There are many extensive conservation efforts directed towards brook trout, especially naturally reproducing brook trout populations. This is because in many northeastern states and Canada brook trout, the only native stream dwelling trout in many of these places, are very susceptible to urbanization and deforestation and its effects on the surrounding aquatic ecosystems. Ohio for example has only two naturally reproducing populations of brook trout left and breeds these populations in hatcheries then placing them in other suitable habitats to reestablish these populations (LaConte, 1997). Many other states and areas in Canada are performing similar projects to preserve this treasured and threatened natural resource.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
When in breeding colors the male brook trout are considered by many to be one of the most colorful and beautiful of all freshwater fishes (LaConte, 1997). Another interesting fact is that brook trout are actually a char not a trout (LaConte, 1997). The brook trout has also been hybridized with the brown trout, by combining brown trout (Salmo trutta) eggs with brook trout sperm, to produce a sterile tiger or zebra trout, which has proven itself to be a very good gamefish (Mills, 1971). The brook trout's sperm has also been combined with the eggs of a lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) which results in a splake, a fish that has been introduced into some of the North American Great Lakes (Mills, 1971).
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
As a gamefish the brook trout is very highly sought after and one of the most popular, especially in north eastern North America (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The brook trout can be caught by fishing with artificial flies, spin casting, or with live bait (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Brook trout and their vastly popular sport fishing bring to a community related recreational activities such as camping, boating, and the need for gear, guides and transportation, all of which provide positive economic opportunities (Hubbs and Lagler, 1949). Brook trout have been raised in hatcheries and distributed world wide in hope of creating the above mentioned opportunities in places where they do not natively occur or to reestablish and strengthen native populations (Scott and Crossman, 1985).
Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism
The food habits of brook trout vary according to their age and life history stage. As fry, or very young fish, brook trout feed primarily on immature stages of aquatic insects (Everhart, 1961). In general a brook trout's diet can be likened to a smorgasbord of organisms with prey ranging from mayflies to salamanders (Wittman, 2001). A brook trout will virtually eat anything its mouth will accommodate, including mostly many aquatic insect larvae such as caddisflies, mayflies, midges, and black flies. Other organisms consumed include worms, leeches, crustaceans, terrestrial insects, spiders, mollusks, a number of other fish species (cannibalism is limited to spawning time and spring), frogs, salamanders, snakes and even small mammals like voles (e.g. Microtus, Cleithrionomys), should they find one in the water (Scott and Crossman, 1985). As brook trout become larger their diet shifts more towards a piscovourus one (Everhart, 1961). Sea-run brook trout eat fish and intertebrates that are commonly found in marine environments (Scott and Crossman, 1985).
Animal Foods: mammals; amphibians; reptiles; fish; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Insectivore )
Brook trout are found as far south as Georgia in the Appalachian mountain range and extend north all the way to Hudson Bay. From the east coast their native range extends westward to eastern Manitoba and the Great Lakes (Willers, 1991). The fish has been introduced, very successfully in some areas, into many parts of the world including western North America, South America, New Zealand, Asia, and many parts of Europe (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced , Native ); palearctic (Introduced ); oriental (Introduced ); neotropical (Introduced ); australian (Introduced )
Brook trout are found in three types of aquatic environments: rivers, lakes, and marine areas. Their living requirements in these environments are very specific. The freshwater populations occur in clear, cool, well-oxygenated streams and lakes (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Brook trout thrive in these environments with temperatures that remain below 18.8 C and where there is little to no siltation (LaConte, 1997). Stream dwelling brook trout require three habitat components, which include resting areas in pools, feeding sites near riffles or swiftly flowing water, and escape cover which normally is found along undercut banks, under woody debris, trees or large rock ledges ("Brook Trout," 1987). Brook trout that reside in marine environments migrate there from freshwater tributaries and tend to stay close to river mouths.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: estuarine
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 24.0 years.
Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: wild: 16.0 years.
Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: wild: 16.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 8.0 years.
The brook trout's body is elongate with an average length of 38.1-50.8 cm, is only slightly laterally compressed; the body has its greatest depth at or in front of the origin of the dorsal fin (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Another physical characteristic of the brook trout is an adipose fin and a caudal fin that is slightly forked (Hubbs and Lagler, 1949). Brook trout have 10-14 principle dorsal rays, 9-13 principle anal rays, 8-10 pelvic rays, and 11-14 pectoral rays (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The brook trout also has a large terminal mouth with breeding males developing a hook or kype on the front of the lower jaw (Scott and Crossman, 1985).
The coloration of the brook trout is very distinct and can be spectacular. The back of the brook trout is dark olive-green to dark brown, sometimes almost black, the sides are lighter and become silvery white ventrally (Scott and Crossman, 1985). On the back and top of the head there are wormy cream colored wavy lines known as vermiculations which break up into spots on the side (Scott and Crossman, 1985). In addition to the pale spots on the side there are smaller more discrete red spots with bluish halos (Scott and Crossman 1985). The fins of the brook trout are also distinct; the dorsal fin has heavy black wavy lines, the caudal fin has black lines, the anal, pelvic and pectoral fins have white edges followed by black and then reddish coloration (Scott and Crossman, 1985).
Range mass: 1 to 6 kg.
Range length: 38.1 to 50.8 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Usually only a single male is able to fertilize the eggs that a female lays in a redd, but occasionally more than one male is able to do so. Usually the largest males are the most successful breeders.
Mating System: monogamous ; polyandrous
Brook trout spawn in late summer or autumn depending on the latitude and temperature (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The type of area required for brook trout spawning is one that offers loose, clean gravel in shallow riffles or shoreline area with an excellent supply of upwelling, oxygen-rich water (LaConte, 1997). Mature fish have been known to travel many miles upstream to reach adequate spawning grounds (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Females are able to detect upwelling springs or other areas of ground-water flow, which make for excellent spawning grounds. Brook trout reach maturity on an average at the age of two and spawn every year, although their size at first maturity depends on growth rate and the productivity of thier habitat (Everhart, 1961). Males often outnumber females at the spawning site, but only rarely is more than one male able to fertilize the eggs in a particular redd (Scott and Crossman, 1985; Blanchfield et al., 2003). The females clear away debris and silt with rapid fanning of her caudal fin while on her side, creating a redd (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The redd is where the eggs will be deposited and fertilized after the males compete for spawning right to the female (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The redd actually resembles a pit that is 4-12 inches in depth (Everhart, 1961). To gain the spawning right of the female the males compete for position by nipping and displaying themselves to the competitor males (Mills, 1971). When spawning is actually taking place the male takes a position to hold the female against the bottom of the redd and both of the fish vibrate intensely while eggs and milt are simultaneously discharged (Scott and Crossman, 1985). Very shortly after this exchange takes place the female works to cover the fertilized eggs with gravel by digging slightly upstream and letting the current carry the gravel down to fill the redd (Everhart, 1961). The eggs are initially adhesive to prevent them from washing away so they are able to incubate within the gravel (Scott and Crossman, 1985). The total time of incubation depends on factors such as temperature and oxygen (Scott and Crossman, 1985). After hatch the fry remain in the gravel until the yolk sac is absorbed then the fry swim up out of the gravel to begin the next stage of their life (Scott and Crossman, 1985).
Breeding interval: Brook trout breed once per year
Breeding season: Spawning occurs in late summer or autumn
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 730 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 730 days.
Die Beekforel (Salvelinus fontinalis) is 'n varswater vis wat inheems is aan noord-oos Noord-Amerika. Die visse is ingevoer en vrygelaat in die Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, KwaZulu-Natal en Mpumalanga. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Brook charr.
Die skubbe is klein wat die vel 'n leeragtige voorkoms gee. Die sylyn is duidelik en reguit. Die lyf is stroombelyn, die vinne kort en die stertvin is holrond tot plat. Die vis is gewoonlik donker, olyf bruin tot rooi bruin. Daar is rooi kolletjies op die sye van die lyf en die dorsale vin het donker brui-swart kolletjies op. Die vis word tot 400 lank en die Suid-Afrikaanse hengel rekord is 1.035 kg.
Die vis verkies koel (maksimum 20 °C), helder water met baie suurstof om in te leef. Die dieet is baie soos die van die Reënboogforel en Bruinforel. Hulle broei in water wat 4 - 10 °C is oor gruis beddings in vloeiende water. Die wyfie maak 'n nes en paar met slegs een mannetjie. Die eiers broei uit na 4 - 6 weke.
Diè forel is met die Bruinforel gekruis en die produk van die kruising staan bekend as die Tierforel. Die Beekforel word egter vir 'n geruime tyd nie meer in Suid-Afrika opgemerk nie en mag uitgesterf het.
Die Beekforel (Salvelinus fontinalis) is 'n varswater vis wat inheems is aan noord-oos Noord-Amerika. Die visse is ingevoer en vrygelaat in die Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, KwaZulu-Natal en Mpumalanga. In Engels staan die vis bekend as Brook charr.
La truita de rierol o truita de font (Salvelinus fontinalis) és un peix de la família dels salmònids i una espècie forastera dins el context de la fauna dels Països Catalans.
És un depredador d'aigües oligotròfiques d'origen nord-americà.
Viu en aigües dolces i fresques. És molt exigent pel que fa a la temperatura de l'aigua, però no tant amb l'oxigen dissolt, per la qual cosa desplaça fàcilment les truites autòctones dels llacs i altres recintes amb aigües embassades.
És una de les espècies de pesca més reputades als Estats Units i va ésser introduïda a l'Estat espanyol a finals del segle XIX. És abundant al Pirineu, especialment a Andorra. Tot i això, figura a la llista de les 100 espècies invasores més dolentes d'Europa.[1]
Té una carn molt apreciada a nivell gastronòmic.
La truita de rierol o truita de font (Salvelinus fontinalis) és un peix de la família dels salmònids i una espècie forastera dins el context de la fauna dels Països Catalans.
Pysgodyn sy'n byw mewn dŵr croyw ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Salmonidae ydy'r torgoch afon sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: torgochiaid afon (Lladin: Salvelinus fontinalis; Saesneg: Brook trout). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.
Mae'n bysgodyn dŵr croyw ac mae i'w ganfod ar arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol.[1] Mae'r math yma o bysgodyn yn cael ei bysgota ar gyfer y bwrdd bwyd.
Pysgodyn sy'n byw mewn dŵr croyw ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Salmonidae ydy'r torgoch afon sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: torgochiaid afon (Lladin: Salvelinus fontinalis; Saesneg: Brook trout). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.
Mae'n bysgodyn dŵr croyw ac mae i'w ganfod ar arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol. Mae'r math yma o bysgodyn yn cael ei bysgota ar gyfer y bwrdd bwyd.
Siven americký (Salvelinus fontinalis) je dravá sladkovodní ryba z čeledi lososovitých.
Siven americký má vyšší stranově zploštělé tělo s velkou podlouhlou hlavu s dlouze rozeklanými ozubenými ústy. Je flexibilního pestrého zbarvení v závislosti na lokalitě a roční době. Základní zbarvení hřbetu je olivově zelené s bílým mramorováním. Boky mívá světlejší se žlutavými i červenými skvrnami. Břicho mívá oranžové až načervenalé. Prsní, břišní a řitní ploutve jsou načervenalé a jsou lemované výrazným bílým rámováním. Před ocasní ploutví má malou tukovou ploutvičku, která je znakem lososovitých ryb. V řekách České republiky dorůstá obvykle do délky 30 až 40 cm a hmotnosti 0,30 až 1 kg, v jezerech i více.
V Evropě není původem, byl dovezen koncem 19. století ze Severní Ameriky. Obývá zejména proudné úseky parmového pásma, lipanové pásmo a dolní část pstruhového pásma. Obývá i jezera a chladnější rybníky, kde byl vysazen. Snáší i kyselou vodu s nižší hodnotou pH. Výskyt v řekách je různý a je závislý hlavně na tradici chovu a vysazování.
