Masked Boobies have a lifespan of 15 to 20 years; the longest known lifespan is 20 years.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 15 to 20 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 306 months.
Males have a high-pitched whistle while females have a more "honky" sounding call. Males will communicate by calling during their courtship displays or when they are frightened or alarmed. Females only call for help and as a warning. Both sexes are usually silent at night.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Interactions with humans seem to have had little effect on the species. Thousands of tourists pass close by their nests in the Galapagos, seemingly without any negative effects. Though there have been a few cases of boobies caught in fishing traps, these numbers are reportedly small.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse affects of masked boobies on humans.
Fishermen sometimes find schools of tuna by following feeding boobies; without knowing it, boobies provide fisherman with information on the best places to find fish. Boobies are also popular among birdwatchers.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism
Because masked boobies do not occur in dense populations, they do not seriously affect fish populations where they feed, nor are they important food sources for predators.
Boobies have a diet consisting mostly of fish and squid. They catch their prey by diving from heights of up to 30 m. When collecting food for offspring, boobies usually tend to stay closer to land, otherwise they hunt around 65 km from shore.
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )
Masked boobies are fairly widespread; they are found primarily in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the United States they are restricted to the three Hawaiian islands of Lehau, Moku Manu and Kaula. They are found mainly in the tropics. Masked boobies are found off the Yucatan peninsula and in much of South America. There are a variety of boobies with different ranges, but masked boobies are found on many islands between 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S, with tiny habitats from the Pacific to the Red Sea, and even on islands near Indonesia and Australia.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native )
Boobies prefer to live on small, flat islands without trees. They often nest on the edges of cliffs or in flat areas that allow for easy take-off. They spend much of their time foraging over the ocean far from land.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; coastal
Masked boobies are graceful birds, their body is white, they have black on thier wings and tails and a black mask around their beak and eyes. They are the biggest species of boobies. Females are larger than males, ranging from 75 to 86 cm long, males are from 74 to 82 cm long. They weigh from 1220 to 2353 g and have wingspans of 152 cm, on average. It is difficult to tell males and females apart because they both have bright white plumage as adults; young boobies are often mistaken for northern gannets (Morus bassanus). Masked boobies are born naked but are completely covered with feathers after 35 to 40 days. Juveniles are grey with white underparts and do not look like adults until their fourth year.
Range mass: 1220 to 2353 g.
Range length: 74 to 86 cm.
Average wingspan: 152 cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 5.5209 W.
There are no known predators of masked boobies. Because they are not usually found in dense populations and because they nest on islands, it might be hard for predators to rely on them as prey.
Boobies have intricate mating rituals; males attract females by stretching out their necks and presenting gifts such as small stones and feathers to their perspective mates. After a slow walk they copulate; copulation takes ten to twenty seconds, and the female begins incubating immediately after laying the first egg.
Mating System: monogamous
Breeding seasons vary widely throughout the range of masked boobies; they can occur from February to August, January to July, and August to March. Masked boobies nest colonially; their nests are small hollows in the ground. The female usually lays two eggs. Incubation lasts 43 days on average. Masked boobies do not have brood patches, so they incubate the eggs with their feet. The first chick to hatch kicks the second chick out of the nest, so parents raise only one offspring. The chick fledges in 109 to 151 days and is intependent in one to two months. Juveniles reach sexual maturity in 3 to 5 years.
Breeding season: Breeding seaons vary widely throughout the range of masked boobies.
Range eggs per season: 1 to 2.
Average eggs per season: 1.
Average time to hatching: 43 days.
Range fledging age: 109 to 151 days.
Range time to independence: 1 to 2 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 5 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 5 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 1.
Both males and femles incubate the eggs. The first chick to hatch kicks the second chick out of the nest, so the parents only raise one offspring. Chicks are usually fed only once or twice a day. Both parents feed their young, but females may bring more food to the nest than males. Both parents continue to protect and feed their chick for one to two months after it fledges.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
Ocasionalmente siguen a los barcos y efectúan veloces y poco profundos clavados para atrapar peces voladores que se espantan con la proa.
Distribucion General: Se encuentra en los mares tropicales de todo el mundo. En el Pacífico, las colonias de anidación más cercanas se localizan al oeste de México y en las Islas Galápagos. En el Caribe se encuentran frente a Venezuela.
Vuelan en forma fuerte y sostenida, con poderosos y lentos aletazos y planeos. Efectúan zambullidas verticales, a veces desde alturas considerables, aunque en raras ocasiones se sumerge muy profundamente.
Die brilmalgas (Sula dactylatra) is 'n voël en 'n seldsame swerwer aan die kus van Suid-Afrika. Die voël is groot en wit met goue oë en 'n klein swart masker. Die voël is 80 – 90 cm groot en weeg 1,8 - 2,4 kg met 'n vlerkspan van 1,5 - 1,6 meter.
Die voël is nog net tweekeer opgeteken in Suid-Afrika. Hulle broei gewoonlik op tropiese eilande van die Rooisee tot by Tanzanië. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Masked booby.
Noordelike malgas
Papasula (Gryspootmalgas)
Gwanomalgas
Bloupootmalgas
Die brilmalgas (Sula dactylatra) is 'n voël en 'n seldsame swerwer aan die kus van Suid-Afrika. Die voël is groot en wit met goue oë en 'n klein swart masker. Die voël is 80 – 90 cm groot en weeg 1,8 - 2,4 kg met 'n vlerkspan van 1,5 - 1,6 meter.
Die voël is nog net tweekeer opgeteken in Suid-Afrika. Hulle broei gewoonlik op tropiese eilande van die Rooisee tot by Tanzanië. In Engels staan die voël bekend as die Masked booby.
Sula dactylatra,[2] ye una especie d'ave pelecaniforme de la familia Sulidae.
Esisten seis subespecies:[3]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Sula dactylatra, ye una especie d'ave pelecaniforme de la familia Sulidae.
Esisten seis subespecies:
Sula dactylatra bedouti Sula dactylatra californica Sula dactylatra dactylatra Sula dactylatra fullagari Sula dactylatra melanops Sula dactylatra personata.
Sula dactylatra Ar morskoul masklet (Sula dactylatra) a zo un evn-mor.
El mascarell emmascarat[1] (Sula dactylatra), és un gran ocell marí, una de les cinc espècies del gènere Sula, dins la família dels súlids (Sulidae). És una espècie molt conspícua i diferenciada que va ser proposta per formar el subgènere monotípic Pseudosula, però el mascarell de Nazca, i sembla que també el mascarell bru, són espècies molt properes. L'espècie va ser descrita per primera vegada pel naturalista francès René-Primevère Lesson en 1831.[2]
Els mascarells emmascarats són grans bussos, cabussant-se en diagonal cap a l'oceà a gran velocitat. S'alimenten principalment de peixos petits, incloent peixos voladors.
Aquesta espècie es reprodueix a les illes dels oceans tropicals, a excepció de l'Atlàntic oriental.[3] Al Pacífic oriental és substituït pel Mascarell de Nazca (Sula granti) que antany era considerat una subespècie del mascarell emmascarat (Pitman et Jehle 1998, Friesen et al. 2002).
És una ocell força sedentari. Passa l'hivern al mar, però poques vegades es veu lluny de les colònies de cria. No obstant això, al Carib, de tant en tant, poden viatjar cap al nord, seguint els corrents càlids, fins a la costa dels Estats Units. També s'han registrat albiraments d'individus, presumiblement d'aquesta espècie, front a les costes atlàntiques espanyoles i encara franceses.
Cria en petites colònies, ponent dos ous blancs guix a una depressió poc profunda, a les platges de sorra. Aquest ous són covats pels dos adults durant 45 dies. En la majoria dels casos, el primer pollet matarà els seus germans petits al poc de néixer.[4]
El mascarell emmascarat roman en silenci al mar, mentre que en les àrees de cria, mostren una àmplia varietat de xiulets i notes altes.
S'han descrit sis subespècies, cap d'elles diferenciable a la natura:
El mascarell emmascarat (Sula dactylatra), és un gran ocell marí, una de les cinc espècies del gènere Sula, dins la família dels súlids (Sulidae). És una espècie molt conspícua i diferenciada que va ser proposta per formar el subgènere monotípic Pseudosula, però el mascarell de Nazca, i sembla que també el mascarell bru, són espècies molt properes. L'espècie va ser descrita per primera vegada pel naturalista francès René-Primevère Lesson en 1831.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bwbi mygydog (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: bwbïod mygydog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Sula dactylatra; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Blue-faced booby. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Huganod (Lladin: Sulidae) sydd yn urdd y Pelecaniformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. dactylatra, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r bwbi mygydog yn perthyn i deulu'r Huganod (Lladin: Sulidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bwbi Abbott Papasula abbotti Bwbi brown Sula leucogaster
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bwbi mygydog (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: bwbïod mygydog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Sula dactylatra; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Blue-faced booby. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Huganod (Lladin: Sulidae) sydd yn urdd y Pelecaniformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. dactylatra, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Der Maskentölpel (Sula dactylatra) ist ein auf tropischen Meeren vorkommender Vertreter der Tölpel.
Die Bestandssituation des Maskentölpel wurde 2016 in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN als „Least Concern (LC)“ = „nicht gefährdet“ eingestuft.[1][2]
Der Maskentölpel erreicht eine Körperlänge von 75 bis 85 Zentimeter, die Flügelspannweite beträgt 160 bis 170 Zentimeter. Maskentölpel erreichen ein Gewicht zwischen 1,2 und 2,2 Kilogramm.[3] Er ist die größte Art innerhalb der Gattung Sula.
Der Maskentölpel ist ein weißer Vogel mit schwarzen Flügelrändern, schwarzem Schwanz und dunkler Gesichtsmaske. Die ähnlich aussehenden Geschlechter unterscheiden sich dadurch, dass das Männchen einen gelben, das Weibchen einen grünlich-gelben Schnabel hat. Der Jungvogel ist am Kopf und an der Unterseite bräunlich, am Rumpf und am Hals weiß gefärbt.
