dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

tarjonnut AnAge articles
Observations: In the wild, these animals do not generally live more than 3 years and most die within their first year of life. Potential longevity has been estimated at 5 years (Ronald Nowak 1999). One wild born specimen was about 5.4 years of age when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Anecdotal reports of animals living up to 8 years have not been confirmed. Further studies are necessary to better estimate the maximum longevity of this species.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares are experts at escaping predators. Young hares often "freeze" in their tracks when they are alerted to the presence of a predator. Presumably, they are attempting to escape notice by being cryptic. Given the hare's background-matching coloration, this strategy is quite effective. Older hares are more likely to escape predators by fleeing. At top speed, a snowshoe hare can travel up to 27 mile per hour. An adult hare can cover up to 10 feet in a single bound. In addition to high speeds, hares employ skillful changes in direction and vertical leaps, which may cause a predator to misjudge the exact position of the animal from one moment to the next.

Important predators of snowshoe hares include gray foxes, red foxes, coyotes, wolves, lynx, bobcats and mink.

Known Predators:

  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • wolves (Canis lupus)
  • lynx (Lynx canadensis)
  • bobcats (Lynx rufus)
  • mink (Neovison vison)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Nimetön ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares have been widely studied. One of the more interesting things known about hares are the dramatic population cycles that they undergo. Population densities can vary from 1 to 10,000 hares per square mile. The amplitude of the population fluctuations varies across the geographic range. It is greatest in northwestern Canada, and least in the rocky Mountain region of the United States, perhaps because there is more biological diversity in more southerly regions. The lack of diversity in the Northwestern portion of the hare's range means that there are fewer links in the food chain, and therefore fewer species to buffer either dramatic population increases or decreases. Disease may play a part in population fluctuation. Pneumonococcus, ringworm, and salmonella have all been associated with population crashes.

Snowshoe hares are also famous for their seasonal molts. In the summer, the coat of the hare is reddish brown or gray, but during the winter, the coat is snowy white. The molt usually takes about 72 days to reach completion, and it seems to be regulated by daylength. Interestingly, there seem to be two entirely different sets of hair follicles, which give rise to white and brown hairs, respectively.

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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares have acute hearing, which presumably helps them to identify approaching predators. They are not particularly vocal animals, but may make loud squealing sounds when captured. When engaging in aggressive activites, these animals may hiss and snort. Most communication between hares involves thumping the hind feet against the ground.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoes hares are common throughout their range. Their rapid reproduction makes it unlikely that they will become a major concern for conservationists.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Hares may damage trees, especially during periods of high population density.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares are utilized widely as a source of wild meat. In addition to this, they are an important prey species for many predators whose furs are highly valued.

Positive Impacts: food

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares are important prey animals in their ecosystem.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

The diet of snowshoe hares is variable. They browse on green grasses, forbs, bluegrass, brome, vetches, asters, jewelweed, wild strawberry, pussy-toes, dandelions, clovers, daisies and horsetails. The new growth of trembling aspen, birches and willows is also eaten. During the winter, snowshoe hares forage on buds, twigs, bark, and evergreens. They have been known to cannibalize the remains of dead conspecifics in winter months. At all times, it is important for hares to reingest certain feces. Because much of the digestion of food occurs in their hindguts, in order to extract all of the available nutrients from their food, they must cycle it through their digestive system a second time.

Animal Foods: carrion

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; flowers

Other Foods: dung

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares are found throughout Canada and in the northernmost United States. The range extends south along the Sierras, Rockies, and Appalachian mountain ranges.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares are most often found in open fields, fence rows, swamps, riverside thickets, cedar bogs and coniferous lowlands.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; forest

Wetlands: swamp ; bog

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

In the wild as much as 85% of snowshoe hares do not live longer than one year. Individuals may live up to 5 years in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
5 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5.0 years.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Snowshoe hares range in length from 413 to 518 mm, of which 39 to 52 mm are tail. The hind foot, long and broad, measures 117 to 147 mm in length. The ears are 62 to 70 mm from notch to tip. Snowshoe hares usually weigh between 1.43 and 1.55 kg. Males are slightly smaller than females, as is typical for leporids. In the summer, the coat is a grizzled rusty or grayish brown, with a blackish middorsal line, buffy flanks and a white belly. The face and legs are cinnamon brown. The ears are brownish with black tips and white or creamy borders. During the winter, the fur is almost entirely white, except for black eyelids and the blackened tips on the ears. The soles of the feet are densely furred, with stiff hairs (forming the snowshoe) on the hind feet.

Range mass: 1.43 to 1.55 kg.

Range length: 413 to 518 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 6.708 W.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Groups of males congregate around estrus females, following the females as they move about their home ranges. Mating is polygynandrous (both males and females have multiple mates).

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Breeding season for snowshoe hares runs from mid-March through August, when the testes of the male begin to regress. Gestation lasts 36 days. When parturition approaches, female hares become highly aggressive and intolerant of males. They retire to a birthing area, where they have prepared an area of packed down grasses. Females give birth to litters of up to 8 young, although the average litter size is usually two to four young. Litters born late in the season tend to be larger than litters born in the spring. Females are polyestrous and may have up to four litters a year, depending on enviromental conditions. Males and females become mature within a year of their birth.

Breeding interval: Female snowshoe hares may give birth every month during the breeding season.

Breeding season: Breeding season for snowshoe hares runs from mid-March through August.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 7.

Average number of offspring: 2.82.

Range gestation period: 36 to 40 days.

Average gestation period: 37.2 days.

Range weaning age: 14 to 28 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 (high) years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 (high) years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 61.03 g.

Average number of offspring: 3.

Young snowshoe hares are precocial. They are born fully furred and able to locomote. The young hide in separate locations during the day, only coming together for 5 to 10 minutes at a time to nurse. The female alone cares for them until they are weaned and disperse, about four weeks after they are born.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female)

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tekijänoikeus
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliografinen lainaus
Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Animal Diversity Web

Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut EOL authors
Larger than rabbits, with longer hind legs and ears. Have especially large, furry feet which help with staying active in the winter. Most have a white winter coat that turns brown in the spring during snow melt, with the exception of snowshoe hares in Olympic National Park, which stay brown all year. Solitary, other than when breeding, often resting during the day. Breeding season is typically February to August, with young being born from May to August. Litter size ranges from 1 to 6, with an average of 3. Life span is about two years, but ranges up to six years. Summer diet consists of grasses and other greens; winter diet includes twigs, bark and buds. Prefer coniferous and mixed forests with abundant understory. Nest in hollow logs or ground depressions; underground burrows are usually avoided. The range of Lepus americanus is in the western and northeastern United States and most of Canada. In the Southwest region the population is vulnerable; in the Northwest region they are secure; the population in the East ranges from critically imperiled to secure.
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Associated Plant Communities ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: forest, shrub, shrubs, vine

Snowshoe hares are primarily found in boreal forests and upper montane
forests; within these forests they favor habitats with a dense shrub
layer.  In the Pacific Northwest snowshoe hares occupy diverse habitats
including mature conifers (mostly Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]
and variants), immature conifers, alder (Alnus spp.)/salmonberry (Rubus
spectabilis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)/salal (Gaultheria
shallon), and cedar (Thuja spp.) swamps [53].  In western Oregon
snowshoe hares were present in brush patches of vine maple (Acer
circinatum), willows (Salix spp.), rhododendrons (Rhododendron spp.),
and other shrubs [2].

In Utah snowshoe hares used Gambel oak (Quercus gambelli) in the
northern portion of the Gambel oak range [39].

In the Southwest the southernmost populations of snowshoe hares occur in
the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, in subalpine scrub:  narrow
bands of shrubby and prostrate conifers at and just below timberline
that is usually composed of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii),
bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), limber pine (P. flexilis), and/or
common juniper (Juniperus communis) [12].

In Minnesota snowshoe hares use jack pine (P. banksiana) uplands, edges,
tamarack (Larix laricina) bogs, black spruce (Picea mariana) bogs, and
sedge (Carex spp.), alder, and scrub fens [62].

In New England snowshoe hares favor second-growth aspen (Populus
spp.)-birch (Betula spp.) near conifers, but other forest types occupied
by snowshoe hares include aspens, paper birch (B. papyrifera), northern
hardwoods, red maple (A. rubrum), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), red
spruce (Picea rubens)-balsam fir, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis),
northern red oak (Quercus rubra), oak (Quercus spp.)-pine (Pinus spp.),
eastern white pine (P. strobus)-northern red oak-red maple, and eastern
white pine.  Snowshoe hares also use shrub swamps dominated by
buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), alders, and silky dogwood
(Cornus ammomum) [20,21].  Further details on plant communities used by
snowshoe hares in different regions are in Bittner and Rongstad [9].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
snowshoe hare
varying hare
snowshoe rabbit
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
Information on state- and province-level protection status
of animals in the United States and Canada is available at NatureServe,
although recent changes in status may not be included.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, density

Snowshoe hares require dense, brushy, usually coniferous cover; thermal
and escape cover are especially important for young snowshoe hares
[20,35].  Low brush provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover.  Heavy
cover 10 feet (3 m) above ground provides protection from avian
predators, and heavy cover 3.3 feet (1 m) tall provides cover from
terrestrial predators [16].  Overwinter survival of snowshoe hares
increases with increased cover [51].  A wide variety of habitat types
are used if cover is available.  Base visibility in good snowshoe hare
habitat ranges from 2 percent at 16.5 feet (5 m) distance to 0 percent
at 66 feet (20 m).  Travel cover is slightly more open, ranging from
14.7 percent visibility at 16.5 feet (5 m) to 2.6 percent at 66 feet (20
m) [16].  Wolfe and others [81] reported that areas with horizontal
vegetation density of 40 to 100 percent at 50 feet (15 m) are adequate
snowshoe hare habitat in Utah [80].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
Snowshoe hares occur from Newfoundland east to western Alaska; south in
the Sierra Nevada to central California; in the Rocky Mountains to
southern Utah and northern New Mexico; and in the Appalachian Mountains
to North Carolina and Tennessee [9,18,20,38].

Locations of subspecies are as follows [38]:

Lepus americanus americanus - Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta,
  Montana, and North Dakota
L. a. cascadensis - British Columbia and Washington
L. a. columbiensis - British Columbia, Alberta, and Washington
L. a.  dalli - Mackenzie District, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon
  Territory
L. a. klamathensis - Oregon and California
L. a. oregonus - Oregon
L. a. pallidus - British Columbia
L. a. phaeonotus - Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin, and
  Minnesota
L. a. pineus - British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington
L. a. seclusus - Wyoming
L. a. struthopus - Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
  Island, Quebec, and Maine
L. a. tahoensis - California, western Nevada
L. a. virginianus - Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
  Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Tennessee
L. a. washingtonii - British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: bog, cover, ferns, forbs

Snowshoe hares eat a variety of plant materials.  Forage type varies
with season.  Succulent green vegetation is consumed when available from
spring to fall; after the first frost buds, twigs, evergreen needles,
and bark form the bulk of snowshoe hare diets until spring greenup
[9,53].

Winter Foods:  Snowshoe hares prefer branches, twigs, and small stems up
to 0.25 inch (6.3 mm) diameter; larger stems are sometimes used in
winter [35].  In Yukon Territory snowshoe hares normally eat
fast-growing birches and willows and avoid spruce.  At high snowshoe
hare densities, however, the apical shoots of small spruce are eaten
[68].  The snowshoe hare winter diet is dominated by bog birch (Betula
glandulosa) which is preferred but not always available.  Greyleaf
willow (Salix glauca) is eaten most often when bog birch is not
available.  Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) is the fourth most
common diet item.  White spruce (Picea glauca) is eaten but not
preferred.  In Alaska spruce, willows, and alders comprise 75 percent of
snowshoe hare diets; spruce needles make up nearly 40 percent of the
diet [79].  In northwestern Oregon winter foods include needles and
tender bark of Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla); leaves and green twigs of salal; buds, twigs, and bark of
willows; and green herbs [53].  In north-central Washington willows and
birches are not plentiful; snowshoe hares browse the tips of lodgepole
pine seedlings [47].  In Utah winter foods include Douglas-fir, willows,
snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), maples, and serviceberry (Amelanchier
spp.).  In Minnesota aspens, willows, hazelnut (Corylus spp.), ferns
(Pteridophyta spp.), birches, alders, sumacs (Rhus spp.), and
strawberries (Fragaria spp.) are winter foods.  In New York winter foods
include eastern white pine, red pine (Pinus resinosa), white spruce,
paper birch, and aspens [52].  In Ontario sugar maple (Acer saccharum),
striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), red maple, other deciduous species,
northern white-cedar (T.  occidentalis), balsam fir, beaked hazelnut (C.
cornuta), and buffaloberry were heavily barked [22].  In New Brunswick
snowshoe hares consumed northern white-cedar, spruces, American beech
(Fagus grandifolia), balsam fir, mountain maple (A.  spicatum), and many
other species of browse [74].  In Newfoundland paper birch is preferred
[24].  Further details on regional food preferences are summarized in
Bittner and Rongstad [9].

Spring, Summer, and Fall Foods:  In Alaska snowshoe hares consume new
leaves of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), new shoots of field horsetails
(Equisetum arvense), and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) in spring.
Grasses are not a major item due to low availability associated with
sites that have adequate cover.  In summer leaves of willows, black
spruce, birches, and bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) are also
consumed.  Black spruce is the most heavily used and the most common
species in the area.  Pen trials suggest that black spruce is not
actually preferred.  Roses (Rosa spp.) were preferred but a minor
dietary item as they were not common in the study area [79].  In
northwest Oregon summer foods include grasses, clovers (Trifolium spp.),
other forbs, and some woody plants including Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir,
and young leaves and twigs of salal [53].  In Minnesota aspens, willows,
grasses, birches, alders, sumacs, and strawberries are consumed when
green [52].  In Ontario summer diets consist of clovers, grasses, and
forbs [22].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, density, fire suppression, forbs, forest, frequency, prescribed fire, shrubs

Nearly every plant that is important to snowshoe hares is favored by
fire:  jack pine, lodgepole pine, black spruce, quaking aspen, birches,
blueberries, fireweed, eastern white pine, white spruce, northern
white-cedar, tamarack, and eastern hemlock are all fire followers to
some extent and are used by snowshoe hares for food and/or cover [36].
Fire, even at moderatly long intervals, maintains a mosaic of
successional stages which provide good snowshoe hare habitat [65].  In
summer forbs and the leaves of shrubs are abundant and nutritious on
recently burned areas [45].  Snowshoe hares depend on small, new stems
which are available in large amounts on recently burned areas [36].  In
Alaska small fires or large fires with unburned areas of black spruce or
other heavy cover provide good to optimal habitat for snowshoe hares
[45].  In Alaska a 3-year-old burn provided willow browse for snowshoe
hares [78].  In north-central Washington fire suppression has limited
the amount of early-successional forest.  The prevalence of older,
suboptimal habitats does not provide enough browse for snowshoe hare
populations to sharply increase and therefore snowshoe hare populations
in the area are low but stable [46].

Periodic fire that results in an increase in dense, brushy cover is
beneficial to snowshoe hares.  In Minnesota a large prescribed fire set
in 1925 escaped and burned a few thousand acres.  The area was seeded in
by jack pine which, after eleven growing seasons, supported a large
snowshoe hare population [36].  Snowshoe hares populations have
increased after fire in Acadia National Park, Maine [60].

