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Associations

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Very little is known about any anti-predator adaptations that the crocodile shark may exhibit. However, when removed from water, the crocodile shark snaps its powerful jaw vigorously, almost like a "crocodile." This may serve as a defense mechanism to fight off predators (Martin 2003). There are no known predators of crocodile sharks.

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Crocodile sharks are clearly distinguishable by huge eyes that lack nictitating eyelids and long gill slits that extend to the top of the head. Crocodile sharks have a slender, spindle-shaped body with two small, spineless dorsal fins. The second dorsal fin is less than half the size of the first dorsal fin. The pelvic fins are distinctly broad and round (Compagno 1984). Like all Lamniformes, crocodile sharks have 5 gill slits and a mouth that extends behind the eyes (Martin 2003). The size of adult crocodile sharks is on average 89 to 110 cm in length and between 4 to 6 kg in weight. The color of crocodile sharks can range from light to dark grey to dark brown. White or transluscent margins may also be found around the fins (Martin 2003). Some specimens have been found with whitish blotches on either side of the head between the corner of jaw and the first gill slit (Compagno 1984).

Range mass: 4 to 6 kg.

Range length: 89 to 110 cm.

Average length: 105 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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There are no data on the lifespan/longevity of crocodile sharks.

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Crocodile sharks are mostly pelagic; however, there have been some incidences where crocodile sharks have been found inshore (Compagno 1984). The known depth range of crocodile sharks from the water surface can reach 590 m (Martin 2003).

Range depth: 590 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Crocodile sharks) can be found in nearly all subtropical and tropical oceans of the world (Compagno 1984).

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Crocodile sharks are carnivores; they eat small bony fish, squids, and shrimp (Compagno 1984). They have protrusible and muscular jaws that suggest they are capable of eating a wide variety of prey (Martin 2003). Beyond this, very little is known about the specific feeding habits of crocodile sharks.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Very little is known about the role crocodile sharks play in the ecosystem to which they belong. However, sharks in general are usually important predators in aquatic ecosystems (Martin 2003).

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Crocodile sharks do not provide many benefits to humans; their large, squalene-rich liver is a source of potential value (Martin 2003). However, crocodile sharks generally are discarded due to their small size and useless flesh (Compagno 1984).

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Crocodile sharks have never been implicated in attacks on humans and are deemed harmless (Martin 2003). Thus, there are no known adverse effects of crocodile sharks on humans.

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Cycle

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At birth, crocodile sharks are 41 cm in length (Compagno 1984). Males mature at a length of about 74 to 100 cm and females mature at a length of about 89 to 102 cm (Martin 2003).

Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Due to small size and wide range in habitat, very little information has been accumulated on crocodile sharks. The current population size is unknown, however, crocodile sharks are vulnerable to catching by long-line fisheries (Martin 2003). There is no information to indicate trends in population size, but due to bycatch a population decline is probable (Compagno 2002). As a result, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has labeled crocodile sharks at low risk for extinction.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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The large eyes of crocodile sharks suggest that it is a visual hunter, specializing in bioluminescent and light-refracting prey (Martin 2003). Additionally, the crocodile shark is electroreceptive; it can sense changes in the surrounding electrical field (Martin 2003). Sharks, in general, also have a keen sense of chemical perception.

Communication Channels: visual ; electric

Other Communication Modes: photic/bioluminescent

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical ; electric

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kevin Wehrly, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Crocodile sharks reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. There is little information on the mating systems of P. kamoharai.

Crocodile sharks reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. Females are ovoviviparous; they retain the eggs of their offspring until they hatch (Martin 2003). Females exhibit aplacental viviparity; the developing embryos lack a connection to the mother and thus feed on the yolk sac and the other ova produced by the mother (oophagy)(Compagno 1984). The mother typically produces four pups per litter; the pups are miniature adults, capable of swimming and feeding (Martin 2003).

Range number of offspring: 2 to 4.

Average number of offspring: 4.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous

Like all sharks, the crocodile shark provides no parental care after birth.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Sharma, N. 2006. "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pseudocarcharias_kamoharai.html
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Nitin Sharma, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

provided by FAO species catalogs
Oceanic and circumtropical. Western Atlantic: Off Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Southeast of Cape Verde Islands, between them and Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Angola, and South Africa (Western Cape, vicinity of Cape Town and Cape Peninsula). Western Indian Ocean: Mozambique Channel between southern Madagascar, southern Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, possibly south within Agulhas Current to off Eastern Cape. ? Eastern Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal (possibly erroneous). Western North Pacific: Off Japan, Taiwan Island and Korean Peninsula; area between Marshall, Howland and Baker, Palmyra, Johnston and Hawaiian Islands. Western South Pacific: Australia (northeastern Queensland), west of New Zealand (North Island), Coral Sea, Indonesia (south of Sumatra near Sunda Straits and off Java). Central Pacific: Marquesas Islands, Hawaiian Islands, open ocean between Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands, open ocean between Hawaiian Islands and Baja California, around Line Islands, open water between Line Islands and southern Peru. Eastern Pacific: Mexico (off west coast of Baja California), Costa Rica, Panama and northern Peru.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
fieldmarks: A small, very distinctive oceanic shark, with huge eyes lacking nictitating eyelids, long gill slits, slender, spindle-shaped body, long-cusped prominent teeth in a long angular mouth with highly protrusable jaws, small pectoral fins, two small spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, weak keels and precaudal pits on the caudal peduncle, an asymmetrical caudal fin with a long ventral lobe. Colour: grey or grey-brown dorsal surface, lighter ventral surface, and light-edged fins. Head much shorter than trunk. Snout moderately long, pointed and bulbously conical, not greatly elongated or flattened and blade-like. Eyes very large, length 3.6 to 4.9% of precaudal length. Gill openings moderately long, length of first 5.4 to 8.2% of precaudal length, extending onto dorsal surface of head; all gill openings in front of pectoral-fin bases; no gill rakers on internal gill slits. Mouth large, parabolic, ventral on head; jaws strongly protrusable to almost opposite snout tip but not greatly distensible laterally. Teeth large, the anteriors narrow and awl-like, the laterals more compressed and blade-like, with 26 to 29/21 to 26 (45 to 52 total) rows; two rows of enlarged anterior teeth on each side of upper jaw, the uppers separated from the smaller upper lateral teeth by a row of small intermediate teeth; three rows of lower anteriors on each side, the first two rows enlarged but the third about as large as laterals; symphysials absent. Trunk cylindrical and slender. Caudal peduncle slightly depressed and with low lateral keels and upper and lower crescentic precaudal pits present. Dermal denticles small and smooth, with flat crowns, small ridges and cusps, and with cusps directed posteriorly on lateral denticles. Pectoral fins small, short and broad, much shorter than head in adults ; pectoral skeleton aplesodic with radials confined to fin bases. Pelvic fins large, somewhat smaller than pectoral and first dorsal fins ; fin skeleton aplesodic. First dorsal fin small, low, and angular ; fin skeleton aplesodic. Second dorsal fin smaller than first but larger than anal fin; second dorsal fin with a broad nonpivoting base but anal fin pivotable. Caudal fin not lunate, dorsal lobe moderately long but less than half as long as rest of shark, ventral lobe short but strong. Neurocranium moderately high, with a short to moderately elongated rostrum, depressed internasal septum and narrowly separated nasal capsules, large orbits with the supraorbital crests strong, small stapedial fenestrae, and with hyomandibular facets not extended outward. Vertebral centra strongly calcified, with well-developed double cones and radii but no annuli. Total vertebral count 146 to 158, precaudal count 80 to 88, diplospondylous caudal count 60 to 71. Intestinal valve of ring type with 24 to 27 turns.