Maskentölpel fliegen mit kräftigen, gleichmäßigen Flügelschlägen, der Flug ist immer wieder von Gleitphasen unterbrochen. Gewöhnlich fliegen sie in Höhen von mehr als sieben Meter, der Flug ist schnell und kann eine Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 70 km/h erreichen.[4] Es sind Stoßtaucher, die fast senkrecht ins Meer stoßen. Sie ruhen und schwimmen auf See, dabei liegen sie hoch im Wasser. Sie ruhen gelegentlich auch auf Bojen und auf anderen, sich im Meer befindlichen Konstruktionen wie beispielsweise Ölplattformen. Auf See sind sie nicht sehr ruffreudig, in den Brutkolonien sind dagegen die schrillen, pfeifenden Begrüßungsrufe der Männchen und die trompetenden Laute der Weibchen zu vernehmen.
Im Verbreitungsgebiet des Maskentölpels kommen mehrere andere Tölpelarten vor, mit denen der Maskentölpel verwechselt werden kann. Der Australische Tölpel und der Kaptölpel unterscheiden sich vom Maskentölpel durch ihren gelblichen Kopf. Der Graufußtölpel hat dunklere Flügel, die außerdem dunkler sind. Er ist außerdem langschwänziger und der Kopf wirkt größer. Der Rotfußtölpel ist kleiner, die in Australasien vorkommende Unterart hat einen weißen Schwanz. Der Kopf dieser Tölpelart ist außerdem gelblich überwaschen.
Der Maskentölpel kommt auf allen tropischen Weltmeeren vor. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht im Süden bis Australien, Südafrika und Südamerika, im Norden in den Golf von Mexiko und den Südosten der USA. Die Verbreitung des Maskentölpels ist möglicherweise von der Verbreitung Fliegender Fische beeinflusst.[5] In Westeuropa kommt der Maskentölpel nur als Irrgast vor.
Insgesamt werden vier Unterarten unterschieden:
Die Brutkolonien der Maskentölpel befinden sich auf tropischen Inseln, Atollen und Cays, die gewöhnlich weit vor der Küste des Festlands liegen. Maskentölpel nutzen gelegentlich auch sehr flache Cays, die in tropischen Stürmen oder bei sehr hohen Tiden überwaschen werden. Die südlichste Brutkolonie befindet sich auf der Lord-Howe-Insel.[7]
Der Maskentölpel ist ein spektakulärer Taucher, der mit hoher Geschwindigkeit ins Wasser eintaucht. Sie stoßen dabei aus einer Flughöhe von zwölf bis 100 Meter herab und können eine Tauchtiefe von mindestens zwei bis drei Meter erreichen. Maskentölpel nutzen während ihrer Nahrungssuche aber auch Gewässer mit einer Tiefe von lediglich 1,5 Meter. Während der Brutzeit suchen sie häufig fernab ihrer Brutkolonien nach Nahrung. In den Gewässern vor Hawaii werden Maskentölpel regelmäßig mehr als achtzig Kilometer von der nächsten Inseln gesehen und im Indischen Ozean suchen Maskentölpel häufig in einer Entfernung von 160 bis 320 Kilometer von ihrer Brutkolonie nach Nahrung. Die gefangene Beute wird in der Regel noch unter Wasser verschluckt.[8]
Er ernährt sich hauptsächlich von kleinen Fischen, inklusive Fliegende Fische.
Der Maskentölpel ist wie alle Tölpelarten ein Koloniebrüter, allerdings weisen seine Kolonien nicht die sehr hohe Dichte auf, wie sie beispielsweise beim Basstölpel oder dem Kaptölpel charakteristisch ist. Auf Raine Island vor der australischen Küste brüten beispielsweise auf 100 Quadratmeter vier Paare. In anderen Brutkolonien wurde eine Nestdichte festgestellt, die von einem Nest pro 3,3 Quadratmeter bis einem Nest pro 201 Quadratmeter reicht.[9] Oppel et al Untersuchung von 2015 bestätigte die Hypothese, dass Maskentölpel in Brutkolonien mit einer geringeren Individuenzahl im Schnitt eine höhere Fitness aufweisen, als in größeren Kolonien, da sie weniger um Nahrung konkurrieren (Ashmole’s Hypothese).[10] Brutkolonien bestehen über sehr lange Zeit, gelegentlich nutzen Weißbauchtölpel dieselbe Brutkolonie.[11]
Der Niststandort wird von Männchen zu Beginn der Fortpflanzungsperiode gewählt. Die von ihm gewählte Stelle wird gegen andere Männchen sowie benachbarte Brutpaare verteidigt. Sobald das Männchen sich verpaart hat, beteiligt sich auch das Weibchen an der Verteidigung des Niststandorts. Angegriffen werden neben Artgenossen auch andere Tölpelarten sowie Menschen oder Schildkröten, die sich dem Nistbereich nähern.[12]
Der Maskentölpel legt ein bis zwei weiße Eier auf den kahlen Sandboden. Maskentölpel zeigen kein ausgeprägtes Nistverhalten, sie scharren nicht einmal eine flache Bodenmulde.[13] Das Männchen bringt zum Beginn der Fortpflanzungszeit zwar Zweige und ähnliches Material zum Niststandort, dieses wird in der Nähe des Nestes fallen gelassen, aber vom brütenden Vogel dann entfernt. Typisch für Niststandorte von Maskentölpel ist deswegen eine freie, runde Stelle mit einem Durchmesser von 75 Zentimeter bis einem Meter.
Die Eiablage ist innerhalb einer Kolonie weitgehend synchronisiert. Auf dem Kure-Atoll erfolgte in 85 Nestern die Eiablage innerhalb von rund sechs Tagen. Beide Elternvögel bebrüten das Gelege 45 Tage, indem sie die Eier mit den Schwimmhäuten ihrer Füße bedecken und warm halten. Wurden zwei Eier gelegt, entwickelt sich oft nur eines, während das zweite (oft kleinere) Ei, gemäß der Reserveei-Hypothese lediglich als Versicherung dient, falls das zuerst gelegte Ei unbefruchtet war oder es durch das Absterben des Embryos nicht zum Schlupf kam.[14]
Wie auch der Blaufußtölpel, sind Maskentölpel für Brutreduktion durch Kainismus bekannt. Da im Normalfall nur ein Küken aufgezogen wird und die Geschwister in einem Abstand von mehreren Tagen schlüpfen, ist Siblizid am jüngeren Geschwister durch ein gesundes Erstgeborene Teil des angeborenen Verhaltens. Schon kurz nach dem Schlupf greift das stärkere Küken den jüngeren Nestling aggressiv an, drängt das andere Küken aus dem Nest, macht ihm das Futter streitig, oder tötet und frisst es sogar.[15][16]
Die Elternvögel greifen nicht ein und holen aus dem Nest geworfene Küken auch nicht wieder zurück.[15][17] Fälle, in denen beide Küken groß werden, sind extrem selten. Auf Raine Island, einem 32 Hektar großen Cay vor der Ostküste Australiens, wuchsen in vier Fortpflanzungsperioden mit jeweils 2000 Nestern nur in drei fällen beide Küken heran.[18]
Die nackten Küken sind beim Schlupf etwa zehn Zentimeter lang und wiegen zwischen 40 und 60 Gramm. In der zweiten Woche beginnen sich kurze Dunen an Rücken und Flanken zu entwickeln. die Nestlinge sind in den ersten sechs Lebenstagen außerstande, ihre Körpertemperatur zu regulieren und sind darauf angewiesen, von den Eltern gehudert zu werden. Kleine Küken sterben bereits nach zwanzig Minuten, wenn sie ungeschützt der tropischen Sonne ausgesetzt sind.[19] Die Küken können dagegen längere Perioden ohne Nahrung überstehen.[20] In der dritten Lebenswoche ist das Küken vollständig mit Dunen bedeckt, die in den nächsten zwei Wochen zunehmend dicker und flauschiger werden. Die Altvögel bewachen das Nest etwa drei bis vier Wochen nach dem Schlupf. Ab der 12. Woche verliert ein Jungtier seine Dunen und ist nach etwa 120 Tagen flügge.
Der Bruterfolg variiert sehr stark. Auf dem Kure-Atoll wuchsen innerhalb von sechs Fortpflanzungsperioden in 50 bis 90 Prozent der Nester Jungvögel heran. Auf Kiritimati wird in El-Niño-Jahren in der Regel kein Nachwuchs groß, weil keine ausreichende Nahrung zur Verfügung steht.[21] Starke Regenfälle überfluten gelegentlich Nester oder beeinträchtigen das Brutverhalten. Eier und Jungvögel wurden und werden vom Menschen gesammelt. Ratten sind auf den Inseln, auf denen sie eingeführt wurden, wesentliche Prädatoren von Eiern und Jungvögeln. Die Silberkopfmöwe und die Bindenralle fressen Eier und kleine Küken. Auf Raine Island und Pandora Cay zerstören Suppenschildkröten gelegentlich versehentlich einige Nester.[22]
Der Maskentölpel (Sula dactylatra) ist ein auf tropischen Meeren vorkommender Vertreter der Tölpel.
Die Bestandssituation des Maskentölpel wurde 2016 in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN als „Least Concern (LC)“ = „nicht gefährdet“ eingestuft.
Ko e ngutulei fakapūloaʻi ko e taha ʻo e fanga ngutulei ia. Ko e manupuna ʻo e tuʻafanga ʻi Tongá ni. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 86, kapakau sm ʻe 152, ko e ngutulei lahi taha ia.
Ko e ngutulei fakapūloaʻi ko e taha ʻo e fanga ngutulei ia. Ko e manupuna ʻo e tuʻafanga ʻi Tongá ni. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 86, kapakau sm ʻe 152, ko e ngutulei lahi taha ia.
मोठा समुद्रकावळा हा सुलीफॉर्मेस वर्गातील सुलीडे कुळातील एक पक्षी आहे. याला इंग्रजीमध्ये Masked booby (मास्क्ड बूबी) तर हिंदीमध्ये जलकौवा, पानकौवा म्हणतात.
