Phragmites australis) produced open areas in which paleyellow iris established (review by [73]). It is possible that paleyellow iris may show a similar response in other areas where other nonnative species are targeted for control. Care should be taken to minimize local site disturbance to prevent paleyellow iris seedlings from germinating (review by [35]).
Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations.
Prevention: It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread by maintaining "healthy" natural communities [45,63] (e.g., avoid road building in wildlands [80]) and by monitoring several times each year [33]. Managing to maintain the integrity of the native plant community and mitigate the factors enhancing ecosystem invasibility is likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [30].
Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [81]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [81] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.
Cultural control: As of 2009, there were no studies on controlling paleyellow iris using cultural methods. There is some evidence to suggest that dense cover of other plant species may inhibit paleyellow iris growth; on Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River near Washington, DC, paleyellow iris growth was limited by calamus cover in swamp-marsh transition areas [77].
Physical and mechanical control: Physical and mechanical methods may be effective in controlling small populations of paleyellow iris. Some sources suggest physical removal of the entire plant and rhizome system (reviews by [35,78,90]), though all rhizomes must be removed for this method to be effective (reviews by [35,90]). Repeated mowing or cutting of aboveground foliage may eventually kill paleyellow iris ([53], reviews by [35,78]). One review states that paleyellow iris leaves are brittle and susceptible to damage by trampling. Consequently, paleyellow iris is generally absent from areas of pronounced human or animal activity in its native range [73]. A horticultural guide suggests the removal of seed pods to prevent future establishment from seed [75]. Draining wetlands to remove paleyellow iris was "slow to succeed" in Montana [54].
Physical and mechanical control methods may be preferable in wetland settings where use of herbicides is problematic (review by [89]). However, mechanical removal of paleyellow iris in sensitive areas may cause extensive substrate disturbance, leading to the establishment of other unwanted plants [52].
Biological control: Biological control of invasive species has a long history that indicates many factors must be considered before using biological controls. Refer to these sources: [85,95] and the Weed Control Methods Handbook [79] for background information and important considerations for developing and implementing biological control programs.
As of 2009, there were no biological control agents for paleyellow iris. A horticultural guide states that paleyellow iris in New Jersey suffers from borers, rot slugs, and black vine weevils [75], and one review states that several invertebrates and fungi feed on paleyellow iris [78]. In its native range, damage to paleyellow iris by invertebrate grazers was negligible in woodland, grassland, ponds, saltmarsh, fens and reedswamp plant communities (review by [73]). Paleyellow iris is susceptible to paleyellow iris root rot (Pseudomonas iridis) in its native range, which causes premature yellowing of the leaves as the rhizomes rot (review by [73]). Paleyellow iris hosts and is susceptible to the rust of paleyellow iris (Puccinia iridis) but is generally considered resistant [46].
Chemical control: Herbicides are often effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but they are rarely a complete or long-term solution to weed management [7]. See The Nature Conservancy's Weed control methods handbook [79] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.
Herbicides are effective at controlling paleyellow iris ([53], reviews by [73,90]), though care must be taken when applying herbicides in wetland ecosystems (review by [78]). Small populations can be spotsprayed by herbicides (review by [35]), while foliar applications may be needed in large populations (review by [78]). Herbicide treatments may be most effective during the growing season because the herbicide is transported to the rhizome (review by [78]).
Integrated management: Cutting or mowing followed by herbicide application to cut stems and leaves may effectively control paleyellow iris ([52], reviews by [35,78]).
Paleyellow iris is generally of little value to wildlife or livestock.
Palatability and/or nutritional value: Paleyellow iris is considered poisonous ([15], review by [78]) due to large amounts of glycosides found in foliage and rhizomes (review by [78]). In grazing experiments in Belgium, paleyellow iris was considered unpalatable to cattle and ponies [4]. In its native range paleyellow iris is usually ignored by domestic ponies, cattle, sheep, goats, and rabbits, though foliage was eaten down to the rhizomes by domestic cattle in autumn when other vegetation was unavailable. Domestic sheep have been observed browsing early-season leaves. Fallow deer browsed paleyellow iris in England. In Britain, gastroenteritis occurred after livestock ate hay containing paleyellow iris, and acute diarrhea occurred in domestic cattle after rhizome consumption (review by [73]).
Cover value: No information is available on this topic.
Paleyellow iris occurs in plant communities associated with water. In its native European
range, paleyellow iris is found in moderately moist meadow communities in northeastern France [86],
hardwood floodplain forest in France [64], and alkaline peat (fen) communities in Britain [23].
Lists of associated species in Europe are available in these publications: [23,64,86].
Though it is a widespread species in North America, as of this writing (2009), there were
few published descriptions of plant communities where paleyellow iris occurs in North America.
The plant community descriptions that follow are divided geographically into the eastern United States and central and western United States.
Eastern United States: In the eastern United States, paleyellow iris is found in forested wetlands,
open wetlands, and in riparian and floodplain communities.
Forested wetlands: In Van Cortland Park, Bronx, New York, paleyellow
iris occurred in a swamp forest dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), river birch
(Betula nigra) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) [55].
At the Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary in northeastern Massachusetts, paleyellow iris
occurred in both red maple- and shrub-swamp plant communities. Red maple swamps were dominated
by red maple, though green ash was an indicator species of this community type. Shrub swamps
were comprised of a mixture of wetland herbs and shrubs including sweetgale (Myrica gale),
swamp rose (Rosa palustris), hazel alder (Alnus serrulata), and the nonnatives
glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) [1].
Open wetlands: Paleyellow iris occurred in both natural and
constructed tidal freshwater marshes along the Delaware River in New Jersey. Natural
marshes in this area were dominated by the perennial species rice cutgrass (Leersia
oryzoides), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), and/or cattails
(Typha spp.) [41]. On Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River near
Washington, DC, paleyellow iris occurred in a freshwater tidal marsh inundated
daily by high tide. The most abundant species in the marsh included green arrow arum
(Peltandra virginica), calamus (Acorus calamus), narrow-leaved cattail
(Typha angustifolia), and yellow pond-lily (Nuphar lutea) [77]. In
Maryland, paleyellow iris was found in marshes dominated by calamus and in swamps with
longbeak arrowhead (Sagittaria australis), Gray's sedge (Carex grayi),
shallow sedge (C. lurida), golden ragwort (Packera aurea), marsh blue
violet (Viola cucullata), sweet woodreed (Cinna arundinacea), goldenclub
(Orontium aquaticum), common winterberry (Ilex verticillata), hazel
alder (Alnus serrulata), southern arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), Virginia
sweetspire (Itea virginica), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), green ash,
and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) [66]. In southern West Virginia,
paleyellow iris occurred in fringed sedge (Carex crinita) table wetlands
containing a high diversity of mostly native sedges (Carex spp.and Scirpus spp.)
and rushes (Juncus spp). These wetlands were often associated with beaver activity [71].
Riparian and floodplain communities: Paleyellow iris occurred
but was rare in the late 1960s on flats along the Potomac River dominated by bottomland
forest species such as sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), boxelder (Acer
negundo), American elm (Ulmus americana), and silver maple (A.
saccharinum) [76]. At Mt Vernon, Virginia, paleyellow iris established outside
of cultivation in a "low woods" plant community occurring along the Potomac
River, in lower reaches of small streams, and along edges of an infilled marsh. Common
species in this community included boxelder, red maple, river birch, green ash, and
sycamore [91].
Paleyellow iris was an uncommon species on floodplain and lowland "woodlands"
on the edges of swamps in Maryland. These areas were dominated by swamp white oak
(Quercus bicolor), willow oak (Q. phellos), pin oak (Q. palustris),
Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and red maple [66].
In southern West Virginia, paleyellow iris occurred in both floodplain and riparian
plant communities. On wooded upper beach areas, paleyellow iris occurred in sycamore-river
birch forest. This community was often inundated with high water, and substrate varied from
sand and mud flats to gravel to large cobble. In this region, paleyellow iris also occurred
in American eelgrass-pondweed (Vallisneria americana-Potamogeton spp.)
instream wetlands, establishing from shoreline to well within the streambed. It was also
found in black willow (Salix nigra)-river birch communities within tributary
streambeds and on riverside beach areas. Inundation with high water was common. Substrates
included cobblestone, gravel, or sand. Paleyellow iris also occurred in Lizard's tail
(Saururus cernuus) silt accumulations in shallow stretches of slow moving water,
often associated with backwater channels and beaver activity [71].
Central and western United States: As of 2009, the only published descriptions
of plant communities with paleyellow iris in the central and western United States were
broadleaf cattail (T. latifolia) communities. Near Duluth, Minnesota, paleyellow
iris appeared the third season after the construction of a sandbar. Dominant plants included
sandbar willow (Salix interior) and broadleaf cattail [38]. In Montana, paleyellow
iris occurred in "extensive" stands by itself and intermixed with broadleaf cattail
and other aquatic plants [54]. In Sonoma County, California, paleyellow iris occurred in a
marsh with broadleaf cattail, broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), Cusick's
sedge (Carex cusickii), awlfruit sedge (C. stipata), and the nonnative yellow
marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) [61].
Paleyellow iris reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. In Poland, reproduction from vegetative fragmentation was more common than seedling establishment (review by [73]). In Montana, reproduction by seed was thought to be more important than vegetative reproduction [54]. The method of reproduction used may depend on local site conditions. On the fringes of saltmarshes in Ireland, shore level influenced reproductive method. On high saltmarsh sites, rhizomes were long-lived and seedlings were rare, whereas at low saltmarsh sites, rhizomes were short-lived and there were "considerable" numbers of seedlings [72].
Seedling establishment and plant growth: Paleyellow iris generally establishes in areas that are moist but not waterlogged. In many cases, paleyellow iris establishes on the edges of water features (see Site characteristics), as water-dispersed seeds are often deposited along the high water mark (reviews by [35,78]). On Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River, paleyellow iris established on trash, river debris, and tree roots that were above the general water level of the marsh [77]. As a young plant, paleyellow iris invests heavily in developing a root system to adapt to fluctuating water levels [93].