Areas that are burned frequently enough to reduce the height and density
of brushy cover would not be used much by snowshoe hares.  In
northwestern Minnesota mature quaking aspen stands were converted to
open brushlands with repeated prescribed fires over a 17-year period.
Study plots were burned in spring 1968, 1971, 1973, and 1975.  The
number of snowshoe hare pellets counted fluctuated with burning;
snowshoe hare pellets decreased immediately following fire and gradually
increased until the next fire.  After the fourth fire snowshoe hare
numbers and rate of increase were both very low [4].  Mean frequency of
snowshoe hare observations was higher on control areas (48%) than on
burned areas (33%).  After 1973 ground cover was sparse on burned areas
[5].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce-tamarack
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch-red maple
    20  White pine-northern red oak-red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine-hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock-yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch
    30  Red spruce-yellow birch
    31  Red spruce-sugar maple-beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce-balsam fir
    34  Red spruce-Fraser fir
    35  Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    38  Tamarack
    51  White pine-chestnut oak
   107  White spruce
   201  White spruce
   202  White spruce-paper birch
   204  Black spruce
   205  Mountain hemlock
   206  Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
   207  Red fir
   208  Whitebark pine
   209  Bristlecone pine
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   212  Western larch
   216  Blue spruce
   218  Lodgepole pine
   219  Limber pine
   217  Aspen
   221  Red alder
   223  Sitka spruce
   224  Western hemlock
   225  Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
   226  Coastal true fir-hemlock
   227  Western redcedar-western hemlock
   228  Western redcedar
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir-western hemlock
   231  Port-Orford-cedar
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   251  White spruce-aspen
   253  Black spruce-white spruce
   254  Black spruce-paper birch
   252  Paper birch
   256  California mixed subalpine
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

   K001  Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir-hemlock forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce-fir forest
   K014  Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K020  Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K022  Great Basin pine forest
   K028  Mosaic of K002 and K026
   K093  Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
   K094  Conifer bog
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce-fir forest
   K097  Southeastern spruce-fir forest
   K099  Maple-basswood forest
   K102  Beech-maple forest
   K013  Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine-Douglas-fir forest
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( englanti )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: forb, woodland

   203  Riparian woodland
   409  Tall forb
   411  Aspen woodland
   421  Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, forest, natural, phase, selection, shrubs, tree

The snowshoe hare is an economically important species; its economic
impact varies with season, region, and population cycle [9].  It is
important prey for many furbearers (coyote, foxes, fishers, etc.), but
does not itself produce economically important fur.  Its importance as
prey creates secondary effects during population lows; predators seeking
other food sources often increase predation rates on preferred game
species such as ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) [42].  The snowshoe hare
is a small game animal and is important as human food in some remote
areas [3].  It is a pest in tree plantations [53] and causes damage to
both managed and unmanaged conifer stands in the Pacific Northwest [35].

Importance as Prey:  Management of furbearers and sensitive predator
species is often dependent on snowshoe hare management as they are a
major prey item for many carnivores.  Lynx, considered a sensitive
species in Washington, can be maintained only with management for their
main prey, the snowshoe hare.  In north-central Washington a patchwork
of early successional stands favored by snowshoe hares and old-growth
forest needed by lynx for denning is recommended [83].  Logging and
thinning units of less than 40 acres (16 ha) encourage natural forest
regeneration; it is recommended that management units be greater than 20
to 25 acres (8-10 ha) (i.e., larger than the average snowshoe hare home
range) to encourage snowshoe hare use and thus benefit lynx [47].  In
Alberta winter coyote density is directly related to snowshoe hare
abundance.  Coyotes switch to alternate prey species only when snowshoe
hares become relatively scarce [76].

Black and others [10] surveyed animal damage to conifer plantations in
Oregon and Washington based on data obtained from 1963 to 1975.
Snowshoe hare damage was substantial to Douglas-fir plantations; in many
cases tree damage was second only to that caused by mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus).  It must be noted that snowshoe hare populations
peaked in 1971 and 1972.  During population lows most damage to conifer
plantations consists of clipping of small-diameter stems, twigs, and
branches.  Barking becomes serious at high snowshoe hare densities [35].

Snowshoe hare damage birch seedlings by clipping twigs, terminal shoots,
and stems, or by gnawing bark and partially or completely girdling trees
[41].

Control:  All direct control methods are effective only in the short
term.  Lethal control methods are subject to state and local
regulations.  Shooting snowshoe hares is costly of time and personnel,
and is not always effective.  Trapping is costly.  Toxic baits are not
always legal.  Nonlethal methods include repellents, which can be
effective but costly, and exclusion fencing, which is also costly
[27,35].

Indirect control of snowshoe hares consists of Habitat management to
reduce cover.  Silvicultural practices can be modified to reduce
snowshoe hare use of an area; brushy areas attract snowshoe hares.
Second-growth stands with dense brushy understories and high sapling
densities are optimum snowshoe hare habitat.  Thinning often creates
good snowshoe hare habitat when it encourages denser growth of shrubs
[35].  Snowshoe hares also favor clearcut blocks adjacent to pole-size
timber; edges are the areas of greatest snowshoe hare activity [35].

In British Columbia population density and recruitment of snowshoe hares
increased significantly in thinned stands of lodgepole pine during the
first winter but declined thereafter.  Thinning overstocked lodgepole
pine had little or no effect on reproduction or survival of snowshoe
hares but reduced average body weights [72].  In aspen-birch stands
reduction of coniferous cover in cutover areas reduces use by snowshoe
hares [41].  Evans [27] suggested that snowshoe hare damage is probably
reduced where slash and brush are disposed of by burning.  In quaking
aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in Alberta, intensive regeneration
and periodic removal of competing brush promotes fast early growth and
reduces snowshoe hare damage [26].  Other recommendations include timing
conifer plantation establishment during the low phase of the snowshoe
hare population cycle, using larger planting stock with a reduced
fertilizer regime, and selection of tree species based on snowshoe hare
preferences [35,71,72].

The possibility of raising Douglas-fir stock that is less palatable to
snowshoe hares has been discussed [23].

Parasites and diseases of snowshoe hares have been studied extensively
and were summarized by Bittner and Rongstad [9].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

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AK
AR
CA
CO
CT
ID
KY
ME
MD
MA

MI
MN
MT
NV
NH
NM
NY
NC
ND
OR

PA
RI
SD
TN
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY

AB
BC
MB
NB
NF
NT
NS
ON
PE
PQ

SK
YK

lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators ( englanti )

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The snowshoe hare is a major prey item for a number of predators.  Major
predators include lynx (Lynx lynx), bobcats (L. rufus), fishers (Martes
pennanti), American martens (M. americana), long-tailed weasels (Mustela
frenata), minks (M. vison), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), coyote
(Canis latrans), domestic dogs (C. familiaris), mountain lions (Felis
concolor), domestic cats (F. catus), great horned owls (Bubo
virginianus), barred owls (Strix varia), spotted owls (S.
occidentalis), other owls, red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis),
northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other hawks (Buteonidae), golden
eagles (Aquila chryseatos), and crows and ravens (Corvidae)
[9,16,35,53,59,75].  Other predators include northern short-tailed
shrews (Blarina brevicaula) and black bears (Ursus americanus) [9,75].
In Glacier National Park snowshoe hares are a prey item of Rocky
Mountain wolves (Canis lupus irremotus) [40].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, density, forest, hardwood, presence, softwood, succession

A habitat suitability index model for snowshoe hare was summarized by
Carreker [16].  Major variables in habitat quality include average
visual obstruction and browse biomass.  Snowshoe hares prefer young
forests with abundant understories.  The presence of cover is the
primary determinant of habitat quality for snowshoe hares and is more
significant than food availability [16] or species composition [19,51].
Species composition does, however, influence population density; dense
softwood understories support greater snowshoe hare density than
hardwoods because of cover quality.  In Maine it was observed that
female snowshoe hares were more common on sites with less cover but more
nutritious forage; males tended to be found on sites with heavier cover
[50].

Winter browse availability depends on height of understory brush and
winter snow depth; 6- to 8-foot tall (1.8-2.4 m) saplings with narrow
stem diameters are required for winter browse in heavy snow [81].

In northern regions snowshoe hares occupy conifer and mixed forests in
all stages of succession, but early successional forests foster peak
abundance.  Deciduous forests are usually occupied only in early stages
of succession [36].  In New England snowshoe hares preferred
second-growth deciduous, coniferous, and mixed woods with dense brushy
understories; snowshoe hares appear to prefer shrubby old-field areas,
early- to mid-successional burns, shrub-swamps, bogs, and upper montane
krumholz vegetation [21].  In Maine snowshoe hares were more active in
clearcut areas than in partially cut or uncut areas.  Sapling densities
were highest on 12- to 15-year-old plots; these plots were used more
than younger stands [55].  In northern Utah snowshoe hares occupied all
the later stages of succession on quaking aspen and spruce-fir but were
not observed in meadows [66].  In Alberta snowshoe hares use upland
shrub-sapling stages of regenerating aspens (either postfire or
postharvest) [82].  In British Columbia overstocked juvenile lodgepole
pine (Pinus contorta) stands formed optimal snowshoe hare habitat [72].

In western Washington most unburned, burned, or scarified clearcuts will
normally be fully occupied by snowshoe hares within 4 to 5 years as
vegetation becomes dense [15].  In older stands (more than 25 years)
stem density begins to decline and cover for snowshoe hares decreases
[46].  However, in north-central Washington snowshoe hares may not
colonize clearcuts until 6 or 7 years and it may take 20 to 25 years for
snowshoe hare density to reach maximum [6].  Winter snowshoe hare pellet
counts were highest in 20-year-old lodgepole pine stands, lower in older
lodgepole stands, and lowest in spruce-dominated stands [46].  In
western Oregon snowshoe hares were abundant only in early successional
stages including stable brushfields [2].  In west-central Oregon an
old-growth Douglas-fir forest was clearcut and monitored through 10
years of succession.  A few snowshoe hares were noted in adjacent virgin
forest plots; they represented widely scattered, sparse populations.
One snowshoe hare was observed on the disturbed plot 2.5 years after it
had been clearcut and burned; at this stage ground cover was similar to
that of the uncut forest.  By 9 years after disturbance snowshoe hare
density had increased markedly [33].

Slope and Aspect:  In western Washington snowshoe hares routinely used
steep slopes where cover was adequate; most studies, however, suggest
that snowshoe hares tend to prefer gentle slopes [15].

Moonlight increases snowshoe hare vulnerability to predation,
particularly in winter.  Gilbert and Boutin [34] presented some evidence
that snowshoe hares tend to avoid open areas during bright phases of the
moon and during bright periods of a single night.  Snowshoe hare
activity usually shifts from coniferous understories in winter to
hardwood understories in summer [56].

Home Range:  Vegetative structure plays an important role in the size of
snowshoe hare home ranges.  Snowshoe hares wander up to 5 miles (8 km)
when food is scarce [3].  In Montana home ranges are smaller in brushy
woods than in open woods [1].  In Colorado and Utah the average home
range of both sexes was 20 acres (8.1 ha) [25].  On Montreal Island of
Quebec, the average daily range for both sexes was 4 acres (1.6 ha) in
old-field mixed woods [8].  In Montana the home range averaged 25 acres
(10 ha) for males and 19 acres (7.6 ha) for females [1].  In Oregon the
average snowshoe hare home range was 14.6 acres (5.9 ha) [58].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( englanti )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( englanti )

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The currently accepted scientific name of the snowshoe hare is Lepus
americanus Erxleben [18].

Accepted subspecies include [18,38]:

Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben
L. a. cascadensis Nelson
L. a. columbiensis Rhoads
L. a. dalli Merriam
L. a. klamathensis Merriam
L. a. oregonus Orr
L. a. pallidus Cowan
L. a. phaeonotus J. A. Allen
L. a. pineus Dalquest
L. a. seclusus Baker and Hankins
L. a. struthopus Bangs
L. s. tahoensis Orr
L. a. virginianus Harlan
L. a. washingtonii Baird.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: crepuscular, density, ferns, litter, phase

Diurnal Activity:  Snowshoe hares are crepuscular to nocturnal.  They
are shy and secretive and spend most of the day in shallow depressions,
called forms, scraped out under clumps of ferns, brush thickets, and
downed piles of timber.  They occasionally use the large burrows of
mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) as forms.  Diurnal activity level
increases during the breeding season.  Juveniles are usually more active
and less cautious than adults [53].

Breeding Season:  Snowshoe hares are active year-round.  The breeding
season for hares is stimulated by new vegetation and varies with
latitude, location, and yearly events (such as weather conditions and
phase of showshoe hare population cycle) [9,35].  Breeding generally
begins in late December to January and lasts until July or August
[35,53].  In northwestern Oregon male peak breeding activity (as
determined by testes weight) occurs in May and is at the minimum in
November.  In Ontario the peak is in May and in Newfoundland the peak is
in June.  Female estrus begins in March in Newfoundland, Alberta, and
Maine, and in early April in Michigan and Colorado.  First litters of
the year are born from mid-April to May [9].

Gestation and Litter Size:  The gestation period is 35 to 40 days; most
studies report 37days as the average length of gestation.  Litters
average three to five leverets depending on latitude, elevation, and
phase of population cycle, ranging from one to seven [9,53].  Deep
snowpack increases the amount of upper-branch browse available to
snowshoe hares in winter and therefore has a positive relationship with
the nutritional status of breeding adults.  Litters are usually smaller
in the southern sections of snowshoe hare range since there is less
snow.  Newborn snowshoe hares are fully furred, open-eyed, and mobile.
They leave the natal form within a short time after birth, often within
24 hours.  After leaving the birthplace siblings stay near each other
during the day, gathering once each evening to nurse [9,53].  Weaning
occurs at 25 to 28 days except for the last litter of the season which
may nurse for 2 months or longer [64].

Pregnancy Rate and Productivity:  Female snowshoe hares can become
pregnant anytime after the 35th day of gestation.  The second litter can
therefore be conceived before the first litter is born (snowshoe hares
have twin uteri) [9].  Pregnancy rates ranged from 78 to 100 percent for
females during the period of first litter production, 82 to 100 percent
for second litters, and for the periods of third and fourth litters
pregnancy rates vary with population cycle [17].  In Newfoundland the
average number of litters per female per year ranged from 2.9 to 3.5,
and in Alberta the range was from 2.7 to 3.3 [9].  The number of litters
per year varies with phase of population cycle (see below).  In Alberta
the average number of litters per year was almost 3 just after a
population peak and 4 just after the population low [17].  Females
normally first breed as 1-year-olds.  Juvenile breeding is rare and has
only been observed in females from the first litter of the year and only
in years immediately following a low point in the population cycle [9].

Mortality:  In Yukon Territory 30-day survival of radio-tagged leverets
was 46 percent, 15 percent, and 43 percent for the first, second, and
third litter of the year, respectively.  There were no differences in
mortality in plots with food added.  The main proximate cause of
mortality was predation by small mammals including red squirrels
(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus
parryii).  Littermates tended to live or die together more often than by
chance.  Individual survival was negatively related to litter size and
positively related to body size at birth.  Litter size is negatively
correlated with body size at birth [57].

Population Cycles:  Northern populations of snowshoe hares undergo
cycles that range from 7 to 17 years between population peaks.  The
average time between peaks is approximately 10 years.  The period of
abundance usually lasts for 2 to 5 years followed by a population
decline to lower numbers or local scarcity.  Areas of great abundance
tend to be scattered [36,53].  Populations do not peak simultaneously in
all areas, although there is a great deal of synchronicity in northern
latitudes [3].  From 1931 to 1948 the cycle was synchronized within 1 or
2 years over most of Canada and Alaska, despite differences in predators
and food supplies [68].  In central Alberta low snowshoe hare density
occurred in 1965 with 42 to 74 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha).
The population peak occurred in November 1970 with 2,830 to 5,660
snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha) [44].  In the southern parts of its
range snowshoe hare populations do not fluctuate radically [46].

Exclosure experiments in Alberta indicated that browsing by snowshoe
hares during population peaks has the greatest impact on palatable
species, thus further reducing the amount of available foods.  In this
study there was insufficient nutritious young browse available to
sustain the number of snowshoe hares present in the peak years (1971 and
1972) in winter [61].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

U.S. Federal Legal Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
None [84]
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management ( englanti )

tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: fire regime

Prescribed fire could be used to improve snowshoe hare habitat by
creating openings and early successional habitat.  Fire at less than 5-
to 10-year intervals may result in repeated increases and decreases in
snowshoe hare populations [36].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliografinen lainaus
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Lepus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Gad Amerika ( bretoni )

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Gad Amerika (Lepus americanus) a zo ur bronneg geotdebrer hag a vev er Stadoù-Unanet ha Kanada.