हा पक्षी आकाराने राजहंसापेक्षा मोठा आहे. प्रामुख्याने शुभ्रवर्णाचा, पंखाची किनार काळी, पिवळी, नारिंगी किवां निळसर असते. तोंड आणि कंठावरील उघड्या कातडीचा रंग काळा-निळा असतो.
भारतातामध्ये हा पक्षी विणीनंतर पाकिस्तानच्या किनार पट्टीवर, तसेच वर्षा-ऋतूतील वादळातून भारताचा पश्चिम किनारा आणि श्रीलंकेपर्यंत येतात तसेच मालदीव बेटावरही आढळतात.[२]
समुद्रकिनारे आणि बेटे
मोठा समुद्रकावळा हा सुलीफॉर्मेस वर्गातील सुलीडे कुळातील एक पक्षी आहे. याला इंग्रजीमध्ये Masked booby (मास्क्ड बूबी) तर हिंदीमध्ये जलकौवा, पानकौवा म्हणतात.
हा पक्षी आकाराने राजहंसापेक्षा मोठा आहे. प्रामुख्याने शुभ्रवर्णाचा, पंखाची किनार काळी, पिवळी, नारिंगी किवां निळसर असते. तोंड आणि कंठावरील उघड्या कातडीचा रंग काळा-निळा असतो.
भारतातामध्ये हा पक्षी विणीनंतर पाकिस्तानच्या किनार पट्टीवर, तसेच वर्षा-ऋतूतील वादळातून भारताचा पश्चिम किनारा आणि श्रीलंकेपर्यंत येतात तसेच मालदीव बेटावरही आढळतात.
શ્યામમુખ વાઘોમડા, (અંગ્રેજી: Masked Booby) (Sula dactylatra) એ ઘોમડા પરિવારનું મોટું દરીયાઈ પક્ષી છે. આ પક્ષી પૂર્વીય એટલાન્ટીક સીવાયનાં ઉષ્ણકટિબંધીય સમુદ્રી ટાપુઓ પર પ્રજોપ્તિ કરે છે.
74–91 cm (29–36 in) લાંબુ, 137–165 cm (54–65 in) પાંખોનો વ્યાપ અને 1.2–2.35 kg (2.6–5.2 lb) વજન ધરાવતું આ સૌથી મોટું વાઘોમડું છે.[૨]
શ્યામમુખ વાઘોમડા, (અંગ્રેજી: Masked Booby) (Sula dactylatra) એ ઘોમડા પરિવારનું મોટું દરીયાઈ પક્ષી છે. આ પક્ષી પૂર્વીય એટલાન્ટીક સીવાયનાં ઉષ્ણકટિબંધીય સમુદ્રી ટાપુઓ પર પ્રજોપ્તિ કરે છે.
The masked booby (Sula dactylatra), also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby, is a large seabird of the booby and gannet family, Sulidae. First described by the French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus Sula. It has a typical sulid body shape, with a long pointed yellowish bill, long neck, aerodynamic body, long slender wings and pointed tail. The adult is bright white with black wings, a black tail and a dark face mask; at 75–85 cm (30–33 in) long, it is the largest species of booby. The sexes have similar plumage. This species ranges across tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific. In the latter, it is replaced by the Nazca booby (Sula granti), which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby.
Nesting takes place in colonies, generally on islands and atolls far from the mainland and close to deep water required for foraging. Territorial when breeding, the masked booby performs agonistic displays to defend its nest. Potential and mated pairs engage in courtship and greeting displays. The female lays two chalky white eggs in a shallow depression on flat ground away from vegetation. The chicks are born featherless, but are soon covered in white down. The second chick born generally does not survive and is killed by its elder sibling. These birds are spectacular plunge divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed in search of prey—mainly flying fish. The species faces few threats; although its population is declining, it is considered to be a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The French naturalist René Lesson was a member of the crew on the La Coquille captained by Louis Isidore Duperrey on its voyage around the world undertaken between August 1822 and March 1825.[2] In the multi-volume publication by Duperrey about the voyage, Lesson authored the ornithological sections. In his 1829 account of the visit to Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, Lesson mentioned encountering masked boobies, and in a footnote proposed the binomial name Sula dactylatra.[3] Lesson subsequently provided a formal description of the masked booby in 1831.[4] The specific epithet combines the Ancient Greek dactyl, meaning "finger", and the Latin ater, meaning "black". "Black fingers" refers to the splayed wingtips in flight.[5] The Swedish zoologist Carl Jakob Sundevall described the species as Dysporus cyanops in 1837[6] from a subadult collected in the Atlantic Ocean on 6 September 1827.[7] The species name was derived from the Ancient Greek words cyanos, meaning "blue",[8] and ops, meaning "face".[9]
The English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould described Sula personata in 1846 from Australia,[10] the species name being the Latin adjective personata, meaning "masked".[11] Gould adopted the name Sula cyanops in his 1865 Handbook to the Birds of Australia.[12] Sundevall's binomial name was followed as Lesson's 1829 record did not sufficiently describe the species; however, in 1911, the Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews pointed out that although Lesson's 1829 account did not describe the bird, his 1831 account did, and thus predated Sundevall by six years, and hence Sula dactylactra had priority.[13] The American Ornithological Union followed in the 17th supplement to their checklist in 1920.[14]
"Masked booby" has been designated the official common name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[15] The species has also been called the masked gannet, blue-faced booby, white booby (for its plumage), and whistling booby (for its distinctive call).[5] The Australian ornithologist Doug Dorward promoted the name "white booby" as he felt the blue coloration of its face was less prominent than that of the red-footed booby (Sula sula).[16]
The masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus Sula.[15] A 2011 genetic study (depicted below) using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA showed the masked and Nazca boobies (Sula granti) to be each other's closest relatives, their lineage diverging from a line that gave rise to the blue-footed (Sula nebouxii) and Peruvian boobies (Sula variegata). The masked and Nazca boobies were divergent enough to indicate that the latter, formerly regarded as a subspecies of the former, should be classified as a separate species. Molecular evidence suggests they most likely diverged between 0.8 and 1.1 million years ago. Complex water currents in the eastern Pacific may have established an environmental barrier leading to speciation.[17] Subfossil bones 14,000 years old belonging to the species have been found in deposits on St. Helena Island.[18]
Red-footed booby (Sula sula)
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster)
Masked booby (Sula dactylatra)
Nazca booby (Sula granti)
Blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii)
Peruvian booby (Sula variegata)
There is a clinal change in size across the masked booby's range. Birds in the Atlantic are the smallest, with the size increasing westwards though the Pacific to the Indian Ocean, where the largest individuals are found.[19] Genetic analysis using mtDNA control region sequences shows that populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans greatly expanded around 180,000 years ago, and that these became separated from Atlantic populations around 115,000 years ago. Furthermore, within each ocean, there is evidence of reduced gene flow between populations that does not correspond with any physical barrier.[20]
Four subspecies are recognized by the International Ornithologists' Union.[15]
The largest species of booby, the masked booby ranges from 75 to 85 cm (30 to 33 in) long, with a 160–170 cm (63–67 in) wingspan and 1.2–2.2 kg (2.6–4.9 lb) weight. It has a typical sulid body shape, with a long pointed bill, long neck, aerodynamic body, long slender wings and pointed tail. The adult is bright white with dark wings and a dark tail.[30] The sexes have similar plumage with no seasonal variation, but females are on average slightly heavier and larger than males.[31] The bare skin around the face, throat and lores is described either as black or blue-black. It contrasts with the white plumage and gives a mask-like appearance.[32] The bill of the nominate subspecies is pale yellow with a greenish tinge, sometimes greyish at the base.[19] Conical in shape, the bill is longer than the head and tapers to a slightly downcurved tip. Backward-pointing serrations line the mandibles.[33] The primaries, secondaries, humerals and rectrices are brown-black. The inner webs of the secondaries are white at the base. The underwing is white except for the brown-black flight-feathers that are not covered by the white coverts.[34] The legs are yellow-orange or olive.[19] The iris is yellow.[35]
The subspecies differ slightly in size and sometimes also in the colour of the irises, bill, legs and feet. The race melanops has an orange-yellow bill and olive-grey legs, the race tasmani has dark brown irises and dark grey-green legs and the race personata has olive to blueish-grey legs.[19] For the subspecies tasmani and the nominate dactylatra, during the breeding season, the leg colour of male birds contains more yellow-red than those of the females.[28][36]
The juvenile is a streaked or mottled grey-brown on the head and upperparts, with a whitish neck collar. The wings are dark brown and underparts are white. Its bill is yellowish, face is blue-grey and iris a dark brown. Older immature birds have a broader white collar and rump,[30] and more and more white feathers on the head until the head is wholly white by 14 to 15 months of age. Full adult plumage is acquired three to four months before the bird turns three years old.[35]
The masked booby is usually silent at sea, but is noisy at the nesting colonies. The main call of male birds is a descending whistle; that of females is a loud honk.[37]
The adult masked booby is distinguished from the related Nazca booby by its yellow rather than orange bill, larger size and less distinctive sexual dimorphism. The latter nests on steep cliffs rather than flat ground.[29] The white morph of the red-footed booby is similar but smaller.[19] Abbott's booby (Papasula abbotti) has a more wholly black upperwing, and a longer neck and tail and larger head, while the Cape gannet (Morus capensis) and the Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) have a buff-yellow crown, shorter tail, white humerals and a grey rather than yellowish bill. The juvenile masked booby resembles the brown booby (Sula leucogaster), though adults of that species have clearly demarcated brown and white plumage.[30]
The masked booby is found across tropical oceans between the 30th parallel north and 30th parallel south. In the Indian Ocean it ranges from the coastlines of the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa across to Sumatra and Western Australia, though it is not found off the coast of the Indian subcontinent. Off the Western Australian coastline it is found as far south as the Dampier Archipelago. In the Pacific, it ranges from Brisbane eastwards. It is found in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean south to Ascension Island.[38] In the eastern Pacific off the coast of Colombia and Ecuador, the masked booby is replaced by the Nazca booby.[29] A vagrant was rescued in 2015 in Newport, Oregon.[39]
In the Atlantic, Caribbean birds occasionally wander north to warm southern Gulf Stream waters off the eastern seaboard of the United States, with single records from Island Beach in New Jersey and New York.[40] There are summer records from Delaware Bay,[41] and Worcester County, Maryland,[42] as well as waters off the coast of Spain.[43]
During the monsoon season (midyear), the masked booby is an occasional vagrant along the western coast of India, with records from Kerala, Karnataka,[44] and Maharashtra states.[45] It is a vagrant to the Caroline Islands north of New Guinea.[46]
Breeding colonies are located on remote islands, atolls and cays.[30] Lord Howe Island is the southernmost colony.[38] Deep water nearby is important for feeding. As an example, waters around Raine Island, at the edge of the Great Barrier Reef, are anywhere from 180 to 3,700 m (590 to 12,140 ft) deep.[30] On these landforms, masked boobies select sites of generally flat, bare or exposed open ground that lie above the high-tide level with access to the ocean.[38] During the breeding season, the species remains near the colony. At other times, juveniles and some adults disperse widely, though some remain at the colony year-round. Most (but not all) birds return to breed at the colony of their birth; once they begin breeding at a site, they will return there annually.[30]