Water plays a key role in paleyellow iris growth. While paleyellow iris needs moisture, laboratory experiments show that inundated conditions reduce seedling growth [11,43]. Seedlings may recover after inundation [11]. On Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River near Washington, DC, the length of time that paleyellow iris was inundated by water was the factor most limiting to its growth; areas experiencing short inundation exhibited greater growth than areas with long inundation [77]. In contrast, in Montana, paleyellow iris plants growing in 2 to 3 feet (1 m) of water were larger and more "vigorous" than plants that were not inundated [54]. Paleyellow iris occurred in areas that were flooded for as long as 6 months in its native range [53,86]. One author reports that in England, paleyellow iris seeds germinated and seedlings grew well in marshes burned in late summer and flooded over winter (review by [73]).
Studies in Poland show most mortality of paleyellow iris seedlings occurs in the first 2 months after germination, most likely due to desiccation. Heavy seedling mortality also occurs the first winter due to freezing surface water. In Poland, between 28% and 72% of seedlings survive their 1st year; only 3% to 6% grow to a size at which the rhizomes fragment (review by [73]) (see Vegetative regeneration).
Light conditions impact the growth pattern of paleyellow iris. In its native range, paleyellow iris tends to flower more in open habitats, which leads to a more clumped distribution as rhizome branching is associated with flowering. In wooded or shaded habitats, less flowering occurs and plants tend to spread linearly. Shaded plants tend to have fewer and longer leaves than plants in open areas (review by [73]). One study suggests that low light may limit seedling establishment but not growth of mature paleyellow iris plants [77].
On the fringes of saltmarshes in Ireland, shore level influenced paleyellow iris growth. On high saltmarsh sites plants had more and longer leaves and high rhizome terminal bud survival compared to low saltmarsh sites [72].
Paleyellow iris grows best in full sun to partial shade ([87], reviews by [48,75]) and is intolerant of deep shade [93]. Low light may limit seedling establishment but not necessarily mature paleyellow iris growth [77]. Along the Upper Rhine in France, paleyellow iris occurred only on sites that had high light levels within a hardwood floodplain forest [64].
Disturbances such as flooding play a key role in paleyellow iris establishment. Rhizomes may break off during floods (review by [73]) and are moved to new locations by water (reviews by [73,90]). Floods may also transport paleyellow iris seeds ([93], reviews by [35,90]).
There is concern that paleyellow iris may alter historical patterns of plant succession ([77], review by [78]) by displacing native vegetation ([52,77], reviews by [9,35,48,58,78,89,90]). See Impacts for more information on this topic.
The scientific name of paleyellow iris is Iris pseudacorus L. (Iridaceae) [18,34].
Several paleyellow iris cultivars are available (review by [73]).
Paleyellow iris regenerates vegetatively via rhizomes [15,28,93], (review by [73]). When plants reach about 10 years of age (review by [73]) rhizomes fragment and contribute to new plant establishment (reviews by [35,73,90]).
Rhizomes may break off during floods (review by [73]) and are moved to new locations by water (reviews by [73,90]). Dry rhizomes remain viable for more than 3 months and may establish if they encounter moisture (reviews by [35,73]). Individual rhizomes may persist for 10 years ([72], review by [73]). In its native range, the conditions in wet fens preserve paleyellow iris rhizomes for many years, making it possible to observe 30 to 40 years of flowering extent, branching, and annual incremental increases in plant size [93].
Paleyellow iris roots and cross-section of rhizomes.
Thick rhizomes tend to prevent mixing of adjacent clones, but often 2 or 3 clones may lie on top of each other, with the bottom rhizome occurring at a depth of about 4 inches (10 cm) (review by [73]). Up to several hundred flowering plants may be connected rhizomatously (review by [35]). Rhizomes may grow over the soil (review by [90]), rocks (review by [73]), or as mats floating in water (reviews by [73,90]).
Iris pseudacorus o lliriu mariellu, ye una especie perenne de la familia Iridaceae. Ye orixinaria d'Eurasia.
Apaez nel marxe de cursos d'agües de ciertes fondures, tien fueyes distincas, les flores apaecen cerca de marzu o xunu y pueden ser solitaries o en pares y arrodiaes na base por 1-2 bráctees amplexicaules, les flores algamen un diámetru de 8 a 10 cm y frecuentemente tienen llurdios naranxes o púrpures, los tarmos pueden midir de 1 a 1,5 m (raramente a 2 m); el so hábitat ye en banzaos y riberes de toa Europa d'antiguo tenía usos melecinales y les sos fueyes y raigaños son venenoses pal ganáu.
Crez bien en condiciones bien húmedes, ye común atopala en banzaos, onde tolera inmersión, baxu pH, y suelos anóxicos. La planta espolleta rápido, por rizoma y por granes esvalixaes pel agua. enllena un nichu ecolóxicu similar al de la Typha y dacuando crecen xuntes. Anque ye primariamente una acuática, los rizomas sobreviven enllargaos periodos secos. Esti Iris ye usáu en remediación d'agües, porque tien l'habilidá d'absorber metales pesaos polos sos raigaños.
En forma de regación usar contra la leucorrea y na menstruación doliosa. Principios activos: contién iridina.[1]
Indicaciones: ye emético, astrinxente, rubefaciente, tónicu, diuréticu, laxante, vermífugo. Les granes estomacal y carminativo.[1]
Úsase'l raigañu principalmente, tamién les granes.
Otros usos: Les granes úsense como sustitutu del café.[1]
Iris pseudacorus, describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 38–39. 1753.[2]
Iris: nome xenéricu llamáu asina por Iris la diosa griega del arcu iris.[3]
pseudacorus: epítetu llatín que significa "falsu Acorus".[4]
Númberu de cromosomes de Iris pseudacorus (Fam. Iridaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=34.[5][6]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Iris pseudacorus o lliriu mariellu, ye una especie perenne de la familia Iridaceae. Ye orixinaria d'Eurasia.
Sarı süsən (Iris pseudacorus L.) süsən cinsinə aid bitki növüdür.[1][2] [3]
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və status / National IUCN Status: “Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar” kateqoriyasına aiddir –VU B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii). Azərbaycanın nadir növüdür. [4]
Çoxillik ot bitkisidir. Kökümsovu çox yoğun, uzun, çox budaqlanmışdır. Gövdəsi 80—100 sm hündürlükdə, yarpaqları boz—yaşıl, enli- xətvari və ya xətvari –lansetvari, 1-2(2,5) sm enindədir, aşağı yarpaqları gövdədən uzundur. Çiçək qrupu 4-8 çiçəklidir. Təpə yarpaqları yaşıl, kənarları və təpə hissəsi pərdəlidir. Çiçəkyanlığı 7 sm uzunluğunda, sarı rənglidir. Sütuncuq uzunsov, 3 sm uzunluöunda, tozcuq krem rəngli və ya narıncıdır. Qutucuq 4—5 sm uzunluğunda, küt, üçtillidir. [5][4]
Çiçəkləmə və meyvə əmələgətirmə dövrü may-iyun aylarına təsadüf edir. Kökümsov və toxum vasitəsilə çoxalır. Kriptofit (hidrofit) bitkidir, aranda yayılmışdır. Durğun sular, bulaqlar, arxlar, suvarma kanallarının kənarları, bataqlıq yerlər və çəmənliklərdə Berula erecta, Mentha aquatica, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Nasturtium officinale bitkilərindən təşkil olunmuş senozlarda komponent kimi iştrirak edir. Boyaq, dekorativ və dərman bitkisidir. [5] [6] [7]
Samur-Dəvəçi ovalığı və Lənkəran ovalığı (Astara rayonu, Təngərud və Maşxan kəndləri ətrafında, Lənkəran rayonunun girəcəyi), Bozqır yaylası, Kür düzənliyi. [5] [8] [9]
Populyasiyalarının sayı azalır. [9]
Antropogen amillər (növün bəzək bitkisi kimi yığılması, otarılma, tapdalanma) və iqlimin dəyişilməsi (quraqlıqların nəticəsində su hövzələrinin quruması).
Xüsusi mühafizə tədbirləri aparılmalıdır. Süni göl və gölməçələrin yaradılması, yayılma yerlərində antropogen təsirləri azaltmaq məqsədilə yasaqlıqların təşkili, populyasiya səviyyəsində genetik tədqqi, soğanaq və toxumlarının toxum bankında saxlanılması təklif olunur.
Sarı süsən (Iris pseudacorus L.) süsən cinsinə aid bitki növüdür.
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və status / National IUCN Status: “Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar” kateqoriyasına aiddir –VU B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii). Azərbaycanın nadir növüdür.
Iris pseudacorus An elestr a zo plant gouez ha bividik, Iris pseudacorus, delioù hir dezho, bleuñv melen, a gaver en douar gleb pe en dour dous.
El liorzhoù eo ar ouenn Gladiolus a vez gounezet.
Iris pseudacorus An elestr a zo plant gouez ha bividik, Iris pseudacorus, delioù hir dezho, bleuñv melen, a gaver en douar gleb pe en dour dous.
El liorzhoù eo ar ouenn Gladiolus a vez gounezet.
El lliri groc, també anomenat espadella,[1] coltell groc,[2] flor de lis; o ganjol groc o lliri groc al País Valencià (Iris pseudacorus), és una espècie perenne de la família de les iridàcies, molt comuna als aiguamolls i a la vora de l'aigua d'arreu d'Euràsia. Té una mida d'entre de 40 i 100 centímetres.[2] Les seves flors són de 8-10 cm de diàmetre de color groc brillant.
Detall
Lliri groc
Lliri groc
Fruit
Iris pseudacorus
El lliri groc, també anomenat espadella, coltell groc, flor de lis; o ganjol groc o lliri groc al País Valencià (Iris pseudacorus), és una espècie perenne de la família de les iridàcies, molt comuna als aiguamolls i a la vora de l'aigua d'arreu d'Euràsia. Té una mida d'entre de 40 i 100 centímetres. Les seves flors són de 8-10 cm de diàmetre de color groc brillant.
Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd ag iddo bỳlb ydy Gellesgen gellesg sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Iridaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Iris pseudacorus a'r enw Saesneg yw Yellow iris.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Iris Felen, Baner y Gors, Camined, Camined Melyn y Dŵr, Camined y Dŵr, Cellhesg, Elestr, Enfys y Gors, Gelaets, Gelyst, Gellesgen, Gellesgen Gyffredin a Gellhesgen.