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Gad Amerika diouzh ar goañv
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Llebre americana ( valencia )

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La llebre americana (Lepus americanus) és una espècie de llebre originària de Nord-amèrica. Té unes grans potes posteriors, que li serveixen per evitar enfonsar-se en la neu quan hi corre o camina.

Per camuflar-se, el seu pelatge esdevé blanc durant l'hivern i d'un marró rovellat durant l'estiu. Els seus flancs són sempre blancs. També se la pot distingir pels pèls negres que té a la vora de les orelles. Les seves orelles són més curtes que les de la majoria d'altres llebres.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Llebre americana Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Llebre americana: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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Zajíc měnivý ( Tšekki )

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Zajíc měnivý (Lepus americanus) je druh zajíce obývající jehličnaté lesy Severní Ameriky.

Vzhled

Patří k nejmenším druhům zajíců: dorůstá délky 40–50 cm, váží okolo 1,5 kg (samice jsou o něco větší než samci). Srst je v létě rezavě hnědá, pro zimní měsíce dostává zajíc měnivý bílou srst, která mu umožňuje splynout se zasněženou krajinou. Výměna srsti trvá okolo deseti týdnů.[2] Špičky uší jsou celoročně černé a ocas bílý. Projevem adaptace na životní prostředí jsou zvětšená a osrstěná chodidla, díky kterým se zajíc měnivý neboří do sněhu. Proto dostal anglický název snowshoe hare (sněžnicový zajíc).[3]

Způsob života

Obývá hustý lesní podrost, zejména podél vodních toků. Živí se travou a listím, v zimě okusuje kůru stromů. Vede převážně noční způsob života. Je velmi plachý, před predátory se zachraňuje útěkem: dokáže vyvinout rychlost až 45 km/h, je také zdatným plavcem.[4] Samice rodí třikrát, v jižní části areálu i čtyřikrát do roka, v jednom vrhu bývá od dvou do osmi mláďat. Malí zajíčci se rodí osrstění a vidoucí, plně soběstačnými se stávají ve věku okolo jednoho měsíce. Dožívají se asi pěti let. Zajíc měnivý se stává kořistí rysa kanadského, rysa červeného, norka amerického, vlka obecného, lišky obecné, orla skalního, výra virginského a dalších dravců, je také předmětem sportovního lovu. Typickým jevem je kolísání populace zajíce měnivého v pravidelných cyklech, které trvají okolo deseti let; v závislosti na dostupnosti zajíců jako hlavní potravy obdobně kolísá populace rysů.[5]

Geografické poddruhy

  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • L. a. cascadensis
  • L. a. columbiensis
  • L. a. dalli
  • L. a. klamathensis
  • L. a. oregonus
  • L. a. pallidus
  • L. a. phaeonotus
  • L. a. pineus
  • L. a. seclusus
  • L. a. struthopus
  • L. a. tahoensis
  • L. a. virginianus
  • L. a. washingtonii

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. National Geographic
  3. Wildscreen Arkive
  4. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
  5. Northwest Territories, Environment and Natural Resources

Externí odkazy

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Zajíc měnivý: Brief Summary ( Tšekki )

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Zajíc měnivý (Lepus americanus) je druh zajíce obývající jehličnaté lesy Severní Ameriky.

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Sneskohare ( tanska )

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 src=
Sneskohare i vinterpels.

Amerikansk sneskohare eller sneskohare (Lepus americanus) er en hare, der lever i Nordamerika.[1] Dens navn kommer af de store fødder, som gør at den kan gå på sneen uden at synke ned. Den kan have hvid eller brun pels.

Sneskohare findes i næsten hele Alaska og Canada (med undtagelse af de allernordligste regioner) og desuden i dele af det øvrige USA (i nordlige og nordøstlige dele samt i Rocky Mountains).

Kendetegn

Med en længde af 41 til 52 centimeter og en vægt omkring 1,5 kilogram regnes denne art til de mindre i slægten. Halens længde ligger mellem 3 og 5 centimeter. Ligesom sneharen (Lepus timidus) skifter sneskoharen pels før vinteren. Farven ændrer sig fra brunlig til hvid, hvad der giver en bedre camouflage i sneen. Et markant kendetegn er de 6 til 7 centimeter lange ører med sorte spidser. Pelsen skiftes kun i de nordlige dele af udbredelsesområdet. På harens fodsåler findes en kraftig pels (hovedsagelig på bagpoterne) som gør at foden ligner en snesko.

Levevis

Arten lever i flere forskellige habitater som for eksempel taiga, tundra, åbne græs- og marskområder. Hvert individ lever ensomt, men der findes ofte flere indivier i samme område, med overlappende revirer. Sneskoharen er normalt aktiv i dæmringen og natten, men den er også ude ved skyet vejr. Som alle harer i slægten Lepus, kan den løbe hurtigt og svømmer godt, som er en fordel ved flugt. Sneskoharen går ikke i vinterhi.

Fødens sammensætning er afhængig af region og årstid. Haren spiser blandt andet græsser, blomster, knopper, kviste og bark. I løbet af vinteren spiser den sommetider ådsler.[2]

Parringstiden ligger mellem marts og august. Hunnen har mulighed for at parre sig tre gange i denne tid. Drægtigheden varer i cirka 38 dage og der fødes per kuld to til fire (sjældent op til otte) unger.

Trussel

Sneskoharer har flere naturlige fjender, herunder gråræv og rød ræv, rødlos, prærieulv og ulv. Populationen øges og mindskes periodisk afhængig af antallet af fjender og adgang til føde. På grund af den høje reproduktionstakt tæller disse harer ikke til de truede arter.

Underarter

Der findes ifølge organisationen ITIS 15 underarter:[1]

  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus columbiensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus klamathensis
  • Lepus americanus oregonus
  • Lepus americanus pallidus
  • Lepus americanus phaeonotus
  • Lepus americanus pineus
  • Lepus americanus seclusus
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus tahoensis
  • Lepus americanus virginianus
  • Lepus americanus washingtonii

Se også

Kilder/referencer

  1. ^ a b ITIS: Lepus americanus
  2. ^ Snowshoe Hare Arkiveret januar 16, 2009 fra Internet Archives Wayback Machine eNature: FieldGuides. eNature.com. 2007, besøgt 31. okrober 2009.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Sneskohare: Brief Summary ( tanska )

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 src= Sneskohare i vinterpels.

Amerikansk sneskohare eller sneskohare (Lepus americanus) er en hare, der lever i Nordamerika. Dens navn kommer af de store fødder, som gør at den kan gå på sneen uden at synke ned. Den kan have hvid eller brun pels.

Sneskohare findes i næsten hele Alaska og Canada (med undtagelse af de allernordligste regioner) og desuden i dele af det øvrige USA (i nordlige og nordøstlige dele samt i Rocky Mountains).

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Schneeschuhhase ( saksa )

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Der Schneeschuhhase (Lepus americanus) ist eine Art der Echten Hasen in der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er ist über große Teile des nördlichen Nordamerika in den Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada verbreitet. Es ist die kleinste Art der Gattung und er wird generell eher als kaninchenähnlich statt als hasenartig beschrieben. Seinen Namen erhielt er aufgrund der sehr großen Füße, die ein Versinken im Schnee verhindern sollen. Typisch für die Art ist zudem der Fellwechsel mit einem braunen Sommer- und einem weißen Winterfell.

Die bereits 1777 von dem Göttinger Tiermediziner Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben beschriebene Art wird als ursprünglichste Art der Gattung betrachtet. Innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes werden 15 Unterarten des Schneeschuhhasen unterschieden.

Merkmale

Allgemeine Merkmale

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Schneeschuhhase im Winterfell

Der Schneeschuhhase ist innerhalb seines großen Verbreitungsgebietes mit zahlreichen Unterarten bezüglich der Größe und der Färbung variabel. Er erreicht eine Körperlänge von 36 bis 56 Zentimetern bei einem Gewicht von 1,1 bis 1,6 Kilogramm. Seine Schwanzlänge beträgt 2,5 bis 5,5 Zentimeter, die Ohrlänge 60 bis 70 Millimeter und die Hinterfußlänge 112 bis 150 Millimeter.[1] Es handelt sich damit um die kleinste Art der Gattung Lepus. In seinem Körperbau und seiner funktionellen Morphologie entspricht der Schneeschuhhase teilweise eher einem Kaninchen oder einem Baumwollschwanzkaninchen als einem Hasen.[2] Die Tiere haben einen wenig ausgeprägten Sexualdimorphismus, die Weibchen sind im Durchschnitt etwas größer und schwerer als die Männchen.[3]

Das Rückenfell der Tiere ist im Sommer braun, grau oder auch rötlich, die Bauchseite und die Unterseite des Kinns sind weiß. Häufig sind zudem auch die Füße weiß gefärbt. Wie der Schneehase (Lepus timidus) ändert auch der Schneeschuhhase bei den meisten Populationen im Winter seine Fellfarbe von braun in weiß und tarnt sich auf diese Weise im Schnee vor Räubern. Dabei behält beim Fellwechsel die Unterwolle ihren grauen Farbton, lediglich die Haarspitzen werden weiß, sodass die Tiere weiß sind. Die Ohrspitzen bleiben häufig auch im Winter schwarz. Bei einigen Unterarten in den südlicheren Gebieten bleiben Teile der Population auch im Winter braun. Der Fellwechsel zum Winterfell erfolgt im August bis November, der zum Sommerfell im März bis Juni.[1]

Seine Fußsohlen sind dicht behaart, insbesondere an den Hinterpfoten, was zu dem schneeschuhartigen Aussehen führt. Sie resultieren in dem für die Tiere typischen Spurenbild.

Schädel und Skelett

2 · 0 · 3 · 3 = 28 1 · 0 · 2 · 3
Zahnformel des Schneeschuhhasen

Der Schädel und die Zähne haben sehr ausgeprägte Eigenschaften, einschließlich der ständig wachsenden Schneidezähne. Die Tiere besitzen wie alle Hasenartigen im Oberkiefer pro Hälfte zwei Schneidezähne (Incisivi), von denen einer zu einem Nagezahn und der andere zu einem Stiftzahn direkt hinter dem Nagezahn ausgebildet ist. Im Unterkiefer befindet sich nur ein einzelner als Nagezahn ausgebildeter Schneidezahn. Auf die Schneidezähne folgt eine typische Zahnlücke (Diastema). Im Oberkiefer schließen sich je drei, im Unterkiefer je zwei Prämolaren sowie sowohl im Unter- als auch im Oberkiefer je drei Molaren an. Insgesamt verfügen die Tiere damit über ein Gebiss aus 28 Zähnen.[3]

Das Hauptmerkmal des Schädels ist, dass die Oberaugenhöhlenbeine hinten nicht mit den Stirnbeinen verschmolzen sind, sondern ausbrechen, während das Zwischenscheitelbein mit dem Scheitelbein verschmolzen ist.[3]

Genetik

Der Karyotyp des Schneeschuhhasen besteht aus einem Chromosomensatz von 2n=48 Chromosomen, wobei es sich dabei um den innerhalb der Echten Hasen als ursprünglich anerkannten Chromosomensatz handelt. Er umfasst acht Paare metazentrischer (→ Chromosom#Bestandteile) und submetazentrischer und 15 Paare subtelozentrischer und akrozentrischer Autosomen. Das X-Chromosom ist mittelgroß und submetazentrisch, während das Y-Chromosom sehr klein und akrozentrisch ist.[4]

Verbreitung

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Verbreitungskarte des Schneeschuhhasen

Der Schneeschuhhase lebt in Nordamerika. Er kommt in fast ganz Kanada mit Ausnahme des äußersten Nordens und in allen Provinzen mit Ausnahme von Nunavut vor. In den Vereinigten Staaten ist er in Alaska sowie in den westlichen Staaten Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North und South Dakota und Colorado sowie in einzelnen Regionen der Hochlagen in New Mexico, Utah und Kalifornien vertreten. Zudem ist die Art in der Region der Großen Seen und den östlichen Staaten Pennsylvania, New York, Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Connecticut und New Hampshire verbreitet. Historisch war der Schneeschuhhase wahrscheinlich auch in den Bergregionen von West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee und Virginia anzutreffen, diese Populationen sind allerdings nicht mehr vorhanden.[5]

Lebensweise

Die Schneeschuhhasen sind nachtaktiv und verbringen den Tag in Verstecken in der Vegetation. Sie sind an den borealen Misch-Laubwald Nordamerikas mit dichtem Unterwuchs gebunden. Dabei kommen sie in unterschiedlichen Waldregionen mit Nadelbäumen, Eschen, Birken, Buchen, Ahorn und anderen Gehölzen vor.[1] Die Tiere benötigen eine relativ dichte Boden- und Strauchvegetation, die sie als Deckung verwenden können. Typischerweise sind Sukzessionswälder und junge Waldbestände im Alter von 25 bis 40 Jahren ideal. Sie bevorzugen Habitate an Wald- und Lichtungsrändern sowie Sumpfgrenzen, meiden jedoch offene Flächen.[5] Vor allem in Zonen, in denen nach Feuern der Unterwuchs dicht nachwächst, können die Tiere sehr häufig vorkommen, während sie in alten Wäldern mit hohen Bäumen und wenig Unterwuchs selten sind. In kleinen Waldstücken und Reliktwäldern in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen sind die Tiere in der Regel nicht anzutreffen.[1]

Aufgrund ihres weißen Winterpelzes benötigt diese Art im Winter eine Schneedecke. Zwei Unterarten entlang der Pazifikküste werden im Winter nicht weiß und können entsprechend in Wäldern mit geringer oder keiner Schneedecke vorkommen. Der Schneeschuhhase scheint auch den Randlebensraum zu bevorzugen.[5]

Ernährung

Die Ernährung ist wie bei anderen Hasen vegetarisch und besteht im Sommer hauptsächlich aus Gräsern, Kräutern, Blüten, Seggen und Farnen.[5] Im Winter nagen sie auch an weichen Baumrinden von Fichten, Weiden, Birken oder Kiefern.[1]

Vor allem im Winter können die Tiere vereinzelt auch am Aas toter Tiere fressen. Nach einer Untersuchung in Yukon, bei der Kadaver verschiedener Tiere ausgelegt wurden, konnte beobachtet werden, dass Schneeschuhhasen das Fleisch dieser Tiere, darunter auch das anderer Schneeschuhhasen oder toter Luchse, sowie Federn von Tannenhühnern (Falcipennis canadensis) fraßen. Wahrscheinlich stellt Aas für die Tiere vor allem im Winter eine Ergänzung bei Nährstoffmangel dar.[6]

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

Die Fortpflanzungszeit der Schneeschuhhasen reicht von März bis September und wird vor allem durch die Lichttaglänge reguliert (photoperiodische Kontrolle). Der Beginn kann zudem stark vom Wetter und der aktuellen Populationsdichte der Hasen beeinflusst werden und sich bis zu mehreren Wochen nach hinten verschieben. In Alberta wurde als frühester Beginn der Fortpflanzungszeit der Übergang vom Winter in das frühe Frühjahr mit abnehmender Schneedecke und den ersten höheren Temperaturen des Jahres identifiziert.[1]

Die Tiere sind generell promisk und verpaaren sich mit mehreren Sexualpartnern. Die Tragzeit beträgt etwa 36 Tage und die Weibchen produzieren pro Jahr durchschnittlich zwei Würfe in den nördlichen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes und in den Höhenlagen oder drei bis vier Würfe in den südlicheren Verbreitungsgebieten und im Flachland. Die Wurfgröße variiert je nach Standort und Anzahl der zuvor produzierten Würfe. Die Weibchen gebären 2 bis 6 Jungtiere, wobei sie in späteren Würfen in der Regel ein Jungtier mehr haben als in den ersten Würfen des Jahres. Damit bekommen die Weibchen im Schnitt zwischen 7 und 18 Jungtiere pro Jahr.[1]