The largest masked booby colony is on Clipperton Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean,[19] a desert atoll southwest of Mexico. In 2003, 112,000 birds were counted, having recovered from 150 individuals in 1958. The population had suffered from the introduction of feral pigs in the 1890s. These pigs preyed on the crabs that ate the vegetation. After the elimination of pigs in 1964, the crab population rose and vegetation largely disappeared. This was beneficial to the boobies, as they prefer open ground.[47] Clipperton is on a narrow ridge surrounded by deep water.[48] The colony on Lord Howe Island numbered in the thousands at the time of the island's discovery in 1788, but has declined to under 500 pairs—mostly on offshore islets with the remainder on two hard-to-access headlands—by 2005. Hunting by humans is thought to have played a role; although rats were introduced to the island in 1918, there has been no evidence they are able to kill chicks or eggs—possibly due to the size of the adult boobies.[49] The masked booby was first recorded breeding on Philip Island off Norfolk Island in 1908, with devegetation by feral animals creating the open ground preferred by the species. By 2007, an estimated 300 pairs were breeding over the island, though the island flora's regeneration after the removal of feral animals might begin to limit suitable nesting sites.[50] In 2006, two pairs nested in a brown booby colony on Morros del Potosí (White Friars Rocks) near Zihuatanejo in southern Mexico.[51]
Major nesting areas in the Atlantic include Rocas Atoll off the coast of Brazil,[52] Ascension Island in the south Atlantic,[53] and five islands of the Campeche Bank in the Gulf of Mexico.[54][55] The species attempted to nest at Dry Tortugas in the Gulf of Mexico over 1984 and 1985;[56] 19 pairs were recorded there in 1998.[57]
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The masked booby generally flies at least 7 m (23 ft) in height, and at speeds of up to 70 km/h (43 mph). It alternates between gliding and active flying with strong periodic wingbeats. It is often encountered alone, or in a small group when returning to its colony.[30]
Regarding the masked booby's longevity, a bird tagged at Nepean Island (off Norfolk Island) in September 1979 was recovered and released after being caught in fishing gear 24 years and 9.9 months later some 713 km (443 mi) away off the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia in July 2004. The longest distance travelled is 3,152 km (1,959 mi); a bird tagged at Raine Island in the Great Barrier Reef in December 1981 was picked up and released at Phillip Island (off Norfolk Island) in December 1986.[58]
The masked booby begins breeding by around four or five years of age, though can occasionally do so at three years old.[59] Adults form monogamous relationships with many pairs remaining together over multiple breeding seasons. Highly territorial when nesting, single males and mated pairs engage in agonistic displays to mark their ground against neighbours and interlopers. The male advertises his territory to females by flight circuiting—making a short flight and holding his wings in a 'V' shape and making a call as he lands. The mated pair engages in outposting as other boobies fly overhead, stretching their necks out and forward. More direct trespassers are confronted with a yes-no headshaking, in which the booby shakes its head from side to side or up and down and ruffles its head feathers to make its head look bigger and facial markings more prominent. It may cock its tail and hold its wings up away from its body.[60] Neighbouring boobies may escalate by jabbing and lunging at each other. In the pelican posture, a bird tucks the tip of its bill into its chest, possibly positioned to avoid injury to others. This posture is used against intruders or as advertising for a mate.[61]
There are several displays related to the establishment and maintenance of pair-bonding. The male initiates sky-pointing when a female approaches or leaves his territory. In this display, he paces slowly with his neck and bill pointed upwards—between vertical and 45 degrees—with wings partly raised and whistling faintly with an open bill. In a gazing display, one bird stares at another of the opposite sex; this generally leads to other displays. Pairs engage in a (mostly) gentler form of jabbing display, and allopreening. In an oblique headshake, a bird flings its head vigorously. The male may also parade in front of the female, walking with an exaggerated high-stepping gait and intermittently tucking his head in his breast, after collecting nesting material and before the pair begins laying. The male presents small sticks and debris as nesting material in a gesture of symbolic nest-building, which leads to copulation. Afterwards, the pair engages in more symbolic nest-building.[61] The twigs and debris are cleared away later as none is actually used in adorning the nest while in use.[37]
Breeding takes place at different times of year throughout its range. On the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, egg-laying takes place from January to July, peaking in June, with juvenile birds from April to December. On Moulter Cay in the Coral Sea, breeding takes place year-round, with egg-laying peaking from September to early November, while on nearby Raine Island birds begin laying in or after August, likely peaking September to early November.[37] Eggs are laid between May and September on Lord Howe Island,[49] and early July to early January (peaking in September) on Phillip Island.[50]
In the northern hemisphere, egg-laying on Kure Atoll can be any time from January to early July, peaking in February and March.[62] On Clipperton Island, egg-laying peaks in November to coordinate with peak fish productivity of the surrounding waters in January (for growing chicks).[48] Masked boobies lay at any time in the Caribbean, peaking between March and September.[59]
The nest is a cleared area 0.75 to 1 m (2 ft 6 in to 3 ft 3 in) in diameter, within which is a clearly demarcated 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) shallow (1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) deep) depression. A clutch of two chalky white eggs is laid, with an interval of five to eight days between the laying of each egg. Occasionally nests with three eggs are reported; these are probably due to an egg from another nest rolling downhill into the nest.[37] The eggs have an average size of 64 mm × 45 mm (2.5 in × 1.8 in) and weigh 75 g (2.6 oz).[37] They are incubated by both adults for 45 days.[49] Parents incubate the eggs by resting on their tarsi and wrapping their webbed feet over the eggs, with the outermost toes resting on the ground. Their feet are more vascular at this time.[63] When first hatched, the chicks are about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and weigh around 40–60 g (1.4–2.1 oz), with a sparse covering of white down over their grey to pinkish-grey skin. Altricial and nidicolous, their eyes are open at birth. Their down thickens as they age, and the chicks are quite fluffy by week 5–6. The primaries and rectrices appear by week 8, and scapulars appear by week 10. They begin losing their down from week 12 onwards, until they are wholly covered by juvenile plumage by week 15 or 16, and fledge at around 120 days (17 weeks) of age.[34] After leaving the nest, young birds are dependent on their parents for 3–4 weeks before dispersing out to sea.[64][65]
Although two eggs are often laid, the younger chick almost always perishes within a few days. This has been observed widely across the species' range. Dorward suspected siblicide on Ascension Island.[66] Siblicide has been observed in the Nazca booby on the Galapagos Islands,[67] and is assumed to occur in the masked booby as well.[66][49]
The masked booby is a spectacular diver, plunging vertically or near-vertically from heights of anywhere from 12 to 100 m (40 to 330 ft)—but more commonly 15 to 35 m (50 to 115 ft)—above the water into the ocean at high speed, to depths of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in search of fish.[68] It generally swallows its catch underwater.[69] Fieldwork at Clipperton Island showed that masked boobies flew on average to 103 km (64 mi) from their colony, with a maximum range of 242 km (150 mi), while feeding their chicks. They did not rest at sea at night, though part of their return trip was at night time for longer expeditions.[48] The masked booby forages with the white-bellied storm petrel (Fregetta grallaria) and Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) at times.[70] Frigatebirds often harass the species until they disgorge their catch and steal their food.[19]
Fish, particularly flying fish, up to 28 cm (11 in) long (rarely up to 41 cm (16 in)) form the bulk of its diet, along with cephalopods.[19] Species eaten include various species of flying fish such as blue flyingfish (Exocoetus volitans), mirrorwing flyingfish (Hirundichthys speculiger), sailfin flyingfish (Parexocoetus brachypterus), glider flyingfish (Cheilopogon atrisignis) and Atlantic flyingfish (Cheilopogon melanurus), other fish such as yellowtail amberjack (Seriola lalandi), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), pompano dolphinfish (Coryphaena equiselis), mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), brown chub (Kyphosus bigibbus), redbarred hawkfish (Cirrhitops fasciatus), snake mackerel (Gempylus serpens), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), ribbon halfbeak (Euleptorhamphus viridis), flat needlefish (Ablennes hians) and mullet of the genus Mugil, and the purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis).[69]
Silver gulls (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) and buff-banded rails (Gallirallus philippensis) prey on eggs and young. On some islands such as Ascension and Saint Helena, feral cats have been a threat to masked boobies.[53][71] The tick species Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) muesebecki was described parasitising nesting blue-faced boobies off the Arabian coast.[72] The argasid tick Ornithodoros capensis and the ixodid tick Amblyomma loculosum have also been recorded as parasites, the latter possibly spreading piroplasmosis caused by Babesia among boobies.[73] On Raine Island and Pandora Cay, nests have been destroyed by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) as they pass through booby colonies and dig their own nests in large numbers.[74] Rats prey on eggs and young of many seabirds, though the size of masked boobies probably prevents direct predation. On Clipperton Island, rats prey on the crab that eats vegetation.[47]
The Taíno ate masked and red-footed boobies that nested on Grand Turk Island around 1000 years ago. The two species subsequently vanished from the Turks and Caicos Islands. A booby yielded around 1–2 kg (2–5 lb) of meat. European sailors in the area also caught and ate tame boobies.[75] Masked booby young and eggs were eaten by the crew of HMS Supply on Lord Howe Island.[25]
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the masked booby as a species of least concern, though the population worldwide is decreasing.[1] At Clipperton Island, the colony was benefitted by the presence of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), which drove their prey item—flying fish—to the surface, facilitating predation by boobies. It may be that overfishing of tuna adversely impacts the availability of fish there.[48] In 2005, 508 young masked boobies at the colony suffered from "angel wing", a congenital deformity of one or both wings resulting in flightlessness. This coincided with a season of high nestling mortality that was likely related to low numbers of yellowfin tuna due to possible overfishing at a crucial time in the breeding season.[76] The warm phase (El Niño) of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in 1982 and 1983 negatively impacted breeding on Christmas Island as the higher water temperatures reduced food supply. Where usually 1500 pairs nested, no young were observed over this period; 50–60 pairs were observed breeding in October 1983.[77] The Australian government has rated both subspecies occurring in Australian waters as vulnerable to climate change. The low-lying colonies of subspecies personata are at risk from rising sea levels, and the rising sea temperatures are calculated to reduce food productivity, which may impact on breeding success of both subspecies.[78]
The masked booby (Sula dactylatra), also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby, is a large seabird of the booby and gannet family, Sulidae. First described by the French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus Sula. It has a typical sulid body shape, with a long pointed yellowish bill, long neck, aerodynamic body, long slender wings and pointed tail. The adult is bright white with black wings, a black tail and a dark face mask; at 75–85 cm (30–33 in) long, it is the largest species of booby. The sexes have similar plumage. This species ranges across tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific. In the latter, it is replaced by the Nazca booby (Sula granti), which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby.