Perthnasau agos iddo yw'r Iris, ffrisia, Blodyn-y-cleddyf a saffrwm. Mae ei ddail yn debyg i laswellt, gyda phlyg fertig drwy'r canol. Oherwydd y bỳlb, mae'n medru goddef tân a thymheredd isel.
Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd ag iddo bỳlb ydy Gellesgen gellesg sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Iridaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Iris pseudacorus a'r enw Saesneg yw Yellow iris. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Iris Felen, Baner y Gors, Camined, Camined Melyn y Dŵr, Camined y Dŵr, Cellhesg, Elestr, Enfys y Gors, Gelaets, Gelyst, Gellesgen, Gellesgen Gyffredin a Gellhesgen.
Perthnasau agos iddo yw'r Iris, ffrisia, Blodyn-y-cleddyf a saffrwm. Mae ei ddail yn debyg i laswellt, gyda phlyg fertig drwy'r canol. Oherwydd y bỳlb, mae'n medru goddef tân a thymheredd isel.
Kosatec žlutý (Iris pseudacorus) je vytrvalá bylina z čeledi kosatcovitých.
Kosatec žlutý je rozšířený téměř po celé Evropě s výjimkou Skandinávie a vysokých hor, dále se vyskytuje rovněž v Asii a severozápadní Africe. V ČR se vyskytuje roztroušeně po celém území, mimo horské oblasti. Pěstuje se jako okrasná rostlina v mírném pásu zeměkoule. Zdomácněla v USA (kde zejména ve státech Washington a Montana je považována za invazní druh) a na Novém Zélandu.
Bažiny, vlhké příkopy, břehy, lužní lesy, rákosiny, preferuje půdy bahnité a bohaté na živiny, zejména na dusíkaté látky. Vyhovují jí spíše kyselé půdy (pH 3,6 – 7,7). Tato místa musí být alespoň občas zaplavované. Hojně se vyskytuje v teplejších oblastech na březích vodních ploch.
Oddenek kosatce žlutého obsahuje slabě jedovaté třísloviny, glykosidy a silice. Otrava způsobuje žaludeční a střevní potíže, jež mohou být provázeny krvavými průjmy.
Vzhledem k obsahu tříslovin se v minulosti používal k vydělávání kůží. Oddenek se v minulosti rovněž používal v léčitelství, jako prostředek na stavění krvácení. Tato rostlina se dá použít a využívá se pro kořenové čističky odpadních vod.[2]
V některých evropských zemích, např. ve Švýcarsku, je kosatec žlutý chráněný zákonem.[3] V České republice navzdory rozšířenému přesvědčení chráněný není.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu kosatec žlutý ve Wikimedia Commons
Kosatec žlutý (Iris pseudacorus) je vytrvalá bylina z čeledi kosatcovitých.
Gul iris (Iris pseudacorus) er en 60-100 cm høj, løvfældende, flerårig urt med en stiv, opret vækst og gule blomster. Arten er knyttet til rørsump og våde enge, men bruges også som havestaude ved damme og vandhuller.
Gul iris er en flerårig urt med en opret vækst. Bladene sidder grundstillet, kant mod kant. De er linieformede med hel rand. Farven er friskt grøn på begge sider. Blomstringen sker i juni. Den blomsterbærende stængel er forgrenet og bærer nogle få højblade. I spidsen af hver forgrening sidder den gule, tretallige blomst. Frugten er en kapsel med mange frø. De spirer villigt under de rette, dvs. fugtige, forhold.
Rodnettet består af en vandret jordstængel, der ligger lige under jordoverfladen. Fra den skyder både blade, blomsterstængler og trævlerødderne frem.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,60 x 0,60 m (60 x 5 cm/år), men blomsterstænglerne når dog op på 100 cm.
Gul iris er udbredt i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten, Kaukasus, Sibirien, Nord- og Sydamerika og i Europa. I Danmark er den almindelig i rørsumpe ved søer, damme, grøfter og langsomt strømmende vand. Arten er knyttet til lysåbne eller let skyggede voksesteder med lav vandstand og højt næringsindhold (rørsumpe).
Ved den tidligere sø, Nørrestrand, har Horsens Kommune anlagt nogle naturstier. Her findes arten i rørsumpe på hævet havbund sammen med bl.a. ask, tagrør, bredbladet dunhammer, båndpil, dunbirk, engkabbeleje, gråpil, høj sødgræs, rødel, rørgræs, seljepil og tuestar[1]
Gul iris (Iris pseudacorus) er en 60-100 cm høj, løvfældende, flerårig urt med en stiv, opret vækst og gule blomster. Arten er knyttet til rørsump og våde enge, men bruges også som havestaude ved damme og vandhuller.
Die Sumpf-Schwertlilie (Iris pseudacorus) – auch Gelbe Schwertlilie und Wasser-Schwertlilie genannt – ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Schwertliliengewächse (Iridaceae). Heimisch ist sie in Europa und Westsibirien.
Die Sumpf-Schwertlilie wächst als ausdauernde, krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 1 bis 2 m erreichen kann. Sie bildet ein dickes, waagerecht kriechendes Rhizom („Wurzelstock“) als Überdauerungsorgan. Die graugrünen, schwertförmigen, linealen Laubblätter sind bis zu 90 cm lang und 1 bis 3 cm breit, mit starker Mittelrippe und sind zweizeilig angeordnet.
Sie blüht von Ende Mai bis Juni. Der Blütenstand enthält nur eine Einzelblüte. Die gelben, zwittrigen, zygomorphen, dreizähligen Blüten besitzen, wie bei allen Schwertlilien, drei dunkel geaderte Hängeblätter sowie drei aufrecht stehende Domblätter. Sie bildet zylindrische, dreikammerige Kapselfrüchte, die 4 bis 8 cm lang sind und viele Samen enthalten.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 34.[1]
Verbreitet ist die Sumpf-Schwertlilie in großen Teilen des westlichen Eurasiens. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Europa bis zum Kaukasus und vom Mittelmeergebiet bis zum Iran.[2] In Nordamerika wurde sie Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts als Zierpflanze eingeführt und hat sich heute über den größten Teil des Kontinents verbreitet.[3] In Deutschland kommt sie in fast allen Regionen vor und fehlt nur in höheren Gebirgslagen.
Sumpf-Schwertlilien sind an den Ufern und in den Verlandungszonen stehender und fließender Gewässer, in Niedermooren und in Bruchwäldern zu finden.
Als Standort bevorzugt die Sumpf-Schwertlilie einen sonnigen bis lichtschattigen Platz, der nass bis feucht ist. Besonders gut gedeiht sie direkt im Wasser bis zu 20 cm – verträgt durchaus aber auch bis zu 40 cm Tiefe, bei der sie aber nicht so viel blüht. Besonders geeignet sind schwere Lehmböden.
Die Sumpf-Schwertlilie gilt in Deutschland als nicht gefährdet, ist aber nach Bundesartenschutzverordnung als besonders geschützt eingestuft.
Auf den Blüten ist oft der auffällige Weißpunktige Schwertlilienrüssler anzutreffen, dessen Larve sich in den Früchten der Sumpf-Schwertlilie entwickelt.
Die Sumpf-Schwertlilie wird zerstreut als Zierpflanze für Gewässerufer genutzt. Sie ist seit spätestens 1561 in Kultur. Es gibt einige Sorten (Auswahl):
Es sind auch Sorten mit gefüllten Blüten bekannt.[4]
Alle Pflanzenteile sind giftig. Die höchste Konzentration befindet sich in den Rhizomen (Wurzelstöcken), die auch Gerbstoffe enthalten. Die auch als „Falscher Kalmus“ bezeichnete Pflanze bzw. ihr Wurzelstock, auch „Gilgenwurzel“ genannt, wurde früher wie die Blaue Schwertlilie (Iris germanica)[5] zu verschiedenen medizinischen Zwecken eingesetzt.[6]
Die Sumpf-Schwertlilie (Iris pseudacorus) – auch Gelbe Schwertlilie und Wasser-Schwertlilie genannt – ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Schwertliliengewächse (Iridaceae). Heimisch ist sie in Europa und Westsibirien.
De Barchjeblom (Iris pseudacorus) is in 80 sm oant ien meter hege ouwerplant fan swiet, stilsteand of stadich streamend wetter. De plant groeit yn ûndjip wetter dat oant sawat 30 sm djip is. De plant wurdt ek wol bargeblom, bargesnyl, earrebarreblom earrebarresnyl en floddermûtse neamd.
De lange, smelle blêden hawwe in wat opsteande middennerf en bliuwe it hiele jier grien.
De blommen binne fan maaie oant juny te sjen en binne 5 oant 12 sm yn trochsneed. De blom hat in grut grien skutblêd, trije grutte ôfhingjende blomdekslippen, en trije lytsere kroanblêden. Nei de bloei sitte de siedden as in rôltsje munten opinoar steapele yn trijekantige sieddoazen (barchjes). Dizze befetsje loftholten wêrtroch't se driuwen bliuwe. Bern boartsje faak mei de fruchten troch der lúsjefersprikjes yn te stekken om sa bisten út te byldzjen.
Yn Fryslân is de barchjeblom in bekende plant by sleatten lâns en op oare sompige plakken mei ûndjip wetter. It oantal planten rûn ein 20e iuw in Nederlân slim werom, reden wêrom't de plant yn Nederlân wetlik beskerme west hat, mar no net mear.
Trochdat de barchjeblom safolle fiedingsstoffen út it wetter opnimt, kin de plant bydrage oan it skjinhâlden fan it wetter.
De nektar is nochal djip weistoppe, Bijen en hommels moatte der hielendal yn krûpe om by de nektar te kommen. At de blommen hielendal ryp binne, rôlje de siedden der út. De siedden driuwe oer it wetter oant se by de wâl stykjen bliuwe en ûntkime.
Oare planten yn de omjouwing binne bygelyks de dotterblom, kalmuswoartel en bûterblêden yn de buert.
De lissnúttuorre (Mononychus punctum-album) is in lyts (3-4 mm) tuorke dat libbet fan de sappen fan de barchjeblom, de rûp libbet fan en yn de siedden.
De barchjeblom kan in túnfivers kweekt wurde. De fiver moat dêrfoar wol grut genôch wêze, oars groeit de fiver hurd ticht en ha de planten net folle profyt fan inoar. Yn de tún kin fermeardering troch siedfoarming (siedden drûch bewarje) én troch skuorren barre.