Die Jungtiere werden mit Fell geboren. Nach etwa zwei Tagen beginnen sie im Nest zu hüpfen und nach etwa fünf Tagen fangen sie an zu graben. Sie sammeln sich im Nest etwa ein bis zwei Stunden nach dem Sonnenuntergang und warten auf die Mutter. Sobald die in das Nest kommt, werden sie etwa fünf Minuten von ihr gesäugt. Nach sechs bis acht Tagen beginnen die Jungtiere feste Nahrung aufzunehmen.[1]

Ökologische Vernetzung

 src=
Populationsdynamik des Schneeschuhhasen und des Kanadischen Luchses von 1845 bis 1935 (ermittelt über Fellverkäufe)

Die Populationsdynamik der Schneeschuhhasen und des Kanadischen Luchses (Lynx canadensis) gilt als klassisches Beispiel der Räuber-Beute-Beziehung. Die Arten zeigen über das gemeinsame Verbreitungsgebiet von Alaska bis Neufundland einen Zyklus in ihrer Bestandsentwicklung von etwa zehn Jahren Länge (tatsächlich beobachtet: 9–11 Jahre). Generell wird angenommen, dass diese Zyklen direkt gekoppelt sind, da der Schneeschuhhase eines der Hauptbeutetiere des Luchses darstellt. Innerhalb des Nahrungsnetzes sind die Zusammenhänge allerdings komplexer und der Schneeschuhhase stellt eine Schlüsselart innerhalb des nordamerikanischen Ökosystems dar. Die Hasen ernähren sich von verschiedenen Pflanzen und es gibt neben den Luchsen weitere Prädatoren, die den Schneeschuhhasen erbeuten; damit werden die Bestände des Schneeschuhhasen sowohl durch die Nahrungsverfügbarkeit als auch durch den Raubdruck durch verschiedene Räuber reguliert, während die Bestände des Luchses weitgehend direkt abhängig sind von den Hasenpopulationen, die ihre Hauptnahrung darstellen.[7]

Zu der Art gibt es verschiedene Mortalitätsstudien, bei denen verschiedene Prädatoren identifiziert wurden. Bei einer Studie in Alaska wurde der Prädatorendruck im frühen Sukzessionswald mit dem im Schwarzfichtenwald verglichen. Wenn die Raubtierquelle bestimmt werden konnte, wurden die Hasen im frühen Sukzessionswald mit 30 % häufiger von Habichten (Accipiter gentilis) als von anderen Raubtieren und im Schwarzfichtenwald mit 31 % häufiger von Kanadischen Luchsen getötet als von anderen Raubtieren. Virginia-Uhus (Bubo virginianus) und Kojoten (Canis latrans) stellten in beiden Lebensräumen kleinere Anteile der Hasenräuber dar und andere Todesursachen waren mit 3 % ein sehr seltener Sterblichkeitsgrund. Das Überleben war im Juli und ganz allgemein im Sommer am höchsten, da den Raubtieren mehr alternative Beute zur Verfügung stand. Niedrige Überlebensraten fielen mit der Zeit des Fellwechsels, den Würfen im Frühjahr und dem Verlassen der Nester durch die Jungtiere im Herbst zusammen.[8]

Systematik

Der Schneeschuhhase wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Echten Hasen (Lepus) eingeordnet.[1] Die Art wurde 1777 von dem Naturforscher Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, dem Gründer des Tierärztlichen Instituts der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, wissenschaftlich beschrieben, der ihn bereits als Lepus americanus bezeichnete und damit in die von Carl von Linné eingerichtete Gattung Lepus einordnete.[9] Erxleben beschrieb den Typus aus „America boreeli, ad fretum Hudsonis copiossimus“,[9] die Typlokalität wurde 1909 von Edward William Nelson auf Fort Severn in Ontario, Kanada, eingegrenzt.[1]

Die Art ist klar gegenüber anderen Hasenarten abgegrenzt und es gibt keine Hybriden mit anderen Arten. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass der Schneeschuhhase die ursprünglichste Art der Gattung und somit als Schwesterart der gesamten Gattung zu betrachten ist. Damit wird auch davon ausgegangen, dass die Entstehung der Gattung in Nordamerika erfolgte, wo sich die Arten von Norden nach Süden und nach Eurasien ausbreiteten.[10][11]

 src=
Schneeschuhhase im Sommerkleid im Washington County, Maine
 src=
Schneeschuhhase im Winterfell

Innerhalb der Art werden mit der Nominatform aktuell 15 Unterarten unterschieden:[1]

  • Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben, 1777: Nominatform – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana und North Dakota
  • L. a. bairdii Hayden, 1869
  • L. a. cascadensis Nelson, 1907 – British Columbia und Washington
  • L. a. columbiensis Rhoads, 1895 – British Columbia, Alberta und Washington
  • L. a. dalli Merriam, 1900 – Mackenzie District, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon
  • L. a. klamathensis Merriam, 1899 – Oregon und California
  • L. a. oregonus Orr, 1934 – Oregon
  • L. a. pallidus Cowan, 1938 – British Columbia
  • L. a. phaeonotus J. A. Allen, 1899 – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin und Minnesota
  • L. a. pineus Dalquest, 1942 – British Columbia, Idaho und Washington
  • L. a. seclusus Baker & Hankins, 1950 – Wyoming
  • L. a. struthopus Bangs, 1898 – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec und Maine
  • L. a. tahoensis Orr, 1933 – California, western Nevada
  • L. a. virginianus Harlan, 1825 – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina und Tennessee
  • L. a. washingtonii Baird, 1855 – British Columbia, Washington und Oregon

Auf den Inseln Kodiak Island südlich von Alaska und Anticosti im Sankt-Lorenz-Golf wurden Schneeschuhhasen in historischer Zeit eingeführt, wobei der Ursprung der Gründerpopulation und damit die spezifische Unterart unbekannt sind.[1]

Gefährdung und Schutz

Der Schneeschuhhase wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als nicht gefährdet („Least concern“) eingestuft.[5] Vor allem die südlichen Populationen können einem übermäßigen Bestandsverlust und einem Lebensraumverlust durch die Fragmentierung der Lebensräume ausgesetzt sein.[5]

Die Bestandsdichte ist in Kanada und Alaska mehr oder weniger gleichmäßig, aber in den angrenzenden Vereinigten Staaten uneinheitlich verteilt. Die Populationen im borealen Wald schwanken in ihren Beständen nach einem 10-jährigen Zyklus, wobei ihre Dichte über mehrere Jahre hinweg um das 100-fache variieren kann. Südliche Populationen können nicht-zyklisch sein oder mit reduzierter Amplitude schwanken. Der Status der südöstlichen Populationen ist unklar, aber die südliche Verbreitungsgrenze könnte aufgrund von Lebensraumverlusten, der Zunahme von Raubtieren, vor allem Kojoten, und vielleicht auch mit dem Klimawandel und dem Verlust von Schnee im Winter nach Norden zurückgehen.[5]

Effekte der Globalen Erwärmung

In einigen Studien wurde versucht, die Effekte der Globalen Erwärmung auf die Verbreitungsgebiete und Populationen der Schneeschuhhasen und anderer Hasenartiger zu modellieren. Während einige Untersuchungen davon ausgehen, dass sich die Verbreitungsgebiete der Tiere der Polarregionen in Richtung Nordpol verschieben werden, gehen andere davon aus, dass sich die Verbreitungsgebiete kaum bis gar nicht verändern werden.[12]

Eine Studie in Pennsylvania verglich das Winterverhalten und die Wärmeproduktion von Schneeschuhhasen am südlichen Rand ihres Verbreitungsgebietes in Pennsylvania mit einer nördlichen Population im Yukon, um zu untersuchen, wie diese Hasen auf veränderte Umweltbedingungen reagieren könnten. Die Tiere aus Pennsylvania haben kürzere, weniger dichte und weniger weiße Winterfelle als ihre nördlichen Artgenossen, was auf eine geringere Fellisolierung hindeutet. Sie haben zudem niedrigere Felltemperaturen, was zeigt, dass sie weniger Wärme produzieren als die Tiere der nördlichen Populationen. Darüber hinaus wählen die Hasen in Pennsylvania keine Rastplätze, die thermische Vorteile bieten, sondern solche, die einen visuellen Schutz vor Raubtieren gewährleisten. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Schneeschuhhasen in der Lage sein könnten, sich an zukünftige Klimabedingungen durch leichte Veränderungen der Rumpfeigenschaften, des Stoffwechsels und des Verhaltens anzupassen und somit kein oder nur ein geringer Effekt auf die Verbreitungsgrenze zu erwarten ist.[13] Andererseits fand eine Studie im Bundesstaat Washington heraus, dass, obwohl sowohl Wald als auch Schneedecke zur historischen Verbreitungsgrenze beigetragen haben, vor allem die Dauer der Schneedecke die jüngsten Verschiebungen der Verbreitungsgrenze nach Norden erklärt, während die Waldbedeckung an relativer Bedeutung verloren hat. Nach Ansicht der Wissenschaftler stellten historisch der Verlust und die Fragmentierung von Waldlebensräumen die stärkere Bedrohung der Tiere des südlichen Verbreitungsrandes dar, während mittlerweile der Klimawandel zur größten Bedrohung für den Schneeschuhhasen geworden ist.[14]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l Snowshoe Hare. In: S.C. Schai-Braun, K. Hackländer: Family Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits) In: Don E. Wilson, T.E. Lacher, Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier (Herausgeber): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Lagomorphs and Rodents 1. (HMW, Band 6) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2016; S. 135. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
  2. Brian Kraatz, Emma Sherratt: Evolutionary morphology of the rabbit skull. PeerJ 4, 22. September 2016; e2453. doi:10.7717/peerj.2453.
  3. a b c Lepus americanus - Snowshoe Hare, Beschreibung in der Wirbeltiersammlung der University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; abgerufen am 19. Februar 2019.
  4. T. J. Robinson, F. F. B. Elder, J. A. Chapman: Karyotypic conservatism in the genus Lepus (order Lagomorpha). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 25 (5), 1983; S. 540–544. doi:10.1139/g83-081.
  5. a b c d e f g Lepus americanus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2018.2. Eingestellt von: D. Murray, A.T. Smith, A.T., 2008. Abgerufen am 18. Februar 2019.
  6. Michael J.L. Peers, Yasmine N. Majchrzak, Sean M. Konkolics, Rudy Boonstra, Stan Boutin: Scavenging By Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) In Yukon, Canada. Northwestern Naturalist 99 (3), 2018; S. 232–235. doi:10.1898/NWN18-05.1.
  7. Nils Chr. Stenseth, Wilhelm Falck, Ottar N. Bjørnstad und Charles J. Krebs: Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx: Asymmetric food web configurations between hare and lynx. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (10), 1997; S. 5147–5152. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5147.
  8. Dashiell Feierabend, Knut Kielland: Seasonal Effects of Habitat on Sources and Rates of Snowshoe Hare Predation in Alaskan Boreal Forests. PLoS ONE 10 (12), 30. Dezember 2015; e0143543. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143543
  9. a b Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben: Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietas cum synonymia et historia animalum. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygand, Leipzig 1977.; S. 330–331.(Digitalisat).
  10. J. Melo-Ferreira, P. Boursot, M. Carneiro, P. J. Esteves, L. Farelo, P. C. Alves: Recurrent Introgression of Mitochondrial DNA Among Hares (Lepus spp.) Revealed by Species-Tree Inference and Coalescent Simulations. Systematic Biology 61 (3), 1. Mai 2012; S. 367. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr114.
  11. Juan Pablo Ramírez-Silva, Francisco Xavier González-Cózat, Ella Vázquez-Domínguez, Fernando Alfredo Cervantes: Phylogenetic position of Mexican jackrabbits within the genus Lepus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha): a molecular perspective. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 81 (3), 2010; S. 721–731. (Volltext)
  12. Katie Leach, Ruth Kelly, Alison Cameron, W. Ian Montgomery, Neil Reid: Expertly Validated Models and Phylogenetically-Controlled Analysis Suggests Responses to Climate Change Are Related to Species Traits in the Order Lagomorpha. PLoS ONE 10 (4), April 2015; : e0122267.15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122267.
  13. L.C. Gigliotti, D.R. Diefenbach, M.J. Sheriff: Geographic variation in winter adaptations of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 95 (8), 2017; S. 539–545. doi:10.1139/cjz-2016-0165.
  14. Sean M. Sultaire, Jonathan N. Pauli, Karl J. Martin, Michael W. Meyer, Michael Notaro, Benjamin Zuckerberg: Climate change surpasses land-use change in the contracting range boundary of a winter-adapted mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, 30. März 2016. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.3104.

Literatur

  • Snowshoe Hare. In: S.C. Schai-Braun, K. Hackländer: Family Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits) In: Don E. Wilson, T.E. Lacher, Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier (Herausgeber): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Lagomorphs and Rodents 1. (HMW, Band 6) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2016; S. 135. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.

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Schneeschuhhase: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Der Schneeschuhhase (Lepus americanus) ist eine Art der Echten Hasen in der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er ist über große Teile des nördlichen Nordamerika in den Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada verbreitet. Es ist die kleinste Art der Gattung und er wird generell eher als kaninchenähnlich statt als hasenartig beschrieben. Seinen Namen erhielt er aufgrund der sehr großen Füße, die ein Versinken im Schnee verhindern sollen. Typisch für die Art ist zudem der Fellwechsel mit einem braunen Sommer- und einem weißen Winterfell.

Die bereits 1777 von dem Göttinger Tiermediziner Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben beschriebene Art wird als ursprünglichste Art der Gattung betrachtet. Innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes werden 15 Unterarten des Schneeschuhhasen unterschieden.

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Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ ( Malta )

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Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ fis-xitwa

Il-Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ jew kif jissejjaħ ukoll il-liebru li jvarja magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus americanus huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu) fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) li jinsab mifrux fit-Tramuntana tal-kontinent tal-Amerika ta' Fuq.

L-isem ta' liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ ġej mill-kobor esaġerat tas-saqajn ta' wara, li fil-għajn jidhru verament qishom lebsin xi par żarbun tas-silġ. Is-saqajn goffi ta' dan il-liebru huwa addattament biex jevita li l-annimal jergħeq waqt li jkun qiegħed jimxi jew jaqbez fuq is-silġ.

Klassifikazzjoni

Dan il-liebru huwa l-unika speċi li qiegħed klassifikat fis-sottoġeneru Poecilolagus u l-ispeċi maqsuma f'minn tal-inqas sitt sottospeċi.

Referenzi

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Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ: Brief Summary ( Malta )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ fis-xitwa

Il-Liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ jew kif jissejjaħ ukoll il-liebru li jvarja magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus americanus huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu) fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) li jinsab mifrux fit-Tramuntana tal-kontinent tal-Amerika ta' Fuq.

L-isem ta' liebru taż-żarbuna tas-silġ ġej mill-kobor esaġerat tas-saqajn ta' wara, li fil-għajn jidhru verament qishom lebsin xi par żarbun tas-silġ. Is-saqajn goffi ta' dan il-liebru huwa addattament biex jevita li l-annimal jergħeq waqt li jkun qiegħed jimxi jew jaqbez fuq is-silġ.

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Американ ош мераҥ ( Niittymari )

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Американ ош мераҥ (лат. Lepus americanus ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч мераҥ. Капше 41–52 см, почше 3–5 см, нелытше 1,5 кг.

Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

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Американ ош мераҥ: Brief Summary ( Niittymari )

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Американ ош мераҥ (лат. Lepus americanus ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч мераҥ. Капше 41–52 см, почше 3–5 см, нелытше 1,5 кг.