References

  • Abe et al., 1969
  • Abe, 1973
  • Cadenat, 1963
  • Cigala-Fulgosi, 1992
  • Compagno, 1973, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1990a, b
  • Fischer et al., 1990.
  • Fujita, 1981
  • Kashkin , 1989
  • Krefft, 1980
  • L.J.V. Compagno & J.A. Musick (pers. comm.)
  • Long & Seigel, 1996
  • Matsubara, 1936
  • Merrett, 1965
  • S. Kato (pers. comm.)
  • Sadowsky, Amorim & Arfelli, 1987
  • Springer , 1990
  • Teng, 1959

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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
This is the smallest living lamnoid, with maximum size at least 110 cm; size at birth about 41 cm; males adult at 74 to 110 cm; adolescent females examined 96 to 110 cm and adults recorded at 89 to 110 cm and presumably greater.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
A rare to locally abundant oceanic, epipelagic and possibly mesopelagic shark, usually found offshore and far from land but sometimes occurring inshore and near the bottom.Found at depths from the surface to at least 590 m. Its bicolorate, countershaded colour pattern, lack of an expanded iris and prominent green or yellow retinal reflection, and frequent occurrence in pelagic longline catches suggests that it primarily inhabits the epipelagic zone. There are several records of strandings in the Cape Town area, South Africa, possibly due to upwelling of cold water that may stun these sharks but in at least one instance as a discarded catch of an offshore longliner. The long body cavity, large liver, and small fins of this shark (microceanic habitus, Compagno, 1990a) give it a superficial resemblance to Isistius, Squaliolus, Euprotomicrus, Scymnodalatias, and other oceanic squaloids, as well as Odontaspis noronhai, and like these sharks its extremely large and oily liver is probably important in maintaining neutral buoyancy.Its habits are little known, but its firm body musculature, tough skin, small precaudal fins, and large caudal fin suggests that it is a relatively active species, which is also suggested by its behaviour when captured. Off Cape Point, South Africa, one jumped out of the water after a bait and was caught. It snaps strongly and vigorously when captured (S. Kato, pers. comm.) and can bite very hard. The large but nonreflective eyes of the crocodile shark suggest nocturnal activity in the epipelagic zone, and possibly a diel pattern of movement toward the surface at night and away from it in the day. The crocodile shark is ovoviviparous and a uterine cannibal, with the young having yolk sacs at 3 to 4 cm long but reabsorbing them and subsisting on eggs and possibly other young beyond this size. Number of young in a litter four, two per uterus; egg cases formed in the oviducts have 2 to 9 fertilized eggs, but apparently only two of these survive, possibly through elimination of extra rivals. An interesting question is why two young survive in each uterus in this shark and some other lamnoids, while in Carcharias taurus only one foetus per uterus is normally produced. Feeding habits of this shark are sketchily known. Its long, flexed teeth, strong and long jaws, and its vigorous activity when captured adapt it to moderately large, active oceanic prey. Of seven specimens examined by the writer for stomach contents, the stomachs of four were empty and three others had a number of small bristlemouths (gonostomatids), possibly lanternfish (myctophids), unidentified fish scales, small shrimp, and squid beaks, including onychoteutids ( Moroteuthis robsoni), mastigoteuthids (Mastigoteuthis), pholidoteuthids (Pholidoteuthis ?boschmai), and cranchiids (Megalocranchia?) in their stomachs (M. Roeleveld and M. Lipinski, pers. comm., on identification of squid beaks). The jaws of the crocodile shark can be protruded for a considerable distance from its head.
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
This shark is primarily caught as a discarded bycatch of pelagic longline fisheries for scombroids, but details are sketchy. Abe et al. (1969) noted that the species is often caught on tuna longlines, but discarded because of its small size and meat that is apparently unsuitable for the Japanese market. The liver of this species is very large and very high in squalene, and hence is of potential value. It also has been caught on squid jigs and occasionally washes up on beaches in the Cape Town area of South Africa. It may also be a discarded bycatch of pelagic squid fisheries as well as of pelagic net fisheries for scombroid fishes. Conservation Status : Conservation status is uncertain but of concern because of its epipelagic habitat and because it is an apparently widespread, discarded, and largely unrecorded bycatch of the burgeoning pelagic longline fisheries. It is too small to be of much value for fins, and is little-utilized for flesh, but has a large mouth and strong teeth and is readily caught on longline hooks fished near the surface. It does not appear to be abundant anywhere with the known exception of the Mozambique Channel in the western Indian Ocean during the 1960s, and catch records are very limited and largely confined to a small number of specimens (less than 50) deposited in museums. It was assessed as Limited Risk (Near Threatened) for the Red List of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group (L.J.V. Compagno and J.A. Musick, pers. comm.).
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Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
A medium-sized spindle-shaped shark with very large eyes lacking a nictitating membrane, long gill slits extending onto dorsal surface of head, lanceolate teeth, weak keel and precaudal pits on caudal peduncle (Ref. 6871, 43278). Small and low dorsal fins, with second dorsal fin less than half the size of the first but larger than the anal fin (Ref. 6871). Pectoral fin broad and rounded (Ref. 6871). Light or dark grey above, paler below, fins white-edged, sometimes with small white spots on body and a white blotch between mouth and gill slits (Ref. 13569).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Trophic Strategy

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An oceanic species usually found offshore and far from land but sometimes occurring inshore. Feeds on small pelagic bony fishes, squids and shrimps.
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Recorder
Drina Sta. Iglesia
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Cristina V. Garilao
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Recorder
Kent E. Carpenter
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Life Cycle

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed (Ref. 50449). With 4 young in a litter, born at 40-43 cm (Ref. 11228).
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Armi G. Torres
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Biology

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An oceanic species usually found offshore and far from land but sometimes occurring inshore (Ref. 9993, 43278, 58302). Epi- and mesopelagic, with occasional near-bottom occurrences (Ref. 43278, 58302). Although considered not dangerous to people, its powerful jaws, jaw muscles and teeth invite respect. Flesh not appreciated and therefore the catch is usually discarded (Ref. 247); utilized for its large, squalene-rich liver (Ref. 9993). Feeds on small pelagic bony fishes, squids and shrimps (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref. 50449). With 4 young in a litter, born at 40 to 43 cm TL (Ref. 12288). Maximum length for female given in Romanove et.al 1994 (Ref. 44781). Common bycatch of tuna longline fisheries, and occasionally tuna gillnet fisheries (Ref.58048).
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Kent E. Carpenter
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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分布

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廣泛分布於世界各熱帶及亞熱帶海域。臺灣東北部及東部海域有分布。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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利用

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主要以底拖網或深海延繩釣捕獲。肉質不佳,一般皆被漁民丟棄或以下雜魚處理;或有人利用其大且富含鯊烯(Squalene)的肝臟,加工成魚肝油,唯有報導食用大量鯊烯會引起中毒現毒。
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描述

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體呈紡錘型,細長。頭稍平扁。尾基上下方具一凹窪;尾柄具側突。吻中長而呈圓錐形。眼下,圓形,無瞬膜。前鼻瓣短而圓。口裂寬,深弧形,下頜較短,口閉時露齒;頜齒同型,錐狀,向內斜曲,齒根分叉,少數齒具小齒尖,大部分無。噴水孔小。背鰭2個,同型,第一背鰭稍大,起點於體中部,後緣斜直,上角鈍圓,下角微尖突;第二背鰭較小,起點與腹鰭後端相對,後緣斜直,上角鈍圓,下角微尖突;胸鰭寬小型,後緣微弧形,外角鈍圓,內角寬圓,鰭端伸達遠不及第一背鰭基底前部;尾鰭中長,尾椎軸稍上揚,上葉狹長,下葉前部顯著三角形突出,中部狹長,與後部間有一深缺刻,後部小三角形突出與上葉相連,尾端斜,後緣略凹入。體背側灰褐或暗褐色;腹側暗灰色。各鰭均呈暗褐色,後緣具狹白邊。
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棲地

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大洋性近底棲中小型鯊魚,白天一般棲息於外海深達300公尺以下的水域,晚上會遷移至水上層覓食,有時會出現於近海淺水區。以小型硬骨魚、烏賊及蝦類為食。卵胎生,胎兒在子宮內有同種相殘習性,一胎可產下2-4尾幼鯊,剛產下之幼鯊體長可達40公分左右。不曾有報導其會攻擊人類,但強而有力的上下頜及利齒仍值得敬畏。
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Žralok krokodýlí ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Žralok krokodýlí (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) je asi metr dlouhý žralok, který žije v tropických vodách na celém světě. Je jediným zástupcem svého rodu i čeledi krokodýlovcovití.

Má štíhlé, vřetenovité tělo, obrovské oči a dlouhé žaberní štěrbiny, které dosahují až na temeno hlavy. Hřbetní ploutev je malá. Žralok krokodýlí má šedavý hřbet, břicho je světlejší a okraje ploutví bílé.

Živí se zřejmě rybami, olihněmi a korýši. Je vejcoživorodý, jinak o jeho životě není příliš známo.

Pahýl
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Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Krokodilshai ( German )

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Der Krokodilshai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) ist die einzige Art aus der Haifamilie Pseudocarchariidae und zählt mit einer Länge von etwa 70 bis 110 Zentimetern zu den kleineren Haiarten. Er wurde 1936 durch Kiyomatsu Matsubara erstmals beschrieben. Seine systematische Einordnung war einige Zeit lang umstritten. Ebenso ist wenig zu seiner Lebensweise bekannt.