De Barchjeblom (Iris pseudacorus) is in 80 sm oant ien meter hege ouwerplant fan swiet, stilsteand of stadich streamend wetter. De plant groeit yn ûndjip wetter dat oant sawat 30 sm djip is. De plant wurdt ek wol bargeblom, bargesnyl, earrebarreblom earrebarresnyl en floddermûtse neamd.
De lange, smelle blêden hawwe in wat opsteande middennerf en bliuwe it hiele jier grien.
De blommen binne fan maaie oant juny te sjen en binne 5 oant 12 sm yn trochsneed. De blom hat in grut grien skutblêd, trije grutte ôfhingjende blomdekslippen, en trije lytsere kroanblêden. Nei de bloei sitte de siedden as in rôltsje munten opinoar steapele yn trijekantige sieddoazen (barchjes). Dizze befetsje loftholten wêrtroch't se driuwen bliuwe. Bern boartsje faak mei de fruchten troch der lúsjefersprikjes yn te stekken om sa bisten út te byldzjen.
She lus 'sy chynney Iridaceae ee cleeshag ny cliogagh (Iris pseudacorus). T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Aishey heear as yn Affrick heear-hwoaie. She "far-acorus" eh bun yn ennym oaylleeagh eck, er y fa dy vel ny duillagyn eck gollrish duillagyn Acorus calamus.
She lus lussagh sheer-vio t'ayn. T'ee gaase wheesh as 150cm er yrjid. Ta duillagyn cliweagh wheesh as 90cm er lhiurid eck. Ta blaaghyn buigh gial eck, 7-10 cm er lheead. T'ad goll er pollnaghey liorish shellanyn breck as shey-chassee elley. [1] She kishtag eh y mess eck, as ymmodee rassyn dhoneyn aynjee.
Share jee thalloo tash, as t'ee cadjin ayns curree. T'ee shassoo noi ushey wheesh as 25cm er diunid, pH injil (3.6-7.7) as thalloo gyn ocsygien.[1] T'ee skeeaylley liorish raisoamyn chammah's rassyn; ta ny rassyn snaue er yn ushtey dys thalloo noa. Ga dy nee lus ushtee t'ayn, ta ny raisoamyn surranse çhirmid beayn. T'ee gaase wheesh ard as 300m erskyn yrjid ny marrey. [1] Ta feme eck er ram nitrageen. [1]
Ayns Albin heear, ta thammagyn cleeshag nyn oayllyn scanshoil da eean raip.
She lus jesheenagh cadjin t'ayn ayns ardjyn tempreilagh.[2] Ta caghlaaghyn troarag ayn ta cooie da garey curree. Chossyn daa hroarag Award of Garden Merit liorish y Royal Horticultural Society:-
Ayns ardjyn, ta cleeshag er jeet dy ve ny lus ruegyssagh ta cur lossreeyn dooghyssagh fo smaght. S'doillee eh geddyn rey ree, eer liorish traaue raisoamyn.
Ta lhiettrimys er y lus ayns kuse dy vuill: [1]
Ren ad ymmyd jeh'n raisoam myr stoo lheeys.[14] She jough hilgee v'ayn dy cadjin. Ta'n soo eck geyre as farbagh da'n chrackan as scowanyn. Foddee eh gientyn çhingys gailley rish ee.[15]
Ren ad ymmyd jee dys glenney ushtey, er coontey'n ablid eck dy soo stiagh meainyn trome.[16] Ta ny fraueyn eck cochiangley drundin as lhiettal crimmey.[16]
Blaa
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Messyn
Rassyn
She lus 'sy chynney Iridaceae ee cleeshag ny cliogagh (Iris pseudacorus). T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Aishey heear as yn Affrick heear-hwoaie. She "far-acorus" eh bun yn ennym oaylleeagh eck, er y fa dy vel ny duillagyn eck gollrish duillagyn Acorus calamus.
Güül wüfen (Iris pseudacorus) san en plaant faan det famile Iridaceae. Jo kem faan Euroopa bit Waastsibiirien föör.
Iris pseudacorus (kent as seg, seggan, seggie, or horse-gleddenin) is a species in the genus Iris, o the faimily Iridaceae. It is native tae Europe, wastren Asie an northwast Africae.
It is an yerbaceous flouerin perennial plant, growin tae 1-1.5 m (or a rare 2 m) taw, wi erect leafs up tae 90 cm lang an 3 cm braid. The flouers is bricht yellae, 7-10 cm athort, wi the typical iris fairm. The fruit is a dry capsule 4-7 cm lang, containin numerous fauch broun seeds.
I. pseudacorus grows baist in vera weet condeetions, an is aften common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, law pH, an anoxic soils. The plant skails swith, bi baith rhizome an watter-dispersed seed. It fills a seimilar niche tae that o Typha an aften grows wi it, though uisually in shallower watter. While it is primarily an aquatic plant, the rhizomes can survive prolonged dry condeetions.
Lairge I. pseudacorus staunds in wastren Scotland fairm a vera important feedin an breedin habitat for the endangered Corn Craik.
I. pseudacorus is ane o twa iris species native tae the Unitit Kinrick, the ither bein Iris foetidissima (Stinkin iris).
It is widely planted in temperate regions as an ornamental plant, wi several cultivars selectit for bog gairden plantin. The follaein cultivars haes gained the Ryal Horticultural Society's Awaird o Gairden Merit:-
In some regions, it haes escaped frae cultivation tae establish itsel as an invasive aquatic plant that can create dense, monotypic staunds, ootcompetin ither plants in the ecoseestem. Whaur it is invasive, it is teuch tae remuive on a lairge scale. Even pleuchin the rhizomes is aften feckless. It haes been banned in some auries but is still widely sellt in ithers for uise in gairdens.
The rhizome haes historically been uised as an yerbal remedy, maist aften as an emetic. Whan applied tae the skin or inhaled, the tannin-rich juices can be acrid an irritatin.
This plant haes been uised as a fairm o watter treatment syne it has the ability tae tak up hivy metals through its ruits.
Closeup
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Fruit
Iris pseudacorus (kent as seg, seggan, seggie, or horse-gleddenin) is a species in the genus Iris, o the faimily Iridaceae. It is native tae Europe, wastren Asie an northwast Africae.
De pinksterbloeme (Latien: Iris pseudacorus) is een 80 centimeter tot 1 meter hoge oeverplaante van zeut, stilstaond of langzaam streumend waoter. De plaante greuit in waoter dat tot zo'n 30 centimeter diep is.
De lange, smalle blaojen hemmen een iets opstaond middennarf en blieven 't hele jaor greun.
De bloemen bin van mei tot juni te zien en bin 5 tot 12 cm in deursnee. De bloeme hef een groot greun schutblad, dree grote ofhangende bloemdekslippen, en dree kleinere kroonblaojen. Nao de bleui zitten de zaojen as een rolletjen munten op-estapeld in dreekaantige zaoddeuzen. Disse bevatten luchholtes waordeur ze blieven drieven.
In Nederlaand en in iets mindere maote in Vlaanderen is de plaante een bekend gezichte langes sloten en aandere ondiepe waoterwegen. 't Antal plaanten in Nederlaand daolen een bonke an 't einde van de 20e eeuw. Dit is de rejen waorumme as de plaante in Nederlaand wettelijk bescharmp was. Tegensworig is de pinksterbloeme gien bescharmde plaante meer.
De pinksterbloeme (Latien: Iris pseudacorus) is een 80 centimeter tot 1 meter hoge oeverplaante van zeut, stilstaond of langzaam streumend waoter. De plaante greuit in waoter dat tot zo'n 30 centimeter diep is.
De lange, smalle blaojen hemmen een iets opstaond middennarf en blieven 't hele jaor greun.
De bloemen bin van mei tot juni te zien en bin 5 tot 12 cm in deursnee. De bloeme hef een groot greun schutblad, dree grote ofhangende bloemdekslippen, en dree kleinere kroonblaojen. Nao de bleui zitten de zaojen as een rolletjen munten op-estapeld in dreekaantige zaoddeuzen. Disse bevatten luchholtes waordeur ze blieven drieven.
Żôłti józefk abò iris (Iris pseudacorus L., 1753) – to je wielelatnô roscëna z rodzëznë józefkòwatëch. Żôłti józefk rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Żôłti józefk abò iris (Iris pseudacorus L., 1753) – to je wielelatnô roscëna z rodzëznë józefkòwatëch. Żôłti józefk rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Iris pseudacorus, the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet pseudacorus means "false acorus", referring to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, the two plants are not closely related. The flower is commonly attributed with the fleur-de-lis.
This herbaceous flowering perennial plant grows to 100–150 cm (39–59 in), or a rare 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, with erect leaves up to 90 cm (35 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) broad. The flowers are bright yellow, 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) across, with the typical iris form. The fruit is a dry capsule 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long, containing numerous pale brown seeds.
I. pseudacorus grows best in very wet conditions, and is common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH, and anoxic soils. The plant spreads quickly, by both rhizome and water-dispersed seed. It fills a similar niche to that of Typha and often grows with it, though usually in shallower water. While it is primarily an aquatic or marginal plant, the rhizomes can survive prolonged dry conditions.
Large I. pseudacorus stands in western Scotland form a very important feeding and breeding habitat for the endangered corncrake.
I. pseudacorus is one of two iris species native to the United Kingdom, the other being Iris foetidissima (stinking iris).
Both the petals and stem are toxic to animals and plants.
The plant was rated in second place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project, which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account, it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten, with the exception of common comfrey, Symphytum officinale.[2]
It is widely planted in temperate regions as an ornamental plant,[3] with several cultivars selected for bog garden planting. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[4]
Other cultivars known include; Alba (with pale cream flowers) and Golden Fleece (with dark yellow flowers).[7]
It used to grow in the ditch of the fortified city of Mdina, on the island of Malta, where water was readily available, but after the renovation of the ditch it has since vanished from the area.[8]
In some regions (including the USA and South Africa)[9] where it is not native, it has escaped from cultivation to establish itself as an invasive aquatic plant which can create dense, monotypic stands, outcompeting other plants in the ecosystem. Where it is invasive, it is tough to remove on a large scale. Even ploughing the rhizomes is often ineffective. It has been banned in some areas but is still widely sold in others for use in gardens.[10]
Iris pseudacorus is reported as invasive in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and West Virginia.[11]
The plant's roots and leaves are poisonous.[12]
This plant has been used as a form of water treatment since it can take up macronutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) through its roots,[13] and is featured in many AS Level Biology practicals as its ability to grow in low pH levels makes it a useful indicator.