Nesting takes place in colonies, generally on islands and atolls far from the mainland and close to deep water required for foraging. Territorial when breeding, the masked booby performs agonistic displays to defend its nest. Potential and mated pairs engage in courtship and greeting displays. The female lays two chalky white eggs in a shallow depression on flat ground away from vegetation. The chicks are born featherless, but are soon covered in white down. The second chick born generally does not survive and is killed by its elder sibling. These birds are spectacular plunge divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed in search of prey—mainly flying fish. The species faces few threats; although its population is declining, it is considered to be a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
La Pacifika, Blanka aŭ pli precize Maskonaivulo aŭ Maskosulo (Sula dactylatra) estas granda marbirdo (80 cm) de la familio de suledoj. Tiu specio reproduktiĝas sur insuloj en tropikaj oceanoj, escepte en orienta Atlantiko; en orienta Pacifiko ĝi estas anstataŭata de la Nazka naivulo, Sula granti, kiu estis iam konsiderata subspecio de la Maskonaivulo.[1][2]
Ĝi estas facile videbla naivulo kaj estis proponita por separo al monotipa subgenro Pseudosula, sed la Nazka naivulo kaj ŝajne ankaŭ la Bruna naivulo (S. leucogaster) estas tre proksimaj parencoj.
Estas la plej granda sulo (74 ĝis 91 cm longa) kun enverguro averaĝe de 152 cm sed ankaŭ de 137-165 cm kaj pezo de 1500 g averaĝe sed ankaŭ de 1.2-2.35 kg.[3] Plenkreskuloj estas blankaj krom flugilpinto kaj vosto pintecaj kaj nigraj same kiel griznigra "masko" ĉe la bazo de la beko flava kaj ĉirkaŭ la okuloj kiuj estas same flavaj. Kruroj estas brunverdecaj. La inoj estas pli grandaj kaj havas violajn aŭ malhelgrizajn krurojn kaj bekon verdecan dum la masklobeko estas flava. Dum la reprodukta sezono ili havas areon de senpluma, blueca haŭtaĵo ĉe la bazo de la beko. Junuloj estas brunecaj en kapo kaj supraj partoj, kun blankeca pugo kaj kolumo. La subaj partoj estas blankaj. Plenkreska plumaro estas akirita post du jaroj.
Laŭ tiu aspekto ili povas konfuziĝi kun la Perua naivulo, Sula variegata, sed oni povas diferencigi ilin pro ties kutimaro.
Ili silentas enmare, sed brue fajfas en reproduktaj kolonioj. Nome en la reproduktejoj tiuj birdoj montras ampleksan gamon de hisaj kaj kvakaj notoj.
Ili vivas en apartaj insuloj de tropikaj oceanoj, escepte en orienta Atlantiko, dum en orienta Pacifiko anstataŭigas ilin la Nazka naivulo, Sula granti, antaŭe konsiderata subspecio de tiu ĉi Sula dactylatra kaj nuntempe alia specio. Forestas de tiu zono, ĉar tute ne ŝatas la malvarman marfluon humboldtan.
Ĝi estis unuafoje priskribita de la franca naturalisto René-Primevère Lesson en 1831, nome la Maskosulo estas unu el la ses specioj de naivuloj kiuj estas kutime lokitaj en la genron Sula. La Nazka naivulo (S. granti) estis iam konsiderta kiel subspecio. Fakte estas kvar subspecioj el tiu ĉi specio Sula dactylatra, neniu el kiuj estas separebla en maro (naturo): Ili estas la jenaj:
Laŭ aliaj fontoj oni povas distingi ĝis ses subspeciojn:[4]
Tiu specio estas preskaŭ nemigranta kaj vintrumas enmare sed proksime de siaj kolonioj. Tamen foje la karibaj birdoj povas forflugi ĝis sudorienta Usono kaj eĉ fojfoje ĝis Hispanio eble de subspecio S.d.dactylatra.
Ili manĝas ĉefe flugfiŝojn anstataŭ anĉovojn, Engraulis ringens, kiuj troviĝas ĉe Humboldta Marfluo, kie forestas tiu ĉi sulo. Ili estas spektaklaj plonĝantoj diagonale en la oceanon je alta rapido. Ili manĝas ĉefe malgrandajn fiŝojn, kiaj flugofiŝojn. Temas pri tre sedenta birdo, kiu vintras en maro, sed rare estas vidata tre for el la reproduktaj kolonioj. Tamen karibiaj birdoj foje vagadas norde al la varmaj akvoj de la suda Golfa Marfluo ĉe la orienta marbordo de Usono. Pli rimarkinde estis almenaŭ tri vidaĵoj de Maskonaivulo en Okcidenta Palearkto, supozeble de dactylatra, ĉiuj el hispanaj akvoj, kvankam unu el tiuj eniris ankaŭ en francaj teritoriaj areoj.
Ili faras siajn nestojn en etaj kolonioj de sablaj strandoj aŭ altaj partoj de insuloj. Ili demetas du kalkecajn ovojn (67x46 mm) en neprofundaj truoj kaj ne tri en klifoj kiel la Perua naivulo. La ovoj estas kovataj de ambaŭ plenkreskuloj dum 45 tagoj. Kutime nur unu ido pretervivas. Ĉar en plej kazoj, la unua ido mortigos sian pli malgrandan kaj malfortan fraton post tiu eloviĝas.[5] Kainismo estis bone studita en tiu specio; priserĉistoj kiaj David Anderson demonstris, ke dum la naivuloj povas manĝigi du idojn se oni evitas la fratomortigon, ili faras tion nur danĝere kontraŭ la sano kaj la futura reprodukta sukceso.[6][7][8]
Kompare kun aliaj specioj de naivuloj kiaj la Blukrura naivulo, la kainismo estas deviga ĉe la Maskosulo. Unu tialo estas ĉar la Maskosuloj konstruas tre neprofundajn ebenajn nestojn, kaj tiele la plej aĝaj idoj povas forpeli siajn pli junajn fratojn kun relativa facilo. La gepatroj de Blukuraj naivuloj dume konstruas nestojn kun pli deklivaj flankoj, tiele evitante ke kelkaj pli aĝaj idoj engaĝiĝu en kainisma kutimaro.[9]
Junulo
Junulo
Plenkreskulo montrante klare la maskon (bridon)
Dumfluge
Junuloj
Plenkreskulo kovanta
Sula dactylatra - MHNT
La Pacifika, Blanka aŭ pli precize Maskonaivulo aŭ Maskosulo (Sula dactylatra) estas granda marbirdo (80 cm) de la familio de suledoj. Tiu specio reproduktiĝas sur insuloj en tropikaj oceanoj, escepte en orienta Atlantiko; en orienta Pacifiko ĝi estas anstataŭata de la Nazka naivulo, Sula granti, kiu estis iam konsiderata subspecio de la Maskonaivulo.
Ĝi estas facile videbla naivulo kaj estis proponita por separo al monotipa subgenro Pseudosula, sed la Nazka naivulo kaj ŝajne ankaŭ la Bruna naivulo (S. leucogaster) estas tre proksimaj parencoj.
El alcatraz enmascarado, piquero blanco[2] o piquero enmascarado (Sula dactylatra)[3] es una especie de ave suliforme de la familia Sulidae propia de los océanos cálidos del hemisferio sur.[4]
Existen seis subespecies:[5]
El alcatraz enmascarado, piquero blanco o piquero enmascarado (Sula dactylatra) es una especie de ave suliforme de la familia Sulidae propia de los océanos cálidos del hemisferio sur.
Existen seis subespecies:
Sula dactylatra bedouti Sula dactylatra californica Sula dactylatra dactylatra Sula dactylatra fullagari Sula dactylatra melanops Sula dactylatra personata.Sula dactylatra Sula generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Sulidae familian sailkatua dago.
Sula dactylatra Sula generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Sulidae familian sailkatua dago.