Merkmale

Beim Krokodilshai handelt sich um einen kleinen spindelförmigen Hai mit großen Augen, einer langen, konisch zugespitzten Schnauze, verschiebbaren Kiefern und langen Kiemenspalten. Er hat eine grau-braune Körperfarbe mit einem hellen Bauch, seitliche Schwanzkiele, kleine stachellose Rückenflossen sowie eine kurze asymmetrische Schwanzflosse. Die Länge ausgewachsener Exemplare liegt bei ca. 70 bis maximal 110 Zentimetern, die Masse bei ca. vier bis sechs Kilogramm. Die Zähne seines Gebisses sind im Vergleich zu anderen Haiarten stumpf und eher zum Schnappen von kleinen Beutetieren als zum Herausreißen von Nahrungbrocken aus größeren Tieren geeignet.

Aufgrund der großen Augen kann vermutet werden, dass er vorwiegend nachtaktiv lebt. Es gibt Hinweise, dass er sich nachts vorwiegend in der Nähe der Wasseroberfläche und tagsüber in größeren Wassertiefen aufhält. Bisher sind keine Angriffe auf Menschen bekannt geworden. Er wird deshalb und wegen seiner geringen Größe, seines vergleichsweise ungefährlichen Gebisses sowie seines ozeanischen Lebensraums als für den Menschen harmlos angesehen.

Lebensweise

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitung

Sein Lebensraum befindet sich vorwiegend in Kontinentalabhängen bis zu einer Tiefe von ca. 300–600 Metern im östlichen Atlantik, im westlichen Indischen Ozean, im westlichen Nordpazifik und im zentralen östlichen Pazifik, oft in der Nähe von Inseln wie z. B. Kap Verde, Madagaskar, Japan oder Hawaii.

Fortpflanzung und Ernährung

Der Krokodilshai pflanzt sich eierlebendgebärend fort (Ovoviviparie), das heißt, die Eier werden im Mutterleib ausgebrütet und die Jungtiere schlüpfen im Mutterleib. Er bekommt in der Regel vier Jungtiere (zwei je Uterus), die eine Geburtsgröße von ca. 40 cm erreichen. Seine Nahrung besteht vorwiegend aus Knochenfischen, Tintenfischen und Krustentieren.

Über weitere Aspekte seiner Lebensweise ist wenig bekannt, da er nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand selten ist und seit seiner Erstbeschreibung nur wenige Exemplare gefangen oder gefunden wurden. Die bisherigen Fänge stammen vorwiegend von japanischen Fischern und Hochseeanglern.

Erwähnenswertes

Eine durch die US-Telefongesellschaft AT&T in Auftrag gegebene Expedition Ende der 1980er Jahre ergab aufgrund der Untersuchung von Bissspuren, dass die meisten durch Hai-Bisse entstandenen Schäden an Tiefsee-Telefonkabeln durch Krokodilshaie verursacht wurden. Die Gründe dafür konnten nicht abschließend geklärt werden, da Krokodilshaie nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand normalerweise nicht am Meeresgrund nach Nahrung suchen. Darüber hinaus wurde im Rahmen dieser Expedition bei Fangversuchen in der Nähe von Tiefsee-Kabeln kein einziger Krokodilshai gefangen.

Literatur

  • K. Matsubara: A new carcharoid shark found in Japan. In: Zoological Magazine, Tokyo (Dobutsugaku Zasshi). 48(7)/1936. The Zoological Society of Japan, S. 380–382,
  • E.V. Romanov, V.V. Samorov: On discoveries of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Pseudocarchariidae), in the Equatorial Indian Ocean. In: Journal of Ichthyology (Voprosy Ikhtiologii). 34(4)/1994. Maik Nauka/Interperiodica, S. 155–157,
  • D.J. Long, J.A. Seigel: A crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, (Selachii: Lamnidae) from pelagic waters off Baja California, Mexico. In: Oceanides. 12(1)/1997. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, S. 61–63,
  • A.L. Stewart: First record of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes), from New Zealand waters. In: New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 35/2001. The Royal Society of New Zealand, S. 1001–1006, (PDF-Version online verfügbar)

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Krokodilshai: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Krokodilshai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) ist die einzige Art aus der Haifamilie Pseudocarchariidae und zählt mit einer Länge von etwa 70 bis 110 Zentimetern zu den kleineren Haiarten. Er wurde 1936 durch Kiyomatsu Matsubara erstmals beschrieben. Seine systematische Einordnung war einige Zeit lang umstritten. Ebenso ist wenig zu seiner Lebensweise bekannt.

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Crocodile shark

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The crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) is a species of mackerel shark and the only extant member of the family Pseudocarchariidae.A specialized inhabitant of the mesopelagic zone, the crocodile shark can be found worldwide in tropical waters from the surface to a depth of 590 m (1,940 ft). It performs a diel vertical migration, staying below a depth of 200 m (660 ft) during the day and ascending into shallower water at night to feed. Typically measuring only 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, the crocodile shark is the smallest living mackerel shark. It can be distinguished by its elongated cigar-shaped body, extremely large eyes, and relatively small fins.

An active-swimming predator of pelagic bony fishes, squid and shrimp, the crocodile shark has a sizable oily liver that allows it to maintain its position in the water column with minimal effort. The size and structure of its eyes suggests that it is adapted for hunting at night. The crocodile shark is aplacental viviparous, with females typically giving birth to litters of four. The fetuses are oophagous, meaning that they feed on undeveloped eggs ovulated for this purpose by their mother. Due to its small size, the crocodile shark poses little danger to humans and is of little commercial importance. This species was responsible for damaging deep sea fiberoptic cables when the technology was first deployed in 1985.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The English common name "crocodile shark" is derived from its Japanese name mizuwani (水鰐, literally "water crocodile"), which refers to its sharp teeth and habit of snapping vigorously when taken out of the water.[2] Other common names for this species include Japanese ragged-tooth shark, Kamohara's sand-shark, and water crocodile.[3] The crocodile shark was first described as Carcharias kamoharai in a 1936 issue of Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) by ichthyologist Kiyomatsu Matsubara, based on a 73.5 cm (28.9 in) long specimen found at the Koti Fish Market in Japan.[4] The type specimen is a 1 m (3.3 ft) long adult male found at a fish market in Su-ao, Taiwan.[5]

After being shuffled between the genera Carcharias and Odontaspis in the family Odontaspididae by various authors, in 1973 Leonard Compagno resurrected Jean Cadenat's 1963 subgenus Pseudocarcharias from synonymy for this species and placed it within its own family.[2][5] The morphology of the crocodile shark suggests affinity with the megamouth shark (Megachasmidae), basking shark (Cetorhinidae), thresher sharks (Alopiidae), and mackerel sharks (Lamnidae). More recent phylogenetic analyses, based on mitochondrial DNA, have suggested that the crocodile shark is closely related to either the megamouth shark or the sand sharks (Odontaspididae). Alternately, analysis based on dentition suggests that the closest relatives of the crocodile shark are the thresher sharks, followed by the mackerel sharks.[5] Fossil Pseudocarcharias teeth dating to the Serravallian age (13.6–11.6 Ma) of the Miocene epoch have been found in Italy, and are identical to those of the modern-day crocodile shark.[6]

Description

The crocodile shark has a spindle-shaped body with a short head and a bulbous, pointed snout. The eyes are very large and lack nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). The five pairs of gill slits are long, extending onto the dorsal surface. The sizable, arched jaws can be protruded almost to the tip of the snout and contain large teeth, shaped like spikes in the front and knives on the sides. There are fewer than 30 tooth rows in either jaw; in the upper jaw, the first two large teeth are separated from the lateral teeth by a row of small intermediate teeth.[5]

The pectoral fins are small, broad, and rounded. The pelvic fins are nearly as large as the pectorals. The first dorsal fin is small, low and angular; the second dorsal fin is smaller than the first but larger than the anal fin. The caudal fin is asymmetrical with a moderately long upper lobe. The caudal peduncle is slightly compressed with weak lateral keels. The dermal denticles are small, with a flattened crown bearing small ridges and backward-pointing cusps[5] It is dark brown above and paler below, sometimes with a few dark blotches on the sides and belly and/or a white blotch between the corner of the mouth and the first gill slit. The fins have thin translucent to white margins.[7] The crocodile shark grows to a maximum length of 1.1 m (3.6 ft). Most individuals are 1 m (3.3 ft) long and weigh 4–6 kg (8.8–13.2 lb).[7]