It can also withstand high salinity levels in the water.[14]
Closeup
Iris pseudacorus
Flower
Iris pseudacorus
Fruit
Whole plants
Iris pseudacorus, the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet pseudacorus means "false acorus", referring to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, the two plants are not closely related. The flower is commonly attributed with the fleur-de-lis.
Iris pseudacorus o lirio amarillo, es una especie perenne de la familia Iridaceae. Es originaria de Eurasia.
Aparece en el margen de cursos de aguas de ciertas profundidades, tiene hojas distintas, las flores aparecen cerca de marzo o junio y pueden ser solitarias o en pares y rodeadas en la base por 1-2 brácteas amplexicaules, las flores alcanzan un diámetro de 8 a 10 cm y frecuentemente tienen manchas naranjas o púrpuras, los tallos pueden medir de 1 a 1,5 m (raramente a 2 m); su hábitat es en pantanos y riberas de toda Europa. Antiguamente tenía usos medicinales y sus hojas y raíces son venenosas para el ganado.
Crece bien en condiciones muy húmedas, es común encontrarla en pantanos, donde tolera inmersión, bajo pH, y suelos anóxicos. La planta prospera rápidamente, por rizoma y por semillas dispersas por el agua. llena un nicho ecológico similar al de la Typha y a veces crecen juntas. Aunque es primariamente una acuática, los rizomas sobreviven prolongados períodos secos. Este Iris es usado en remediación de aguas, porque tiene la habilidad de absorber metales pesados por sus raíces.
En forma de irrigación se usa contra la leucorrea y en la menstruación dolorosa. Principios activos: contiene iridina.[1]
Indicaciones: es emético, astringente, rubefaciente, tónico, diurético, laxante, vermífugo. Las semillas estomacal y carminativo.[1]
Se usa la raíz principalmente, también las semillas.
Otros usos: Las semillas se usan como sustituto del café.[1]
Iris pseudacorus, fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 38–39. 1753.[2]
Iris: nombre genérico llamado así por Iris la diosa griega del arco iris.[3]
pseudacorus: epíteto latino que significa "falso Acorus".[4]
Número de cromosomas de Iris pseudacorus (Fam. Iridaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=34.[5][6]
Iris pseudacorus o lirio amarillo, es una especie perenne de la familia Iridaceae. Es originaria de Eurasia.
Kollane võhumõõk (Iris pseudacorus) on võhumõõgaliste sugukonda võhumõõga perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane rohttaim.
Rahvapärased nimetused: kalmus, iiutited, kuremõõk, paosaksad.
Kollast võhumõõka võib leida lodudes ja jõe- ning järvekallastel madalas vees ning madalsoodes.
Lihtlehed on mõõkjad, kuni 2 (3) cm laiused, terveservalised. Juurmised lehed on peaaegu varre pikkused, varrelehed tunduvalt lühemad. Võhumõõga õied on helekollased ja lõhnatud.
Võhumõõga vili on piklik ja tömbilt kolmekandiline 4–5 cm pikkune kupar, mida rahvakeeles nimetatakse "kirmikaunaks". Viljad levivad puist- ja vesilevi teel.
Kollane võhumõõk (Iris pseudacorus) on võhumõõgaliste sugukonda võhumõõga perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane rohttaim.
Rahvapärased nimetused: kalmus, iiutited, kuremõõk, paosaksad.
Lirio horia edo ostargi-belar horia (Iris pseudacorus) Iridaceae familiako landarea da, 100-150 cm-ko altuera izan daitekeena.
Eskualde epeletan landare apaingarri moduan erabiltzen dute,[1] hainbat kultibar dituena.
Lorea
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
Fruitua
Landare osoa
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Lirio horia edo ostargi-belar horia (Iris pseudacorus) Iridaceae familiako landarea da, 100-150 cm-ko altuera izan daitekeena.
Eskualde epeletan landare apaingarri moduan erabiltzen dute, hainbat kultibar dituena.
Keltakurjenmiekka eli kurjenmiekka (Iris pseudacorus) on Euroopassa ja Pohjois-Afrikassa yleinen, näyttäväkukkainen kosteiden paikkojen kasvi. Suomessa laji on tavanomainen Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa, entisten Oulun ja Lapin läänien alueella laji on rauhoitettu.[2] Keltakurjenmiekka on myrkyllinen.[3]
Keltakurjenmiekka on Kymenlaakson maakuntakukka.[3]
Paksujuurakkoinen keltakurjenmiekka kasvaa 60–120 cm korkeaksi. Sen miekkamaiset, varren tyveltä kasvavat lehdet ovat 50–90 cm pitkiä ja 2–4 cm leveitä. Kukat ovat kirkkaan keltaiset ja leveydeltään 7–10 cm. Kukan ulkokehälehdet ovat isoja ja taakäänteisiä, sisäkehälehdet pienempiä ja pystyjä. Keltakurjenmiekka kukkii kesä-heinäkuussa.[3]
Kukkimattomien keltakurjenmiekkojen lehdet voi sekoittaa rohtokalmojuureen (Acorus calamus).[4]
Keltakurjenmiekka on yleinen koko Euroopassa pohjoisimpia osia lukuun ottamatta. Lisäksi sitä tavataan Välimeren etelärannikolta Marokosta, Algeriasta ja Tunisiasta sekä Turkista ja Kaukasukselta. Pohjois-Amerikkaan ja Uuteen-Seelantiin laji on levinnyt ihmisen mukana.[4] Keltakurjenmiekkaa tavataan yleisesti Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa, paikoin pohjoisempanakin Oulun korkeudelle asti. Pohjoisimmat esiintymät ovat Etelä-Lapissa.[5]
Keltakurjenmiekat kasvavat ravinteikkaissa, märissä paikoissa: järvien, jokien, ojien ja purojen savi-, lieju- ja mutarannoilla matalassa vedessä, tervaleppäkorvissa. Lajia kasvatetaan koristekasvina ja saattaa levitä lähiympäristöön viljelykarkulaisena.[3]
Keltakurjenmiekka on puutarhakasvi, josta on olemassa useita eri viljelylajikkeita.[3] Viljeltyjä lajikkeita ovat mm.: 'Alba' (valkokukkainen), 'Variegata' (kirjavalehtinen keltakukkainen, lehtien kirjavuus katoaa kesän edetessä), 'Berlin Tiger' (ruskeakeltakukkainen). Keltakurjenmiekasta on olemassa myös kerrattu muoto.
Kasvin juurta on käytetty myös rohtona esimerkiksi haavojen hoitoon. Juuri sisältää myös paljon parkkihappoja, minkä vuoksi sitä on käytetty myös nahkojen parkitsemiseen.[6]
Hedelmä ja siemeniä
Kurjenmiekka Ala-Kauvatsan joella Huittisissa
Lähikuva
Keltakurjenmiekka eli kurjenmiekka (Iris pseudacorus) on Euroopassa ja Pohjois-Afrikassa yleinen, näyttäväkukkainen kosteiden paikkojen kasvi. Suomessa laji on tavanomainen Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa, entisten Oulun ja Lapin läänien alueella laji on rauhoitettu. Keltakurjenmiekka on myrkyllinen.
Keltakurjenmiekka on Kymenlaakson maakuntakukka.
Iris pseudacorus, l'iris des marais, iris faux acore ou iris jaune (ou encore flambe d'eau ou glaies en Saintonge) est une plante herbacée vivace, de marais ou bord de l'eau, de la famille des Iridacées[2].
L'Iris est le symbole de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
Il ne faut pas la confondre avec le Lys. En effet, l'iris étant abondant le long de la Lys, il est parfois appelé fleur de Lys. En néerlandais, il s’appelle d’ailleurs Gele lis, c'est-à-dire Lys jaune.
Le nom de genre Iris dérive du nom d'une plante en latin et en grec. En grec, iris ιρις désignait des espèces d'iris (Iris florentina à fleurs blanches ou I. germanica et I. pallida, à fleurs bleu-violacé) cf Pline 21, 40 ou d'autres espèces indéterminées[3].
L'épithète spécifique pseudacorus, signifiant « faux acore », vient de la ressemblance de ses feuilles avec celles de l'acore, Acorus calamus, une aracée aux racines odorantes poussant aussi au bord de l'eau[4].
Iris pseudacorus est une plante vivace de 40 cm à 1,20 mètre de haut à rhizome épais[5]. Le rhizome, une tige de 1-4 cm de diamètre, légèrement enfoncée dans la boue, porte de nombreuses racines de 10-20 cm de long.
Les longues feuilles linéaires, en forme de glaive (pointues), font de 10 à 30 mm de large. Engainantes et disposées sur deux rangs opposés (elles sont dites distiques), elles partent directement du rhizome. Elles sont parcourues par une profonde nervure médiane.
Au printemps, une tige cylindrique, érigée, comportant à son extrémité des fleurs jaunes, porte aussi des feuilles caulinaires (plus courtes que la tige). Les fleurs inodores sont disposées par 2 ou 3, sous-tendues par une spathe.
La fleur entièrement jaune comporte trois grands tépales extérieurs, rabattus, de 6-8 cm de long, trois intérieurs de plus petite taille (4-8 cm), étroits et dressés, ainsi que trois stigmates pétaloïdes[2] et trois étamines, opposées aux tépales externes.
La floraison se déroule d'avril à juillet.
Les fruits sont des capsules triloculaires (à trois compartiments) de 4 à 8 cm, flottants et emportés par les eaux. Cependant, les graines ne peuvent germer qu'à la lumière. Les graines peuvent flotter durant 12 mois tout en gardant leur pouvoir germinatif[2]. Les fruits sont mûrs en juillet-août.
La plante peut également se reproduire par son rhizome. Elle peut former des colonies clonales.
Il se différencie de l'Iris de Sibérie (Iris sibirica) par ses feuilles beaucoup plus robustes et larges de 10 à 30 mm (contre 2 à 8 mm)[2].