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பனிக்காலணி முயல் ( tamili )

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பனிக்காலணி முயல் (ஆங்கிலப் பெயர்: Snowshoe hare, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus americanus), அல்லது வேறுபடும் முயல், அல்லது பனிக்காலணி குழி முயல் என்பது வட அமெரிக்காவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு முயல் வகை ஆகும். இதன் பின்னங்கால்களின் அளவு பெரியதாக இருப்பதால் இது பனிக்காலணி முயல் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இதன் கால் குதிக்கும்போது மற்றும் நடக்கும்போது பனியில் அமுங்கி விடாமல் தடுக்கிறது. உறைய வைக்கும் வெப்ப நிலைகளிலிருந்து இதன் காலை பாதுகாப்பதற்காக இதன் உள்ளங்கால்களிலும் ரோமம் உள்ளது.

உருமறைப்பிற்காக இதன் ரோமம் குளிர் காலத்தில் வெள்ளை நிறமாகவும் மற்றும் கோடை காலத்தில் துரு போன்ற பழுப்பு நிறமாகவும் மாறுகிறது. இதன் பக்கவாட்டுப் பகுதி வருடம் முழுவதும் வெள்ளை நிறத்திலேயே இருக்கும். இதன் காதின் ஓரங்களில் கறுப்பு குடுமி போன்ற ரோமத்தை வைத்து பனிக்காலணி முயலை மற்ற முயல்களில் இருந்து வேறுபடுத்த முடியும். இதன் காதுகள் மற்ற பெரும்பாலான முயல்களின் காதுகளை விட விட சிறியதாகவே இருக்கும்.

கோடைகாலத்தில் இது புற்கள், பன்னங்கள் மற்றும் இலைகள் போன்ற தாவரங்களை உண்கிறது. குளிர் காலத்தில் இது கிளைகள், மரங்களின் பட்டைகள், பூக்களின் மொட்டுகள் மற்றும் தாவரங்களை உண்கிறது. ஆர்டிக் முயலைப் போலவே இதுவும் சில நேரங்களில் இறந்த விலங்குகளை உணவாக உட்கொள்ளும் என அறியப்பட்டுள்ளது.[3] சில நேரங்களில் சிறு குழுக்களாக இது உணவு உண்பதை நம்மால் காண முடியும். இது பெரும்பாலும் இரவு நேரத்திலேயே செயல்பாட்டுடன் இருக்கும் மற்றும் இந்த விலங்கு குளிர்கால உறக்கத்திற்கு செல்வதில்லை. இது வருடத்திற்கு நான்கு முறை குட்டி ஈனும். ஒரு முறைக்கு சராசரியாக 3 முதல் 8 குட்டிகளை ஈனும்.

பனிக்காலணி முயலின் முக்கியமான எதிரி கனடா சிவிங்கி பூனை ஆகும். உரோம வேட்டையர்கள் பிடித்த விலங்குகளின் வரலாற்றுப் பதிவுகள் நமக்கு சிவிங்கி பூனை மற்றும் முயல்களின் எண்ணிக்கையின் உயர்வு மற்றும் வீழ்ச்சி ஒரு சுழற்சியாக நடைபெறுகிறது என்பதை காட்டுகிறது. இதன் காரணமாக உலகம் முழுவதிலும் உள்ள உயிரியல் மாணவர்களுக்கு கொன்றுண்ணிகளின் எண்ணிக்கை மற்றும் அவற்றின் உணவு ஆகியவற்றிற்கு இடையிலான தொடர்பு என்கிற ஒரு ஆய்வாக முயல்கள் அறியப்படுகின்றன.[4][5][6]

முக்கிய வாழ்க்கை நிகழ்வுகள்

 src=
பொதுவாக குட்டிகள் வளர்ந்த முயல்களை விட சுறுசுறுப்புடனும் பயமின்றியும் இருக்கும்.

பனிக்காலணி முயல்கள் மாலை முதல் இரவு முழுவதும் செயல்பாட்டுடன் இருக்கும். இவை கூச்ச சுபாவம் கொண்டவை மற்றும் ரகசியமாக வாழ்பவை ஆகும்.[7]

கொன்றுண்ணிகள்

 src=
ஒரு நரி தனது வாயில் ஒரு பனிக்காலணி முயலுடன்.

பனிக்காலணி முயல்களை பல்வேறு கொன்றுண்ணிகள் உணவாக உட்கொள்கின்றன. கனடா சிவிங்கி பூனை, வீட்டு நாய், வீட்டு பூனை, ஓநாய்கள், மலை சிங்கங்கள், பெரிய கொம்பு ஆந்தை, பட்டை ஆந்தை, புள்ளி ஆந்தை, மற்ற ஆந்தைகள், சிவப்பு வால் வல்லூறுகள், வடக்கு வாத்து பாறு, மற்ற வல்லூறுகள், தங்க கழுகுகள் மற்றும் காகங்கள் ஆகிய கொன்றுண்ணிகளை குறிப்பாக கூறலாம்.[8][7][9] அமெரிக்க கருப்பு கரடிகளும் இவற்றை உண்ணுகின்றன.[8] அமெரிக்காவின் பனிப்பாறை தேசிய பூங்காவில் உள்ள பனிக்காலணி முயல்களை வடக்கு ராக்கி மலை ஓநாய்கள் உணவாக உட்கொள்கின்றன.[10]

உசாத்துணை

  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ). Johns Hopkins University Press. பக். 195. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-8018-8221-0. இணையக் கணினி நூலக மையம்:62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500001.
  2. Murray, D.; Smith, A.T. (2008). "Lepus americanus". செம்பட்டியல் (பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம்) 2008: e.T41273A10411354. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41273A10411354.en. http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41273/0. பார்த்த நாள்: 13 December 2017.
  3. "Snowshoe Hare". eNature: FieldGuides (2007). பார்த்த நாள் 2008-03-23.
  4. Krebs, C. J.; Boonstra, R.; Boutin, S.; Sinclair, A. R. (2001). "What Drives the 10-year Cycle of Snowshoe Hares?". AIBS Bulletin 51 (1): 25–35.
  5. "The Snowshoe Hare 10-year Cycle – A Cautionary Tale". University of British Columbia. பார்த்த நாள் 7 October 2015.
  6. "Predators and their prey". பிபிசி. பார்த்த நாள் 7 October 2015.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Maser, Chris; Mate, Bruce R.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. (1981). Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
  8. 8.0 8.1
  9. Giusti, Gregory A.; Schmidt, Robert H.; Timm, Robert M. et al. (1992). "The lagomorphs: rabbits, hares, and pika". In: Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 289–307.
  10. Herman, Margaret, Willard, E. Earl. (1978). Rocky Mountain wolf and its habitat. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Forest System Cooperative Forestry, Forestry Research, Region
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பனிக்காலணி முயல்: Brief Summary ( tamili )

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பனிக்காலணி முயல் (ஆங்கிலப் பெயர்: Snowshoe hare, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus americanus), அல்லது வேறுபடும் முயல், அல்லது பனிக்காலணி குழி முயல் என்பது வட அமெரிக்காவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு முயல் வகை ஆகும். இதன் பின்னங்கால்களின் அளவு பெரியதாக இருப்பதால் இது பனிக்காலணி முயல் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இதன் கால் குதிக்கும்போது மற்றும் நடக்கும்போது பனியில் அமுங்கி விடாமல் தடுக்கிறது. உறைய வைக்கும் வெப்ப நிலைகளிலிருந்து இதன் காலை பாதுகாப்பதற்காக இதன் உள்ளங்கால்களிலும் ரோமம் உள்ளது.

உருமறைப்பிற்காக இதன் ரோமம் குளிர் காலத்தில் வெள்ளை நிறமாகவும் மற்றும் கோடை காலத்தில் துரு போன்ற பழுப்பு நிறமாகவும் மாறுகிறது. இதன் பக்கவாட்டுப் பகுதி வருடம் முழுவதும் வெள்ளை நிறத்திலேயே இருக்கும். இதன் காதின் ஓரங்களில் கறுப்பு குடுமி போன்ற ரோமத்தை வைத்து பனிக்காலணி முயலை மற்ற முயல்களில் இருந்து வேறுபடுத்த முடியும். இதன் காதுகள் மற்ற பெரும்பாலான முயல்களின் காதுகளை விட விட சிறியதாகவே இருக்கும்.

கோடைகாலத்தில் இது புற்கள், பன்னங்கள் மற்றும் இலைகள் போன்ற தாவரங்களை உண்கிறது. குளிர் காலத்தில் இது கிளைகள், மரங்களின் பட்டைகள், பூக்களின் மொட்டுகள் மற்றும் தாவரங்களை உண்கிறது. ஆர்டிக் முயலைப் போலவே இதுவும் சில நேரங்களில் இறந்த விலங்குகளை உணவாக உட்கொள்ளும் என அறியப்பட்டுள்ளது. சில நேரங்களில் சிறு குழுக்களாக இது உணவு உண்பதை நம்மால் காண முடியும். இது பெரும்பாலும் இரவு நேரத்திலேயே செயல்பாட்டுடன் இருக்கும் மற்றும் இந்த விலங்கு குளிர்கால உறக்கத்திற்கு செல்வதில்லை. இது வருடத்திற்கு நான்கு முறை குட்டி ஈனும். ஒரு முறைக்கு சராசரியாக 3 முதல் 8 குட்டிகளை ஈனும்.

பனிக்காலணி முயலின் முக்கியமான எதிரி கனடா சிவிங்கி பூனை ஆகும். உரோம வேட்டையர்கள் பிடித்த விலங்குகளின் வரலாற்றுப் பதிவுகள் நமக்கு சிவிங்கி பூனை மற்றும் முயல்களின் எண்ணிக்கையின் உயர்வு மற்றும் வீழ்ச்சி ஒரு சுழற்சியாக நடைபெறுகிறது என்பதை காட்டுகிறது. இதன் காரணமாக உலகம் முழுவதிலும் உள்ள உயிரியல் மாணவர்களுக்கு கொன்றுண்ணிகளின் எண்ணிக்கை மற்றும் அவற்றின் உணவு ஆகியவற்றிற்கு இடையிலான தொடர்பு என்கிற ஒரு ஆய்வாக முயல்கள் அறியப்படுகின்றன.

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Ukalliatchiaq ( Inupiatun )

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Ukalliatchiaq

Ukalliatchiaq (suli ukałłiatchiaq), Ukalliq (Lepus americanus)

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Snowshoe hare ( englanti )

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The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), also called the varying hare or snowshoe rabbit, is a species of hare found in North America. It has the name "snowshoe" because of the large size of its hind feet. The animal's feet prevent it from sinking into the snow when it hops and walks. Its feet also have fur on the soles to protect it from freezing temperatures.

For camouflage, its fur turns white during the winter and rusty brown during the summer. Its flanks are white year-round. The snowshoe hare is also distinguishable by the black tufts of fur on the edge of its ears. Its ears are shorter than those of most other hares.

In summer, it feeds on plants such as grass, ferns, and leaves; in winter, it eats twigs, the bark from trees, and plants and, similar to the Arctic hare, has been known to occasionally eat dead animals.[3] It can sometimes be seen feeding in small groups. This animal is mainly active at night and does not hibernate. The snowshoe hare may have up to four litters in a year, which average three to eight young. Males compete for females, and females may breed with several males.

A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. Historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle, which has made the hare known to biology students worldwide as a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey.[4][5][6]

Taxonomy and distribution

Snowshoe hares occur from Newfoundland to Alaska; south in the Sierra Nevada to central California; in the Rocky Mountains to southern Utah and northern New Mexico; and in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia.[7] Populations in its southern range, such as in Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia have been extirpated.[8] Locations of subspecies are as follows:[9]

  • Lepus americanus americanus (Erxleben) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, and North Dakota
  • L. a. cascadensis (Nelson) – British Columbia and Washington
  • L. a. columbiensis (Rhoads) – British Columbia, Alberta, and Washington
  • L. a. dalli (Merriam) – Mackenzie District, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon
  • L. a. klamathensis (Merriam) – Oregon and California
  • L. a. oregonus (Orr) – Oregon
  • L. a. pallidus (Cowan) – British Columbia
  • L. a. phaeonotus (J. A. Allen) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota
  • L. a. pineus (Dalquest) – British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington
  • L. a. seclusus (Baker and Hankins) – Wyoming
  • L. a. struthopus (Bangs) – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine
  • L. a. tahoensis (Orr) – California, western Nevada
  • L. a. virginianus (Harlan) – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania
  • L. a. washingtonii (Baird) – British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon

Description

The snowshoe hare's fur is rusty brown in the spring and summer, and white in the winter. It also always has a gray underbelly, and black on the tips and edges of its ears and tail. It has very large hind feet, and dense fur on their soles. The snowshoe hare's ears are not as long as some other species of hares' ears. In the winter, it turns a bright white to blend in with the snow.

Snowshoe hares range in length from 413 to 518 mm (16.3 to 20.4 in), of which 39 to 52 mm (1.5 to 2.0 in) are tail. The hind foot, long and broad, measures 117 to 147 mm (4.6 to 5.8 in) in length. The ears are 62 to 70 mm (2.4 to 2.8 in) from notch to tip. Snowshoe hares usually weigh between 1.43 and 1.55 kg (3.15 to 3.42 lb). Males are slightly smaller than females, as is typical for leporids. In the summer, the coat is a grizzled rusty or grayish brown, with a blackish middorsal line, buffy flanks and a white belly. The face and legs are cinnamon brown. The ears are brownish with black tips and white or creamy borders. During the winter, the fur is almost entirely white, except for black eyelids and the blackened tips on the ears. The soles of the feet are densely furred, with stiff hairs (forming the snowshoe) on the hind feet.[10]

Habitat

Snowshoe hare in a dense shrub layer

Snowshoe hares are primarily found in areas with dense plant coverage such as boreal forests, upper montane forests and wetlands, though are occasionally seen in more open areas like agricultural land.[11]

In Utah, snowshoe hares used Gambel oak (Quercus gambelli) in the northern portion of the Gambel oak range.[12] In the Southwest, the southernmost populations of snowshoe hares occur in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, in subalpine scrub: narrow bands of shrubby and prostrate conifers at and just below timberline that are usually composed of Engelmann spruce, bristlecone pine, limber pine, and juniper.[13]

In Minnesota, snowshoe hares are found in uplands and wetlands.[14] In New England, snowshoe hares favor second-growth forests.

Reproduction and leverets

Juveniles are usually more active and less cautious than adults.

Like all leporids, snowshoe hares are crepuscular and nocturnal. They are shy and secretive and spend most of the day in shallow depressions, called forms, scraped out under clumps of ferns, brush thickets, and downed piles of timber. They occasionally use the large burrows of mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) as forms. Diurnal activity level increases during the breeding season. Juveniles are usually more active and less cautious than adults.[15]

Snowshoe hares are active year-round. The breeding season for hares is stimulated by new vegetation and varies with latitude, location, and yearly events (such as weather conditions and phase of snowshoe hare population cycle).[7][16] Breeding generally begins in late December to January and lasts until July or August .[15][16] In northwestern Oregon, male peak breeding activity (as determined by testes weight) occurs in May and is at the minimum in November. In Ontario, the peak is in May and in Newfoundland, the peak is in June. Female estrus begins in March in Newfoundland, Alberta, and Maine, and in early April in Michigan and Colorado. First litters of the year are born from mid-April to May.[7]

Snowshoe hares are most active in twilight and at night, but are active year-round. This hare is seen as breeding season begins, in late April in Alaska.