Distribution and habitat

The crocodile shark is almost circumtropical in distribution. In the Atlantic Ocean, it is known from off Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Angola, South Africa, and Saint Helena Island, though it has not yet been reported from the northwestern Atlantic. In the Indian Ocean, it occurs in the Mozambique Channel and possibly the Agulhas Current and the Bay of Bengal. In the Pacific, it occurs from Japan, Taiwan, and the Korean Peninsula in the northwest, southward to Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand, and eastward to the western coast of the Americas from Baja California to Chile, including the Marshall, Phoenix, Palmyra, Johnston, Marquesas, Line, and Hawaiian Islands in between.[5][8][9][10] In New Zealand this species has been recorded at the Three Kings Ridge, off the coast of Northland and on the northern Kermadec Ridge.[11]

From distribution records, the crocodile shark's range seems to be bound by the latitudes 37°N and 44°S, where the average sea surface temperature is 20 °C (68 °F). This species is not evenly distributed but is rather locally abundant in certain areas, suggesting that it is not strongly migratory.[12] The crocodile shark is usually found in the pelagic zone from the surface to a depth of 590 m (1,940 ft). It is occasionally encountered inshore near the bottom and has been known to strand on the beaches of South Africa, possibly after being stunned by upwellings of cold water.[5] In March 2017, one crocodile shark washed ashore dead off the coast of Devon, England in Hope Cove, the first ever seen off the coasts of the United Kingdom. Thus far, it remains unknown as to why this particular shark was present so far north of its normal range.[13][14]

Biology and ecology

Deepwater fishes such as bristlemouths are preyed upon by the crocodile shark.

With a long body, small fins, and large liver rich in squalene and other low-density lipids, the crocodile shark is convergently similar to mesopelagic dogfish sharks such as the cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis). The liver may comprise a fifth of the shark's weight, and acts as an incompressible float that allows it to maintain neutral buoyancy in the water column with little effort.[5][7] Like many other inhabitants of the mesopelagic zone, the crocodile shark apparently migrates closer to the surface at night to feed and descends into deeper water during the day, being rarely found above a depth of 200 m (660 ft) during daytime.[12]

The large eyes of the crocodile shark, equipped with a reflective green or yellow retina and lacking an expanded iris, suggest that it is a nocturnal hunter that relies on sight to pick out the silhouettes or bioluminescence of its prey.[7] Little is known of the crocodile shark's feeding habits; it is thought to be an active, fast-swimming predator based on its strong musculature, large tail, and behavior when captured. On one occasion, a crocodile shark off Cape Point, South Africa, jumped out of the water in pursuit of bait. Its diet consists of small to medium-sized bony fishes (including bristlemouths and lanternfishes), squid (including onychoteuthids, mastigoteuthids, pholidoteuthids, and cranchiids) and shrimp.[5] Crocodile sharks are not known to be preyed upon by any other species.[12]

The crocodile shark is aplacental viviparous and typically gives birth to litters of four, two pups to each uterus. The gestation period is unknown but believed to be long. The embryos have yolk sacs at 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) long; once the yolk sac is fully absorbed they become oophagous: the mother produces large numbers of thin-walled egg capsules that contain 2–9 eggs each, which are then consumed by the unborn embryos. The abdomens of the embryos become characteristically distended with ingested yolk material, which can make up a quarter of the embryo's total weight.[15] It is unclear how two crocodile shark fetuses manage to share a single uterus, when in some other oophagous mackerel sharks such as the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), only one fetus survives in each uterus. The pups are born at approximately 40 cm (16 in) long; males attain maturity at 74–110 cm (29–43.5 in) and females at 89–102 cm (35–40 in).[7] There is no defined reproductive season.[12]

Human interactions

Significant numbers of crocodile sharks are caught accidentally by fisheries.

With its small size, non-cutting teeth, and oceanic habitat, the crocodile shark is not considered dangerous to humans. However, it has a powerful bite that invites caution.[7] This species is a common bycatch of various pelagic longline fisheries meant for tuna and swordfish. The largest numbers are caught by the Japanese yellowfin tuna fishery and the Australian swordfish fishery, both operating in the Indian Ocean.[12] This species is also sometimes caught on squid jigs and in tuna gillnets.[3][5] It is usually discarded due to its small size and low-quality meat. However, its oily liver is potentially valuable.[7] No data is available on the population status of the crocodile shark, though it is probably declining from bycatch mortality. Coupled with its low reproductive rate, this has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assessed it as Near Threatened.[1] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the crocodile shark as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[16]

After AT&T installed the first deep sea fiberoptic cables between Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands in September 1985, the system suffered a series of shorts that necessitated costly repairs. It was discovered that attacks from the crocodile shark were responsible for most of the failures, possibly because they were attracted to the electric field around the cables. Since crocodile sharks are not benthic in nature, they were presumably biting the cables as they were being deployed. The problem was solved by protecting the cables with a layer of steel tape beneath a dense polyethylene coating.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Kyne, P.M.; Romanov, E.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Sherley, R.B. (2019). "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39337A171964644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39337A171964644.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Martin, R.A. Pseudocarchariidae. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on December 24, 2008.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2008). "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
  4. ^ Matsubara K. (1936). "A new carcharoid shark found in Japan". Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) (in Japanese). 48 (7): 380–382.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 71–74. ISBN 92-5-104543-7.
  6. ^ Cigala-Fulgosi, F. (1992). "Additions to the fish fauna of the Italian Miocene. The occurrence of Pseudocarcharias (Chondrichthys, Pseudocarchariidae) in the lower Serravallian of Parma Province, Northern Apenniens". Tertiary Research. 14 (2): 51–60.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Martin, R.A. Biology of the Crocodile Shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on December 24, 2008.
  8. ^ Edwards, A.J. (1993). "New records of fishes from the Bonaparte Seamount and Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic". Journal of Natural History. 27 (2): 493–503. doi:10.1080/00222939300770241.
  9. ^ Long, D.J.; Seigel, J.A. (1997). "A crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Selachii: Lamnidae) from pelagic waters off Baja California, Mexico". Oceanides. 12 (1): 61–63.
  10. ^ Melendez, R.; Lopez, S.; Yanez, E. (2006). "New data of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara, 1936) (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Pseudocarchariidae), off northern Chile". Investigaciones Marinas Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso (in Spanish). 34 (2): 223–26.
  11. ^ Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015). The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780994104168. OCLC 908128805.
  12. ^ a b c d e Romanov, E.V., Ward, P., Levesque, J.C. and Lawrence, E. (2008). "Preliminary analysis of crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) distribution and abundance trends in pelagic longline fisheries". IOTC Working Party on Environment and Bycatch (WPEB) Bangkok, Thailand.
  13. ^ "Rare crocodile shark discovered for first time in UK waters; photos | GrindTV.com". Archived from the original on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
  14. ^ "Crocodile shark discovered on UK coastline for first time". Independent.co.uk. 2 March 2017.
  15. ^ Fujita, K. (May 1981). "Oviphagous embryos of the pseudocarchariid shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, from the central Pacific". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 28 (1): 37–44.
  16. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 11. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.

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Crocodile shark: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) is a species of mackerel shark and the only extant member of the family Pseudocarchariidae.A specialized inhabitant of the mesopelagic zone, the crocodile shark can be found worldwide in tropical waters from the surface to a depth of 590 m (1,940 ft). It performs a diel vertical migration, staying below a depth of 200 m (660 ft) during the day and ascending into shallower water at night to feed. Typically measuring only 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, the crocodile shark is the smallest living mackerel shark. It can be distinguished by its elongated cigar-shaped body, extremely large eyes, and relatively small fins.

An active-swimming predator of pelagic bony fishes, squid and shrimp, the crocodile shark has a sizable oily liver that allows it to maintain its position in the water column with minimal effort. The size and structure of its eyes suggests that it is adapted for hunting at night. The crocodile shark is aplacental viviparous, with females typically giving birth to litters of four. The fetuses are oophagous, meaning that they feed on undeveloped eggs ovulated for this purpose by their mother. Due to its small size, the crocodile shark poses little danger to humans and is of little commercial importance. This species was responsible for damaging deep sea fiberoptic cables when the technology was first deployed in 1985.

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El tiburón cocodrilo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) es una especie de elasmobranquio carcarriniforme de la familia Pseudocarchariidae.[1]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. FishBase (en inglés)

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El tiburón cocodrilo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) es una especie de elasmobranquio carcarriniforme de la familia Pseudocarchariidae.​

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai ( Basque )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai arrain pertziformea da, bere generoan eta familian bakarra edo monotipikoa dena. Mundu osoko ur tropikaletan bizi da.