Siven americký nežije v hejnech, živí se náletovým hmyzem, larvami vodního hmyzu a drobnými rybkami. Pohlavně dospívá ve stáří 2–3 roků, tření probíhá podle teploty vody v říjnu až listopadu. Vzácně se kříží se pstruhem potočním, vzniká tzv. tygrovitá ryba, která se dále již nerozmnožuje.
Siven americký (Salvelinus fontinalis) je dravá sladkovodní ryba z čeledi lososovitých.
Der Bachsaibling (Salvelinus fontinalis) gehört zur Familie der Salmoniden (Lachsfische). 1884 wurde er aus Nordamerika eingeführt (daselbst Brook Trout oder Northern Brook Trout genannt).
Die Durchschnittsgröße liegt in Freiheit (Europa) selten über 35, maximal bei 85 Zentimetern. Der Fisch wird zumeist nicht über ein Kilogramm schwer. Entscheidend für das Wachstum der Saiblinge sind unter anderem Gewässerbeschaffenheit und Nahrungsmenge. Die nordamerikanischen Saiblinge werden bis zu vier Kilogramm schwer. Das Höchstalter unter natürlichen Bedingungen liegt bei acht bis zehn Jahren. Der Bachsaibling ist ein beliebter Fisch in der Aquakultur und wird kulinarisch meist der Regenbogenforelle vorgezogen.
Der Saibling gilt als einer der schönsten und farbenprächtigsten Vertreter der Salmoniden. Die Farben wechseln von Population zu Population. Seine Körperform ist typisch torpedoförmig. Wie alle Salmoniden hat auch der Saibling eine Fettflosse. Die bauchseitigen Flossen haben einen auffällig rot-orange gefärbten Saum mit weißem Rand. Charakteristisch ist die schmale schwarze Abgrenzung dieses weißen Randes gegen das Rot der Flossen. Der Rücken ist braun gefärbt und oliv marmoriert. Bachsaiblinge haben kleine Schuppen und eine große Mundöffnung.
Der Bachsaibling lebt in kalten und sauerstoffreichen sowohl fließenden als auch stehenden Gewässern (wie z. B. Gebirgsseen). Er besiedelt die Gewässer Islands, Europas, Asiens und Nordamerikas.
Der Saibling braucht kaum Unterstände und eignet sich deshalb sowie aufgrund seines äußerst breiten Nahrungsspektrums auch zur Besiedlung von begradigten und rasch fließenden Bächen sowie vor allem zum Besatz der Quellregionen unserer Gebirgsbäche. Da er aber nicht zu den heimischen Arten gehört, sollte kein Besatz mit dieser Art stattfinden, um die bestehenden Ökosysteme nicht zu stören. Gegenüber niedrigen pH-Werten ist er toleranter als die heimische Bachforelle. Aus der Kreuzung zwischen Bachsaibling und Bachforelle entstehen die sterilen Tigerforellen, die ihren Namen der auffälligen goldgelben Fleckenzeichnung verdanken.
Der Bachsaibling zählt zu den Kieslaichern, wobei die Rogner durch Verdrehen des Hinterleibs und auch Aufwirbeln des Grundschlammes mit der Schwanzflosse eine Laichgrube schlagen, ehe sie beginnen, die Eier auszustoßen.
Die Nahrung besteht überwiegend aus Planktonkrebsen und Bodenlebewesen. Im Sommer spielt oft auch Anflugnahrung, wie z. B. Heuschrecken, eine Rolle. Größere Bachsaiblinge ernähren sich auch von Fischen (auch der eigenen Art).
Neben dem Bachsaibling gibt es weitere Saiblingsarten: Die amerikanische Seeforelle (Salvelinus namaycush), den Seesaibling (Salvelinus alpinus) sowie zahlreiche lokale Formen (z. B. Schwarzreuter). Der Elsässer Saibling ist eine Kreuzung aus Bachsaibling und Seesaibling.
Der Bachsaibling (Salvelinus fontinalis) gehört zur Familie der Salmoniden (Lachsfische). 1884 wurde er aus Nordamerika eingeführt (daselbst Brook Trout oder Northern Brook Trout genannt).
Leđa su joj maslinasto do tamnozeleno i mramorisana, bokovi su žutobijeli sa svjetlijim tačkama, trbuh je bijel ili crvenkast. U periodu mrijesta, trbuh je izrazito crven. Na leđima i repnom peraju postoje tamne pjege. Na tijelu se nalazi manji broj crvenih pjega. Po krupnim svjetlim pjegama, zlatovčice se razlikuju od drugih salmonida koje žive na području BiH. Crvene pjege mogu biti sa svijetlim obrubom ili bez njega. U vodama BiH, dostignu dužinu do 50 cm i težinu oko 1 kg.
Današnje rasprostranjenje zlatovčica u BiH nije dovoljno proučeno. Poznata je populacija iz izvorskog dijela rijeke Bosne. Hrani se planktonima, puževima i školjkama.
Potočne zlatovčice se mrijeste od oktobra do marta. Polno je zrela između druge i treće godine, kad je dugačka 15-30 cm. Polažu jaja na podvodno kamenje.
Ang trutsang pangsapa o trutsa ng sapa (Ingles: brook trout; pangalang pang-agham: Salvelinus fontinalis), na paminsan-minsang tinatawag na pansilangang trutsang pangsapa (Ingles: eastern brook trout), ay isang espesye ng isdang nasa pamilya ng salmon ng ordeng Salmoniformes. Sa maraming mga bahagi ng nasasakupan nito, nakikilala ito bilang batikang trutsa o trutsang batik-batik (speckled trout), o kaya buntot-parisukat (Ingles: squaretail). Isang populasyong potamodromoso sa Lake Superior ang nakikilala bilang pambaybaying trutsa (Ingles: coaster trout o payak na coaster lamang. Bagaman karaniwang tinatawag na isang trutsa, ang trutsang pangsapa - na tinatawag ding trutsang pambatis o trutsang pang-ilug-ilugan - sa katotohanan ay isang tsar (Salvelinus; char sa Ingles), na kinapipilingan ng trutsang panglawa, trutsang toro, trutsang Dolly Varden, at tsar ng Arktiko. Ang katagang fontinalis ay nagbuhat sa Latin na fontīnālis na may kahulugang "ng o mula sa isang sibol o balong".
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Isda ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.
Ang trutsang pangsapa o trutsa ng sapa (Ingles: brook trout; pangalang pang-agham: Salvelinus fontinalis), na paminsan-minsang tinatawag na pansilangang trutsang pangsapa (Ingles: eastern brook trout), ay isang espesye ng isdang nasa pamilya ng salmon ng ordeng Salmoniformes. Sa maraming mga bahagi ng nasasakupan nito, nakikilala ito bilang batikang trutsa o trutsang batik-batik (speckled trout), o kaya buntot-parisukat (Ingles: squaretail). Isang populasyong potamodromoso sa Lake Superior ang nakikilala bilang pambaybaying trutsa (Ingles: coaster trout o payak na coaster lamang. Bagaman karaniwang tinatawag na isang trutsa, ang trutsang pangsapa - na tinatawag ding trutsang pambatis o trutsang pang-ilug-ilugan - sa katotohanan ay isang tsar (Salvelinus; char sa Ingles), na kinapipilingan ng trutsang panglawa, trutsang toro, trutsang Dolly Varden, at tsar ng Arktiko. Ang katagang fontinalis ay nagbuhat sa Latin na fontīnālis na may kahulugang "ng o mula sa isang sibol o balong".
The brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is a species of freshwater fish in the char genus Salvelinus of the salmon family Salmonidae. It is native to Eastern North America in the United States and Canada, but has been introduced elsewhere in North America, as well as to Iceland, Europe, and Asia. In parts of its range, it is also known as the eastern brook trout, speckled trout, brook charr, squaretail, brookie or mud trout, among others.[3] A potamodromous population in Lake Superior, is known as coaster trout or, simply, as coasters. Anadromous populations which are found in coastal rivers from Long Island to Hudson Bay are sometimes referred to as salters.[4] The brook trout is the state fish of nine U.S. states: Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the Provincial Fish of Nova Scotia in Canada.
The brook trout was first scientifically described as Salmo fontinalis by the naturalist Samuel Latham Mitchill in 1814. The specific epithet "fontinalis" comes from the Latin for "of a spring or fountain", in reference to the clear, cold streams and ponds in its native habitat. The species was later moved to the char genus Salvelinus, which in North America also includes the lake trout, bull trout, Dolly Varden, and the Arctic char.
There is little recognized systematic substructure in the brook trout, but two subspecies have been proposed. On the other hand, three ecological forms are distinguished.
The aurora trout, S. f. timagamiensis, is a subspecies native to two lakes in the Temagami District of Ontario, Canada.[5] The silver trout, (Salvelinus agassizii or S. f. agassizii), is an extinct trout species or subspecies last seen in Dublin Pond, New Hampshire, in 1930.[6] It is considered by fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke as a highly specialized form of brook trout.[7]
Robert J. Behnke describes three ecological forms of the brook trout.[8] A large lake form evolved in the larger lakes in the northern reaches of its range and are generally piscivorous as adults. A sea-run form that migrates into saltwater for short periods to feed evolved along the Atlantic coastline. Finally, a smaller generalist form evolved in the small lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams throughout most of the native range. This generalist form rarely attains sizes larger than 12 in (30 cm) or lives for more than three years. All three forms have the same general appearance.
The brook trout produces hybrids both with its congeners Salvelinus namaycush and Salvelinus alpinus, and intergeneric hybrids with Salmo trutta.[9][10]
The splake is an intrageneric hybrid between the brook trout and lake trout (S. namaycush). Although uncommon in nature, they are artificially propagated in substantial numbers for stocking into brook trout or lake trout habitats.[11] Although they are fertile, back-crossing in nature is behaviorally problematic and very little natural reproduction occurs. Splake grow more quickly than brook trout, become piscivorous sooner, and are more tolerant of competitors than brook trout.[12]
The tiger trout is an intergeneric hybrid between the brook trout and the Eurasian brown trout (Salmo trutta). Tiger trout rarely occur naturally but are sometimes artificially propagated. Such crosses are almost always reproductively sterile. They are popular with many fish-stocking programs because they can grow quickly, and may help keep coarse fish (wild non "sport" fish) populations in check due to their highly piscivorous (fish-eating) nature.[13]
The sparctic char is an intrageneric hybrid between the brook trout and the Arctic char (S. alpinus).[14]
The brook trout has a dark green to brown color, with a distinctive marbled pattern (called vermiculation) of lighter shades across the flanks and back and extending at least to the dorsal fin, and often to the tail. A distinctive sprinkling of red dots, surrounded by blue halos, occurs along the flanks. The belly and lower fins are reddish in color, the latter with white leading edges. Often, the belly, particularly of the males, becomes very red or orange when the fish are spawning.[15] Typical lengths of the brook trout vary from 25 to 65 cm (9.8 to 25.6 in), and weights from 0.3 to 3 kg (0.66 to 6.61 lb). The maximum recorded length is 86 cm (34 in) and maximum weight 6.6 kg (15 lb). Brook trout can reach at least seven years of age, with reports of 15-year-old specimens observed in California habitats to which the species has been introduced. Growth rates are dependent on season, age, water and ambient air temperatures, and flow rates. In general, flow rates affect the rate of change in the relationship between temperature and growth rate. For example, in spring, growth increased with temperature at a faster rate with high flow rates than with low flow rates.[16]
Brook trout are native to a wide area of Eastern North America, but are increasingly confined to higher elevations southward in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and northwest South Carolina, Canada from the Hudson Bay basin east, the Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence system, the Canadian maritime provinces, and the upper Mississippi River drainage as far west as eastern Iowa.[8] Their southern historic native range has been drastically reduced, with fish being restricted to higher-elevation, remote streams due to habitat loss and introductions of brown and rainbow trout. As early as 1850, the brook trout's range started to extend west from its native range through introductions. The brook trout was eventually introduced into suitable habitats throughout the western U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries at the behest of the American Acclimatization Society and by private, state, and federal fisheries authorities.[18] Acclimatization movements in Europe, South America, and Oceania resulted in brook trout introductions throughout Europe,[14] in Argentina,[19] and New Zealand.[20] Although not all introductions were successful, a great many established wild, self-sustaining populations of brook trout in non-native waters.