The gestation period is 35 to 40 days; most studies report 37 days as the average length of gestation. Litters average three to five leverets depending on latitude, elevation, and phase of population cycle, ranging from one to seven.[7][15] Deep snow-pack increases the amount of upper-branch browse available to snowshoe hares in winter, and therefore has a positive relationship with the nutritional status of breeding adults. Litters are usually smaller in the southern sections of their range since there is less snow. Newborns are fully furred, open-eyed, and mobile. They leave the natal form within a short time after birth, often within 24 hours. After leaving the birthplace, siblings stay near each other during the day, gathering once each evening to nurse.[7][15] Weaning occurs at 25 to 28 days except for the last litter of the season, which may nurse for two months or longer.[17]

Female snowshoe hares can become pregnant anytime after the 35th day of gestation. The second litter can therefore be conceived before the first litter is born (snowshoe hares have twin uteri).[7] Pregnancy rates ranged from 78 to 100% for females during the period of first litter production, 82 to 100% for second litters, and for the periods of third and fourth litters pregnancy rates vary with population cycle. In Newfoundland, the average number of litters per female per year ranged from 2.9 to 3.5, and in Alberta the range was from 2.7 to 3.3.[7] The number of litters per year varies with phase of population cycle (see below). In Alberta the average number of litters per year was almost 3 just after a population peak and 4 just after the population low. Females normally first breed as 1-year-olds. Juvenile breeding is rare and has only been observed in females from the first litter of the year and only in years immediately following a low point in the population cycle.[7]

In Yukon, 30-day survival of radio-tagged leverets was 46%, 15%, and 43% for the first, second, and third litters of the year, respectively. There were no differences in mortality in plots with food added. The main proximate cause of mortality was predation by small mammals, including red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii). Littermates tended to live or die together more often than by chance. Individual survival was negatively related to litter size and positively related to body size at birth. Litter size is negatively correlated with body size at birth.[18]

Population cycles

Numbers of snowshoe hare (yellow, background) and Canada lynx (black line, foreground) furs sold to the Hudson's Bay Company. Canada lynx eat snowshoe hares.

Northern populations of snowshoe hares undergo cycles that range from seven to 17 years between population peaks. The average time between peaks is approximately 10 years. The period of abundance usually lasts for two to five years, followed by a population decline to lower numbers or local scarcity. Areas of great abundance tend to be scattered.[15] Populations do not peak simultaneously in all areas, although a great deal of synchronicity occurs in northern latitudes.[19] From 1931 to 1948, the cycle was synchronized within one or two years over most of Canada and Alaska, despite differences in predators and food supplies.[20] In central Alberta, low snowshoe hare density occurred in 1965, with 42 to 74 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). The population peak occurred in November 1970 with 2,830 to 5,660 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). In the southern parts of its range, snowshoe hare populations do not fluctuate radically.[21]

Exclosure experiments in Alberta indicated browsing by snowshoe hares during population peaks has the greatest impact on palatable species, thus further reducing the amount of available foods. In this study, insufficient nutritious young browse was available to sustain the number of snowshoe hares present in the peak years (1971 and 1972) in winter.[22]

The hare's fluctuating numbers are modelled by the Lotka–Volterra equations.

Preferred habitat

Snowshoe hare in winter, well-camouflaged but lacking cover.

Major variables in habitat quality include average visual obstruction and browse biomass. Snowshoe hares prefer young forests with abundant understories. The presence of cover is the primary determinant of habitat quality, and is more significant than food availability or species composition.[23] Species composition does, however, influence population density; dense softwood understories support greater snowshoe hare density than hardwoods because of cover quality. In Maine, female snowshoe hares were observed to be more common on sites with less cover but more nutritious forage; males tended to be found on sites with heavier cover.[24]

Winter browse availability depends on height of understory brush and winter snow depth; 6-to-8-foot-tall (1.8 to 2.4 m) saplings with narrow stem diameters are required for winter browse in heavy snow.[25]

In northern regions, snowshoe hares occupy conifer and mixed forests in all stages of succession, but early successional forests foster peak abundance. Deciduous forests are usually occupied only in early stages of succession. In New England, snowshoe hares preferred second-growth deciduous, coniferous, and mixed woods with dense brushy understories; they appear to prefer shrubby old-field areas, early- to mid-successional burns, shrub-swamps, bogs, and upper montane krumholz vegetation.[26] In Maine, snowshoe hares were more active in clearcut areas than in partially cut or uncut areas. Sapling densities were highest on 12- to 15-year-old plots; these plots were used more than younger stands.[27] In northern Utah, they occupied all the later stages of succession on quaking aspen and spruce-fir, but were not observed in meadows. In Alberta, snowshoe hares use upland shrub-sapling stages of regenerating aspens (either postfire or postharvest). In British Columbia overstocked juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands formed optimal snowshoe hare habitat.[28]

In western Washington, most unburned, burned, or scarified clearcuts will normally be fully occupied by snowshoe hares within four to five years, as vegetation becomes dense.[29] In older stands (more than 25 years), stem density begins to decline and cover for snowshoe hares decreases.[21] However, in north-central Washington, they may not colonize clearcuts until six or seven years, and it may take 20 to 25 years for their density to reach maximum. Winter snowshoe hare pellet counts were highest in 20-year-old lodgepole pine stands, lower in older lodgepole stands, and lowest in spruce-dominated stands.[21] In western Oregon, snowshoe hares were abundant only in early successional stages, including stable brushfields.[30] In west-central Oregon, an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was clearcut and monitored through 10 years of succession. A few snowshoe hares were noted in adjacent virgin forest plots; they represented widely scattered, sparse populations. One snowshoe hare was observed on the disturbed plot 2.5 years after it had been clearcut and burned; at this stage, ground cover was similar to that of the uncut forest. By 9 years after disturbance, snowshoe hare density had increased markedly.[31]

Snowshoe hare in coniferous forest.

In western Washington, snowshoe hares routinely used steep slopes where cover was adequate; most studies, however, suggest they tend to prefer gentle slopes.[29] Moonlight increases snowshoe hare vulnerability to predation, particularly in winter. They tend to avoid open areas during bright phases of the moon and during bright periods of a single night.[32] Their activity usually shifts from coniferous understories in winter to hardwood understories in summer.[33]

Vegetative structure plays an important role in the size of snowshoe hare home ranges. Snowshoe hares wander up to 5 miles (8 km) when food is scarce.[19] In Montana home ranges are smaller in brushy woods than in open woods. In Colorado and Utah, the average home range of both sexes was 20 acres (8.1 ha). On the Island of Montreal in Quebec, the average daily range for both sexes was 4 acres (1.6 ha) in old-field mixed woods. In Montana, the home range averaged 25 acres (10 ha) for males and 19 acres (7.6 ha) for females.[34] In Oregon the average snowshoe hare home range was 14.6 acres (5.9 ha).[35]

Cover requirements

Snowshoe hare in partly coniferous cover

Snowshoe hares require dense, brushy, usually coniferous cover; thermal and escape cover are especially important for young hares.[16] Low brush provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover. Heavy cover 10 feet (3 m) above ground provides protection from avian predators, and heavy cover 3.3 feet (1 m) tall provides cover from terrestrial predators. Overwinter survival increases with increased cover.[23] A wide variety of habitat types are used if cover is available. Base visibility in good snowshoe hare habitat ranges from 2% at 16.5 feet (5 m) distance to 0% at 66 feet (20 m). Travel cover is slightly more open, ranging from 14.7% visibility at 16.5 feet (5 m) to 2.6% at 66 feet (20 m). Areas with horizontal vegetation density of 40 to 100% at 50 feet (15 m) are adequate snowshoe hare habitat in Utah.[25]

Food habits

Snowshoe hares eat a variety of plant materials. Forage type varies with season. Succulent green vegetation is consumed when available from spring to fall; after the first frost, buds, twigs, evergreen needles, and bark form the bulk of snowshoe hare diets until spring greenup.[7][15] Snowshoe hares typically feed at night and follow well-worn forest paths to feed on various plants and trees.[36]

Winter

Snowshoe hare amid narrow woody stems bearing the marks of its teeth. In winter snow, appropriate stem diameters are essential browse.
Tracks of a hopping snowshoe hare in snow; rounder forefeet together, longer rear feet apart, forefeet together again.

Snowshoe hares prefer branches, twigs, and small stems up to 0.25 inch (6.3 mm) diameter; larger stems are sometimes used in winter.[16] In Yukon, they normally eat fast-growing birches and willows, and avoid spruce. At high densities, however, the apical shoots of small spruce are eaten.[20] The snowshoe hare winter diet is dominated by bog birch (Betula glandulosa), which is preferred but not always available. Greyleaf willow (Salix glauca) is eaten most often when bog birch is not available. Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) is the fourth most common diet item. White spruce (Picea glauca) is eaten, but not preferred. In Alaska, spruce, willows, and alders comprise 75% of snowshoe hare diets; spruce needles make up nearly 40% of the diet.[37] In northwestern Oregon, winter foods include needles and tender bark of Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla); leaves and green twigs of salal; buds, twigs, and bark of willows; and green herbs.[15] In north-central Washington, willows and birches are not plentiful; snowshoe hares browse the tips of lodgepole pine seedlings. In Utah, winter foods include Douglas-fir, willows, snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), maples, and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.). In Minnesota, aspens, willows, hazelnut (Corylus spp.), ferns (Pteridophyta spp.), birches, alders, sumacs (Rhus spp.), and strawberries (Fragaria spp.) are winter foods. Winter foods in New York include eastern white pine, red pine (Pinus resinosa), white spruce, paper birch, and aspens.[38] In Ontario, sugar maple (Acer saccharum), striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), red maple, other deciduous species, northern white-cedar (T. occidentalis), balsam fir, beaked hazelnut (C. cornuta), and buffaloberry were heavily barked.[39] In New Brunswick, snowshoe hares consumed northern white-cedar, spruces, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), balsam fir, mountain maple (A. spicatum), and many other species of browse. In Newfoundland, paper birch is preferred.[40][41] Further details on regional food preferences are summarized in Snowshoe hare and allies:[7]

Recent studies show that Snowshoe hares also eat meat including flesh from their own species.[41][42]

Spring, summer and autumn

Snowshoe hare eating grass in summer

In Alaska, snowshoe hares consume new leaves of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), new shoots of field horsetails (Equisetum arvense), and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) in spring. Grasses are not a major item due to low availability associated with sites that have adequate cover. In summer, leaves of willows, black spruce, birches, and bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) are also consumed. Black spruce is the most heavily used and the most common species in the area. Pen trials suggest black spruce is not actually preferred. Roses (Rosa spp.) were preferred, but a minor dietary item, as they were not common in the study area.[37] In northwest Oregon, summer foods include grasses, clovers (Trifolium spp.), other forbs, and some woody plants, including Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and young leaves and twigs of salal.[15] In Minnesota, aspens, willows, grasses, birches, alders, sumacs, and strawberries are consumed when green.[38] In Ontario, summer diets consist of clovers, grasses, and forbs.[39]

Predators

Fox with a snowshoe hare in its mouth

The snowshoe hare is a major prey item for a number of predators. Its foremost predator is the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), but other predators include bobcats (L. rufus), fishers (Pekania pennanti), American martens (Martes americana), Pacific martens, (M. caurina), long-tailed weasels (Neogale frenata), minks (N. vison), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), coyote (Canis latrans), domestic dogs (C. familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus), wolves (Canis lupus), cougars (Puma concolor), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), barred owls (Strix varia), spotted owls (S. occidentalis), other owls, red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other hawks (Buteonidae), golden eagles (Aquila chryseatos), as well as corvids.[7][15][16] Other predators include black bears (Ursus americanus).[7] In Glacier National Park snowshoe hares are a prey item of Rocky Mountain wolves (Canis lupus irremotus).[43]

Vulnerability to climate change

The habitat for some snowshoe hares has changed dramatically, leaving some habitats without snow for longer periods than previously.[44] Some hares have adapted and stay brown all winter. Others, however, continue to turn white in winter. These hares are at an increased risk of being hunted and killed because they are no longer camouflaged.[45] Many people in the scientific community believe that snowshoe hare populations are at risk of crashing unless interbreeding speeds up the process of evolution to year-round brown. Other species who rely on the hare as part of their diet are also at risk.[46][47]

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Lepus americanus. United States Department of Agriculture.

  1. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Mills, L.; Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41273A45185466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41273A45185466.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Snowshoe Hare". eNature: FieldGuides. 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  4. ^ Krebs, C. J.; Boonstra, R.; Boutin, S.; Sinclair, A. R. (2001). "What Drives the 10-year Cycle of Snowshoe Hares?" (PDF). AIBS Bulletin. 51 (1): 25–35.
  5. ^ Krebs, Charles & Myers, Judy (12 July 2014). "The Snowshoe Hare 10-year Cycle – A Cautionary Tale". Ecological Rants. University of British Columbia. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Predators and their prey". BBC Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bittner, Steven L.; Rongstad, Orrin J. (1982). "Snowshoe hare and allies". In: Chapman, J. A.; Feldhamer, C. A., eds. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and economies. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 146–163. ISBN 0801823536.
  8. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  9. ^ Hall, E. Raymond. (1981). The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-930665-31-8.
  10. ^ Shefferly, Nancy. "Lepus americanus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  11. ^ Northwest wildlife preservation society. "Snowshoe hare" (PDF).
  12. ^ Harper, Kimball T.; Wagstaff, Fred J.; Kunzler, Lynn M. (1985). Biology management of the Gambel oak vegetative type: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-179. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
  13. ^ Brown, David E. (1982). Brown, David E. (ed.). "Subalpine scrub" [Biotic communities of the American Southwest—United States and Mexico] (PDF). Desert Plants. 4 (1–4): 81.
  14. ^ Pietz, Pamela J.; Tester, John R. (1983). "Habitat selection by snowshoe hares in North Central Minnesota". Journal of Wildlife Management. 47 (3): 686–696. doi:10.2307/3808604. JSTOR 3808604.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Maser, Chris; Mate, Bruce R.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. (1981). Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
  16. ^ a b c d e Giusti, Gregory A.; Schmidt, Robert H.; Timm, Robert M. et al. (1992). "The lagomorphs: rabbits, hares, and pika". In: Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 289–307.
  17. ^ Rongstad, Orrin J.; Tester, John R. (1971). "Behavior and maternal relations of young snowshoe hares". Journal of Wildlife Management. 35 (2): 338–346. doi:10.2307/3799610. JSTOR 3799610.
  18. ^ O'Donoghue, Mark (1994). "Early survival of juvenile snowshoe hares". Ecology. 75 (6): 1582–1592. doi:10.2307/1939619. JSTOR 1939619.
  19. ^ a b Banfield, A. W. F. (1974). The mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
  20. ^ a b Sinclair, A. R.; Gosline, J. M.; Holdsworth, G.; Krebs, C. J.; Boutin, S.; Smith, J. N.; Boonstra, R.; Dale, M. (1993). "Can the solar cycle and climate synchronize the snowshoe hare cycle in Canada? Evidence from tree rings and ice cores". The American Naturalist. 141 (2): 173–198. doi:10.1086/285468. hdl:1807/443. PMID 19426078. S2CID 36401789.
  21. ^ a b c Koehler, Gary M. (1990). "Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hares in north central Washington". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (5): 845–851. doi:10.1139/z90-122.
  22. ^ Pease, James L.; Vowles, Richard H.; Keith, Lloyd B. (1979). "Interaction of snowshoe hares and woody vegetation". Journal of Wildlife Management. 43 (1): 43–6. doi:10.2307/3800634. JSTOR 3800634.
  23. ^ a b Litvaitis, John A.; Sherburne, James A.; Bissonette, John A. (1985). "Influence of understory characteristics on snowshoe hare habitat use and density". Journal of Wildlife Management. 49 (4): 866–873. doi:10.2307/3801359. JSTOR 3801359.
  24. ^ Litvaitis, John A. (1990). "Differential habitat use by sexes of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (4): 520–523. doi:10.2307/1381790. JSTOR 1381790.
  25. ^ a b Wolfe, Michael L.; Debyle, Norbert V.; Winchell, Clark S.; McCabe, Thomas R. (1982). "Snowshoe hare cover relationships in northern Utah". Journal of Wildlife Management. 46 (3): 662–670. doi:10.2307/3808557. JSTOR 3808557.
  26. ^ DeGraaf, Richard M.; Yamasaki, Mariko; Leak, William B.; Lanier, John W. (1992). New England wildlife: management of forested habitats. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-144. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
  27. ^ Monthey, Roger W. (1986). "Responses of snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, to timber harvesting in northern Maine". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 100 (4): 568–570.
  28. ^ Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S. (1988). "Influence of stand thinning on snowshoe hare population dynamics and feeding damage in lodgepole pine forest". Journal of Applied Ecology. 25 (3): 791–805. doi:10.2307/2403746. JSTOR 2403746.
  29. ^ a b Campbell, Dan L. (1982). "Influence of site preparation on animal use and animal damage to tree seedlings". In: Baumgartner, David M., compiler. Site preparation and fuels management on steep terrain: Proceedings of a symposium; 1982 February 15–17; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 93–101
  30. ^ Allen, Hollis Howard. (1969). The inter-relationship of salmonberry and Douglas-fir in cutover areas. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University
  31. ^ Gashwiler, Jay S. (1970). "Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon". Ecology. 51 (6): 1018–1026. doi:10.2307/1933628. JSTOR 1933628.
  32. ^ Gilbert, B. Scott; Boutin, Stan (1991). "Effect of moonlight on winter activity of snowshoe hares". Arctic and Alpine Research. 23 (1): 61–65. doi:10.2307/1551438. JSTOR 1551438.
  33. ^ O'Donoghue, Mark (1983). "Seasonal habitat selection by snowshoe hare in eastern Maine". Transactions, Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society. 40: 100–107.
  34. ^ Adams, Lowell (1959). "An analysis of a population of snowshoe hares in northwestern Montana". Ecological Monographs. 29 (2): 148–153. doi:10.2307/1942201. JSTOR 1942201.
  35. ^ O'Farrell, Thomas P. (1965). "Home range and ecology of snowshoe hares in interior Alaska". Journal of Mammalogy. 46 (3): 406–418. doi:10.2307/1377626. JSTOR 1377626.
  36. ^ Snowshoe Hares, Snowshoe Hare Pictures, Snowshoe Hare Facts – National Geographic. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-11.
  37. ^ a b Wolff, Jerry O (1978). "Food habits of snowshoe hare in interior Alaska". Journal of Wildlife Management. 42 (1): 148–153. doi:10.2307/3800702. JSTOR 3800702.
  38. ^ a b Martin, Alexander C.; Zim, Herbert S.; Nelson, Arnold L. (1951). American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
  39. ^ a b de Vos, Antoon (1964). "Food utilization of snowshoe hares on Mantioulin Island, Ontario". Journal of Forestry. 62: 238–244.
  40. ^ Dodds, Donald G. (1960). "Food competition and range relationships of moose and snowshoe hare in Newfoundland". Journal of Wildlife Management. 24 (1): 52–60. doi:10.2307/3797356. JSTOR 3797356.
  41. ^ a b "Adorable snowshoe hares found to routinely feast on their own dead: study". National Post. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  42. ^ "Hares are cannibals and eat meat, surprising photos reveal". National Geographic.com. 11 January 2019.
  43. ^ Herman, Margaret, Willard, E. Earl. (1978). Rocky Mountain wolf and its habitat. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Forest System Cooperative Forestry, Forestry Research, Region
  44. ^ "Evolutionary clock ticks for snowshoe hares facing climate change". Phys.org. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  45. ^ DIEP, FRANCIE. "CLIMATE CHANGE IS DEADLY FOR SNOWSHOE HARES". PSmag.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  46. ^ "Hurry up and evolve". AnimalRightsChannel.com. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  47. ^ "Lynx-Snowshoe Hare Cycle". Environment and Natural Resources. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