Japonieraz mizuwani (japonieraz: 水鰐?) du izena[2], euskaraz ur krokodilo esan nahi duena

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Pseudocarcharias kamoharai FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.
  2. Matsubara, K. (1936) «A new carcharoid shark found in Japan» Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 48 (7): 380–382.

Kanpo estekak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai arrain pertziformea da, bere generoan eta familian bakarra edo monotipikoa dena. Mundu osoko ur tropikaletan bizi da.

Japonieraz mizuwani (japonieraz: 水鰐?) du izena, euskaraz ur krokodilo esan nahi duena

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Krokotiilihai ( Finnish )

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Krokotiilihai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) on sillihaikaloihin kuuluva pienikokoinen trooppisissa valtamerissä elävä hailaji. Se on krokotiilihaiden heimon (Pseudocarchariidae) ainoa laji, mutta aiemmin se oli myös sijoitettu hietahaiden heimoon. Krokotiilihai on solakka hailaji, jonka selkein tuntomerkki on hyvin suuri silmä. Sitä tavataan kaikkien valtamerten trooppisista ja subtrooppisista vesistä. Laji elää yleensä melko lähellä pintaa. Sen elintavoista tiedetään vain vähän, mutta se käyttää ravinnokseen pienempiä luukaloja ja nilviäisiä. Poikaset kuoriutuvat munista naaraan kohdussa, ja naaras synnyttää yleensä 2–4 elävää poikasta.

Taksonomia

Krokotiilihain taksonomia on pitkään ollut epäselvä. Välillä se on sijoitettu hietahaiden heimoon Odontaspis- tai Carcharias-sukuun kuuluvaksi. Leonard Compagno sijoitti sen vuonna 1973 omaan krokotiilihaiden heimoonsa, koska se eroaa rakenteeltaan huomattavasti muista hietahaiden heimon jäsenistä. Mitokondriaalisen DNA:n eli MtDNA:n sekvenssin perusteella krokotiilihai on läheistä sukua paljon suuremmalle kitahaille.[3][4]

Anatomia

Krokotiilihai on melko pienikokoinen hai, ja suurin tavattu naaras oli 1,1 metriä pitkä. Koiraat jäävät hieman pienemmiksi ja saavuttavat yleensä 74–100 cm:n pituuden. Laji painaa 4–6 kg. Lajin selkein tuntomerkki on hyvin suuri silmä, joka on sopeutuma pimeisiin ja syviin vesiin. Rakenteeltaan krokotiilihai on solakka. Sillä on kaksi pienehköä, kolmionmuotoista selkäevää, joista taaempi on kooltaan alle puolet etummaisesta. Myös muut evät ovat pienikokoiset. Väriltään kala on harmaa tai ruskea ja evissä on valkoiset reunat. Krokotiilihain leuat ovat pitkät ja hampaat ovat pitkät ja teräväkärkiset.[5][6][4]

Levinneisyys

Krokotiilihai on sirkumtropikaalinen laji, jota tavataan Atlantin, Intian valtameren ja Tyynenmeren trooppisilta vesiltä. Se on paikoin harvinainen, mutta paikoin melko yleinen. Tyynellämerellä sitä tavataan yleisenä tropiikassa ja harvinaisena subtropiikissa. Intian valtameressä yleisyys menee toisinpäin.[1]

Krokotiilihai on erityisesti avomeren laji, jota harvoin tavataan rannikkoseuduilta. Laji elää pääasiassa meren epipelagisessa kerroksessa eli melko lähellä pintaa, mutta sitä on tavattu myös mesopelagisesta kerroksessa aina 590 metrin syvyydestä. Krokotiilihai elää päivisin syvemmällä kuin öisin, ja täten se seuraa myös saaliseläimiensä liikehdintää.[6][5][4]

Elintavat

Krokotiilihain elintavoista tiedetään hyvin vähän. Kalan ravintoa ovat pienemmät luukalat, nilviäiset, kuten seepiat sekä äyriäiset. Krokotiilihai saalistaa aktiivisimmillaan öisin, ja sen suuret silmät ovat todennäköisesti sopeutuneet havaitsemaan erityisesti luminoivia tai valoa heijastavia saaliseläimiä, kuten valokaloja.[1][4][6]

Krokotiilihai on ovovivipaarinen eli poikaset kuoriutuvat munista vielä ollessaan naaraan kohdussa. Ruskuaisen lisäksi ne syövät naaraan munasoluja ja itseään pienempiä poikasia. Naaraskrokotiilihai synnyttää yleensä kerrallaan 2–4 poikasta, jotka ovat kooltaan noin 40 cm pitkiä ja kykenevät saalistamaan itse jo heti synnyttyään.[6][5][4]

Krokotiilihaita saadaan sivusaaliina kalastettaessa avomerten kaloja, kuten makrilleja ja tonnikaloja, pitkällä siimalla. Sen liha ei ole kovinkaan arvostettua, joten yleensä ne vapautetaan takaisin mereen. Lajin suurikokoinen maksa kuitenkin sisältää huomattavat määrät skvaleenia, ja on tämän vuoksi arvokas.[1][5][4]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Kyne, P.M., Romanov, E., Barreto, R., Carlson, J., Fernando, D., Fordham, S., Francis, M.P., Jabado, R.W., Liu, K.M., Marshall, A., Pacoureau, N. & Sherley, R.B: Pseudocarcharias kamoharai IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 27.3.2019. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Pseudocarcharias kamoharai ITIS. Viitattu 8.3.2011. (englanniksi)
  3. Family Pseudocarchariidae:Crocodile Shark ReefQuest. Viitattu 8.3.2011. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c d e f Sharks of the World: Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks, s. 71–74. FAO, 2001. ISBN 978-9251045435. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 8.3.2011). (englanniksi)
  5. a b c d Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). Viitattu 8.3.2011. (englanniksi)
  6. a b c d Nitin Sharma: Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 8.3.2011. (englanniksi)
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Krokotiilihai: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Krokotiilihai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) on sillihaikaloihin kuuluva pienikokoinen trooppisissa valtamerissä elävä hailaji. Se on krokotiilihaiden heimon (Pseudocarchariidae) ainoa laji, mutta aiemmin se oli myös sijoitettu hietahaiden heimoon. Krokotiilihai on solakka hailaji, jonka selkein tuntomerkki on hyvin suuri silmä. Sitä tavataan kaikkien valtamerten trooppisista ja subtrooppisista vesistä. Laji elää yleensä melko lähellä pintaa. Sen elintavoista tiedetään vain vähän, mutta se käyttää ravinnokseen pienempiä luukaloja ja nilviäisiä. Poikaset kuoriutuvat munista naaraan kohdussa, ja naaras synnyttää yleensä 2–4 elävää poikasta.

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Requin-crocodile ( French )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

Le requin-crocodile (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) est la seule espèce du genre Pseudocarcharias, seul genre de la famille des Pseudocarchariidae. Il a été décrit par l'ichtyologiste japonais Kiyomatsu Matsubara.

Étymologie: du grec pseudes = faux, karcharos = aiguisé (ou karcharias = requin ou aiguisé)

Répartition

 src=
  • légende inconnue 1
  • légende inconnue 2

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Requin-crocodile: Brief Summary ( French )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

Le requin-crocodile (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) est la seule espèce du genre Pseudocarcharias, seul genre de la famille des Pseudocarchariidae. Il a été décrit par l'ichtyologiste japonais Kiyomatsu Matsubara.

Étymologie: du grec pseudes = faux, karcharos = aiguisé (ou karcharias = requin ou aiguisé)

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai ( Italian )

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Lo squalo coccodrillo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Matsubara, 1936) è l'unica specie conosciuta della famiglia degli Pseudocarcaridi. Si tratta di squali "rari", dato che vivono in profondità sono poco osservabili e poco conosciuti.

Habitat e diffusione

Lo squalo coccodrillo è diffuso soprattutto in tutto l'Oceano Pacifico, nell'Oceano Atlantico orientale e nell'Oceano Indiano nord-occidentale. Lo si trova quasi sempre al largo, lontano dalle coste a 600 metri di profondità , anche se qualche volta è stato avvistato vicino alla riva.