Les feuilles renferment des substances toxiques qui restent même dans les feuilles séchées et qui peuvent causer des diarrhées chez le bétail[2].
L'iris des marais croît en Europe, en Afrique du Nord et au Proche-Orient[6]. Il s'est naturalisé en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Amérique du Nord et en Amérique du Sud (Argentine, Chili et Uruguay).
Il est commun dans les lieux humides[2] de France : fossés, mares, étangs, marécages, cours d'eau et ceinture de roseaux, toujours en eaux et peu profondes. Il est fréquemment associé à d'autres hélophytes comme les laîches. Il est peu exigeant quant à son exposition et on le trouve aussi en situation ombragée dans les zones humides boisées, mais il se développe mieux à la chaleur et à la lumière. Cette plante typique des eaux plutôt riches en nutriments (nitrates, phosphates) supporte bien la pollution et l'eutrophisation, et est utilisée dans les systèmes de lagunage pour son pouvoir dépolluant.
Riche en tanin, le rhizome de l'iris des marais est utilisé pour le tannage[2].
Connu dès l'Antiquité grecque, le suc du rhizome de l'iris des marais était employé contre la cataracte et diverses douleurs. Dioscoride le pharmacologue grec du Ier siècle, le décrit sous le nom de akoron ακορον (Materia medica[7] I, 2), dérivé de a- korê α + κορη, « privatif + pupille ». L'encyclopédiste romain Pline l'Ancien, à la même époque, confirme ces informations (H.N. 25, 157; 26 ; 228 etc.).[pertinence contestée]
Au XVIe siècle, Pierandrea Mattioli publia une traduction commentée de Dioscoride en italien qui fut ensuite traduite en français en 1554 par Jean Ruel. Le succès de ces traductions fort bien illustrées sera immense. De nombreuses vertus médicinales sont attribuées à la flambe, l'iris des marais[8]. Les anciens herboristes ont beaucoup prélevé l'iris des marais dans la nature, jusqu'à provoquer sa raréfaction dans certaines régions.
Actuellement, en raison de sa toxicité, l'iris des marais n'est plus guère utilisé en herboristerie. Rameau et al. [9], indiquent « rhizome, expectorant, diurétique et excitant (à faible dose) ».
Il est utilisé sur les berges humides des étangs, des cours d'eau ou des mares artificielles. Il peut devenir envahissant.
De nombreuses études de phytoremédiation ont montré qu'on pouvait utiliser les plantes pour dépolluer les sols. Une méthode consiste à traiter le sol dans des casiers végétalisés par des plantes de milieux humides (Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus et Salix viminalis). Une étude[10] a montré qu'une quantité importante des métaux peut être éliminée du sol via la phytolixiviation résultant de l’interaction de l’activité racinaire avec l’irrigation, alors qu'une partie insignifiante des métaux (Zn, Pb, Cu) est accumulée dans la biomasse.
C'est cette fleur qui aurait inspiré le blason des rois de France. Elle est appelée fleur de Lys soit à cause de la rivière Lys[11],[12] soit à la suite d'une déformation de fleur de Louis portée par le roi Louis VII de France et non pas un Lys comme son nom pourrait le laisser à penser[13]. On retrouve également cette fleur sur le blason de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale[14], de la ville de Lille en France et de la ville américaine de Louisville[2] ainsi que sur le drapeau du Québec[12].
Fleur d'iris des marais
meuble fleur de lys en héraldique
Blason de Louisville
Blason de Lille
Symbole de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale
La fête de l'iris est la fête régionale bruxelloise[15]. Elle a lieu le 8 mai[15].
Iris des marais.
Fleur.
Fruit.
Graines.
Rhizome.
Iris pseudacorus, l'iris des marais, iris faux acore ou iris jaune (ou encore flambe d'eau ou glaies en Saintonge) est une plante herbacée vivace, de marais ou bord de l'eau, de la famille des Iridacées.
L'Iris est le symbole de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
Il ne faut pas la confondre avec le Lys. En effet, l'iris étant abondant le long de la Lys, il est parfois appelé fleur de Lys. En néerlandais, il s’appelle d’ailleurs Gele lis, c'est-à-dire Lys jaune.
Is bláth é an feileastram a aimsítear in uiscí éadomhain ar fud na hEorpa, oirthear na hÁise agus iar-thuaisceart na hAfraice. Is speiceas é den ghéineas Iris nó Iridaceae'.
Bíonn sé faoi bláth ó deireadh Mí Bealtaine go Lúnasa. Tá sé le feiscint ar fúd na hÉireann agus athnaítear mar planda dúchasach é. Bíonn bláth buí le peiteal chomh mór le 8cm go 10cm.
Sa bhfomhair tá faighneog mór trí-dhéagláin lán de síolta ar a bhárr.
O lirio amarelo[1] Iris pseudacorus, é unha especie perenne da familia Iridaceae. É orixinaria de Eurasia e abundante nas charcas de Galiza.
O lirio amarelo é unha planta perenne provista dun bulbo ovoide que perdura durante o inverno, a parte aérea morre, e está cuberto das bases das follas de anos anteriores. O talo, de 60 – 120 cm, algo comprimido, ten varias follas, xeralmente basais, de 50 – 90 cm x 10 – 30 mm, de cor glauca e cun nervio central marcado. As flores, actinomorfas, son grandes, duns 10 cm e levan cáliz e corola de tres pezas. O cáliz é de cor amarela igual que a corola. Aparecen de marzo e xuño e poden ser solitarias ou en pares. Reúnense nunha inflorescencia cimosa formada por 4 – 12 flores de cor amarela, as inferiores en pedúnculos longos e suberectos; os pedicelos miden 20 – 50 mm e as espatas, herbáceas pero coa marxe membranosa, de 40 a 100 mm. Teñen, como dixemos, tres pezas internas erectas e outras tres externas, erectas ou deflexas, de 50 – 75 x 20 – 30 mm, que constan dunha unlla e un limbo, largamente ovado. O xineceo consta dun ovario trilocular, cun tubo do hipanto de case 5 mm, do que xorde un estilo que se divide en 3 ramas petaloideas de 20 – 30 x 4 – 8 mm, linear – oblongos, máis curtos e estreitos que as ramas do estilo, que protexen a un estame groso e de cor amarelo pálida; o estigma está preto do ápice da face interna desa rama e é bífido. O froito é unha cápsula alongada e angulosa, de 4 – 8 cm, cilíndrica e cun bico curto, que ten no seu interior varias sementes de cor parda escura e lisas. A forma do froito lembra un pemento de Padrón.
Medra en zonas húmidas ou asolagadas nas beiras dos regueiros, lagoas e encoros, dende o nivel do mar até os 800 m de altitude. Forma parte de comunidades que se inclúen na Clase Phragmitio - Magnocaricetea, de distribución cosmopolita, polo común de elevada cobertura, constituídas por heliófitos colonizadores de zonas anegadas gran parte do ano, como brañas, marxes de regueiros, lagoas, lamazais e outras. Son plantas características destes ecosistemas: Alisma lanceolatum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Galium palustre, Lycopus europaeus, Lythrum salicaria, Sparganium erectum e Veronica anagallis-aquatica. A planta prospera axiña por rizoma e por sementes espalladas pola auga. Malia ser principalmente acuática, os rizomas sobreviven prolongados períodos secos.
Prefire a penumbra e unha calor moderada. Aparece no piso montano principalmente. Continentalidade: Suboceánica; non atura xeadas serodias nin temperaturas extremas. Os solos teñen que estar asolagados, anóxicos, e mellor se son algo acedos (pH 4.5 - 7.5). Gusta dos solos ricos en nitróxeno (indicador de riqueza edáfica de nutrientes).
Antigamente tiña usos medicinais. As súas follas e raíces son velenosas para o gado. Emprégase o rizoma polos seus contidos en taninos, mucilaxes e outros principios activos. Cómpre secala, proceso no que se arroiba. Tense empregado coma adstrinxente e especialmente coma un potente catártico, aínda que hoxe en día apenas é usado. É emético, emenagogo, e tamén se ten usado nas dores de dentes ao fregar os mesmos cun anaco da raíz. Actualmente emprégase coma emético e adstrinxente. Contén irisina, substancia tóxica, polo que para o seu uso interno cómpre consultar un médico.
A semente torrada empregouse coma substituto do café.
Tamén pode ter uso ornamental pola fermosura das flores amarelas (flores de lis).
Emprégase para a limpeza de augas, xa que ten a habilidade de chuchar metais pesados polas súas raíces.
O número de cromosomas de Iris pseudacorus (Fam. Iridaceae) e táxones infraespecíficos[2] é de 2n=34.
O lirio amarelo recibe outros nomes vulgares galegos coma: espadaina (non confundir con Typha latifolia), lirio das charcas, abolla, candelas, xavanas etc [4]
O lirio amarelo Iris pseudacorus, é unha especie perenne da familia Iridaceae. É orixinaria de Eurasia e abundante nas charcas de Galiza.
Wódna škleńčica (Iris pseudacorus) je rostlina ze swójby škleńčicowych rostlinow (Iridaceae). Dalšej serbskej ludowej mjenje stej wódna dźiwja lilija a wódna łučna lilija.
Wódna škleńčica. W: FloraWeb.de. (němsce)
Wódna škleńčica (Iris pseudacorus) je rostlina ze swójby škleńčicowych rostlinow (Iridaceae). Dalšej serbskej ludowej mjenje stej wódna dźiwja lilija a wódna łučna lilija.
Il giaggiolo acquatico o iris delle paludi (Iris pseudacorus L.) è una pianta selvatica appartenente alla famiglia delle Iridaceae.[1]
È una pianta erbacea perenne, alta 1-1,5 m (o raramente 2 m), con foglie erette lunghe fino a 90 cm e larghe 3 cm. I fiori, raccolti in un'infiorescenza che termina con un fiore apicale, sono d'un giallo brillante, con la tipica forma da Iris ma con lacinie esterne non barbate. Il frutto è una capsula lunga 4–7 cm, contenente semi marrone chiaro.
Iris pseudacorus preferisce le zone umide dove tollera immersioni, basso pH e suoli anossici. È una pianta acquatica ma i suoi rizomi possono sopravvivere a lungo all'asciutto. La pianta si diffonde velocemente, sia per rizoma che disperdendo in acqua i semi.