The brook trout inhabits large and small lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, and spring ponds. They prefer clear waters of high purity and a narrow pH range and are sensitive to poor oxygenation, pollution, and changes in pH caused by environmental effects such as acid rain. The typical pH range of brook trout waters is 5.0 to 7.5, with pH extremes of 3.5 to 9.8 possible.[21] Water temperatures typically range from 34 to 72 °F (1 to 22 °C). Warm summer temperatures and low flow rates are stressful on brook trout populations—especially larger fish.[22]
A potamodromous population of brook trout native to Lake Superior, which migrate into tributary rivers to spawn, are called "coasters".[23] Coasters tend to be larger than most other populations of brook trout, often reaching 6 to 7 lb (2.7 to 3.2 kg) in size.[24] Many coaster populations have been severely reduced by overfishing and habitat loss by the construction of hydroelectric power dams on Lake Superior tributaries. In Ontario and Michigan, efforts are underway to restore and recover coaster populations.[25]
When Europeans first settled in Eastern North America, semianadromous or sea-run brook trout, commonly called "salters", ranged from southern New Jersey, north throughout the Canadian maritime provinces, and west to Hudson Bay. Salters may spend up to three months at sea feeding on crustaceans, fish, and marine worms in the spring, not straying more than a few miles from the river mouth. The fish return to freshwater tributaries to spawn in the late summer or autumn. While in saltwater, salters gain a more silvery color, losing much of the distinctive markings seen in freshwater. However, within two weeks of returning to freshwater, they assume typical brook trout color and markings.[24]
Brook trout have a diverse diet that includes larval, pupal, and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies, and aquatic dipterans), and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets) that fall into the water, crustaceans, frogs and other amphibians, molluscs, smaller fish, invertebrates, and even small aquatic mammals such as voles and sometimes other young brook trout[26]
The female constructs a depression in a location in the stream bed, sometimes referred to as a "redd", where groundwater percolates upward through the gravel. One or more males approach the female, fertilizing the eggs as the female expresses them. Most spawnings involve peripheral males, which directly influences the number of eggs that survive into adulthood. In general, the larger the number of peripheral males present, the more likely the eggs will be cannibalized.[27] The eggs are slightly denser than water. The female then buries the eggs in a small gravel mound; they hatch in 95 to 100 days.
The brook trout is a popular game fish with anglers, particularly fly fishermen.
Until it was displaced by introduced brown trout (1883) and rainbow trout (1875), the brook trout attracted the most attention of anglers from colonial times through the first 100 years of U.S. history. Sporting writers such as Genio Scott Fishing in American Waters (1869), Thaddeus Norris American Anglers Book (1864), Robert Barnwell Roosevelt Game Fish of North America (1864) and Charles Hallock The Fishing Tourist (1873) produced guides to the best-known brook trout waters in America.[30] As brook trout populations declined in the mid-19th century near urban areas, anglers flocked to the Adirondacks in upstate New York and the Rangeley lakes region in Maine to pursue brook trout.[30] In July 1916 on the Nipigon River in northern Ontario, an Ontario physician, John W. Cook, caught a 14.5 lb (6.6 kg) brook trout, which stands as the world record.[31]
Today, many anglers practice catch-and-release tactics to preserve remaining populations. Organizations such as Trout Unlimited have been at the forefront of efforts to institute air and water quality standards sufficient to protect the brook trout. Revenues derived from the sale of fishing licenses have been used to restore many sections of creeks and streams to brook trout habitat.[32]
The current world angling record brook trout was caught by Dr. W. J. Cook on the Nipigon River, Ontario, in July 1915. The 31 in (79 cm) trout weighed only 14.5 lb (6.6 kg) because, at the time of weighing, it was badly decomposed after 21 days in the bush without refrigeration.[33] A 29 in (74 cm) brook trout, caught in October 2006 in Manitoba, is not eligible for record status since it was released alive.[34] This trout weighed about 15.98 lb (7.25 kg) based on the accepted formula for calculating weight by measurements, and it currently stands as the record brook trout for Manitoba.[35]
Brook trout are also commercially raised in large numbers for food production, being sold for human consumption in both fresh and smoked forms.[36] Because of its dependence on pure water and a variety of aquatic and insect life forms, the brook trout is also used for scientific experimentation in assessing the effects of pollution and contaminated waters.
Brook trout are also raised commercially and sold to angling organizations or groups to stock their lakes or ponds. Some businesses hold a "U-fish license" where the public can fish at their lake or pond and buy the fish they catch.
Commercial fisheries do not commonly raise brook trout because they do not grow as fast as other types of fish.
Brook trout raised commercially are often kept in large circular tanks with a constant water flow going through them. This allows for a current to circulate through the tank and keep it clean, acting as a flush of water that takes fish waste with it. Some more elaborate systems operate on a re-circulation system where the water is filtered and reused.
The fish are typically fed a pelleted food consisting of 40–50% protein and 15% fat.[37] The fish food is usually made from fish oil, animal protein, plant protein and vitamins and minerals. The protein is often sourced from soy beans.[38]
Brook trout populations depend on cold, clear, well-oxygenated water of high purity. As early as the late 19th century, native brook trout in North America became extirpated from many watercourses as land development, forest clear-cutting, and industrialization took hold.[39] Streams and creeks that were polluted, dammed, or silted up often became too warm to hold native brook trout, and were colonized by transplanted smallmouth bass and perch or other introduced salmonids such as brown and rainbow trout. The brown trout, a species not native to North America, has replaced the brook trout in much of the brook trout's native water. If already stressed by overharvesting or by temperature, brook trout populations are very susceptible to damage by the introduction of exogenous species. Many lacustrine populations of brook trout have been extirpated by the introduction of other species, particularly percids, but sometimes other spiny-rayed fishes.[40]
In addition to chemical pollution and algae growth caused by runoff containing chemicals and fertilizers, air pollution has also been a significant factor in the disappearance of brook trout from their native habitats. In the U.S., acid rain caused by air pollution has resulted in pH levels too low to sustain brook trout in all but the highest headwaters of some Appalachian streams and creeks.[41] Brook trout populations across large parts of eastern Canada have been similarly challenged; a subspecies known as the aurora trout was extirpated from the wild by the effects of acid rain.[42] Today, in many parts of the range, efforts are underway to restore brook trout to those waters that once held native populations, stocking other trout species only in habitats that can no longer be recovered sufficiently to sustain brook trout populations.
Organizations such as Trout Unlimited and Trout Unlimited Canada[25] are partnering with other organizations such as the Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Foundation,[43] the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture,[44] and state, provincial, and federal agencies to undertake projects that restore native brook trout habitat and populations.
Although brook trout populations are under stress in their native range, they are considered an invasive species where they have been introduced outside their historic native range.[45][46][47] In the northern Rocky Mountains, non-native brook trout are considered a significant contributor to the decline or extirpation of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in headwater streams.[48] Non-native brook trout populations have been subject to eradication programs in efforts to preserve native species.[49][50] In Yellowstone National Park, anglers may take an unlimited number of non-native brook trout in some watersheds. In the Lamar River watershed, a mandatory kill regulation for any brook trout caught is in effect.[51] In Europe, introduced brook trout, once established, have had negative impacts on growth rates of native brown trout (S. trutta).[14]
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) The brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is a species of freshwater fish in the char genus Salvelinus of the salmon family Salmonidae. It is native to Eastern North America in the United States and Canada, but has been introduced elsewhere in North America, as well as to Iceland, Europe, and Asia. In parts of its range, it is also known as the eastern brook trout, speckled trout, brook charr, squaretail, brookie or mud trout, among others. A potamodromous population in Lake Superior, is known as coaster trout or, simply, as coasters. Anadromous populations which are found in coastal rivers from Long Island to Hudson Bay are sometimes referred to as salters. The brook trout is the state fish of nine U.S. states: Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the Provincial Fish of Nova Scotia in Canada.
La trucha de manantial, trucha de arroyo o salvelino (Salvelinus fontinalis)[2] es una especie de pez de la familia Salmonidae. Es originaria de Norteamérica. El nombre de trucha puede llevar a confusión, ya que se trata de un salvelino, del subgrupo salmoninae. Es una especie que ofrece grandes dificultades en la adaptación, por las diferencias de pH del agua, la temperatura del agua, debe de estar entre los 13 °C y 18 °C, logra soportar algunos grados más, pero a los 25 °C muere. La coloración de su piel es muy llamativa, tiene pintas rojas, amarillas y azuladas, con su panza color blanco y el lomo color oscuro. Se alimenta de insectos, crustáceos y moluscos y de alevines.
Llega a obtener un peso máximo de 4 kg, es muy apreciada por el color de su carne y habita en lagos, lagunas, ríos y arroyos del sur de Argentina. La coloración de su carne es rojiza.
El término fontinalis, viene del latín y significa que vive en el manantial.
La trucha de manantial es el pez emblema del estado estadounidense de Virginia Occidental, y fue introducida en Argentina, sembrada por primera vez en los lagos Nahuel Huapi, Gutiérrez y Espejo.
Fue introducida en España a finales del siglo XIX, siendo abundante en los Pirineos. Está presente también en Andorra.
Debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, aprobado por Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en España su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.[3][2]
La trucha de manantial, trucha de arroyo o salvelino (Salvelinus fontinalis) es una especie de pez de la familia Salmonidae. Es originaria de Norteamérica. El nombre de trucha puede llevar a confusión, ya que se trata de un salvelino, del subgrupo salmoninae. Es una especie que ofrece grandes dificultades en la adaptación, por las diferencias de pH del agua, la temperatura del agua, debe de estar entre los 13 °C y 18 °C, logra soportar algunos grados más, pero a los 25 °C muere. La coloración de su piel es muy llamativa, tiene pintas rojas, amarillas y azuladas, con su panza color blanco y el lomo color oscuro. Se alimenta de insectos, crustáceos y moluscos y de alevines.
Llega a obtener un peso máximo de 4 kg, es muy apreciada por el color de su carne y habita en lagos, lagunas, ríos y arroyos del sur de Argentina. La coloración de su carne es rojiza.
El término fontinalis, viene del latín y significa que vive en el manantial.
La trucha de manantial es el pez emblema del estado estadounidense de Virginia Occidental, y fue introducida en Argentina, sembrada por primera vez en los lagos Nahuel Huapi, Gutiérrez y Espejo.
Fue introducida en España a finales del siglo XIX, siendo abundante en los Pirineos. Está presente también en Andorra.
Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Salmonidae familian sailkatzen da.
Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Salmonidae familian sailkatzen da.
Puronieriä (Salvelinus fontinalis) on lohikala, joka on kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikasta. Sieltä se tuotiin Eurooppaan vuonna 1869. Alkuinnostus oli suuri: kalan maine mainiona urheilukalastuksen kohteena oli kiirinyt Atlantin yli. Siksi puronieriää istutettiin runsaasti ympäri Eurooppaa. Se kuuluu myös yleisöakvaarioiden vakiokaloihin ympäri maailmaa.