Descrizione

 src=
Le mandibole dello squalo

Questo piccolo squalo, poco conosciuto, ha la lunghezza media di 1,1 metro[2] e un peso non ancora registrato. Presenta una forma cilindrica ed è una delle specie oceaniche. Questo squalo è chiamato anche "coccodrillo" poiché ha il muso pronunciato, con grandi denti e, per afferrare la preda, può protendere le mascelle molto in avanti. Si sposta in senso verticale, durante la notte, seguendo le prede verso la superficie, e tornando poi a inabissarsi. I suoi grandi occhi gli permettono di vedere anche in condizioni di scarsa luminosità. Come altre specie di squali, gli embrioni dello squalo coccodrillo praticano il cannibalismo quando sono all'interno dell'utero materno, mangiandosi tra loro prima della nascita. In genere sopravvivono solo 2 piccoli per utero che, normalmente riescono a completare il loro sviluppo.

Caratteristica è la presenza nel corpo (più precisamente è un liquido che viene secreto dal fegato) di squalene, un olio con il quale aumenta la propria capacità di galleggiare.

Alimentazione

È carnivoro e si nutre sia di pesci più piccoli che di invertebrati marini[2].

Reperti museali in Italia

L'unico reperto musealizzato in Italia ascritto a questa specie è una mandibola di 105x136 mm proveniente dall'Isola di Jolo (Filippine) esposta presso la Galleria nazionale dei Selachoidei[3].

Conservazione

Non esiste una pesca mirata a questa specie ma è un comune bycatch nella pesca con i palamiti ai tonni e al pesce spada ma sembra che le ferite prodotte dagli ami siano mortali solo in una piccola percentuale dei casi. Queste catture accidentali possono in futuro sollevare qualche preoccupazione per la conservazione della specie. In ogni caso la Lista rossa IUCN classifica questa specie come "a rischio minimo".[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Kyne, P.M., Romanov, E., Barreto, R., Carlson, J., Fernando, D., Fordham, S., Francis, M.P., Jabado, R.W., Liu, K.M., Marshall, A., Pacoureau, N. & Sherley, R.B. 2019, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Dianne J. Bray, Crocodile Shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, su Fishes of Australia, 2011. URL consultato l'11 maggio 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 maggio 2014).
  3. ^ sito Galleria nazionale dei Selachoidei di Avellino , su squali.biz.

Bibliografia

  • AAVV (1998), "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai", in Gli squali, Novara 1998, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, pag. 194.
  • "Pseudocarcharias kamoharai".. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
  • Animaldiversity, su animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. URL consultato l'11 dicembre 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 dicembre 2007).

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Lo squalo coccodrillo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Matsubara, 1936) è l'unica specie conosciuta della famiglia degli Pseudocarcaridi. Si tratta di squali "rari", dato che vivono in profondità sono poco osservabili e poco conosciuti.

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Krokodilhaai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De krokodilhaai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) is een haai uit de familie van krokodilhaaien (Pseudocarchariidae), orde van de makreelhaaien (Lamniformes).

Kenmerken

Deze kleine, cilindrische haai kan een maximale lengte bereiken van 110 cm. Het lichaam heeft een langgerekte vorm met een flinke snuit en grote tanden. De kaken kunnen opvallend ver worden uitgestulpt om een prooi te pakken. De vis heeft twee rugvinnen en één aarsvin.

Leefwijze

Om een prooi te pakken, volgt hij deze 's nachts naar het zeeoppervlak, maar 's ochtends laat hij zich weer afzakken naar diepere, donkere wateren, waar hij dankzij zijn grote ogen goed kan zien. Voor mensen is hij niet echt gevaarlijk.

Voortplanting

De jongen voeren in de baarmoeder een kannibalistisch leven, omdat ze andere embryo's opeten. Meestal blijft er maar een jong per baarmoeder over, die zijn broertjes en zusjes heeft opgegeten. Het kan ook voorkomen, dat er 2 embryo's overleven.

Verspreiding

De soort komt voor in de subtropische wateren van de Atlantische, de Grote en de Indische Oceaan. De haai leeft tot maximaal 600 meter onder het zeeoppervlak en komt niet vaak bij de kust.

Relatie met de mens

De krokodilhaai staat op de Rode Lijst als niet bedreigd. Deze soort is dan ook niet van commercieel belang voor de visserij. Voor de mens is deze haai geheel ongevaarlijk.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Krokodilhaai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De krokodilhaai (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) is een haai uit de familie van krokodilhaaien (Pseudocarchariidae), orde van de makreelhaaien (Lamniformes).

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai ( Polish )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharaigatunek morskiej ryby lamnokształtnej, jedyny przedstawiciel rodziny Pseudocarchariidae i rodzaju Pseudocarcharias. Gatunek głębinowy, odkryty w 1936. Zamieszkuje ciepłe wody oceaniczne.

Cechy charakterystyczne

Ciało dołem wrzecionowate, grzbiet wyprostowany. Długi pysk z otworem gębowym zachodzącym za oczy. Dwie płetwy grzbietowe bez kolców. Heterocerkalna płetwa ogonowa. Pięć par długich szczelin skrzelowych. Duże oczy. Dorastają do 1 m długości.

Przypisy

  1. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai – gatunek morskiej ryby lamnokształtnej, jedyny przedstawiciel rodziny Pseudocarchariidae i rodzaju Pseudocarcharias. Gatunek głębinowy, odkryty w 1936. Zamieszkuje ciepłe wody oceaniczne.

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Tubarão-crocodilo ( Portuguese )

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O tubarão-crocodilo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) é a única espécie de tubarão da família Pseudocarchariidae.

Medem cerca de 100 cm. Habitam em profundidades de 0 m a 590 m, em regiões subtropicais.

Tem uma importância comercial reduzida.

Sinónimos:

  • Carcharias kamoharai Matsubara, 1936
  • Pseudocarcharias pelagicus Cadenat, 1963
  • Carcharias yangi Teng, 1959
  • Pseudocarcharias yangi (Teng, 1959)

Referências

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Tubarão-crocodilo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O tubarão-crocodilo (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) é a única espécie de tubarão da família Pseudocarchariidae.

Medem cerca de 100 cm. Habitam em profundidades de 0 m a 590 m, em regiões subtropicais.

Tem uma importância comercial reduzida.

Sinónimos:

Carcharias kamoharai Matsubara, 1936 Pseudocarcharias pelagicus Cadenat, 1963 Carcharias yangi Teng, 1959 Pseudocarcharias yangi (Teng, 1959)
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Žralok krokodílí ( Slovak )

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Žralok krokodílí (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) je asi meter dlhý žralok, ktorý žije v tropických vodách na celom svete. Je jediným žijúcim zástupcom svojho rodu aj čeľade Pseudocarchariidae.

Opis

Má štíhle, vretenovité telo, obrovské oči a dlhé žiabrové štrbiny, ktoré dosahujú až na temeno hlavy. Chrbtová plutva je malá. Žralok krokodílí má šedý chrbát, brucho je svetlejšie a okraje plutiev biele.

Živí sa zrejme rybami, kalmarami a kôrovcami. Je vajcoživorodý, inak o jeho živote nie je príliš známe.

Iné projekty

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Žralok krokodílí: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Žralok krokodílí (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) je asi meter dlhý žralok, ktorý žije v tropických vodách na celom svete. Je jediným žijúcim zástupcom svojho rodu aj čeľade Pseudocarchariidae.

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Krokodilhaj ( Swedish )

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Krokodilhaj (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) är en haj i ordningen håbrandsartade hajar som är enda arten i släktet Pseudocarcharias som i sin tur är ensam i familjen Pseudocarchariidae.[2]

Som namnet antyder har arten tänder som påminner om krokodilernas tänder.[2] På varje kroppssida förekommer fem gälöppningar fördelade på huvud och på bålen. De två trekantiga ryggfenorna är låga.[3]

Denna haj blir upp till 1,1 meter lång och den lever i öppet vatten i tropiska hav. Dess stora ögon antyder att den jagar på natten eller lever på djupare vatten där ljuset är svagt, troligen ner till åtminstone 590 meters djup. Antagligen utför krokodilhajen vandringar från djupet till havets yta under dygnet.[2]

Krokodilhajens föda består enligt undersökningar av maginnehållet hos insamlade exemplar bland annat av på djupare vatten förekommande små fiskar, bläckfiskar och räkor.[2]

Honan får vanligen två till fyra ungar per dräktighet. Ynglen äter i livmodern obefruktade ägg vad som är en form av kannibalism. Innan de är 3 till 4 cm långa är de utrustade med gulesäck. Vid födseln är ungarna cirka 40 centimeter långa. Könsmognaden kommer vid en uppnådd längd på cirka 74 centimeter om individen är en hane och vid 89 centimeter om det är en hona.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai på IUCN:s rödlista, läst 21 september 2010.
  2. ^ [a b c d e] Bernvi, David C. (2018). ”Krokodilhaj”. Världens hajar. Stockholm: Carcal Publishing. sid. 124. ISBN 9789197583374
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer/Pauly, Daniel (red., 2018). "Pseudocarchariidae" i FishBase. december 2018.