Naamiosuula (Sula dactylatra) on valtamerillä elävä suulalaji. Se elää laajalla alueella trooppisilla merillä, ja siitä tunnetaan noin neljä alalajia. Nimialalaji dactylatra elää Karibian ja Lounais-Atlantin alueella, alalaji melanops Intian valtameren länsiosissa, alalaji personata Intian valtameren itäosissa sekä Tyynenmeren länsi- ja keskiosissa, ja alalaji fullagari Tasmaninmeren pohjoisosissa. René-Primevère Lesson kuvaili lajin holotyypin Ascensionilta vuonna 1831.[2]
Naamiosuula (Sula dactylatra) on valtamerillä elävä suulalaji. Se elää laajalla alueella trooppisilla merillä, ja siitä tunnetaan noin neljä alalajia. Nimialalaji dactylatra elää Karibian ja Lounais-Atlantin alueella, alalaji melanops Intian valtameren länsiosissa, alalaji personata Intian valtameren itäosissa sekä Tyynenmeren länsi- ja keskiosissa, ja alalaji fullagari Tasmaninmeren pohjoisosissa. René-Primevère Lesson kuvaili lajin holotyypin Ascensionilta vuonna 1831.
Sula dactylatra
Le Fou masqué (Sula dactylatra) est une espèce de grands oiseaux marins de la famille des Sulidae.
Cet oiseau mesure environ 86 cm pour une envergure de 152 cm. Il ne présente pas de dimorphisme sexuel.
L'adulte est noir et blanc avec le bec jaune et la face noire. Ces deux caractères et la grande taille permettent de le distinguer du Fou à pieds rouges.
L'immature ressemble au Fou brun mais s'en distingue par le collier nucal blanc et le dessous de l'aile marqué d'un liseré blanc le long du bord d'attaque.
Cette espèce vit dans les océans tropicaux, à l'exception de l'Atlantique oriental.
La femelle pond deux œufs qui sont couvés pendant 43 jours par les deux parents. Les fous masqués n'ont pas de plaque incubatrice ; ils couvent donc les œufs avec leur palmes. Le premier poussin sorti de l'œuf éjecte du nid le second poussin éclos, et devient autonome entre 109 et 151 jours après son éclosion[1],[2].
Cet oiseau est représenté par six sous-espèces :
Sula dactylatra
Le Fou masqué (Sula dactylatra) est une espèce de grands oiseaux marins de la famille des Sulidae.
La sula mascherata (Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831) è un uccello marino della famiglia dei Sulidi.
Esistono diverse sottospecie di sula mascherata:
Può raggiungere una lunghezza di circa 81-91 cm con una apertura alare di 152 cm e un peso di circa 1500 grammi. Gli esemplari adulti hanno un piumaggio bianco con le ali e la coda bordate di nero e una chiazza scura sul muso. Le differenze tra i due sessi non sono marcate, tuttavia i maschi hanno il becco di colore giallo mentre nelle femmine la gradazione del colore tende più verso il verde. Durante il periodo della riproduzione le femmine hanno una striscia di colore blu alla base del becco. Gli esemplari giovani hanno la testa e il dorso di colore marrone mentre la zona del collo e il ventre sono di colore bianco; servono circa due anni a questi esemplari per avere il piumaggio adulto.
Si nutre principalmente di piccoli pesci che cattura tuffandosi a grande velocità nelle acque del mare durante il volo. Mentre sorvola il mare non emette suoni, produce invece un forte richiamo quando torna alle colonie di nidificazione.
Nidifica in piccole colonie deponendo in piccole buche su spiagge sabbiose due uova che vengono covate da entrambi gli adulti per un periodo di 45 giorni. Nella maggior parte dei casi il pulcino che nasce dall'uovo che si schiude per primo uccide il secondogenito spingendolo fuori dal nido; questo è un comportamento che si riscontra anche nella sula di Nazca[2][3].
Kaukėtasis padūkėlis (lot. Sula dactylatra, angl. Masked booby, rus. Голуболицая олуша) – padūkėlinių (Sulidae) šeimos jūrinis paukštis. Sutinkamas okeaninėse tropikų salose, išskyrus rytų Atlantą. Rytų Ramiajame vandenyne jį išstūmė Sula granti, anksčiau laikytas kaukėtojo padūkėlio porūšiu.[2][3] Paukštis dar vadinamas kaukėtuoju smigiku (masked gannet) arba mėlynveidžiu padūkėliu (blue-faced booby).
Didžiausias iš padūkėlių, jo dydis iki 85 cm, sparnų mostas iki 170 cm, svoris iki 2,2 kg. Suaugęs paukštis baltas, su juoda veido kauke. Abi lytys turi panašų plunksnų apdarą, kuris nesikeičia sezonų eigoje. Peri nedidelėse kolonijose, padeda du baltus kiaušinius smėlėtų paplūdimių nedideliuose įdubimuose. Pirmasis išsiritęs jauniklis paprastai nužudo antrąjį.
Kaukėtasis padūkėlis jūroje paprastai tylus, tačiau kolonijose leidžia aukštą švilpiantį pasveikinimo garsą. Kol peri, demonstruoja platų spektrą garsų. Paukštis pakankamai sėslus, žiemojantis jūroje, bet retai pastebimas toliau nuklydęs nuo perimviečių kolonijos. Jis puikiai nardo, dideliu greičiu smigdamas į vandenį vertikaliai ar beveik vertikaliai iš 12–100 m aukščių, dažniausiai iš 15–35 m aukščio, pasiekdamas 3 m vandens gylį. Daugiausiai minta žuvimi, taip pat galvakojais.
Rūšies pavadinimo dalis dactylatra sudaryta iš senovės graikų žodžio dactyl – „pirštas“ ir lotynų ater – „juodas“. „Juodi pirštai“ reiškia išskleistų sparnų galų juodas plunksnas.[4]
Yra 4 porūšiai, nė vienas iš jų nėra atskiriamas jūroje:
Kaukėtasis padūkėlis (lot. Sula dactylatra, angl. Masked booby, rus. Голуболицая олуша) – padūkėlinių (Sulidae) šeimos jūrinis paukštis. Sutinkamas okeaninėse tropikų salose, išskyrus rytų Atlantą. Rytų Ramiajame vandenyne jį išstūmė Sula granti, anksčiau laikytas kaukėtojo padūkėlio porūšiu. Paukštis dar vadinamas kaukėtuoju smigiku (masked gannet) arba mėlynveidžiu padūkėliu (blue-faced booby).
Burung Dendang Muka Hitam adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Sula+dactylatra.
Burung Dendang Muka Hitam ialah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam : haiwan, filum : kordata, sub-filum : bertulang belakang (vertebrata), kelas : burung. Burung Dendang Muka Hitam ialah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan badan yang dilitupi bulu pelepah. Paruh Burung Dendang Muka Hitam tidak bergigi.
Burung Dendang Muka Hitam membiak dengan bertelur. Telur Burung Dendang Muka Hitam bercangkerang keras.
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Burung Dendang Muka Hitam adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Sula+dactylatra.
De maskergent (Sula dactylatra) is een zeevogel die behoort tot de genten (Sulidae).[2]
Het is de grootste soort gent met een lengte van 81 tot 92 cm en een spanwijdte van gemiddeld 152 cm. De volwassen Sula dactylatra dactylatra is geheel wit behalve op de staart en de vleugels. Het wit op de vleugel blijft beperkt tot de bovenvleugeldekveren. De vogel heeft een relatief dikke, strogeel gekleurde snavel. De snavel kan ook een olijfkleurige tint hebben en de snavelbasis is grijs. Een typisch kenmerk is het "masker", de zwart tot donker leikleurige huid rond het oog die zich verder uitstrekt tot de kin en het voorhoofd. De poten zijn oranjegeel, soms dof oranje of olijfkleurig. Mannetje en vrouwtje verschillen nauwelijks, maar vrouwtjes zijn gemiddeld groter. De verschillende ondersoorten variëren in gemiddelde grootte en in de kleuring van de niet bevederde delen. Sula dactylatra dactylatra is relatief klein.[3]
Deze soort telt 6 ondersoorten:
Het leefgebied van deze soort is vooral open zee, waarbij de maskergent een voorkeur heeft voor diepere wateren dan de andere Sula-soorten. Deze genten foerageren vooral op in scholen levende vissen zoals vliegende vissen en zij jagen op vissen met een gemiddelde lengte van 28 cm en een maximale lengte van 41 cm; ze vreten relatief weinig pijlinktvissen. Ze broeden op rotseilanden die zo ver mogelijk in zee liggen.[3]
Broedende maskergent
Broedkolonie op Hawaï
Kuiken
Donskuiken op Norfolkeiland
De vogel heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op de status kwetsbaar (voor uitsterven) gering. De grootte van de wereldpopulatie is niet gekwantificeerd maar de aantallen gaan achteruit. Echter, het tempo ligt onder de 30% in tien jaar (minder dan 3,5% per jaar). Om deze redenen staat de maskergent als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesMaskesule (Sula dactylatra) er ein stor sjøfugl i sulefamilien, Sulidae. Denne arten hekkar på øyane i tropiske hav, spesielt på Galapagosøyane, men ikkje i det austlege Atlanterhavet, og i det austlege Stillehavet der han er erstatta av nazcasule, Sula granti.
Dette er den største sula, på 81-91 cm lengd, ca. 152 cm vengespenn og 1,5 kilogram kroppsvekt. Vaksne individ er kvite med spisse svarte venger, ein spiss svart hale, og ei mørkgrå maske i andletet. Kjønna er nokså like, men hannen har gult nebb, hoa meir grønleg, gult nebb; under hekkesesongen har hoene ein flekk med berr, blåleg hud på undersida av nebbet. Ungfuglar er brunlege på hovudet og oversida, med ein kvit undergump og krage. Undersida er kvit. Vaksen fjørdrakt veks ut over to år.
Maskesula er stille på sjøen, men helser med eit tynnt kviskrande kall i reirkoloniane. Medan dei oppheld seg i kolonien viser dei eit breitt spekter i lyd med kvesing og snadring.
Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Maskesule Maskesule (Sula dactylatra) er ein stor sjøfugl i sulefamilien, Sulidae. Denne arten hekkar på øyane i tropiske hav, spesielt på Galapagosøyane, men ikkje i det austlege Atlanterhavet, og i det austlege Stillehavet der han er erstatta av nazcasule, Sula granti.