In Italia è comune in fossi, paludi, risaie, nella fascia planiziale. Grandi esemplari di questa specie si trovano nella parte occidentale della Scozia, dove costituiscono una alimentazione importante e un habitat adatto per il re di quaglie.
Iris pseudacorus viene coltivato nelle regioni temperate come pianta ornamentale. Ne esistono diverse cultivar selezionate a seconda dei tipi di giardino.
Nelle regioni dove non è endemico si è affermato come una pianta acquatica invasiva che può creare dense distese, dannose per le altre piante dell'ecosistema acquatico. Là, è difficile da rimuovere su larga scala. Anche l'aratura dei rizomi è spesso inefficace.
Il giaggiolo acquatico o iris delle paludi (Iris pseudacorus L.) è una pianta selvatica appartenente alla famiglia delle Iridaceae.
Geltonasis vilkdalgis (lot. Iris pseudacorus, angl. Yellow iris, vok. Sumpf-Schwertlilie) – vilkdalginių (Iridaceae) šeimos vilkdalgių (Iris) genties augalų rūšis.
Daugiametis, 50–100 cm aukščio žolinis augalas. Stiebas šiek tiek suplotas, pilnaviduris, viršutinė dalis šakota. Lapai kalavijiški, iki 2–3 cm pločio. Žiedai stambūs, po 3–8 stiebo ir jo šaknų viršūnėse, 7-10 cm skersmens. Vainiklapiai šviesiai geltoni. Žydi birželio-liepos mėn. Vaisius - tribriaunė, trilizdė dėžutė. Sėklos kampuotos arba rutuliškos, šiek tiek suplotos. Dauginasi šakniastiebiais ir sėklomis.
Auga drėgnose vietose, dažnas pelkėse. Augalas dekoratyvus.
Paplitęs Europoje, vakarų Azijoje ir šiaurės Afrikoje.
Vaistams vartojami šakniastiebiai yra nuodingi, sukelia vėmimą ir viduriavimą. Jie kasami rudenį arba pavasarį.
Žaliavoje yra glikozido iridino, violaksantino, eterinio aliejaus, rauginių, mineralinių medžiagų, organinių rūgščių (obuolių, gintaro, fumarinės, chino ir kt.), krakmolo, cukraus.
De gele lis (Iris pseudacorus) is een plant uit de lissenfamilie (Iridaceae). Het is een 0,8–1 m hoge oeverplant van zoet, stilstaand of langzaam stromend water. De plant groeit in water dat tot zo'n 30 cm diep is.
De lange, smalle bladen hebben een iets opstaande middennerf en blijven het gehele jaar groen.
De bloemen zijn van mei tot juni te zien en zijn 5–12 cm in doorsnee. De bloem heeft een groot groen schutblad, drie grote afhangende bloemdekslippen, en drie kleinere kroonbladen. Na de bloei zitten de zaden als een rolletje munten opgestapeld in driekantige zaaddozen. Deze bevatten luchtholten waardoor ze blijven drijven.
In Nederland en in iets mindere mate in Vlaanderen is de plant een bekend gezicht langs sloten en andere ondiepe waterwegen. Het aantal planten liep eind 20e eeuw in Nederland fors terug, reden waarom de plant in de lijst van wettelijk beschermde planten opgenomen is geweest.
Doordat de gele lis veel voedingsstoffen uit het water opneemt, kan deze bijdragen aan het verbeteren van de waterkwaliteit.
De nectar is vrij diep weggestopt, honingbijen en hommels moeten er helemaal in kruipen om bij de nectar te komen. Als de bloemen helemaal rijp zijn, rollen de zaden er uit. De zaden drijven over het water weg tot ze langs de oever blijven hangen en ontkiemen.
Andere planten in de omgeving zijn bijvoorbeeld de dotterbloem, kalmoes en waterzuring .
De lissnuitkever (Mononychus punctum-album) is een 3–4 mm groot kevertje dat leeft van de sappen van de gele lis. De larve van de kever leeft van en in de zaden.
De gele lis kan in tuinvijvers gekweekt worden. De vijver moet daarvoor wel enige omvang hebben, anders groeit de vijver snel dicht en hebben de planten weinig steun aan elkaar. In de tuin kan vermeerdering zowel via zaadvorming (zaden droog bewaren) als via scheuring plaatsvinden.
plant
bloem
(Nederlandstalige) Wikisource.
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Iris pseudacorus op Wikimedia Commons. De gele lis (Iris pseudacorus) is een plant uit de lissenfamilie (Iridaceae). Het is een 0,8–1 m hoge oeverplant van zoet, stilstaand of langzaam stromend water. De plant groeit in water dat tot zo'n 30 cm diep is.
De lange, smalle bladen hebben een iets opstaande middennerf en blijven het gehele jaar groen.
De bloemen zijn van mei tot juni te zien en zijn 5–12 cm in doorsnee. De bloem heeft een groot groen schutblad, drie grote afhangende bloemdekslippen, en drie kleinere kroonbladen. Na de bloei zitten de zaden als een rolletje munten opgestapeld in driekantige zaaddozen. Deze bevatten luchtholten waardoor ze blijven drijven.
Sverdlilje (Iris pseudacorus) er en urteaktig plante som vokser i Norge.
Sverdlilje blir mellom en og halvannen meter høy, i sjeldne tilfeller to meter. Bladene blir opp til 90 cm lange og 3 cm brede. Blomstene er kraftig gulfargede, 7–10 cm på tvers, og med typisk iris-form. Frukten er en tørr kapsel som er 4–7 cm lang og inneholder mange blekbrune frø. Sverdlilje blir av mange regnet for å være en svært pen plante.
Sverdlilje er i Norge først og fremst en kystplante. Den forekommer såvidt i innlandet, i noen kommuner i Hedmark, men ellers holder den seg stort sett til kysten og dalområder innafor. Sverdlilje har nordgrense i Andøy kommune i Nordland, men siden den er så pen har den ofte vært brukt som hageplante og siden naturalisert seg i strøk der den ikke naturlig hører hjemme. Det er antakelig tilfellet der den vokser på innergrensa i Sør-Norge, nærmere bestemt i Åmot kommune.
Kosaciec żółty, irys (Iris pseudacorus L.) – gatunek byliny należący do rodziny kosaćcowatych (Iridaceae).
Gatunek eurosyberyjski, występujący na obszarach o klimacie oceanicznym[3]. Rośnie dziko w północno-zachodniej Afryce (Madera, Wyspy Kanaryjskie, Algieria, Maroko), całej Europie i na obszarach o umiarkowanym klimacie w Azji Zachodniej i Kaukazie, po Syberię Zachodnią. Jako efemerofit pojawia się także w Australii, Nowej Zelandii, USA i Kanadzie oraz południowej części Ameryki Południowej (Argentyna, Chile, Urugwaj). Jest uprawiany w wielu krajach świata[4]. W Polsce na niżu jest pospolity[5].
Hygrofit rosnący na glebach torfowych z wodą stojąca lub wolno płynącą, najczęściej nad martwymi odnogami rzek, stawami, w zarośniętych rowach melioracyjnych, w szuwarach. Kwitnie od maja do lipca[3]. Kwiaty przedprątne, zapylane przez błonkówki[6]. Gatunek charakterystyczny związku Magnocaricion oraz zespołu Iridetum pseudacori, a także wyróżniający dla zespołu Fraxino-Alnetum[7].
Roślina trująca (szczególnie świeża)[6].
Kosaciec żółty, irys (Iris pseudacorus L.) – gatunek byliny należący do rodziny kosaćcowatych (Iridaceae).
Kosatec žltý (lat. Iris pseudacorus) je trváca rastlina z čeľade kosatcovité (lat. Iridaceae). Je to náš najväčší pôvodný kosatec.
Je to 0,5 – 1 m vysoká bylina s hrubým podzemkom. Byľ je priama, oblá až sploštená a celkom rozkonárená. Listy sú, ako je pre kosatce typické kopijovité, 1 – 3 cm široké a často také dlhé, ako celá byľ. Okvetie je jasno žlté, relatívne veľké. Plodom je tobolka.
Rastie od Kaukazu, cez Prednú Áziu a v Severnej Afrike i na celom území Európy ako bežný druh. Rastie na brehoch rybníkov, pomaly tečúcich vôd, v priekopách a celkovo na podmočených stanovištiach. Kvitne od mája do júla
Podzemok sa kedysi používal v ľudovom liečiteľstve, no i v oficinálnej medicíne. Odvar z neho spôsobuje hnačku a vracanie. Kvety poliate octom a usušené na slnku dávajú žlté farbivo, ktoré dobre farbí kožu i papier. Dnes je kosatec žltý považovaný za rastlinu jedovatú, jej používanie sa neodporúča, lebo môže spôsobiť poškodenie tráviaceho traktu.
MÁJOVSKÝ, Jozef. Rastliny vôd, močiarov a lúk. Bratislava : Obzor, 1970. 65-055-70. Kapitola 64, s. 142 – 143.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Kosatec žltý
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Kosatec žltý
Kosatec žltý (lat. Iris pseudacorus) je trváca rastlina z čeľade kosatcovité (lat. Iridaceae). Je to náš najväčší pôvodný kosatec.
Svärdslilja (Iris pseudacorus) är en art i irissläktet i familjen irisväxter. Epitetet svärd kommer av att bladen kan liknas vid svärd. Trots ordledet lilja tillhör svärdsliljan inte familjen liljeväxter.
Flerårig perenn till ca 100 cm som bildar stora bestånd. Vågrätta, rosa jordstammar. Stjälkar 70–150 cm, solida. Blad svärdslika, upprätta, böjda i toppen, mörkt gröna, grågröna mot basen med tjock mittnerv, 40–100 cm långa, 2–3 cm breda. Blomställningar med 4—12 blommor. Högblad gröna med bruna kanter. Blommor klargula med bruna markeringar och har små inre hylleflikar. Frukten är en kapsel som är avlång, ca 5 cm lång, rundat trekantig. Svärdslilja blommar i juni—juli.
Växten klassas som giftig, särskilt rotknölen, på grund av sitt innehåll av irriterande ämnen. Förtäring kan ge sveda i mun och svalg samt magbesvär.[1],[2].