Selkä ja kyljet ovat oliivinvihreitä tai ruskehtavia ja vatsa vaalea, kutuasussa (katso kuva) kuitenkin punainen. Vihertävillä kyljillä on runsaasti vaaleankellertäviä ja joskus punertavia laikkuja, joita on myös selkä- ja pyrstöevissä. Puronieriän suomut ovat todella pienet: kylkiviivalle niitä mahtuu jopa 220 kappaletta. Pituutta puronieriällä on tavallisesti 30–40 cm ja painoa 1–2 kg.
Laji on kotoisin itäisestäSuurten järvien ja Hudsoninlahden länsipuolellaselvennä oleviin vesistöihin. Istutukset Euroopassa ovat olleet menestyksekkäitä. Puronieriä on kotiutunut moniin puroihin ja järviin Alpeilla, Pyreneiden vuoristoalueella, Karpaateilla, Britanniassa ja Pohjoismaissa. Suomen kantojen levinneisyydestä ei ole tarkkaa tietoa, mutta tiedetään, että se on kotiutunut useisiin vesistöihin eri puolella maata.
Puronieriän ravinto koostuu pääasiassa selkärangattomista eläimistä, vaikka vatsoista on löytynytkin kasvien ja pikkukalojen jäänteitä. Sille kelpaavat äyriäiset, hyönteistoukat, pintahyönteiset ja madot. Nopean kasvun edellytyksenä on kalaravinnon käyttö. Kanadassa on havaittu puronieriöiden syövän jopa sopuleita, hiiriä ja myyriä.
Puronieriä on kylmän veden kala, kuten kaikki nieriälajit. Puronieriä onkin sopeutunut kylmiin vesiin paremmin kuin taimen. Kesällä vesien ollessa lämpimät ja matalat, puronieriät kokoontuvat pohjalähteiden luo tai hakeutuvat syvänteisiin.
Kutuaika on normaalisti syys-lokakuussa. Kutupaikkana puronieriä suosii nopeavirtaista paikkaa jossa on sorapohja. Valoisaan aikaan tapahtuvassa kutuaktissa kala laskee vain osan munistaan. Munat ovat hetken aikaa takertuvia, mikä estää niiden lähdön virran mukaan. Kun hedelmöitys on tapahtunut, naaras peittää munat soralla ja alkaa kaivaa uutta kutukuoppaa. Sukukypsyyden koiraat saavuttavat yleensä 2 vuoden ja naaraat 3 vuoden iässä. Munat kehittyvät talven yli ja kuoriutuvat jäiden lähdön aikoihin.
Puronieriä on lyhytikäisin nieriälajimme. Ikää kertyy tavallisesti vain 5–6 vuotta.
Puronieriän liha on kirkkaanpunaista ja sitä pidetään maukkaana. Suomessa sen taloudellinen merkitys on kuitenkin vähäinen kalan koon ja harvinaisuuden vuoksi. Puronieriä onkin enemmän urheilu- ja virkistyskalastajien suosiossa, sillä se on koukkuun tartuttuaan sitkeä taistelija.
Puronieriä (Salvelinus fontinalis) on lohikala, joka on kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikasta. Sieltä se tuotiin Eurooppaan vuonna 1869. Alkuinnostus oli suuri: kalan maine mainiona urheilukalastuksen kohteena oli kiirinyt Atlantin yli. Siksi puronieriää istutettiin runsaasti ympäri Eurooppaa. Se kuuluu myös yleisöakvaarioiden vakiokaloihin ympäri maailmaa.
Salvelinus fontinalis
L'omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis) aussi appelé saumon de fontaine, omble mouchetée, ou truite mouchetée, est une espèce de poissons originaire d'Amérique du Nord qui a été introduite dans de nombreux pays tempérés. C'est un poisson d'eau vive, douce ou anadrome exigeant en oxygène dissous. Les populations anadromes sont appelés truites bleues, en référence à leurs coloration plus argentée qui contraste avec celle entièrement d'eau douce. Souvent elles sont simplement appelées truite de mer ce qui prête à confusion avec toutes les espèces de truites anadromes qui sont toutes respectivement appelées truites de mer dans leur environnement respectif.
C'est l'un des deux poissons officiels de l'État du Vermont, aux États-Unis, l'autre étant le doré jaune[1].
La truite mouchetée ou omble de fontaine, comme elle est connue au Canada, est l'espèce la plus recherchée dans de nombreuses régions. Toute une industrie est fondée presque exclusivement sur cette espèce par exemple dans la Réserve faunique des Laurentides au Québec.
La pratique consistant à attraper et relâcher les poissons tue jusqu’à 50% des poissons relâchés qui meurent en raison de leurs blessures et de la manipulation. Dans le cas des truites mouchetées, 1.6 millions d’individus meurent après être relâchés dans un lac chaque année au Québec[2].
Il ne s'agit pas d'un saumon ni d'une truite, mais d'un omble. L'omble de fontaine est apparenté (contre-intuitivement) à l'impressionnante truite grise ou touladi. Des hybrides fertiles (normalement artificiels) existent sous le nom de moulac et dans une moindre mesure lacmou. Ces derniers ressemblent beaucoup à l'omble de fontaine mais possèdent une croissance et un mode de vie intermédiaire.
En 2006, la découverte d'une nouvelle race d'omble de fontaine « sans tache » au Québec, présente dans le bassin hydrographique du Mitchinamecus, a été confirmée par une analyse génétique effectuée à l'Université Laval, à Québec, Canada (même code génétique que l'Omble de fontaine). Monsieur Luc Petit, diplômé en aquaculture, a eu la chance de capturer, entre 1979-1981, quelques spécimens, dans un lac du bassin hydrographique du Mitchinamecus, au Québec, au Canada.
À partir de ce moment, celui-ci recueille tous les informations possibles, pour constater qu'une forme semblable (Aurora trout) existe depuis très longtemps, dans trois lacs du nord de l'Ontario, la seule province dans le monde entier où elle est recensée. Au printemps 2003, celui-ci remet à la biologiste, au bureau du MEF de Mt-Laurier, toutes les documentations et photos cumulées depuis plusieurs années.
À l'automne 2006, le Québec est confirmé comme étant la deuxième province à posséder cette race « sans tache » . Elle a été présente aux États-Unis, dans le New Hampshire (silver trout, unspotted trout). Elle est disparue depuis le début des années 1930.
Exigeante vis-à-vis de la qualité de l'eau, une population d'ombles de fontaine requiert des eaux claires, fraîches (13 à 18 °C) et oxygénées. On les retrouve ainsi souvent dans de très petits cours d'eau en montagne (d'où l'appellation « de fontaine ») où ils sont souvent nommés « truites de ruisseau » bien que les juvéniles d'autres espèces portent ce nom. L'espèce est extrêmement sensible à la pollution de l'eau, ce qui en fait un excellent bioindicateur de la qualité des écosystèmes de tête de bassin versant.
L'omble de fontaine peut être trouvé en été à haute altitude (2 280 à 3 205 m), mais une étude sur ses habitats hivernaux a montré que pour éviter les zones trop prises par la glace, il descendait si nécessaire en automne un peu plus bas dans le bassin versant où il reste actif durant l'hiver. Durant cette période il sélectionne des habitats où le courant ne dépasse pas 15 cm/s ou moins (mesuré en période d'étiage d'été) et des eaux plus profondes, mais il ne semble pas rechercher un type de substrat particulier[3].
Au Québec, il a disparu de plusieurs cours d'eau du sud de la province au profit d'espèces introduites ou réputées plus résistantes. Que ce soit la truite arc-en-ciel originaire de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord (plus résistante à la chaleur) et la truite européenne (Salmo trutta fario) plus résistante à la chaleur et dans une certaine mesure à la pollution ou encore des espèces comme l'achigan qui affectionne une eau beaucoup plus chaude.
Le frai a lieu en automne dans des rivières et ruisseaux frais, peu profonds, et à fond de gravier. C'est à ce moment que l'omble de fontaine arbore les plus belles couleurs notamment de rouge criant. Les œufs sont pondus dans le gravier. Les mâles émettent leur laitance sur les œufs et normalement la plupart des œufs sont fécondés. Les œufs recouverts de gravier par la femelle, sont ainsi protégés des prédateurs et oxygénés par une circulation d'eau constante.
La longueur moyenne des individus adultes se situe autour de 30 cm, mais ceci est très variable en fonction des populations, anadrome ou d'eau douce mais aussi géographique. La colonisation du continent nord-américain à la fin de la période glaciaire a isolé plusieurs populations distinctes qui visuellement sont très semblables. Au Labrador, des spécimens de plusieurs kilogrammes sont communs, tandis qu'au sud du Québec, 30 cm (pour les spécimens sauvages) avec moins d'un demi-kilogramme est une belle prise.
Cette espèce a été introduite à plusieurs endroits dans le monde où elle peut occasionner des dommages écologiques, reconnus pour nuire à d'autres salmonidés indigènes et aux amphibiens. Elle est dès lors considérée comme une espèce invasive[4]. Par exemple, dans les montagnes de la Californie les populations indigènes de la variété dorée de la truite arc-en-ciel sont compromises dans les ruisseaux par l'omble de fontaine, mieux adapté à cet habitat.
L'omble de fontaine peut parfois s'hybrider avec d'autres espèces[5]. À ce jour, deux hybrides naturels et artificiels sont connus.
Les populations indigènes de l'omble à tête (S. confluentus) sont en danger d'hybridation avec la truite mouchetée introduit dans le Pacifique Nord-Ouest.
Un hybride intergénérique, entre l'omble de fontaine et la truite brune (Salmo genre) est la truite tigre (Salmo trutta femelle X Salvelinus fontinalis mâle)[6] ; il est réputé stérile ou presque toujours stérile et se produit a priori très rarement naturellement. Il est produit artificiellement et est populaire dans le cadre de certains programmes d'empoissonnement, car si ces poissons (triploïdes) meurent souvent dans l’œuf ou après la naissance, ceux qui survivent grossissent rapidement (plus vite que l'omble de fontaine, mais un peu moins que la truite Salmo trutta lors d'une expérience faite sur 3 ans dans 4 élevages[6]) et restent vigoureux (plus que la truite normale[6]). On les présente parfois comme pouvant aider à maintenir les populations sauvages de truites en diminuant la pression de pêche sur ces derniers (car la truite tigre est stérile, mais elle a un comportement piscivore, est vorace et peut apporter des parasites ou germes pathogènes de la pisciculture vers le milieu naturel).
Un hybride naturel moins fréquentes est le moulac ; hybride entre l'omble de fontaine et le touladi.
Bien que rare dans la nature, certaines juridictions reproduisent artificiellement le moulac en grand nombre pour le réempoissonnement dans les habitats propices à l'omble de fontaine et/ou aux truites lacustres. Un exemple est l'Ontario, où des poissons issus de rétrocroisement du F1 moulac et touladi ont été plantés depuis plusieurs années. Le rétrocroisement résulte dans ce cas d'un mâle F1 moulac croisé avec une femelle touladi (le poisson tenant en quelque sorte pour 75 % du touladi et pour 25 % de l'omble de fontaine).
Bien que le moulac ait été décrit pour la première fois en 1880, l'Ontario n'a commencé à expérimenter la production d'hybrides que dans les années 1960. Une des motivations était de remplacer les peuplements de touladis qui se sont effondrés dans les Grands Lacs. En raison de résultats médiocres, l'expérience n'a jamais vraiment progressé au-delà de la baie Georgienne. La théorie était que le moulac atteindrait plus vite la maturité que les truites lacustres avec l'espoir qu'ils seraient capables de se reproduire avant d'être attaqués par la lamproie marine devenue invasive dans la région des Grands Lacs. Bien que le moulac soit fertile (ce qui est relativement inhabituel chez les hybrides) sa reproduction reste problématique ; une faible part de sa progéniture arrive à survivre dans le milieu.