Dette er den største sula, på 81-91 cm lengd, ca. 152 cm vengespenn og 1,5 kilogram kroppsvekt. Vaksne individ er kvite med spisse svarte venger, ein spiss svart hale, og ei mørkgrå maske i andletet. Kjønna er nokså like, men hannen har gult nebb, hoa meir grønleg, gult nebb; under hekkesesongen har hoene ein flekk med berr, blåleg hud på undersida av nebbet. Ungfuglar er brunlege på hovudet og oversida, med ein kvit undergump og krage. Undersida er kvit. Vaksen fjørdrakt veks ut over to år.
Maskesula er stille på sjøen, men helser med eit tynnt kviskrande kall i reirkoloniane. Medan dei oppheld seg i kolonien viser dei eit breitt spekter i lyd med kvesing og snadring.
Maskesule (Sula dactylatra) er en sule i slekten Sula. Den hekker på tropiske øyer i Amerika. Den er ca 74-86 cm lang og vingespennet er ca 160 cm langt.[2] Maskesulen har fire underarter. Tidligere ble også nazcasule regnet som en underart av maskesulen.
Arten finnes i: Amerikansk Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua og Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Karibisk Nederland, Brasil, Kapp Verde, Caymanøyene, Chile, Christmasøya, Kokosøyene, Colombia, Komorene, Cookøyene, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Den dominikanske republikk, Galápagosøyene, Egypt, Eritrea, Fiji, Fransk Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshalløyene, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Mikronesiaføderasjonen, Montserrat, Ny-Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norfolkøya, Nord-Marianene, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua Ny-Guinea, Peru, Filippinene, Pitcairnøyene, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Saint Kitts og Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint-Martin, Saint Vincent og Grenadinene, Samoa, São Tomé og Príncipe, Seychellene, Sint Maarten, Salomonøyene, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Turks- og Caicosøyene, Tuvalu, Hawaii, USAs ytre småøyer, Venezuela, Vietnam, De britiske Jomfruøyer, De amerikanske Jomfruøyer, Wallis- og Futunaøyene, og Jemen.[1]
Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Maskesule (Sula dactylatra) er en sule i slekten Sula. Den hekker på tropiske øyer i Amerika. Den er ca 74-86 cm lang og vingespennet er ca 160 cm langt. Maskesulen har fire underarter. Tidligere ble også nazcasule regnet som en underart av maskesulen.
Maskesule (Sula dactylatra) S. d. personata S. d. dactylatra S. d. melanops S. d. tasmani
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Głuptak maskowy (Sula dactylatra) – gatunek dużego ptaka wodnego z rodziny głuptaków (Sulidae).[3]
Podgatunki:
Występowanie: obszary lęgowe ma wyspach w strefach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych wszystkich mórz, od południowego Atlantyku po wschodnia Afrykę, oraz na Oceanie Spokojnym i Oceanie Indyjskim. Poza okresem lęgowym rozprzestrzenienie ptaków nie jest jeszcze poznane. Prawdopodobnie ogranicza się do mórz tropikalnych.
Opis: długość ciała 80-92 cm.
Cechy charakterystyczne ubarwienia:
Zachowanie: poza okresem lęgowym większość populacji jest osiadła, niektóre wędrują jednak na inne obszary.
Rozmnażanie: lęgi odbywa w różnych porach roku.
Głuptak maskowy (Sula dactylatra) – gatunek dużego ptaka wodnego z rodziny głuptaków (Sulidae).
Podgatunki:
głuptak żółtodzioby (Sula dactylatra personata) głuptak maskowy (Sula dactylatra dactylatra) Sula dactylatra melanops Sula dactylatra tasmani †Występowanie: obszary lęgowe ma wyspach w strefach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych wszystkich mórz, od południowego Atlantyku po wschodnia Afrykę, oraz na Oceanie Spokojnym i Oceanie Indyjskim. Poza okresem lęgowym rozprzestrzenienie ptaków nie jest jeszcze poznane. Prawdopodobnie ogranicza się do mórz tropikalnych.
Opis: długość ciała 80-92 cm.
Cechy charakterystyczne ubarwienia:
czarny ogon, długi, czarny prążek ma tylnej krawędzi skrzydeł, skóra maski i gardła niebieskoszara (z daleka połyskuje czarno), głowa biała, dziób żółty (czasami także matowy lub zielonożółty), oczy żółte, stopy barwy od żółtej po szarą.Zachowanie: poza okresem lęgowym większość populacji jest osiadła, niektóre wędrują jednak na inne obszary.
Rozmnażanie: lęgi odbywa w różnych porach roku.
O atobá-grande (Sula dactylatra) é a maior ave da família dos Sulídeos. É conhecido também pelos nomes de piloto, piloto-branco e mombebo-piloto. Bastante distribuído nos oceanos tropicais e subtropicais, é dificilmente encontrado próximo à costa. Dentre as espécies dos atobás, o atobá-grande apresenta maior tamanho e maior peso.[2] É considerada como espécies marinha, podendo ser encontrada sobre as águas pelágicas, dando preferência às águas com profundidade. Sua reprodução é dependente da localidade em que se encontra, na qual forma colônias de densidades variáveis em ilhas rochosas. Seus ninhos são formados em bordas de penhascos, entretanto, uma variedade de outros locais é utilizada pela espécie.[3]
Essas aves podem medir cerca de 86 cm de comprimento; possui uma plumagem branca e suas asas são negras. Seu bico é de cor amarelada e ao redor dos olhos forma uma espécie de máscara escura, íris amarela e pés oliváceos ou plúmbeos. Possui envergadura entre 150 e 160 cm.[2]
É considerado o maior e mais pesado dos atobás, sendo os machos menores que as fêmeas. Nasce nu, mas depois de 35 a 40 dias é completamente coberto por penas; os ninhegos e os jovens possuem pés com variação de cores entre chumbo e chumbo-amarelo, além de íris de coloração cinza.[2]
Considerando-se as diferenças regionais existentes, alguns autores reconhecem mais de oito subespécies, tendo como localidade comum a Ilha de Ascensão. No Brasil, a subespécie encontrada é a Sula dactylatra dactylatra.[2]
São elas:
Alimenta-se basicamente de peixes e lulas. Seu maior gasto de tempo é no mar, onde fica à procura de seu alimento geralmente durante o dia. Possui fortes habilidades de mergulho para achar e capturar suas presas. Esse mergulho é realizado em posição vertical, atingindo até 30 m de profundidade da água. Costuma nadar vários metros, imergindo as ondas em busca de presas. Possui o hábito de ficar mais perto da terra após realizar a coleta de alimento para a prole, caso contrário caça a até 65 quilômetros da costa. Próximo a superfície da água é capaz de capturar também peixes-voadores.[2]
Seu ninho é construído em ilhas pequenas planas e sem árvores. É acabado em bordas de paredões íngremes e áreas planas justamente para permitir a facilidade de deslocamento, formando assim médias e pequenas colônias. Esse ninho se constitui de buracos pequenos no chão, onde são geralmente colocados dois ovos. Possui apenas um parceiro durante toda a vida e seu ritual de acasalamento tem forma intricada. As fêmeas são atraídas pelos machos quando eles esticam o pescoço, além disso eles lhes dão de presente pedras e penas. O processo de cópula se inicia após uma caminhada lenta, num processo que leva cerca de 10 a 20 segundos; a fêmea começa a incubação imediatamente após a colocação do primeiro ovo. A incubação dura em média 45 dias e é realizada em conjunto pelo macho e pela fêmea. Assim que o primeiro filho nasce ele empurra o outro para fora do ninho, motivo pelo qual os pais acabam criando apenas um dos filhos. Esse filho é alimentado somente duas vezes por dia tanto pelo pai quanto pela mãe, entretanto a fêmea traz uma maior quantidade de comida que o macho. Sua fase de voo se inicia a partir de 109 a 151 dias, contudo os pais continuam alimentando e protegendo de um até dois meses após iniciar o voo. Os jovens iniciam sua fase sexual em 3 a 5 anos
O período de reprodução é bastante variável, pois depende muito do local, podendo ocorrer de janeiro a julho, de agosto a março e de fevereiro a agosto.[2]
É uma ave pelágica e só vem a terra com o objetivo de reprodução. É encontrada em todos os oceanos, especialmente na faixa tropical. É encontrado quase sempre solitário ou em grupos pequenos. Quando ameaçado ou surpreso, soa um alarme com bastante rapidez. Contudo não apresenta sinais de agressividade e é muito amigáveis com os seres humanos. Vive em estado selvagem por cerca de 15 a 20 anos[2]
Tanto o macho quanto a fêmea são bastante silenciosos no período noturno. O macho tem um apito estridente e se comunica com a fêmea durante o namoro, e quando assustado e ameaçado, enquanto a fêmea possui um chamado “honky”.[2]
Sula dactylatra possui ampla distribuição pelos oceanos subtropicais e tropicais.[2]
No país as maiores colônias de reprodução da espécie ficam concentradas no Atol das Rocas no Rio Grande do Norte, Arquipélagos advindos dos Abrolhos na Bahia e de Fernando de Noronha no Pernambuco, sendo ocasionalmente registrada em mais algumas partes da costa brasileira como os estados do Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, São Paulo, Paraná, Pernambuco e Santa Catarina.
Algumas espécies regularmente encontradas na costa brasileira podem ser eventualmente confundidas com a Sula dactylatra, entre as quais se destaca a S. leucogaster.
Em Abrolhos a ave mais conhecido é a Sula dactylatra, sendo que em 1994 foi estimada em cerca de 800 indivíduos a população reprodutiva local.
Na Bahia é o atobá-grande é uma das espécies ameaçadas de extinção.[5]
O atobá-grande (Sula dactylatra) é a maior ave da família dos Sulídeos. É conhecido também pelos nomes de piloto, piloto-branco e mombebo-piloto. Bastante distribuído nos oceanos tropicais e subtropicais, é dificilmente encontrado próximo à costa. Dentre as espécies dos atobás, o atobá-grande apresenta maior tamanho e maior peso. É considerada como espécies marinha, podendo ser encontrada sobre as águas pelágicas, dando preferência às águas com profundidade. Sua reprodução é dependente da localidade em que se encontra, na qual forma colônias de densidades variáveis em ilhas rochosas. Seus ninhos são formados em bordas de penhascos, entretanto, uma variedade de outros locais é utilizada pela espécie.