Externa länkar

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Krokodilhaj: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Krokodilhaj (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) är en haj i ordningen håbrandsartade hajar som är enda arten i släktet Pseudocarcharias som i sin tur är ensam i familjen Pseudocarchariidae.

Som namnet antyder har arten tänder som påminner om krokodilernas tänder. På varje kroppssida förekommer fem gälöppningar fördelade på huvud och på bålen. De två trekantiga ryggfenorna är låga.

Denna haj blir upp till 1,1 meter lång och den lever i öppet vatten i tropiska hav. Dess stora ögon antyder att den jagar på natten eller lever på djupare vatten där ljuset är svagt, troligen ner till åtminstone 590 meters djup. Antagligen utför krokodilhajen vandringar från djupet till havets yta under dygnet.

Krokodilhajens föda består enligt undersökningar av maginnehållet hos insamlade exemplar bland annat av på djupare vatten förekommande små fiskar, bläckfiskar och räkor.

Honan får vanligen två till fyra ungar per dräktighet. Ynglen äter i livmodern obefruktade ägg vad som är en form av kannibalism. Innan de är 3 till 4 cm långa är de utrustade med gulesäck. Vid födseln är ungarna cirka 40 centimeter långa. Könsmognaden kommer vid en uppnådd längd på cirka 74 centimeter om individen är en hane och vid 89 centimeter om det är en hona.

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Акула крокодилова ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 1-1,1 м та ваги у 4-6 кг. Голована маленька. Морда коротка, трохи загострена. Рот з великими щелепами. Зуби витягнуті та великі. У верхній щелепі, перші два великі зуби відокремлені від бічних зубів за допомогою ряду невеликих проміжних зубів. Всього 30 рядків зубів на кожній щелепі. Очі надзвичайно великі без мигательної мембрани. П'ять пар зябрових щілин довгі, розширюються на спинній поверхні. Тулуб сигароподібний. Ребра відносно невеликі. Печінка велика, містить значний відсоток жиру. Грудні плавці маленькі, широкі, округлі. Черевні плавці майже так само великі, як грудні. Хвостовий плавець має асиметричну форму з помірно довгою верхньою лопатю.

Забарвлення спини темно-коричневе. Черево — світло-коричневого кольору, іноді з темними плямами з боків та на череві.

Спосіб життя

Тримається глибин від 200 до 600 м. Мешканець мезопелагічної зони. Активна вночі. Живиться костистими рибами, креветками та кальмарами.

Статева зрілість настає у самців при 74-110 см, а самиць — 89-102 см. Це яйцеживородна акула. Самиця народжує до 4 акуленят завдовжки 40 см.

Не становить небезпеки для людини.

Розповсюдження

Зустрічається в Тихому (від Астралії та Нової Зеланлії до Японії; від Каліфорнії до Чилі, Гаваїв та островів Океанії), Індійському (від Мозамбіку до М'янми, таїланду та Індонезії) та Атлантичному океані (від Кабо-Верде до ПАР; від Венесуели до Бразилії).

Джерела

  • Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 71-74. ISBN 92-5-104543-7.
  • A.L. Stewart: First record of the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes), from New Zealand waters. In: New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 35/2001. The Royal Society of New Zealand, S. 1001—1006, ISSN 0028-8330
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Ложнопесчаная акула ( Russian )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai head.jpg

Биология

Ложнопесчаные акулы с их удлинённым телом, маленькими плавниками и печенью, богатой скваленом и прочими липидами низкой плотности конвергентно сходны с мезопелагическими катранообразными, например, с бразильской светящейся акулой. Печень может составлять до 1/5 от общего веса тела. Она функционирует как несжимаемый поплавок и позволяет акулам поддерживать нейтральную плавучесть в водной толще, прикладывая минимум усилий[4][11]. Подобно прочим обитателям мезопелагической зоны ложнопесчаные акулы совершают суточные вертикальные миграции, ночью поднимаясь к поверхности, чтобы поохотиться, а днём опускаясь на глубину. Как правило, днём их редко можно встретить на глубине менее 200 м[10].

Крупные глаза с зелёной или жёлтой светоотражающей сетчаткой без расширяющейся радужки, вероятно, приспособлены к ночному образу жизни. Ложнопесчаные акулы могут увидеть силуэт добычи или её биолюминесцирующие элементы[11]. У них хорошо развита мускулатура, будучи пойманными они яростно сопротивляются. Вероятно, они являются активными хищниками. Однажды у побережья Кейп-Пойнт, ЮАР, ложнопесчаная акула в погоне за наживкой выпрыгнула из воды. Рацион этих акул состоит из костистых рыб, таких как миктофы и гоностомовые, кальмаров (Onychoteuthidae, Mastigoteuthidaeruen и Pholidoteuthidaeruen) и креветок[4].

Ложнопесчаные акулы размножаются яйцеживорождением с оофагией. В помёте до 4 детёнышей, по 2 из каждого яйцевода. Точная продолжительность беременности неизвестна. Эмбрионы питаются желтком, который находится в желточном мешке длиной 3—4 см. После опустошения желточного мешка они начинают поедать неоплодотворённые яйца, которые в большом количество вырабатывает организм матери. Яйца в количество от 2 до 9 заключены в тонкостенную капсулу. Желудок эмбриона сильно растягивается, наполняясь желтком, и может составлять до 1/4 от общего веса зародыша[13]. Неизвестно, каким образом двум эмбрионам удаётся разделять один яйцевод; у прочих ламнообразных в каждом яйцеводе развивается по одному зародышу. Длина новорождённых составляет около 40 см. Самцы достигают половой зрелости при длине 74—110 см, а самки — 89—102 см[11]. Размножение не имеет сезонности[10].

Pseudocarcharias perlo cochin.jpg

Взаимодействие с человеком

Из-за небольшого размера ложнопесчаные акулы не представляют опасности для человека, кроме того, они не встречаются у берега. Однако, будучи пойманными, они могут сильно покусать человека, и с ними надо обращаться осторожно[11]. В качестве прилова ложнопесчаные акулы попадаются на крючки пелагических ярусов, расставленных на тунцов и рыбу-меч. Чаще всего их ловят в Индийском океане у берегов Японии при добыче желтопёрого тунца и у побережья Австралии при промысле меч-рыбы. Кроме того, они попадаются на джиг-головки для кальмаров и в жаберные сети[4]. Как правило, пойманных рыб из-за небольшого размера и невкусного мяса выбрасывают за борт. Однако жир печени представляет некоторую ценность. Из-за потенциального снижения численности популяции и медленного цикла размножения Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус сохранности «Близкий к уязвимому положению».

После того, как в сентябре 1985 года AT&T установила первый глубоководный оптоволоконный кабель между Гран-Канария и Тенерифе, Канарские острова, в системе произошла серия коротких замыканий, потребовавших дорогостоящего ремонта. Причиной большинства сбоев были атаки ложнопесчаных акул, которых, вероятно, привлекло электрическое поле вокруг кабелей. Проблему решили, обернув кабели стальной лентой под плотной полиэтиленовой оболочкой[11].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 22. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Matsubara K. (1936). A new carcharoid shark found in Japan (in Japanese). Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 48 (7): 380—382.
  3. 1 2 Martin, R.A. Pseudocarchariidae (неопр.). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Проверено 7 марта 2013. Архивировано 7 апреля 2013 года.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Compagno, Leonard J.V. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes) // FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002. — P. 72—75. — ISBN 92-5-104543-7.
  5. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Fish Name Etymology Database (неопр.). The ETYFish Project. Проверено 15 декабря 2015.
  6. Cigala-Fulgosi, F. Additions to the fish fauna of the Italian Miocene. The occurrence of Pseudocarcharias (Chondrichthys, Pseudocarchariidae) in the lower Serravallian of Parma Province, Northern Apenniens // Tertiary Research. — 1992. — Vol. 14, № (2). — P. 51—60.
  7. Edwards, A.J. New records of fishes from the Bonaparte Seamount and Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic // Journal of Natural History. — (1993). — Vol. 27, № (2). — P. 493–503. — DOI:10.1080/00222939300770241.
  8. Long, D. J. and Seigel, J. A. «A crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Selachii: Lamnidae) from pelagic waters off Baja California, Mexico» // Oceanides. — 1997. — Vol. 12, № (1). — P. 61—63.
  9. Meléndez, R., López, S., Yáñez, E. «New data of Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara, 1936) (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Pseudocarchariidae), off northern Chile» (in Spanish) // Investigaciones Marinas Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. — 2006. — Vol. 34, № (2). — P. 223—26.
  10. 1 2 3 Romanov, E. V., Ward, P., Levesque, J. C. and Lawrence, E. Preliminary analysis of crocodile shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) distribution and abundance trends in pelagic longline fisheries. — Bangkok, Thailand: IOTC Working Party on Environment and Bycatch (WPEB), 2008.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Martin, R.A. Biology of the Crocodile Shark (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) (неопр.). ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Проверено 8 марта 2013. Архивировано 7 апреля 2013 года.
  12. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  13. Fujita, K. Oviphagous embryos of the pseudocarchariid shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, from the central Pacific // Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. — 1981. — Vol. 28, № (1). — P. 37—44.
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Ложнопесчаная акула: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai head.jpg
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糙齿鲨 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
Matsubara, 1936 糙齒鯊分佈範圍(藍色)
糙齒鯊分佈範圍(藍色)