Svärdsliljan har ett stort utbredningsområde och påträffas i nästan hela Europa, Nordafrika, Mellanöstern, Kaukasus och Ryssland österut till västra Sibirien. Den växer vanligen i grunt sötvatten eller på mycket blöt mark.
Svärdsliljan är fridlyst i Jämtlands län.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Svärdslilja.
Svärdslilja (Iris pseudacorus) är en art i irissläktet i familjen irisväxter. Epitetet svärd kommer av att bladen kan liknas vid svärd. Trots ordledet lilja tillhör svärdsliljan inte familjen liljeväxter.
Трав'яниста рослина 60—150 см (зрідка до 200) заввишки. Кореневище горизонтальне, товсте, коротке, розгалужене. Стебло прямостояче, округле, трохи стиснуте, облистнене. Листки чергові, мечовидні, сірувато-зелені, по краю перетинчасті, завдовжки до 90 см, завширшки 1-3 см. Жилкування паралельне. Квітки великі, правильні, жовті, з простою 6-роздільною віночковидною оцвітиною. Тичинок 3, маточка із коротким 3-роздільним стовпчиком, з пелюстковидними 2-лопатевими частками, що прикривають тичинки. Плід — багатонасінна коробочка 4-8 см завдовжки.
Квітне з кінця травня до липня.
Півники болотні широко поширені у Європі (виняток - північні регіони), Азії, на терирорії Північної Америки і також на Південноамерканському континенті, а також у деяких регіонах Африки. У природі найчастіше зустрічається на болотах, заплавах та берегах річок, вільшняках.
Препарати з кореневищ застосовують у медицині як відхаркувальний та заспокійливий засіб. Ароматичні ефірні олії з кореневищ, широко використовують у парфумерній промисловості.
Кореневища збирають восени або рано навесні, їх викопують лопатою, промивають у холодній воді, обрізають рештки надземних частин і корені. Сушать на горищі або під наметом. Рослина дуже декоративна завдяки великим гарним квіткам.
У народній медицині коренивища рослин використовують як легкий послаблюючий і відхаркувальний засіб. Відвар кореню іриса болотного знімає головні болі, сприяє розсмоктуванню пухлин, використовується для лікування бронхітів, ангін, пневмонії. Спиртові настої позбавляють від лупи і зміцнюють корені волосся.
Кореневища
Вигляд квітки збоку
Вигляд квітки зверху
Плоди
Насіння великим планом
Iris pseudacorus (trong tiếng Anh gọi là yellow flag, yellow iris, water flag) là một loài cây trong họ Diên vĩ (Iridaceae). Đây là loài bản địa châu Âu, tây Á và tây bắc Phi. Tên loài (pseudacorus) có nghĩa "giả acorus", chỉ nét tương đồng ở lá giữa I. pseudacorus và Acorus calamus.
Iris pseudacorus (trong tiếng Anh gọi là yellow flag, yellow iris, water flag) là một loài cây trong họ Diên vĩ (Iridaceae). Đây là loài bản địa châu Âu, tây Á và tây bắc Phi. Tên loài (pseudacorus) có nghĩa "giả acorus", chỉ nét tương đồng ở lá giữa I. pseudacorus và Acorus calamus.
Iris pseudacorus L.
Охранный статус
И́рис ложноаи́ровый (также ирис жёлтый, ирис боло́тный, ирис водяно́й, ирис аирови́дный[2]; лат. Íris pseudácorus) — многолетнее прибрежное травянистое растение рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae).
Толковый словарь В. И. Даля приводит для ириса ложноаирового такие русские названия, как касатик, лепешник, чикан, петушки, дикий тюльпан (с вопросительным знаком), а также ир, аир (с пометкой: ошибочно)[3]. По мнению Даля, название чикан характерно для Тамбовской губернии[4].
Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона утверждает, что в Малороссии жёлтый водяной касатик иногда называют ужачки[5]. Известен также под названиями касатик жёлтый и касатик ложноаировый[6].
Многолетнее травянистое растение высотой 75—160 см.
Корневище ветвистое, толстое (до 2 см в диаметре), ползучее.
Стебель плотный, в верхней части ветвистый.
Листья зелёные, мечевидные, широколинейные (нижние до 20 мм шириной, верхние меньших размеров) с ясно заметной средней жилкой.
Цветки правильные, собраны пучками по три—восемь на концах разветвлённого стебля. Цветоносы длинные и толстые. Три наружные доли околоцветника отклонены книзу. Пластинка их яйцевидная, при основании сразу суженная в короткий ноготок, светло- или ярко-жёлтая, посередине с оранжевым пятном и пурпурными жилками. Внутренние доли околоцветника маленькие, линейные, прямостоячие, короче и ýже столбика. Нити тычинок кремового цвета. Столбик короткий, с тремя лепестковидными двулопастными, наверху зубчатыми долями. Цветёт в июне — августе.
Плод — тупотрёхгранная продолговато-овальная коробочка с коротким носиком (3—7 мм длиной) на верхушке. Семена сжатые, блестящие. Плоды созревают в августе[7].
Основной ареал включает в себя Африку (Алжир, Марокко, Мадейру и Канарские острова), всю Европу (кроме северных районов), Западную Азию и Закавказье. К началу XXI века натурализовался почти повсеместно[9].
Распространён в европейской части России (за исключением северотаёжных и арктических районов[7]), Западной Сибири, предгорьях Кавказа.
Растёт по болотам, на мелководьях и по сырым берегам рек и озёр, на обводнённых болотистых лугах, где иногда образует небольшие по площади чистые заросли[7][10].
В корневищах содержится эфирное (ирисовое) масло (0,1—0,3 %)[11], самой ценной частью которого является кетон ирон, придающий маслу запах фиалок. Кроме ирона, аромат эфирному маслу придают следы бензальдегида, линалоола, гераниола и др. В состав масла входят также кислоты: миристиновая, бензойная, ундециловая, тридециловая, их метиловые эфиры, бензойный, м-дециловый, нониловый и уксусный альдегиды, фурфурол, следы фенола, кетон с мятным запахом. Кроме эфирного масла, в корневищах найдены изофлавоновый гликозид иридин, крахмал (57 %), жирное масло (9,6 %), дубильные вещества, органические кислоты, слизь, смолистые вещества. В листьях содержится аскорбиновая кислота (0,23 %), аминокислоты[12].
Наиболее богаты эфирным маслом корневища ириса ложноаирового, собранного весной. В этот период содержание ирона в них достигает 42 %[12].
Свежевыкопанные корневища имеют травянистый запах, и лишь при медленной сушке появляется приятный фиалковый аромат, поэтому его называют «фиалковым корнем» (применяемым в кондитерском производстве, а также в качестве ароматического сырья для ликёров, вин и других напитков)[12].
Эфирное масло ириса широко используется в парфюмерии[12].
Касатик обладает отхаркивающим действием, улучшает вкус лекарств. Спиртово-водный экстракт корневища в разведении 1:300 тормозит развитие туберкулёзной палочки. Корневища входят в состав грудного сбора, используемого внутрь в виде отвара, наружно — в виде присыпок; входят в состав зубных порошков, пластырей[12].
В народной медицине касатик жёлтый использовали при пневмонии, ангинах, отёках, а также для лечения инфицированных ран, язв, свищей и для удаления веснушек[12]. Сок корней прежде употребляли наружно от зубной боли, от золотушных опухолей, a внутрь от водяной и эпилепсии. Корень прежде употребляли при поносе[13].
Внимание: имеются подозрения на ядовитость корневищ и цветков в свежем виде[7].
Касатик ложноаировый декоративен, издавна широко используется в посадках, окаймляющих водоёмы; в условиях культуры может расти и в местах с весьма умеренным увлажнением[7].
Растения пригодны для дубления кож, которым придают жёлтый цвет. Корневища и цветки, настоянные на уксусе, окрашивают шерсть в жёлтый цвет[10].
Растение интересно тем, что, как и тростник, значительно уменьшает загрязнённость воды органическими веществами[10].
Касатик жёлтый — хороший медонос[10].
Семена составляют суррогат кофе[13].
Вид ирис ложноаировый входит в род Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae) порядка Спаржецветные (Asparagales).
По данным The Plant List на 2013 год, в синонимику вида входят[14]:
И́рис ложноаи́ровый (также ирис жёлтый, ирис боло́тный, ирис водяно́й, ирис аирови́дный; лат. Íris pseudácorus) — многолетнее прибрежное травянистое растение рода Ирис (Iris) семейства Ирисовые (Iridaceae).
黄菖蒲（学名：Iris pseudacorus）是鸢尾科鸢尾属的植物。分布在欧洲以及中国等地，目前已由人工引种栽培。
黄鸢尾（庐山植物园栽培植物手册）
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
キショウブ（黄菖蒲、学名： Iris pseudacorus ）はアヤメ科アヤメ属の多年草。帰化植物。
花茎の高さは60-100 cmになる。葉は幅2-3 cm、長さ60-100 cm、剣形で中脈が隆起し明瞭で、縁は全縁。花期は5-6月で、アヤメやノハナショウブと同じ、外花被片が大型の広卵形で先が下に垂れ、内花被片が小型で直立した、黄色の花を咲かせる。外花被片の中央に茶色がかった模様がある。和名は花が黄色であることに由来し、斑入葉や八重咲きなどの園芸種がある[2]。
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種子
西アジアからヨーロッパ原産の植物で、明治頃から栽培されていたものが日本全国の水辺や湿地、水田脇に野生化している[2]上に、林縁など湿地以外の場所にもよく生育するため、拡大の懸念がある。
観賞用に栽培されているハナショウブには黄色系の花がないため、その貴重性から重宝されたが、湖沼や河川などへの拡散が問題となっている。
環境省は「要注意外来生物」の一種として「栽培にあたっては、逸出を起こさない」「既に野生化している湖沼等があり、在来種との競合・駆逐等のおそれがある場所については、積極的な防除または分布拡大の抑制策の検討が望まれる」として警戒を呼びかけている。また、日本自然保護協会、日本野鳥の会、世界自然保護基金では生態系に与える影響や侵略性が高いとしている。
水辺に生育し美しい花を咲かせる植物なので、「ビオトープ創出」等のために利用される事があるが、「要注意外来生物」を導入することの危険性は大きい。
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。 
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