Après quelques essais dans les années 1970, le réempoissonnement des Grands Lacs et, en particulier, dans la baie Georgienne, a été entièrement converti au touladi rétrocroisé au début des années 1980. Ce programme de rétrocroisement n'a jamais atteint un réel succès en termes de reproduction, le rétrocroisement naturel n'étant qu'à peine plus performant que le moulac F1 en termes de survie des alevins. Le moulac F1 a pu artificiellement offrir de nouvelles possibilités aux pêcheurs de lacs plus petits (tendance la plus récente). Dans le premier des deux cas, les anciens ruisseaux à truites dont les eaux sont devenus infestées de poissons à rayons épineux[pas clair] au point qu'ils ne produisent plus l'omble de fontaine, sont empoissonnés avec le moulac. Le moulac croît plus rapidement que la souche sauvage d'omble de fontaine et devient piscivore à un plus jeune âge. Il est, par conséquent, plus tolérant aux concurrents que ne l'est l'omble de fontaine. Dans le second cas, les lacs relativement petits contenant des touladis qui ont connu un faible recrutement dû à une insuffisance d'eaux profondes — l'habitat des juvéniles touladis — soutiendra une assez bonne population de moulacs. En effet, les moulacs sont moins tributaires des eaux profondes extrêmes que ne le sont les touladis et ils grandissent plus vite, offrant un meilleur rendement pour les pêcheurs. Dans les deux cas, en raison de la stérilité des moulacs, toutes ces pêcheries dépendent entièrement de la reproduction artificielle.
En dehors de l'industrie de la pêche sportive l'omble de fontaine n'est pas un poisson exploité commercialement ; les petits cours d'eau ou sa grande dispersion en mer n'en font pas une cible de choix pour les pêcheurs commerciaux. Par contre il existe une aquaculture quand les conditions le permettent. L'omble de fontaine est élevé directement pour la consommation ou encore ensemencé en support de l'industrie de la pêche sportive. Les individus élevés sont souvent traités pour être stériles afin d'optimiser leur croissance ce qui rend ces ensemencements très critiqués par certains écologistes. De plus un appauvrissement génétique, résultat du croisement avec les souches domestiquées, a été observé dans certaines régions.
Salvelinus fontinalis
L'omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis) aussi appelé saumon de fontaine, omble mouchetée, ou truite mouchetée, est une espèce de poissons originaire d'Amérique du Nord qui a été introduite dans de nombreux pays tempérés. C'est un poisson d'eau vive, douce ou anadrome exigeant en oxygène dissous. Les populations anadromes sont appelés truites bleues, en référence à leurs coloration plus argentée qui contraste avec celle entièrement d'eau douce. Souvent elles sont simplement appelées truite de mer ce qui prête à confusion avec toutes les espèces de truites anadromes qui sont toutes respectivement appelées truites de mer dans leur environnement respectif.
C'est l'un des deux poissons officiels de l'État du Vermont, aux États-Unis, l'autre étant le doré jaune.
Potočna zlatovčica (lat.: Salvelinus fontinalis), slatkovodna je riba iz porodice pastrvki (lat. Salmonidae)[1].
Leđa su joj maslinasta do tamnozelene prekrivena gustim žutim okruglim mrljama, bokovi su žutobijeli sa svjetlijim točkama, a trbuh je bijel ili crvenkast. U razdoblju mrijesta, trbuh je izrazito crven. Na leđima i repnoj peraji nalaze se tamne pjege, dok se na tijelu može naći manji broj crvenih pjega, koje mogu biti sa svjetlim obrubom ili bez njega. Zlatovčice se razlikuju od drugih pastrvki koje žive na području Balkanskog poluotoka. Duđina im je od 20 do 30 cm, iznimno mogu narasti do 50 cm i težiti oko 1 kg[2].
Potočna zlatovčica je alohtona vrsta uvezena u Europu iz Sjeverne Amerike još u 19. stoljeću, pa je poznata i kao kanadska pastrva. Raširila je svoje stanište u hladne, kisikom bogate europske vode. Ova je vrsta nastanila vode u Hrvatskoj pokusnim puštanjem od strane ribolovaca ili bijegom iz uzgoja. Stanje tih populacija nije dobro istraženo, pronađene su samo u Plitvičkim jezerima i Neretvi. Jedinke u Neretvi najvjerojatnije dolaze iz BiH gdje se pojedine rijeke još poribljavaju ovom vrstom[1].
Ova se vrsta hrani planktonima, puževima i školjkama, a veći se primjerci hrane ribama.
Potočne zlatovčice se mrijeste od rujna do ožujka. Spolno su zrele između druge i treće godine, kad dosegne duljinu od 15-30 cm. Polaže jaja u brzim vodama na dno između kamenja[1].
Potočna zlatovčica (lat.: Salvelinus fontinalis), slatkovodna je riba iz porodice pastrvki (lat. Salmonidae).
Lindableikja (fræðiheiti Salvelinus fontinalis) er laxfiskur.
Il salmerino di fonte[1] [Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)], conosciuto anche come salmerino di fontana, è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Salmonidae[2].
Questo salmonide è originario delle acque fredde e temperate del Nordamerica, principalmente lungo le coste atlantiche canadesi, ma, essendo anadromo, è diffuso anche nei grandi laghi, nonché nel bacino del Mississippi, fin oltre la sua foce.
Verso la fine del XIX secolo è stato inserito nelle acque Europa per la pesca, spesso con risultati dannosi per gli ecosistemi autoctoni.
In Italia è presente nelle acque alpine, fluviali e lacustri di Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Trentino e Alto Adige. Solo in alcuni laghi e torrenti si è ben acclimatato, tanto da costituirne la specie principale. Nei fiumi alpini dove ha trovato un habitat congeniale popola le acque dei torrenti posti nella fascia altimetrica più alta, in acque che mantengono una temperatura molto bassa durante tutto l'anno (fascia superiore della zona dei salmonidi); si adatta anche ai laghi alpini molto freddi. È resistentissimo alle basse temperature, tanto da popolare perfino i laghetti formati dalle acque dei ghiacciai.
In Nordamerica alcune popolazioni vivono in mare ed hanno sviluppato abitudini anadrome[3].
Il salmerino di fontana presenta la forma tipica dei salmonidi: il corpo è allungato, ma muscoloso, adatto ad acque turbolente ed a movimenti veloci. La testa è allungata, con mascelle forti e sviluppate in ampiezza. Il dorso risulta appena incurvato, sulla cui cima si innesta la corta ma robusta dorsale. La pinna caudale è ampia e a delta.
La livrea è varia, ma definita, caratterizzata da un fondo verdastro fittamente marezzato da macchie circolari gialle, che sul dorso sono unite tra loro. La linea laterale è ben visibile ed al di sotto di essa sono presenti anche numerose macchie rosso carminio. La pinna dorsale, così come l'adiposa e la caudale, è verde macchiata di giallo; le pie pettorali, l'anale e le ventrali sono rossastre orlate di bianco e di nero.
Raggiunge dimensioni considerevoli per un pesce di fiume europeo: fino a 80 cm per 9-10 kg di peso.
Può capitare che si incroci con la trota fario, ottenendo ibridi chiamati "trota tigre" per la loro livrea verde striata di giallo.
È un vorace carnivoro e si nutre pressoché di ogni piccola creatura che gli capiti a tiro: piccoli mammiferi, anfibi, pesci, crostacei, insetti ed altri invertebrati.
Il salmerino di fontana è una preda molto ambita dai pescatori, sia per la qualità delle carni sia per l'alto valore commerciale. La pesca sportiva avviene con le stesse modalità della pesca alla trota: le tecniche più praticate sono la pesca a mosca, lo spinning e la pesca al tocco.
Le carni sono assai apprezzate, al pari di quelle della trota.
È utilizzato anche come cavia da laboratorio.
Il salmerino di fonte [Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)], conosciuto anche come salmerino di fontana, è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Salmonidae.
Upokšninė šalvis arba amerikinė palija (Salvelinus fontinalis) – lašišažuvių žuvis, priklausanti lašišinių (Salmonidae) šeimai. Žuvis paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikoje.
Žuvis panaši į margąjį upėtakį ir lengvai atskiriama pagal analinį, krūtininį ir pilvinį pelekus, kurių priekiniai kraštai yra balti, su juodu ruoželiu. Nugara žalsva ar žalsvai rusva, rainuota šviesiomis vingiuotomis dėmėmis. Šonai žalsvi, rainuoti nedidelėmis ryškiai raudonomis dėmelėmis su mėlynais apvadėliais. Pilvas rausvas. Nugarinis ir uodeginis pelekai pilki, skersai dryžuoti. Žvynai labai maži, įaugę į odą. Galva vidutinio dydžio, plačiomis žiotimis.
Kūno ilgis iki 1 m, sveria iki 7 kg. Neršia spalio-lapkričio mėnesiais ant žvyruoto paviršiaus. Vislumas 0,2-1,0 tūkstančių ikrelių. Jie apvalūs, geltoni arba oranžiniai, nelipnūs, apie 4 mm. Embrionai vystosi apie mėnesį.
Savaime gyvena Šiaurės Amerikos ežeruose, upėse. Į Lietuvos tvenkinius atvežta XIX a.; dabar nykstanti introdukuota žuvis. Upokšnines šalvis į Lietuvą apie 1885 m. atvežė Mykolas Girdvainis ir augino tvenkiniuose. Dalis žuvų iš tvenkinių pabėgo ir apsigyveno šaltavandeniuose upeliuose. Po II pasaulinio karo iš kelių sugautų šalvių Trakų Vokės ir Aukštadvario žuvininkystės ūkiuose pabandytos atkurti, bet jų bandos nunyko. Dabar retai pasitaiko Neries[1], Vokės, Verknės, Bezdonės, Strėvos upėse.[2]
Upokšninė šalvis arba amerikinė palija (Salvelinus fontinalis) – lašišažuvių žuvis, priklausanti lašišinių (Salmonidae) šeimai. Žuvis paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikoje.
Žuvis panaši į margąjį upėtakį ir lengvai atskiriama pagal analinį, krūtininį ir pilvinį pelekus, kurių priekiniai kraštai yra balti, su juodu ruoželiu. Nugara žalsva ar žalsvai rusva, rainuota šviesiomis vingiuotomis dėmėmis. Šonai žalsvi, rainuoti nedidelėmis ryškiai raudonomis dėmelėmis su mėlynais apvadėliais. Pilvas rausvas. Nugarinis ir uodeginis pelekai pilki, skersai dryžuoti. Žvynai labai maži, įaugę į odą. Galva vidutinio dydžio, plačiomis žiotimis.
Kūno ilgis iki 1 m, sveria iki 7 kg. Neršia spalio-lapkričio mėnesiais ant žvyruoto paviršiaus. Vislumas 0,2-1,0 tūkstančių ikrelių. Jie apvalūs, geltoni arba oranžiniai, nelipnūs, apie 4 mm. Embrionai vystosi apie mėnesį.
Savaime gyvena Šiaurės Amerikos ežeruose, upėse. Į Lietuvos tvenkinius atvežta XIX a.; dabar nykstanti introdukuota žuvis. Upokšnines šalvis į Lietuvą apie 1885 m. atvežė Mykolas Girdvainis ir augino tvenkiniuose. Dalis žuvų iš tvenkinių pabėgo ir apsigyveno šaltavandeniuose upeliuose. Po II pasaulinio karo iš kelių sugautų šalvių Trakų Vokės ir Aukštadvario žuvininkystės ūkiuose pabandytos atkurti, bet jų bandos nunyko. Dabar retai pasitaiko Neries, Vokės, Verknės, Bezdonės, Strėvos upėse.