Masksula[2] (Sula dactylatra) är en huvudsakligen svartvit fågel i familjen sulor inom ordningen sulfåglar som förekommer i alla världshaven.[3]
Masksulan är en relativt stor sula, den största i släktet Sula, 81–92 centimeter lång. Den adulta fågeln är huvudsakligen vit med svart mask, svarta arm- och vingpennor samt svart stjärt. Ungfågeln har brunt huvud, nacke och ovansida med vitt fjällmönster och vitt halsband. Undersidan är vit och i stora delar också de undre vingtäckarna.[4]
Ungfågel i Hawaiiöarna.
Adult i Galápagosöarna.
Museum specimen
Masksula delas in i fyra underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Den är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa med fynd i Spanien, Frankrike, Storbritannien samt i Azorerna.[6]
Tidigare behandlades nazcasula (S. granti) som en underart till masksulan.
Masksulan är en marin och till och med pelagisk art som föredrar djupare vatten än andra sulor i släktet Sula. Den livnär sig av fisk, oftast större byten än andra sulor och framför allt flygfisk. Arten rör sig huvudsakligen en och en eller i små grupper. Den parasiteras ofta av fregattfåglar.
Masksulan häckar på klippiga ensliga öar i små eller medelstora kolonier, oftast på en sluttning eller klipphylla men ibland på platt mark och på sandöar. Honan lägger två ägg som ruvas i cirka 44 dagar, men endast en unge överlever alltid.[7]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats, men den beskrivs som ganska vanlig.[8]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör masksula.
Wikispecies har information om Sula dactylatra.
Masksula (Sula dactylatra) är en huvudsakligen svartvit fågel i familjen sulor inom ordningen sulfåglar som förekommer i alla världshaven.
Maskeli sümsük kuşu[1] (Sula dactylatra), Sulidae familyasından bir kuş türüdür. Atlantik Okyanusu'nun doğusu haricinde tropik okyanuslarda adalarda yaşarlar.
Boyları 74 ila 91 cm. arasında, kanat açıklıkları 137 ila 165 cm. arasında ve ağırlıkları 1,2 ila 2,35 kg. arasındadır.[2] Erişkinlerin sivri uçlu kanatları, sivri uçlu kuyruğu siyah renklidir. Kanat ucu ve kuyruğu dışında tüyleri beyazdır. Yüzlerinde koyu gri maske bulunur. Erkek ile dişi kuş birbirine benzer ancak erkeklerin gagaları sarı iken dişilerin gagaları yeşilimsi sarı renklidir. Üreme döneminde gagalarının tabanında tüysüz mavimsi deri gözükür. Genç kuşların kafası ve üstü kahverengimsi iken arkaları ve boyunları beyaz renklidir. Alt tüyleri de beyaz olan genç kuşlar iki yıl içinde erişkin renklerine kavuşur.
Tanınan üç alt türü bulunur:
Maskeli sümsük kuşu (Sula dactylatra), Sulidae familyasından bir kuş türüdür. Atlantik Okyanusu'nun doğusu haricinde tropik okyanuslarda adalarda yaşarlar.
Сула жовтодзьоба[1] (Sula dactylatra) — великий морський птах родини олушевих (Sulidae). Гніздиться на тропічних островах, крім східної Атлантики; на сході Тихого океану замінюється насканською олушею (Sula granti), що раніше вважалася підвидом маскової.
Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.Сула жовтодзьоба (Sula dactylatra) — великий морський птах родини олушевих (Sulidae). Гніздиться на тропічних островах, крім східної Атлантики; на сході Тихого океану замінюється насканською олушею (Sula granti), що раніше вважалася підвидом маскової.
Sula dactylatra là một loài chim trong họ Sulidae.[2] Loài này sinh sản trên các vùng đại dương nhiệt đới, trừ phía tây Đại Tây Dương; ở đông Thái Bình Dương nó được thay thế bởi Chim điên Nazca, Sula granti trước đây được xem là một phân loài của chim điên mặt xanh.[3][4] Nó cũng được gọi là chim điên "mặt nạ".
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Museum specimen
Sula dactylatra là một loài chim trong họ Sulidae. Loài này sinh sản trên các vùng đại dương nhiệt đới, trừ phía tây Đại Tây Dương; ở đông Thái Bình Dương nó được thay thế bởi Chim điên Nazca, Sula granti trước đây được xem là một phân loài của chim điên mặt xanh. Nó cũng được gọi là chim điên "mặt nạ".
Голуболи́цая о́луша[1] (лат. Sula dactylatra) — птица из семейства олушевых, обитающая в тропических морях.
Голуболицая олуша — это белая птица с чёрными краями крыльев, чёрным хвостом и темной маской на лице. Самка и самец отличаются тем, что клюв у самца жёлтый, а у самки зеленовато-жёлтый. У молодых птиц голова и нижняя сторона коричневатые, а тело и шея окрашены в белый цвет. Длина тела голуболицой олуши составляет от 75 до 85 см, размах крыльев — от 160 до 170 см, вес — от 1,2 до 2,2 кг[2]. Самый крупный вид рода Sula. В то время как в море птица тихая, в гнездовой колонии у неё резкий, свистящий крик приветствия.
Полёт голуболицей олуши характеризуется сильными, равномерными взмахами крыльев, постоянно переходящий в фазу скольжения. Обычно птицы летают на высоте более 7 м, полёт быстрый и может достигать скорости до 70 км/ч[2].
Голуболицая олуша распространена на всех тропических мировых океанах. Область распространения простирается на юге до Австралии, Южной Африки и Южной Америки, на севере до Мексиканского залива и юго-востока США. Ареал вида, вероятно, привязан к области распространения летучих рыб[3]. В Западной Европе вид встречается редко. Различают 4 подвида:
Гнездовые колонии птиц расположены на тропических островах, атоллах, обычно находящихся далеко от побережья материка. Самая южная популяция обитает на острове Лорд-Хау[4].
Голуболицая олуша отличный водолаз, который с высокой скоростью погружается в воду. Она питается преимущественно маленькими рыбами, включая летучих рыб. Пойманную добычу птицы, как правило, заглатывают ещё под водой[5].
Голуболицая олуша гнездится в маленьких колониях. Она откладывает 1—2 белых яйца на голый песчаный грунт. Обе родительских птицы высиживают кладку из яиц 45 дней, покрывая яйца перепонками своих ног и удерживая тепло. Из двух отложенных яиц, как правило развивается только одно. Если всё же развиваются оба яйца, птенец, проклюнувшийся на несколько дней раньше, вытесняет другое яйцо из гнезда.
Голуболицая олуша на гнезде, Галапагосские острова
Олуша на атолле Мидуэй, Гавайские острова
Гнездящийся на острове Аброльос подвид голуболицой олуши dactylatra
Подвид голуболицой олуши dactylatra с птенцом
Птенец голуболицей олуши
яйцо Sula dactylatra - Тулузский музеум
Голуболи́цая о́луша (лат. Sula dactylatra) — птица из семейства олушевых, обитающая в тропических морях.
蓝脸鲣鸟（学名：Sula dactylatra）为鰹鳥科鲣鸟属的一种，为一种大型海鸟。体长为80厘米。通体羽毛除了飞羽和尾羽外大部分为白色，眼睛为金黄色，眼部周围为蓝黑色。喙长而坚，呈圆锥形。雄鸟的喙为亮黄色，而雌鸟的为暗黄绿色。是一种广泛分布于热带海域的留鸟。群居。
蓝脸鲣鸟，攝於巴西
一群藍臉鲣鸟，攝於西北夏威夷海洋保護區
藍臉鲣鸟與黑背信天翁
Museum specimen
这是一篇與鳥類相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 蓝脸鲣鸟（学名：Sula dactylatra）为鰹鳥科鲣鸟属的一种，为一种大型海鸟。体长为80厘米。通体羽毛除了飞羽和尾羽外大部分为白色，眼睛为金黄色，眼部周围为蓝黑色。喙长而坚，呈圆锥形。雄鸟的喙为亮黄色，而雌鸟的为暗黄绿色。是一种广泛分布于热带海域的留鸟。群居。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : カツオドリ目 Suliformes 科 : カツオドリ科 Sulidae 属 : カツオドリ属 Sula 種 : アオツラカツオドリアオツラカツオドリ（青面鰹鳥、Sula dactylatra）は、カツオドリ目カツオドリ科カツオドリ属に分類される鳥類である。
日本では亜種アオツラカツオドリが尖閣諸島及び西之島で繁殖する。
全長81-91cm。翼開長150-170cm。体重2,3kgとカツオドリ属最大種。全身は白い羽毛で覆われる。尾羽は黒い。風切羽は黒い。
眼の周囲には羽毛がなく、暗青色の皮膚が露出する。嘴の色彩は黄色。足の色彩は青みがかった灰色。
幼鳥は上面が灰褐色、後頸から背中、下面が白い羽毛で覆われる。
以下の4亜種が知られているが、海で活動中の個体を判別することは不可能である。
海洋に生息する。
食性は動物食で、主に魚類を食べる。上空から海面に急降下して獲物を捕食するが、飛翔しているトビウオを捕食することもある。
地表の窪みに、1回に2個の卵を産む。雌雄交代で抱卵し、抱卵期間は42-44日。雛は孵化して数日でもう一方の雛を殺す。孵化してから約140日で巣立つ。生後2-3年で性成熟する。寿命は20年以上と推定されている。本種における兄弟殺しはよく研究されており、デヴィッド・アンダーソンらはつがいの親鳥は一度に2羽の雛を育てることはできるものの自身の健康状態や将来の繁殖成功率に悪影響を及ぼすことを立証した[3][4][5]。
卵や雛も含めて食用とされることもある。
食用目的の狩猟などにより生息数は減少している。日本では尖閣諸島で繁殖することから繁殖地の現状は不明だが、尖閣諸島に近い仲ノ神島に毎年継続して幼鳥が飛来するから繁殖地は壊滅していないと推定されている。
2016年に行われた小笠原諸島の西之島の調査において、大群が生息していることが確認されている[6]。
絶滅危惧II類 (VU)（環境省レッドリスト）
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。
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