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Snowshoe hare: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), also called the varying hare or snowshoe rabbit, is a species of hare found in North America. It has the name "snowshoe" because of the large size of its hind feet. The animal's feet prevent it from sinking into the snow when it hops and walks. Its feet also have fur on the soles to protect it from freezing temperatures.

For camouflage, its fur turns white during the winter and rusty brown during the summer. Its flanks are white year-round. The snowshoe hare is also distinguishable by the black tufts of fur on the edge of its ears. Its ears are shorter than those of most other hares.

In summer, it feeds on plants such as grass, ferns, and leaves; in winter, it eats twigs, the bark from trees, and plants and, similar to the Arctic hare, has been known to occasionally eat dead animals. It can sometimes be seen feeding in small groups. This animal is mainly active at night and does not hibernate. The snowshoe hare may have up to four litters in a year, which average three to eight young. Males compete for females, and females may breed with several males.

A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. Historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle, which has made the hare known to biology students worldwide as a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey.

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Neĝoŝua leporo ( Esperanto )

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La Neĝoŝua leporo (Lepus americanus), nomata ankaŭ Varia leporo, estas specio de mamulo de la ordo de lagomorfoj de la familio de Leporedoj kiu troviĝas en norda Nordameriko. Ĝi havas la nomon "Neĝoŝua leporo" pro la grando de siaj malantaŭaj piedoj kaj la markoj kiujn ĝia vosto faras. La piedoj de la animalo malhelpas sian enprofundiĝon en neĝo kiam ĝi saltas kaj piediras. La piedoj havas ankaŭ felon en polmoj por protektiĝi el frostaj temperaturoj.

Aspekto

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Vintra formo

Por kamuflado, ties felo turniĝas blanken dumvintre kaj ruĝecbrunen dumsomere. Ties flankoj estas blankaj la tutan jaron. La Neĝoŝua leporo estas ankaŭ distingebla pro la nigraj tufoj de felo sur la bordo de la oreloj. La oreloj estas pli mallongaj ol tiuj de plej parto de aliaj leporoj.

Kutimoj

Somere ili manĝas plantojn kiaj herbo, filiko kaj folioj; vintre ili manĝas bastonetojn, arboŝelon kaj burĝonojn el floroj kaj plantoj kaj, same kiel la Arkta leporo, oni scias ke ĝi manĝis kadavraĵojn el kaptitaj predoj.[1] Leporoj estas kanibalaj laŭ disponeblo de mortintaj samspecianoj, kaj oni scias, ke ĝi manĝas mortintajn rodulojn kiaj muŝoj pro malalta disponeblo de proteinoj en herbomanĝanta dieto. Ĝi estis foje vidata manĝanta en etaj grupoj. Tiu animalo estas ĉefe aktiva dumnokte kaj ne vintrodormas.

La Neĝoŝua leporo povas havi ĝis kvar naskarojn jare de averaĝe 3 al 8 idoj. Maskloj konkurencaj por inoj kaj inoj povas pariĝi kun kelkaj maskloj.

Subspecioj

Oni agnoskas 6 subspeciojn de tiu nearktisa specio :

  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus virginianus

Disvastiĝo

Ĝia teritorio enhavas preskaŭ la tutajn Kanadon kaj Alaskon, escepte la plej nordaj bordoj, nordokcidentan Usonon kaj iom pli sude laŭ la montoĉenoj ĝis norda Arizono kaj centra Kalifornio kaj montaron de nordorienta Usono en Apalaĉoj.

Referencoj

  1. Snowshoe Hare (HTML). eNature: FieldGuides. eNature.com (2007). Alirita 2008-03-23.

Vidu ankaŭ

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Neĝoŝua leporo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Neĝoŝua leporo (Lepus americanus), nomata ankaŭ Varia leporo, estas specio de mamulo de la ordo de lagomorfoj de la familio de Leporedoj kiu troviĝas en norda Nordameriko. Ĝi havas la nomon "Neĝoŝua leporo" pro la grando de siaj malantaŭaj piedoj kaj la markoj kiujn ĝia vosto faras. La piedoj de la animalo malhelpas sian enprofundiĝon en neĝo kiam ĝi saltas kaj piediras. La piedoj havas ankaŭ felon en polmoj por protektiĝi el frostaj temperaturoj.

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Lepus americanus ( kastilia )

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La liebre americana (Lepus americanus) es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae propia de Norteamérica.[1]​ Tiene unas grandes patas posteriores que le sirven para no hundirse en la nieve cuando salta o camina. Sus patas también están recubiertas de pelo en la planta para evitar que se congelen.

Para camuflarse su pelo se vuelve blanco durante el invierno y marrón durante el verano. Sus flancos siempre son blancos. También se le puede distinguir por los pelos negros que tiene alrededor de las orejas. Sus orejas son más cortas que la mayoría de las liebres.

En verano, su base alimenticia son plantas, como hierba, helechos u hojas. Y en invierno se alimenta de ramas, la corteza de los árboles, y los capullos de flores y plantas. Junto con las liebres árticas, se ha llegado a saber que pueden llegar a comerse carne robada puesta como cebo de trampas e incluso pueden llegar a comerse a sus congéneres muertos, así como roedores muertos, debido a la escasa disponibilidad de proteínas en su dieta. A veces se ve la alimentación en grupos pequeños. Este animal es principalmente nocturno y no hiberna.

Pueden reproducirse hasta 4 veces al año, y suelen tener entre 2 y 4 crías en cada camada.

Subespecies

Hay seis subespecies de esta liebre:

Referencias

  1. Lagomorph Specialist Group (1996). «Lepus americanus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 29-09-2008. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern

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Lepus americanus: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

La liebre americana (Lepus americanus) es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae propia de Norteamérica.​ Tiene unas grandes patas posteriores que le sirven para no hundirse en la nieve cuando salta o camina. Sus patas también están recubiertas de pelo en la planta para evitar que se congelen.

Para camuflarse su pelo se vuelve blanco durante el invierno y marrón durante el verano. Sus flancos siempre son blancos. También se le puede distinguir por los pelos negros que tiene alrededor de las orejas. Sus orejas son más cortas que la mayoría de las liebres.

En verano, su base alimenticia son plantas, como hierba, helechos u hojas. Y en invierno se alimenta de ramas, la corteza de los árboles, y los capullos de flores y plantas. Junto con las liebres árticas, se ha llegado a saber que pueden llegar a comerse carne robada puesta como cebo de trampas e incluso pueden llegar a comerse a sus congéneres muertos, así como roedores muertos, debido a la escasa disponibilidad de proteínas en su dieta. A veces se ve la alimentación en grupos pequeños. Este animal es principalmente nocturno y no hiberna.

Pueden reproducirse hasta 4 veces al año, y suelen tener entre 2 y 4 crías en cada camada.

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Lepus americanus ( baski )

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Lepus americanus Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Erxleben (1777) 1 Syst. Regni Anim. 330. or..
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Lepus americanus: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Lepus americanus Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Lumikenkäjänis

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Lumikenkäjänis (Lepus americanus) on varsinaisten jänisten sukuun kuuluva, pohjoisamerikkalainen jäniseläinlaji. Laji on yleinen Alaskassa, Kanadassa, Yhdysvaltain pohjoisosissa ja Kalliovuorilla.

Nimensä lumikenkäjänis on saanut takakäpälistään, joiden anturat ovat pitkien jäykkien karvojen peittämät ja levittäytyvät lumikenkien tapaan niin että lumi kannattaa eläintä paremmin. Korvat ovat lyhyemmät kuin useimmilla muilla jäniksillä.

Metsäjäniksen tapaan lumikenkäjänis vaihtaa väriä vuodenajan mukaan ja on talvella valkoinen. Korvien kärjet ovat kuitenkin tunnusomaisesti mustat myös talvella.

Lumikenkäjänis on tunnettu populaatiosykleistään. Jänisten runsaus vaihtelee voimakkaasti muutaman vuoden jaksoissa. Vaihtelut ovat voimakkaampia pohjoisessa kuin etelässä.

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Talviasu.


Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. Murray, D. & Smith, A.T: Lepus americanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.7.2014. (englanniksi)
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Lumikenkäjänis: Brief Summary

tarjonnut wikipedia FI

Lumikenkäjänis (Lepus americanus) on varsinaisten jänisten sukuun kuuluva, pohjoisamerikkalainen jäniseläinlaji. Laji on yleinen Alaskassa, Kanadassa, Yhdysvaltain pohjoisosissa ja Kalliovuorilla.

Nimensä lumikenkäjänis on saanut takakäpälistään, joiden anturat ovat pitkien jäykkien karvojen peittämät ja levittäytyvät lumikenkien tapaan niin että lumi kannattaa eläintä paremmin. Korvat ovat lyhyemmät kuin useimmilla muilla jäniksillä.

Metsäjäniksen tapaan lumikenkäjänis vaihtaa väriä vuodenajan mukaan ja on talvella valkoinen. Korvien kärjet ovat kuitenkin tunnusomaisesti mustat myös talvella.

Lumikenkäjänis on tunnettu populaatiosykleistään. Jänisten runsaus vaihtelee voimakkaasti muutaman vuoden jaksoissa. Vaihtelut ovat voimakkaampia pohjoisessa kuin etelässä.

 src= Talviasu.


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Lièvre d'Amérique ( ranska )

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Lepus americanus

Le Lièvre d'Amérique, Lièvre variable ou Lièvre à raquettes (Lepus americanus) est un petit mammifère de l'ordre des lagomorphes, de la famille des léporidés et du genre Lepus[1]. Il est largement répandu aux États-Unis et au Canada. La femelle du lièvre d'Amérique s'appelle la hase et le petit le levraut.

Bien qu'il n'ait aucune valeur commerciale pour sa fourrure et très peu pour sa viande, il est très apprécié par les chasseurs de petit gibier, car il est relativement facile à chasser grâce aux traces qu'il laisse derrière lui dans la neige. Il porte d'ailleurs aussi le nom de « Lièvre à raquettes », surtout aux États-Unis sous la forme anglaise de Snowshoe hare, à cause des traces de ses pattes arrière.

Description

Le pelage du Lièvre d'Amérique est de couleur brun grisâtre durant la saison estivale et il devient blanc pour la saison hivernale[1]. En fait, le lièvre d'Amérique mue deux fois par année, une fois l'automne entre août et septembre et une fois au printemps entre mars et avril. C'est ce qui entraine ce changement saisonnier de la couleur de son pelage. Ce changement se manifeste par le remplacement des jarres extérieurs. Son pelage est composé de trois couches de poils : un duvet de couleur gris ardoise qui est dense et soyeux, des poils plus longs aux extrémités beige jaunâtre ainsi que de longs jarres plus raides. Un bon moyen de le différencier du Lièvre arctique en dehors de sa plus petite taille est le fait que la base des poils du Lièvre d'Amérique demeure foncée même en hiver[1]. La couleur de la queue est aussi un bon moyen. En effet, la queue du Lièvre arctique est blanche même en été tandis que la queue du Lièvre d'Amérique est brune durant la même saison[1]. La queue du Lièvre d'Europe est noire[1].

En outre, le nombre de jours d'hiver avec une importante couverture neigeuse diminue. Cela créé donc une discordance entre le pelage du lièvre d'Amérique et son environnement. Ainsi, après la mue d'automne, son pelage blanc détonne sur un paysage non-enneigé. Cela pose des problèmes dans les relations proie-prédateur car ainsi le lièvre est beaucoup plus facilement repérable[2].

Le Lièvre d'Amérique a une longueur totale de 38 à 50,6 cm incluant une queue de 2,5 à 4,5 cm de long et une hauteur à l'épaule entre 20 et 22 cm[1]. Ses pieds mesurent entre 12 et 15 cm[1]. Le Lièvre d'Amérique a les oreilles plus petites que la plupart des autres lièvres. Celles-ci mesurent entre 62 et 68 mm[1]. Les individus adultes ont un poids allant de 1,3 à 2,3 kg tandis que les nouveau-nés pèsent entre 50 et 96 g[1]. Les femelles sont souvent légèrement plus grosse que les mâles.