De bronforel (Salvelinus fontinalis) is een vis die oorspronkelijk voorkwam in Noord-Amerika van de Hudsonbaai en noordoost Canada tot de bovenlopen van de Mississippi en de oostkust van de VS van de staten New Jersey tot Noord-Georgia. De Engelse naam is Brook char of Eastern brook trout.
Deze vissoort is op grote schaal geïntroduceerd in de rest van Noord-Amerika, Zuid-Amerika, Azië, Europa en Zuid-Afrika, meestal in bergbeken. Er zijn zichzelf in stand houdende populaties ontstaan onder andere op Corsica, Tsjechië en Zuid-Duitsland.[1]
De gemiddelde lengte van deze vis is ca. 26 cm, de maximumlengte 86 cm en het maximumgewicht 9,4 kg.[2]
In het oorspronkelijke verspreidingsgebied komen zowel anadrome populaties voor als wel populaties die alleen in zoetwater blijven.
Uitgezette exemplaren komen voor in de Geul en Maas. De bronforel kan zich in Nederland niet voortplanten. Hij voedt zich met kleine waterbeestjes (macrofauna), soms kleine visjes. Er bestaan ook bij opkweken kunstmatig verkregen (onvruchtbare) bastaarden met de forel, de zogenaamde tijgerzalm of tijgerforel (vanwege de fraaie tekening). Daar waar gezonde populaties van de wilde forel aanwezig zijn met hetzelfde formaat als de bronforel, zal de wilde forel domineren over deze exoot.[1]
Deze vissoort staat in de (Nederlandse) Visserijwet. Het vangstseizoen is van 1 oktober tot en met 31 maart gesloten, verder geldt een minimummaat van 25 cm.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe bronforel (Salvelinus fontinalis) is een vis die oorspronkelijk voorkwam in Noord-Amerika van de Hudsonbaai en noordoost Canada tot de bovenlopen van de Mississippi en de oostkust van de VS van de staten New Jersey tot Noord-Georgia. De Engelse naam is Brook char of Eastern brook trout.
Deze vissoort is op grote schaal geïntroduceerd in de rest van Noord-Amerika, Zuid-Amerika, Azië, Europa en Zuid-Afrika, meestal in bergbeken. Er zijn zichzelf in stand houdende populaties ontstaan onder andere op Corsica, Tsjechië en Zuid-Duitsland.
Bronforel uit de MoldauBekkerøye (Salvelinus fontinalis) er ein laksefisk nærskyld røya. Ho kjem opphavleg frå austlege Nord-Amerika, men er sett ut som sportsfisk mange andre stadar. I Noreg vart ho sett ut frå 1876 til 1920 og frå 1960-åra; særleg i forsura vassdrag sidan ho toler lågare pH-verdiar enn aure. Arten står på Norsk svarteliste 2007 og vert rekna som ein høgrisikoart; ho er nemleg ein mogleg vektor for ymse utanlandske parasittar.
Bekkerøya er mørk grøn til brun med marmorisering i lysare fargar på ryggen og ofte halen. Magen og finnane på undersida av fisken er raude, han har òg ein del raude prikkar. Raudfargen på magen vert kraftigare i gytetida, særleg hjå hannar.
Den største registrerte lengda på bekkerøye er 86 cm, og den største vekta 9,4 kg. Han kan nå ein alder på minst 7 år; kanskje det dobbelte i område kor han er innført.
Bekkerøya trivst i klart, kaldt vatn med mykje oksygen. I det naturlege utbreiingsområdet har det vorte observert ein tendens til å symje mot straumen tidleg på våren, om sommaren og seint på hausten; og nedover på seinvåren og hausten. Somme bestandar er anadrome til ein viss grad - dei vandrar ut i saltvatn, men forflyttar seg aldri meir enn nokre få kilometer frå elvemunningane. Dei blir verande på sjøen i opp til tre månadar.
Bekkerøya er ein rovfisk som et frå eit vidt spekter av organismar, m.a. makk, krepsdyr, insekt, blautdyr, fisk, amfibium og små pattedyr. Det har òg vorte funne planterestar i mageinnhaldet til nokre eksemplar.
Dei gyter over grusbotn. Kurtisen tek til med at hannen freistar å driva hoa mot ein passande gyteplass. Om ho er villig, vel ho ein plass og grev eit reir. Medan ho grev sym hannen rundt ho og freistar å stryka finnane sine mot ho, sjølv om han mesteparten av tida er oppteken med å jaga vekk andre hannar. Når reirholet er ferdig, legg paret seg ned i og slepp ut egg og mjølke. Når dei er ferdige med dette, dekker hoa egga med småstein ho feiar oppstrøms. Når dei er heilt dekt, sym ho opp mot straumen og tek til å grava ei ny gytegrop.
Egga klekker etter om lag 100 dagar ved 5 °C, saktare ved lågare temperatur.
Bekkerøye (Salvelinus fontinalis) er ein laksefisk nærskyld røya. Ho kjem opphavleg frå austlege Nord-Amerika, men er sett ut som sportsfisk mange andre stadar. I Noreg vart ho sett ut frå 1876 til 1920 og frå 1960-åra; særleg i forsura vassdrag sidan ho toler lågare pH-verdiar enn aure. Arten står på Norsk svarteliste 2007 og vert rekna som ein høgrisikoart; ho er nemleg ein mogleg vektor for ymse utanlandske parasittar.
Bekkerøye (Salvelinus fontinalis) er en fisk i laksefamilien. Arten er innført i Norge.
Bekkerøya stammer opprinnelig fra de østlige traktene av Nord-Amerika og sør-Canada. Den er satt ut flere steder i Sør-Norge siden denne er mer motstandsdyktig mot sur nedbør enn f.eks. ørret. Utsetting av bekkerøye var ennå i 1989 ansett som et mulig tiltak i vassdrag som var forsuret. Men det ble også pekt på at «Spredning av nye fiskearter er i mange tilfelle svært uheldig. Det må presiseres at utsetting av bekkerøye uten særskilt tillatelse er forbudt»[1]. I Fremmedartslista, som anslår den økologiske risikoen ved fremmede arter, er bekkerøye per 2018 kategorisert i gruppen «lav risiko»[2].
Lutvann ved Oslo er et kjent bekkerøyevann, men hovedområdet er nok i Njardheimsområdet i øvre Sirdal, der feks Rosskreppfjorden er et kjent vann med særdeles stor fisk.
Bekkerøya er mørk grønn til brun med marmorering i lysere farger på ryggen og ofte halen. Mage og finner på undersiden av fisker er ofte røde, og fisken har ofte røde prikker. Rødfargen på magen blir kraftigere i gytetiden. Bekkerøya ligner mye på bekkeørret både i utseende og levemåte, og den har blitt en ettertraktet sportsfisk.
Den største registrerte lengden på bekkerøye er 86 cm, og den største vekta er 9,4 kg. Den kan nå en alder på minst 7 år, kanskje det dobbelte på steder den er satt ut. Den største bekkerøya tatt på sportsfiskeredskap i Norge, er på 2,268 kg, tatt i Mandalselva 19. august 2001[3].
Bekkerøye (Salvelinus fontinalis) er en fisk i laksefamilien. Arten er innført i Norge.
Pstrąg źródlany[2] (Salvelinus fontinalis) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rodziny łososiowatych (Salmonidae).
Naturalnie występuje w Ameryce Północnej, w zlewni Atlantyku. Sprowadzony do Europy (w tym Polski) oraz innych części świata w końcu XIX wieku. W Polsce od 1890 roku[3], nielicznie występuje w niektórych rzekach górskich, pochodząc z zarybień bądź uciekając z hodowli. Zasiedla zimne potoki i rzeki o bystrym prądzie. Jest rybą osiadłą.
Osiąga zwykle 20–35 (maksymalnie 50) cm i masę ciała do 3 kg. Ciało wydłużone, lekko bocznie ścieśnione. Otwór gębowy sięga za tylną krawędź oka. Grzbiet zielonobrązowy. Na zielonożółtych bokach charakterystyczny marmurkowy wzorek oraz zielone, czerwone i żółte plamki. Płetwy ogonowa i grzbietowa są jasnooliwkowe, ta pierwsza nakrapiana czarnymi plamkami. Płetwy piersiowe, brzuszne i odbytowa są pomarańczowe, ich białe krawędzie mają czarną obwódkę. Samce w okresie rozrodu mają jaskrawopomarańczowe podbrzusze. Drobne łuski cykloidalne.
Odżywia się głównie owadami i ich larwami, skorupiakami oraz rybami.
Tarło od października do stycznia. Samica składa od 1000–2000 ziaren ikry do półmiskowatego kształtu jamek, które wykopuje w płytkich wodach, górnych partiach rzek na dnie żwirowym, w szybkim prądzie. Może krzyżować się z palią jeziorową i pstrągiem potokowym.
Pstrąg źródlany (Salvelinus fontinalis) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rodziny łososiowatych (Salmonidae).
Salvelinus fontinalis é um peixe da família Salmonidae. Pode ser encontrado amplamente distribuído pelo leste da América do Norte.
Păstrăvul fântânel sau fântânelul (Salvelinus fontinalis) este un pește dulcicol, cu un colorit frumos, din familia salmonide (Salmonidae) care trăiește în apele limpezi și reci de munte.
Este originar din Estul Americii de Nord (Canada, Labrador), unde trăiește în regiunea afluenților Golfului Hudson și în regiunea izvoarelor afluenților lui Mississippi. A fost aclimatizat în Europa în 1884. În România a fost adus pentru prima oară în 1906. La noi este o specie rară întâlnită numai în câteva pâraie afluente Mureșului (în Gudea Mică), Someșului Mic (în Negruța, Dumitreasa și Irișoara), Nerei (în pârâul Bei), Moldovei (în pârâul Putna) și Bistriței (de la haitul Iacobeni până la păstrăvăria Argestru). Trăiește în partea cea mai de sus a pâraielor de munte, bogate în oxigen, unde temperatura, obișnuit, nu depășește 15°C.
Are obișnuit o lungimea totală până la 20-26 cm (lungimea maximă 86 cm) și o greutate de 100-160 g (greutate maximă 9390 g). Poate trăi 7 ani. Corpul este alungit, aproximativ cilindric. Gura terminală, largă, este prevăzută cu dinți ascuțiți. Limba poartă dinți. Marginea înotătoarei dorsale dreaptă sau ușor convexă, cea a înotătoarei anale slab concavă, înotătoarea adipoasa situată deasupra porțiunii posterioare a înotătoarei anale sau imediat în urma acesteia, înotătoarea caudală este ușor scobită. Culoarea spatelui este verde-măslinie, cu dungi șerpuite, mari, întunecate; flancurile sunt aurii-portocalii, stropite cu puncte roșii sau galbene, înconjurate cu albastru; abdomenul albicios, cenușiu sau bătând în portocaliu. Înotătoarele pectorale, ventrale și anală roșietice, cu marginea albă și cu o dungă cenușie imediat lângă marginea albă. În timpul reproducerii, colorația este extrem de vie, făcând din fântânel unul dintre cei mai frumoși pești de apă dulce. În această epocă, abdomenul lor devine roșu.
Hrana constă în special din insecte, atât acvatice (efemeroptere, trihoptere, plecoptere, tendipedide), cât și terestre (formicide, coleoptere etc.), se hrănește și cu crustacee, moluște și viermi. Depune icrele între pietrișul de pe fundul pâraielor, în octombrie-decembrie. Se cultivă în crescătorii, dar cu multă caznă, fiind sensibil la boli.
Are valoare economică. Carnea e mai puțin gustoasă ca a păstrăvului indigen și a păstrăvului curcubeu. Peștele este, însă, prețuit pentru pescuitul sportiv. Se încrucișează cu păstrăvul indigen, dând hibrizi nefecunzi.