糙齒鯊學名Pseudocarcharias kamoharai),又稱蒲原氏擬錐齒鯊鱷鮫,是糙齒鯊科(或稱擬錐齒鯊科)中的唯一一個物種。分布於全球各熱帶亞熱帶的海域,平時棲息在590米深的海裡。牠們可以生長至超過1米長。

主要以小型魚類、烏賊及蝦類為食。

分佈及棲息地

糙齒鯊是生活在海洋鯊魚,一般在離岸的區域出沒,偶爾會在淺海附近出現。

解剖及外觀

糙齒鯊是中等身形及呈錠子狀的鯊魚,有很大的眼睛但沒有瞬膜鰓裂長至背部,牙齒呈針狀,尾巴上有細少的龍骨及尾前小窩。背鰭低及細少,第二背鰭比第一背鰭少一半,但較臀鰭大。胸鰭闊及圓。

身體背部呈淺或深灰色,腹部較淺色。鰭有白邊,身體上有時有細少的白點,口部及鰭裂之間有大白點。

飲食

糙齒鯊是以遠洋的硬骨魚魷魚為食物。

行為

糙齒鯊的行為不明,但相信可以游得很快,可能能夠跳出水面。牠們是遠洋的鯊魚。牠們有大的眼睛,估計是夜間活動或在深海覓食。

生殖

糙齒鯊是卵胎生的,胚胎會以卵黃及其他卵子為食,每胎約有4頭幼鯊。

對人類的重要性

雖然糙齒鯊對人類並沒有危害,但牠強壯的顎骨、顎部肌肉牙齒都令人生畏。牠的身體最有用的是那充滿角鯊烯肝臟。牠們很久前在日本已被捕獵,但影響不大。

參考

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维基百科作者和编辑

糙齿鲨: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

糙齒鯊(學名:Pseudocarcharias kamoharai),又稱蒲原氏擬錐齒鯊或鱷鮫,是糙齒鯊科(或稱擬錐齒鯊科)中的唯一一個物種。分布於全球各熱帶亞熱帶的海域,平時棲息在590米深的海裡。牠們可以生長至超過1米長。

主要以小型魚類、烏賊及蝦類為食。

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维基百科作者和编辑

ミズワニ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ミズワニ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai 2.jpg
ミズワニ
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
保全状況評価[1] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes 亜綱 : 板鰓亜綱 Elasmobranchii : ネズミザメ目 Lamniformes : ミズワニ科 Pseudocarchariidae : ミズワニ属 Pseudocarcharias : ミズワニ P. kamoharai 学名 Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
(Matsubara, 1936) 英名 Crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai dis.jpg
ミズワニの生息域

ミズワニ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (水鰐、 英: Crocodile shark)は、ネズミザメ目ミズワニ科に属する唯一のサメ。世界中の暖かい海のやや深い所に生息する。全長1.1m。

オオワニザメ科のオオワニザメ Odontaspis feroxシロワニ Carcharhias taurus と混同されることもある。また、オオワニザメを「ミズワニ」と呼ぶこともある。

分布・生息域[編集]

全世界の亜熱帯及び熱帯の海域に分布する。日本近海では日本海側は山陰地方以南・太平洋側は四国付近以南に生息している。 海表面から水深590m 以深の深海に生息している[2]

形態[編集]

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai head.jpg

最大全長は雌雄ともに110cm[3]ネズミザメ目の最小種である。体色は背側が灰色から灰褐色で、腹側は薄色。鰭の縁は薄色である。第一背鰭は大きく、第二背鰭は小さい。胸鰭はやや丸みを帯びている。

生態[編集]

餌は外洋の小型魚やイカ、エビなどである。

胎生。卵食型、または卵食・共食い型の可能性もある[2]。産仔数は4尾で、2つある子宮にそれぞれ2尾の胎仔が育つ[2]。出生時の大きさは約41cm[2]。成熟サイズは雄74cm以上、雌は89cm以上[2]

混同されているミズワニ[編集]

ミズワニの名は、昭和30年頃に京都大学農林部教授松原善代松によって命名された。種名の kamoharai は、当時、高知大学文理学部の教授であった蒲原稔治の名に因んでいる。分類学においてイギリスの名前はこの動物のmizu waniの日本の名前に由来し付けているともある。日本においては古来からサメのことを和邇(わに)と呼んでいた。そして和邇(わに)は一般にはワニザメのことされている。日本神話因幡の白兎に登場するサメも和邇(わに)と呼ばれている。ただ因幡の白兎においては特に特定はせずサメやフカのことであるとなっている。山陰地方では現在でもサメのことをワニと呼んでいる。日本から発信されたmizu waniの名前はワニザメ=ミズワニとする日本とSmalltooth sand tiger=ミズワニとする誤解が生じているようである。

ミズワニとあるのにオオワニザメの特徴が書かれている文献も多く、混同されているようである。また以前、オオワニザメシロワニがミズワニ科に分類されていたことも混同の要因の一つと思われる。

ミズワニ・シロワニ・オオワニザメの分類に関しては、ネズミザメ目の項目を参照のこと。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. & Musick, J.A. 2005. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. . Downloaded on 12 July 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e Leonard J. V. Compagno (2002) "Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date" Volume 2, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. pp.72-74.
  3. ^ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2011.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (06/2011).

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ミズワニに関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、魚類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然/プロジェクト:生物)。
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語

ミズワニ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ミズワニ Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (水鰐、 英: Crocodile shark)は、ネズミザメ目ミズワニ科に属する唯一のサメ。世界中の暖かい海のやや深い所に生息する。全長1.1m。

オオワニザメ科のオオワニザメ Odontaspis ferox やシロワニ Carcharhias taurus と混同されることもある。また、オオワニザメを「ミズワニ」と呼ぶこともある。

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강남상어 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

강남상어(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)는 강남상어과(Pseudocarchariidae)의 유일종으로 악상어의 일종이다. 전 세계 온대 해양의 약간 깊은 곳에서 서식한다. 전체 길이는 약 1.1m이다.

분포 및 서식지

한국 남해안을 포함하여, 전 세계의 온대 및 아열대, 열대 해역 등에 분포한다. 일본 근해의 동해 쪽은 산인 지방 아래 아래 지역에, 태평양 쪽은 시코쿠 부근 남쪽에 서식하고 있다. 바다 표면에서 수심 590m 이내의 심해에 서식하고 있다.[2]

형태

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai head.jpg

몸길이는 암수 모두 최대 110cm이다.[3] 악상어목 종 중에서 가장 작은 종이다. 몸 등쪽은 짙은 갈색, 배쪽은 담갈색을 띤다. 제1등지느러미는 크고, 제2등지느러미는 작다.[4]

각주

  1. “Pseudocarcharias kamoharai”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2005. 2010년 2월 26일에 확인함.
  2. Leonard J. V. Compagno (2002) "Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date" Volume 2, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. pp.72-74.
  3. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2011.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (06/2011).
  4. 국립수산과학원 해양생물종다양성정보시스템. “강남상어(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) 원양(원양어류) 정보”. 2013년 2월 22일에 확인함.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Found offshore but sometimes occurring inshore and near the bottom. Its long, flexed teeth suggests small to moderately large active oceanic prey. Ovoviviparous, with 4 young in a litter. Nocturnal and possibly make a diel pattern of movement toward the surface at night and away from it in the day. Jaws can be protruded a considerable distance from its head. Liver is very large and very high in squalene.

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Edward Vanden Berghe [email]