Păstrăvul fântânel sau fântânelul (Salvelinus fontinalis) este un pește dulcicol, cu un colorit frumos, din familia salmonide (Salmonidae) care trăiește în apele limpezi și reci de munte.
Este originar din Estul Americii de Nord (Canada, Labrador), unde trăiește în regiunea afluenților Golfului Hudson și în regiunea izvoarelor afluenților lui Mississippi. A fost aclimatizat în Europa în 1884. În România a fost adus pentru prima oară în 1906. La noi este o specie rară întâlnită numai în câteva pâraie afluente Mureșului (în Gudea Mică), Someșului Mic (în Negruța, Dumitreasa și Irișoara), Nerei (în pârâul Bei), Moldovei (în pârâul Putna) și Bistriței (de la haitul Iacobeni până la păstrăvăria Argestru). Trăiește în partea cea mai de sus a pâraielor de munte, bogate în oxigen, unde temperatura, obișnuit, nu depășește 15°C.
Are obișnuit o lungimea totală până la 20-26 cm (lungimea maximă 86 cm) și o greutate de 100-160 g (greutate maximă 9390 g). Poate trăi 7 ani. Corpul este alungit, aproximativ cilindric. Gura terminală, largă, este prevăzută cu dinți ascuțiți. Limba poartă dinți. Marginea înotătoarei dorsale dreaptă sau ușor convexă, cea a înotătoarei anale slab concavă, înotătoarea adipoasa situată deasupra porțiunii posterioare a înotătoarei anale sau imediat în urma acesteia, înotătoarea caudală este ușor scobită. Culoarea spatelui este verde-măslinie, cu dungi șerpuite, mari, întunecate; flancurile sunt aurii-portocalii, stropite cu puncte roșii sau galbene, înconjurate cu albastru; abdomenul albicios, cenușiu sau bătând în portocaliu. Înotătoarele pectorale, ventrale și anală roșietice, cu marginea albă și cu o dungă cenușie imediat lângă marginea albă. În timpul reproducerii, colorația este extrem de vie, făcând din fântânel unul dintre cei mai frumoși pești de apă dulce. În această epocă, abdomenul lor devine roșu.
Hrana constă în special din insecte, atât acvatice (efemeroptere, trihoptere, plecoptere, tendipedide), cât și terestre (formicide, coleoptere etc.), se hrănește și cu crustacee, moluște și viermi. Depune icrele între pietrișul de pe fundul pâraielor, în octombrie-decembrie. Se cultivă în crescătorii, dar cu multă caznă, fiind sensibil la boli.
Are valoare economică. Carnea e mai puțin gustoasă ca a păstrăvului indigen și a păstrăvului curcubeu. Peștele este, însă, prețuit pentru pescuitul sportiv. Se încrucișează cu păstrăvul indigen, dând hibrizi nefecunzi.
S. f. agassizii (Garman, 1885)†
S. f. timagamiensis Henn & Rinckenbach, 1925
Potočna zlatovčica (znanstveno ime Salvelinus fontinalis) je vrsta postrvi, ki je domorodna v Severni Ameriki, od tam pa so jo razselili po svetu.[2]
Potočna postrv je po hrbtu olivno do temno zelene barve, posejane z gostimi rumenimi pegami okrogle oblike. Boki so rumeno bele barve s svetlejšimi pikami, trebuh je bel ali rdečkast. V času drsti je trebuh izrazito rdeče barve. Na hrbtu in repni plavuti ima ta vrsta postrvi temne pege, nekateri primerki pa imajo po celem telesu včasih tudi rdeče pege, ki imajo včasih lahko belo obrobo.
Odrasla potočna postrv doseže običajno med 25 in 65 cm v dolžino in tehta med 0,3 in 3 kg. Najdaljša zabeležena potočna zlatovčica je merila 86 cm in je tehtala 6,6 kg. Povprečna življenjska doba znaša okoli 7 let, v Kaliforniji pa so popisali primerek, star 15 let. Hitrost rasti potočne zlatovčice je pogojena z letnim časom, starostjo, temperaturo vode in zraka ter s hitrostjo vodotoka, v katerem živi. Načeloma ribe rastejo hitreje spomladi, ko je hitrost vodotokov višja, in tudi sicer ribe v hitrejših vodotokih rastejo hitreje.[3]
Hrani se s planktonom, vodnimi nevretenčarji, školjkami, ličinkami vodnih žuželk, veliki primerki pa tudi z ribami.
Potočna zlatovčica poseljuje manjša in večja jezera, potoke, reke in ribnike. Za preživetje potrebuje čisto vodo z visoko vsebnostjo kisika. Najbolj ji ustrezajo vode s pH vrednostjo med 5,0 in 7,5, preživi pa lahko v vodah z vrednostjo med 3,5 in 9,8.[4] Najbolje uspevajo v vodotokih s temperaturami med 1 in 22° C. V poletnih mesecih, ko se voda segreje in vodni tok umiri so prizadeti redvsem veliki primerki.[5]
Drstijo se med septembrom in marcem, spolno pa dozorijo med drugim in tretjim letom starosti, ko dosežejo dolžino med 15 in 30 cm.[2] Ikre samice odlagajo v plitke kotanje na prodnatem dnu, kjer se razvijajo med 95 in 100 dni.
Potočna zlatovčica (znanstveno ime Salvelinus fontinalis) je vrsta postrvi, ki je domorodna v Severni Ameriki, od tam pa so jo razselili po svetu.
Bäckröding (Salvelinus fontinalis) är en fisk som ursprungligen är från Nordamerika. Den har planterats ut i Sverige sedan 1890-talet med varierande framgång.
I Europa blir arten sällan över 35 cm lång, maximalt 55 cm, och väger vanligtvis inte mer än 1 kg. Bäckrödingens storlek beror på vattendragets kvalitet och tillgången på föda. Individer som lever i Nordamerika kan väga 4 kg. I naturen når fisken som högst en ålder av 8 - 10 år. Bäckrödingen odlas ofta i särskilda anläggningar och köttets smak värderas högre än regnbågsöring.
Fisken är en av de färgrikaste i familjen och färgen skiftar från population till population. I kroppsformen liknar den en torped. Som alla laxfiskar har bäckrödingen en fettfena. Bukfenorna har en påfallande röd-orange färg med vit kant. Ryggens färg ligger mellan brun och oliv. Fisken har små fjäll och en stor mun.
Arten är ursprunglig för Nordamerika, i nordöstra Kanada och nordöstra USA, inklusive övre Mississippibäckenet. Den lever i kallt, syrerikt, mer eller mindre strömmande vatten. Den har introducerats till flera länder i världen, i Europa, Asien, Australien, Nya Zeeland, Sydamerika och södra Afrika.
I en doktorsavhandling från Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) framförs stark kritik mot denna arts inplantering i Sverige. Den anses ha en förödande verkan på det inhemska fiskbeståndet.[1]
Bäckrödingen kräver inga gömställen. Därför infördes den i snabbt strömmande åar eller i floder med rak sträckning. Fisken kan uthärda lägre pH-värde än öringen. Liksom fjällrödingen lägger bäckrödingen sin rom på grusbottnar. Därför skapar de en grop med bakkroppen innan de utstöter rommen.
Födan består huvudsakligen av djurplankton och mindre djur från vattendragets botten. Under sommaren äter de även insekter som hamnar på vattenytan. Större exemplar äter dessutom mindre fiskar, även av samma art.
Bäckröding (Salvelinus fontinalis) är en fisk som ursprungligen är från Nordamerika. Den har planterats ut i Sverige sedan 1890-talet med varierande framgång.
Cá hồi suối (Danh pháp khoa học: Salvelinus fontinalis) là một loài cá hồi trong chi Salvelinus thuộc họ có hồi Salmonidae. Nó có nguồn gốc từ Đông Bắc Mỹ tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada, nhưng cũng đã được du nhập nhân tạo ở những nơi khác ở Bắc Mỹ và châu lục khác. Trong các phần của phạm vi của nó, nó cũng được biết đến với tên gọi như là cá hồi suối phía Đông, cá hồi lốm đốm, hoặc cá hồi bùn. Các cá hồi suối là linh vật của chín tiểu bang: Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia của Mỹ, và tỉnh Nova Scotia ở Canada.
Các cá hồi suối có màu xanh đậm đến màu nâu, với một mô hình cẩm thạch đặc biệt (gọi là vermiculation) của sắc thái nhẹ và thường xuyên kéo tới đuôi. Bụng và thấp hơn vây đỏ trong màu sắc, sau này với mép trắng. Thông thường, ở bụng của chúng, đặc biệt là của con đực, trở nên rất đỏ hoặc màu cam khi cá bắt đầu đẻ trứng.
Độ dài đặc trưng của cá hồi suối khác nhau khoảng từ 25–65 cm (9,8-25,6 trong), và trọng lượng 0,3–3 kg (0,66-6,61 lb). Chiều dài tối đa ghi nhận được là 86 cm (34 in) và tối đa trọng lượng 6,6 kg (15 lb). Tốc độ tăng trưởng phụ thuộc vào mùa, tuổi tác, nước và nhiệt độ không khí xung quanh, và tốc độ dòng chảy. Nhìn chung, tốc độ dòng chảy ảnh hưởng đến tốc độ thay đổi trong mối quan hệ giữa nhiệt độ và tốc độ tăng trưởng.
Các cá hồi suối là một loại cá câu thể thao phổ biến với người câu cá, đặc biệt là bay ngư dân. Cho đến khi nó được thay thế bằng cá hồi nâu du nhập (1883) và cá hồi vân (1875), cá hồi suối thu hút sự chú ý nhất của các cần thủ từ thời thuộc địa qua 100 năm đầu tiên của lịch sử Hoa Kỳ. Do dân số cá hồi suối giảm vào giữa thế kỷ 19 gần khu đô thị, các cần thủ đổ xô đến các Adirondacks ở ngoại ô New York và khu vực hồ rangeley ở Maine để theo đuổi suối cá hồi.
Ngày nay, nhiều người câu cá thực hành chiến thuật bắt-và-thả để bảo tồn các quần thể còn sót lại, và các tổ chức dân sự như Trout Unlimited đã đi đầu trong các nỗ lực để lập nên các tiêu chuẩn đối với không khí và chất lượng nước đủ để bảo vệ cá hồi suối tại nơi sinh sống. Doanh thu có được từ việc bán giấy phép đánh cá đã được sử dụng để khôi phục lại nhiều phần của các con lạch suối góp phần để khôi phục lại môi trường sống cá hồi suối.
Cá hồi suối (Danh pháp khoa học: Salvelinus fontinalis) là một loài cá hồi trong chi Salvelinus thuộc họ có hồi Salmonidae. Nó có nguồn gốc từ Đông Bắc Mỹ tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada, nhưng cũng đã được du nhập nhân tạo ở những nơi khác ở Bắc Mỹ và châu lục khác. Trong các phần của phạm vi của nó, nó cũng được biết đến với tên gọi như là cá hồi suối phía Đông, cá hồi lốm đốm, hoặc cá hồi bùn. Các cá hồi suối là linh vật của chín tiểu bang: Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia của Mỹ, và tỉnh Nova Scotia ở Canada.
Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)
Американская палия[1][2], или американский голец[1][2], или американская малоротая палия[3] (лат. Salvelinus fontinalis) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства лососёвых.
Средний размер рыбы редко составляет более 35 см, максимальный размер 86 см[4]. Вес рыбы редко превышает 1 кг, максимальная масса тела 8 кг[4]. Продолжительность жизни до 24 лет[4]. Это популярная рыба в аквакультуре и кулинарии.
Форма тела типично торпедообразное. Как и у всех лососёвых имеется жировой плавник. Брюшные плавники красно-оранжевого цвета с белой кромкой. Спина коричневого цвета с крапинами оливкового цвета. Чешуя мелкая.
Американская палия распространена в Северной Америке, а также Аргентине, Европе и Азии, где интродуцирована в естественные водоёмы[3]. Она живёт в холодных и богатых кислородом водоёмах. Образует проходные озерно-речные, озерные и ручьевые формы[2].
Питание состоит преимущественно из ракообразных. Крупные особи питаются также рыбой (также собственного вида). Кроме того питается также червями, хирономидами, ручейниками и другими насекомыми, моллюсками, амфибиями, а также при случае мелкими млекопитающими[4].
Американская палия, или американский голец, или американская малоротая палия (лат. Salvelinus fontinalis) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства лососёвых.
美洲紅點鮭,為輻鰭魚綱鮭形目鮭科的其中一種,為溫帶淡水魚,被IUCN列為易危保育類動物,分布於北美洲加拿大紐芬蘭、哈德遜灣至五大湖、密西西比河流域,並引進其他溫帶地區,本魚通常背部及背鰭為大理石綠色,具有蟲紋及鑲藍邊的紅色斑點,體側顏色較淡具有灰白色斑點,魚鰭淡紅色,其中臀鰭、腹鰭、胸鰭有一條黑斑紋及白色的前緣,體長可達86公分,棲息在水質清澈、冰冷且溶氧量高的溪流、湖泊底中層水域,會進行季節性洄游,春季時會游至河口、沿海地區,以軟體動物、甲殼類、昆蟲、魚類等為食,可做為食用魚,適合各種烹飪方式食用,另可做為觀賞魚及遊釣魚。
美洲紅點鮭,為輻鰭魚綱鮭形目鮭科的其中一種,為溫帶淡水魚,被IUCN列為易危保育類動物,分布於北美洲加拿大紐芬蘭、哈德遜灣至五大湖、密西西比河流域,並引進其他溫帶地區,本魚通常背部及背鰭為大理石綠色,具有蟲紋及鑲藍邊的紅色斑點,體側顏色較淡具有灰白色斑點,魚鰭淡紅色,其中臀鰭、腹鰭、胸鰭有一條黑斑紋及白色的前緣,體長可達86公分,棲息在水質清澈、冰冷且溶氧量高的溪流、湖泊底中層水域,會進行季節性洄游,春季時會游至河口、沿海地區,以軟體動物、甲殼類、昆蟲、魚類等為食,可做為食用魚,適合各種烹飪方式食用,另可做為觀賞魚及遊釣魚。
カワマス(学名:Salvelinus fontinalis)はサケ科の魚である。英語では一般的に「brook trout」(ブルックトラウト)、ときに「eastern brook trout」、「Adirondack coaster lake trout」、「speckled trout」とも呼ばれる。スペリオル湖で回遊する個体は「coaster trout」或いは単に「coasters」と呼ばれる。マスと称されてはいるが、カワマスはレイクトラウト、ブルトラウト、オショロコマなどと共に実際はイワナの一種である。
カワマスは小川や湖、湧水池に生息している。一部は降河性(産卵のために川を遡る性質)である。カワマスは北アメリカ東部の広い範囲にわたって分布する。
典型的pH範囲:5-7.5、極限pH範囲:3.5および9.8[1]、典型的体長:25-65cm、典型的重量:0.3-3kg。
配色:基本的な配色は緑から茶で、軽い陰影を持つ際だった虫食い状の大理石模様が横腹および背中に渡り、また、少なくとも背鰭、そして多くの場合、尾鰭まで伸びている。横腹に沿って際だって散りばめられた青い光輪に囲まれた赤い点がある。腹と下鰭は色が赤味を帯び、下鰭は先端部が白い。多くの場合腹は、特にオスが産卵期に極めて赤くあるいはオレンジ色になる。この種は最大で86cm(33インチ)、6.8kg(14ポンド)の記録を持つ。種が移入されたカリフォルニア州の生息地で観測される15歳の標本のレポートで、最長寿命は少なくとも7歳に達すると見られる。
カワマスは澄んでいて冷涼でpH範囲の安定した湖、川、流れ込みを好み、低酸素、汚染及び酸性雨などの環境の影響をうけたpHの変化に敏感である。食生活は完全な動物食性だが多様で、甲殻類、カエル及び他の両生類、昆虫、軟体動物、小型の魚類、ハタネズミのような哺乳類、ミミズなどに渡る。天敵は鳥類であり、またヤツメウナギからの吸血の被害を受ける。自然環境下においては、4-5年を超えて生存することは稀である。
カワマスは通常その生涯を淡水で過ごす。しかし英口語で「salters」または「sea run」と呼ばれる一部の個体は、春から夏の数ヶ月間を海(河口から数km以内)で過ごす。それらは晩夏または秋に産卵のために上流へ還る。雌は地下水が砂礫を通ってしみ出す川底に産卵床と呼ばれるくぼみを造る。1匹以上の雄が雌にアプローチし、産卵・放精が行われる。そして雌は砂礫を盛り上げて卵を埋める。卵は100日で孵化する。
スペリオル湖原産のカワマスの回遊する個体で、産卵のために川の流れに入っていくものを特に「コースター」(coaster)と呼ぶ。コースターはその他の個体群より大きい傾向があり、重量は2-3kgに達する。コースターの個体数は乱獲と水力発電ダムの建設による生息地の変更でひどくダメージを受けた。オンタリオ州及びミシガン州では、コースターの個体数を回復させるための取り組みが進行中である。
カワマスは釣り人、特にフライフィッシャーマンに人気のゲームフィッシュである。今日、多くの釣り人は個体数維持のためキャッチ・アンド・リリースを実行する。「Trout Unlimited」といった保護組織はカワマスを保護するのに充分な空気及び水質基準を設けるための努力の最前線にあった。漁業権許可の販売で得られた利益を小川と流れ込みの多くの区画がカワマスが生息できるような環境に復元するために用いられた。カワマスは食料生産のために相当な数が水揚げされる。そして生鮮物またはスモークされて販売される。澄んだ水と様々な水生動物および昆虫と言った生物への依存のために、カワマスは汚染の影響を調査する際に、科学的な実験のためにも用いられる。
部分的にゲームフィッシュとしてのその人気の結果として、カワマスは当初分布していなかったいくつかの地域に人為的に導入され、世界中で広く定着するに至った。世界のある地域ではカワマスは在来種に悪影響をもたらす潜在的害魚と見なされている。イギリスへの持ち込みは魚類輸入法により禁じられている。世界各地で在来種との交雑による遺伝的撹乱が起き、問題となっている。また在来種との間で、食物やなわばりを巡る競合が発生しているおそれがある[3]。
カワマスは他の種と交雑することができる。天然そして人工的な雑種が知られている。
そのような属間の雑種は、カワマスとブラウントラウト(タイセイヨウサケ属 Salmo)の交配種のタイガートラウトがある。タイガートラウトは自然界では滅多に発生せず、時折人工的な繁殖が行われる。そのような交配種は生殖力を有さない。
それほど頻繁でない自然の雑種にスプレイクというカワマスとレイクトラウトの雑種がある。稀ではあるが実際のところ、いくつかの管区ではカワマスまたはレイクトラウトの生息地に導入するために相当な数で人工的にスプレイクを伝播させる。一つの例がオンタリオ州にある。そこでは一代雑種(F1とも呼ばれる)のスプレイクとレイクトラウトの戻し交配として知られている魚の両方が数年の間養殖された[4]。戻し交配は一代雑種のスプレイクの雄と交配した雌のレイクトラウトの結果(すなわち75パーセントのレイクトラウトと25パーセントのカワマス)である。
スプレイクの最初の記録は1880年であるが、オンタリオ州は壊滅したレイクトラウト資源を五大湖に戻す努力のために1960年代に交配種で実験し始めた。しかし結果は芳しいものではなかったために、実験はジョージア湾を越えて進展することはなかった。理論ではスプレイクがより早く成長して、侵入種であるウミヤツメによって攻撃される前に繁殖することが可能であるという望みを持って、レイクトラウトより早く成熟するであろうということであった。都合の悪いことにスプレイクが交配種の中では珍しく、彼らの繁殖力が旺盛であるために、実際の所繁殖力は行動に関して問題がある。—極めて少ない天然の子孫は、人工的に導入されたスプレイクの個体によって生み出される。
カワマスの個体数は、冷涼で澄んでいて高酸素濃度の水に依存する。早くも19世紀後半には土地開発、森林伐採と工業化が確立したので、北アメリカの天然のカワマスは多くの水路から根絶された。汚染されたか、堰き止められたか、沈泥で水深が浅くなった流れ込みと小川は、天然のカワマスが生息するにはあまりに暖かくなって、コクチバス、パーチ、または他のサケ科(例えばブラウントラウトやニジマス)が移植された。元々北アメリカ原産でないブラウントラウトは、カワマスの生息水域の多くで、カワマスに取って代わった。過剰な採取、または温度によって圧力を加えられるなら、カワマスの個体数は外来種の導入によるダメージの影響をとても受けやすい。カワマスの多くの湖の個体数は他の種(特にペルカ科、時に棘鰭類の魚)の導入によって根絶された。化学薬品および肥料を含んでいる雨水によって引き起こされる化学汚染および藻の成長に加えて、大気汚染はカワマスの消滅に関する特筆すべき要因である。アメリカ合衆国では大気汚染によって引き起こされる酸性雨は、アパラチア山脈のいくつかの小川と流れ込みの最も標高の高い源流部以外では、カワマスの個体数を維持するにはあまりにも低いpHレベル(=酸性)だった[5]。東部カナダの大部分のカワマスの個体数も同様に減少した。オーロラマスとして知られる亜種は、酸性雨の影響で天然のものは絶滅した。
今日、多くの地域ではカワマスをかつて一度は保っていた個体数をそれらの水域に再び回復させるための努力が進行中である。
種小名fontinalisはラテン語のfontīnālis(泉または噴水の(から))に由来する。
カワマスはアメリカ合衆国のニューハンプシャー州、ミシガン州、バージニア州、ニュージャージー州、ニューヨーク州、ノースカロライナ州、ペンシルベニア州、ウェストバージニア州において、州の魚に指定されている。
日本では1902年(明治35年)に日光湯ノ湖に導入されたのが初である[6]。現在では日光湯ノ湖の他湯川、上高地明神池、梓川、摩周湖周辺の河川などで天然繁殖が確認されている。各地で放流が行われていたが、定着が確認されているのは専ら中部地方以北の湧水に満ちた場所である。日本における産卵期は11月-12月である[7]。在来の同属種は、2種と6亜種が数えられる(アメマス、オショロコマと亜種ミヤベイワナ、イワナの亜種であるヤマトイワナ、ニッコウイワナ、ゴギ)。なお本種は「特定外来生物による生態系等に係る被害の防止に関する法律」で「要注意外来生物」に指定されている[8]。また北海道では内水面漁業調整規則により導入が禁じられている。北海道では空知川支流でもアメマスとの交雑が確認されている[3]。
アメリカでも原産地域以外の全土に導入され、他のサケ類やカエル類を駆逐して在来の生態系に影響を与えており、カリフォルニア州などでは防除が実施されている[8]。
カワマス(学名:Salvelinus fontinalis)はサケ科の魚である。英語では一般的に「brook trout」(ブルックトラウト)、ときに「eastern brook trout」、「Adirondack coaster lake trout」、「speckled trout」とも呼ばれる。スペリオル湖で回遊する個体は「coaster trout」或いは単に「coasters」と呼ばれる。マスと称されてはいるが、カワマスはレイクトラウト、ブルトラウト、オショロコマなどと共に実際はイワナの一種である。