La longévité du lièvre ne dépasse que rarement 5 ans dû à leurs nombreux prédateurs[1]. Son principal prédateur est le lynx du Canada[1]. La liste de ses prédateurs comprend la belette, le coyote, la loutre de rivière, le renard roux et le vison d'Amérique[1]. Elle comprend aussi des oiseaux de proie tels que l'autour, la buse à queue rousse, la buse pattue, le faucon gerfaut, le grand-duc et le harfang des neiges[1]. Il arrive aussi qu'il soit la victime d'un chat domestique[1].

Les populations de Lièvres d'Amérique subissent des fluctuations cycliques qui atteignent leur sommet sur un cyle de dix ans[1].

Comportement

Le Lièvre d'Amérique vit de manière solitaire et sédentaire sur un domaine de deux à seize hectares[1]. Il marque clairement des sentiers qui forment un réseau à l'intérieur de son domaine pour se déplacer entre les secteurs de repos et les secteurs d'alimentation[1]. D'ailleurs, ces sentiers sont facilement observables en hiver avec les traces laissées dans la neige. Il demeure caché sous les branches basses, des arbres tombés ou des débris de coupe toute la longueur de la journée[1]. Il tolère la présence de ses congénères bien que des affrontements surviennent surtout en période de rut[1].

Il peut faire des bonds jusqu'à 3 mètres et atteindre une vitesse de 45 km/h.

Dynamique de populations

 src=
Nombre de fourrures vendues par les trappeurs au comptoir de la Baie d'Hudson (sur environ 90 ans) pour le lièvre américain et son principal prédateur le lynx canadien

Cette espèce connait comme de nombreuses espèces de rongeurs des pays nordiques une dynamique de population aux cycles très marqués.

Comme le montre le schéma de gauche (d'après des archives statistiques collectées par Odum, et publiées en 1953)[3], la proie et le prédateur ont une dynamique de population cyclique et qui semblent en interactions durables.

Il a été récemment montré que ce schéma reflète aussi fortement les effets locaux et cycliques de l'ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), susceptible d'affecter la fitness des lièvres et d'autres espèces lors des hivers plus rigoureux[4] explique en partie ce cycle[5].

Habitat et répartition

 src=
Lièvre d'Amérique dans le parc national Olympique aux États-Unis

On retrouve le Lièvre d'Amérique sur tout le territoire canadien à l'exception de la toundra et aux États-Unis jusqu'au nord du New Jersey à l'est, jusqu'au nord du Michigan et du Minnesota au centre ainsi que jusqu'au nord de la Californie et du Nouveau-Mexique à l'ouest[1]. Il a été introduit sur l'île de Terre-Neuve vers 1870[1].

Le Lièvre d'Amérique vit dans la forêt boréale. On le trouve dans les zones où poussent de jeunes conifères comme les secteurs de repousse, les bordures de cours d'eau, les taillis et les broussailles[1]. On peut aussi le trouver dans les clairières et les marécages[1]. Il préfère les zones ayant un sous-étage dense ou une couche de plantes sous le couvert principal. Cela le protège de ses prédateurs et de plus, il peut se nourrir de ces plantes. Pour s'abriter, le lièvre se cache dans des broussailles appelées « gîtes », il n'a pas de terrier[1]. Pour l'hiver, il se cache parfois dans des terriers abandonnés par d'autres animaux où il se protège avec les rameaux des conifères dans son entourage.

Alimentation

Le Lièvre d'Amérique est herbivore. Pendant l'été, il se nourrit principalement de plantes herbacées. Il mange aussi des feuilles d'arbustes et certains autres herbes comme le lupin, l'épilobe et la vesce. Pendant l'hiver, il se contente de petits morceaux d'écorces ou de bourgeons. Lepus americanus à besoin de 200 g à 300 g de nourriture par jour pour être en bonne santé. Il boit peu, cela lui est très utile pendant la saison hivernale.

Reproduction

Le Lièvre d'Amérique a de trois à quatre portées par année comportant chacune d'un à neuf levrauts, mais, en général, de deux à six[1]. Sa période de reproduction s'étire de la fin du mois de mars jusqu'en juin[1]. La période de gestation dure 36 ou 37 jours[1]. À sa naissance, le levraut pèse de 45 à 74 g et croît de 450 g par mois pour atteindre l'âge adulte après 5 mois. Les femelles aménagent un petit nid d'herbes dans un endroit abrité pour leurs levrauts[1].

Relations avec l'homme

Le Lièvre d'Amérique est chassé pour sa fourrure[1]. Il est aussi chassé pour sa chair. Son statut est considéré comme étant de préoccupation mineure par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature[6].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab et ac Mammifères du Québec et de l'est du Canada, p. 87-89
  2. Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration L. Scott Millsa,1, Marketa Zimovaa , Jared Oylerb , Steven Runningb , John T. Abatzoglouc , and Paul M. Lukacsa
  3. Odum EP (1953) Fundamentals of ecology. WB Saunders, Philadephia
  4. Udvardy, M. F. (1959). Notes on the ecological concepts of habitat, biotope and niche. Ecology, 725-728.
  5. Zhang Z, Tao Y & Li Z (2007) Factors affecting hare-lynx dynamics in the classic time series of the Hudson Bay Company, Canada. Climate Research, 34(2), 83.
  6. UICN

Annexes

Ouvrage

Références taxinomiques

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Lièvre d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Lepus americanus

Le Lièvre d'Amérique, Lièvre variable ou Lièvre à raquettes (Lepus americanus) est un petit mammifère de l'ordre des lagomorphes, de la famille des léporidés et du genre Lepus. Il est largement répandu aux États-Unis et au Canada. La femelle du lièvre d'Amérique s'appelle la hase et le petit le levraut.

Bien qu'il n'ait aucune valeur commerciale pour sa fourrure et très peu pour sa viande, il est très apprécié par les chasseurs de petit gibier, car il est relativement facile à chasser grâce aux traces qu'il laisse derrière lui dans la neige. Il porte d'ailleurs aussi le nom de « Lièvre à raquettes », surtout aux États-Unis sous la forme anglaise de Snowshoe hare, à cause des traces de ses pattes arrière.

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Giorria Meiriceánach ( Iiri )

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Is ainmhí beag é an giorria Meiriceánach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Snjóþrúguhéri ( islanti )

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Snjóþrúguhéri (fræðiheiti: Lepus americanus) er hérategund sem finnst í Norður-Ameríku, aðallega í barrskógabeltinu. Útbreiðsla er frá Nýfundnalandi og vestur til Alaska, suður til Kaliforníu, Utah og New Mexico. Einnig finnst hann í Appalasíu-fjöllum í Norður-Karólínu og Tennessee. Snjóþrúguhéri er aðallega á ferðinni í rökkri og á nóttunni. Hann er virkur allt árið.

Eyru hérans eru minni en á flestum hérum. Svartar rendur eru á efri hluta þeirra. Mataræði er aðallega jurtatengt (víðilauf og fræ úr könglum) en tegundin á til að éta hræ af öðrum dýrum, aðallega músum.

Kvendýrið getur gotið allt að fjórum sinnum á ári og berjast karldýrin um kvendýrin. Gaupa er helsti óvinur snjóþrúguhéra og stofnar beggja tegunda sveiflast saman. Önnur spendýr, stór sem lítil éta snjóþrúguhéra og einnig ránfuglar: Uglur, ernir og haukar.

Snjóþrúgan vísar til stórra fóta hérans en stærðin hindrað að hann sökkvi í snjóinn. Snjóþrúguhéri er ryðbrúnn á sumrin en verður hvítur á veturna. Kviðurinn helst hvítur á sumrin þó.

Snjóþrúguhéra er stundum ruglað saman við snæhéra á íslensku. [2]

Undirtegundir

  • Lepus americanus americanus (Erxleben) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana og Norður-Dakóta
  • L. a. cascadensis (Nelson) – Breska Kólumbía and Washingtonfylki
  • L. a. columbiensis (Rhoads) – Breska Kólumbía , Alberta og Washingtonfylki
  • L. a. dalli (Merriam) – Breska Kólumbía , Alaska, Júkon
  • L. a. klamathensis (Merriam) – Oregon and Kalifornía
  • L. a. oregonus (Orr) – Oregon
  • L. a. pallidus (Cowan) – Breska Kólumbía
  • L. a. phaeonotus (J. A. Allen) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin og Minnesota
  • L. a. pineus (Dalquest) – Breska Kólumbía, Idaho, and Washingtonfylki
  • L. a. seclusus (Baker and Hankins) – Wyoming
  • L. a. struthopus (Bangs) – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec og Maine
  • L. a. tahoensis (Orr) – Kalifornía, vestur-Nevada
  • L. a. virginianus (Harlan) – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vestur-Virginía, Virginía, Norður-Karólína og Tennessee
  • L. a. washingtonii (Baird) – Breska Kólumbía, Washingtonfylki, and Oregon

Heimild

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist

Fyrirmynd greinarinnar var „Snowshoe Hare“ á ensku útgáfu Wikipedia. Sótt 15. feb. 2017.

Tilvísanir

  1. Snið:IUCN2009.2
  2. Gætu snæhérar lifað á Íslandi? Vísindavefur. Skoðað 15. feb, 2017.
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Snjóþrúguhéri: Brief Summary ( islanti )

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Snjóþrúguhéri (fræðiheiti: Lepus americanus) er hérategund sem finnst í Norður-Ameríku, aðallega í barrskógabeltinu. Útbreiðsla er frá Nýfundnalandi og vestur til Alaska, suður til Kaliforníu, Utah og New Mexico. Einnig finnst hann í Appalasíu-fjöllum í Norður-Karólínu og Tennessee. Snjóþrúguhéri er aðallega á ferðinni í rökkri og á nóttunni. Hann er virkur allt árið.

Eyru hérans eru minni en á flestum hérum. Svartar rendur eru á efri hluta þeirra. Mataræði er aðallega jurtatengt (víðilauf og fræ úr könglum) en tegundin á til að éta hræ af öðrum dýrum, aðallega músum.

Kvendýrið getur gotið allt að fjórum sinnum á ári og berjast karldýrin um kvendýrin. Gaupa er helsti óvinur snjóþrúguhéra og stofnar beggja tegunda sveiflast saman. Önnur spendýr, stór sem lítil éta snjóþrúguhéra og einnig ránfuglar: Uglur, ernir og haukar.

Snjóþrúgan vísar til stórra fóta hérans en stærðin hindrað að hann sökkvi í snjóinn. Snjóþrúguhéri er ryðbrúnn á sumrin en verður hvítur á veturna. Kviðurinn helst hvítur á sumrin þó.

Snjóþrúguhéra er stundum ruglað saman við snæhéra á íslensku.

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Lepus americanus ( Italia )

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La lepre scarpa da neve (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.

Distribuzione

Con numerose sottospecie (Lepus americanus americanus, Lepus americanus bairdii, Lepus americanus cascadensis, Lepus americanus dalli, Lepus americanus struthopus e Lepus americanus virginianus), questi animali sono diffusi in Canada e nella parte settentrionale degli Stati Uniti, con l'areale che scende a sud lungo le Montagne Rocciose e gli Appalachi. Il loro habitat naturale è costituito dai campi aperti e dai boschi radi di conifere, ma si spinge anche nelle paludi.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura circa 45 cm di lunghezza (cui si aggiungono fino a 5 cm di coda), per un peso che raggiunge il chilogrammo e mezzo.

Aspetto

 src=
Un esemplare con mantello estivo.
 src=
Un esemplare con mantello invernale.

Il pelo è corto ed assai folto, e va a ricoprire anche la pianta dei piedi: da questa caratteristica, che permette all'animale di non affondare nella neve durante l'inverno e di isolare termicamente le zampe, deriva il nome comune di "scarpa da neve". Questi animali presentano due colorazioni del mantello a seconda della stagione:

  • in estate, il pelo è di color ruggine o grigio bruno sul dorso, con brizzolature nere sul dorso ed una linea scura che dalla nuca raggiunge la coda, mentre i fianchi sono marroncini ed il ventre biancastro. La testa e le zampe sono di color cannella, mentre le orecchie hanno bordi di colore marrone chiaro e punte nere;
  • in inverno, invece, il pelo è bianco sulla maggior parte del corpo, fatta eccezione per le palpebre e la punta delle orecchie, che sono nere.

Per completare la muta, l'animale impiega circa due mesi e mezzo: parrebbe che l'inizio di ciascuna muta venga innescato dal fotoperiodo. Sorprendentemente, i peli del manto invernale e quelli del manto estivo hanno origine da follicoli differenti.
A parità d'età, i maschi sono leggermente più piccoli delle femmine, come avviene nella maggior parte delle specie di lepre.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali solitari, che delimitano un territorio di circa 0,05 km², tuttavia periodicamente li si trova a densità assai elevate, coi territori che si sovrappongono. Le lepri scarpa da neve sono attive quando la luce è ancora bassa, all'alba ed al tramonto, ma durante le giornate nuvolose le si può vedere anche durante il giorno. Questi animali sono soliti muoversi nel proprio territorio seguendo dei percorsi ben definiti, riconoscibili per l'assenza di vegetazione lungo di essi.
Questi animali sono amanti dei bagni di polvere, che li aiutano a mantenere il pelo libero da parassiti: sono inoltre ottimi nuotatori, e gli esemplari che vivono in ambienti acquitrinosi sono soliti gettarsi in acqua per sfuggire ai predatori. Il metodo più utilizzato quando sentono la presenza di un intruso potenzialmente pericoloso, tuttavia, tendono prima di tutto ad immobilizzarsi, riponendo le proprie speranze nel proprio mantello mimetico: qualora avvistate, fuggono velocemente saltellando a zig-zag per confondere il predatore. Gli esemplari più anziani tendono a fuggire immediatamente, senza immobilizzarsi.

Alimentazione

Le lepri scarpa da neve sono animali erbivori che si nutrono di erbe e germogli durante l'estate, mentre durante la stagione invernale ripiegano su cibo proveniente dalle piante sempreverdi. In alcuni casi, questi animali sono stati osservati praticare il cannibalismo durante i mesi più freddi, nutrendosi delle carcasse di conspecifici[1].

Riproduzione

La stagione riproduttiva di questi animali va da marzo ad agosto, con la femmina che dà alla luce una cucciolata al mese. Quando la femmina è in estro, si raccolgono attorno a lei gruppetti di maschi: ciascun maschio copula con quante più femmine possibile, così come ciascuna femmina viene montata da più maschi. Tuttavia, nelle imminenze del parto, le femmina diventa assai aggressiva ed allontana violentemente i corteggiatori, mentre alla fine di agosto i testicoli del maschio regrediscono ed esso perde l'interesse per le femmine.
I cuccioli, in media tre o quattro per nidiata, vengono dati alla luce in una sorta di tana costruita dalla femmina accumulando steli d'erba in una buca: essi vengono svezzati a tre settimane di vita e raggiungono la maturità sessuale attorno all'anno d'età.
I cuccioli nati verso la fine della stagione riproduttiva tendono ad avere dimensioni maggiori rispetto a quelli nati all'inizio della stessa[2]: in ogni caso, i cuccioli nascono già ricoperti di peli e con gli occhi aperti, e sono in grado di muoversi piuttosto velocemente. Essi si nascondono in luoghi diversi, per riunirsi all'arrivo della madre e poppare il latte.

La speranza di vita di questi animali è di circa cinque anni: solo il 15% degli individui nati ogni anno, tuttavia, sopravvive al primo anno di vita.

Note

  1. ^ Snowshoe Hare, su eNature: FieldGuides, eNature.com, 2007. URL consultato il 23 marzo 2008.
  2. ^ Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 16, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_americanus.html.

Bibliografia

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La lepre scarpa da neve (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.

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Amerikinis baltasis kiškis ( Liettua )

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Binomas Lepus americanus

Amerikinis baltasis kiškis (lot. Lepus americanus, angl. Snowshoe hare) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis. Aptinkamas tik kai kuriose Šiaurės Amerikos vietovėse.

Fizinės savybės

Amerikiniai baltieji kiškiai užauga 40–52 cm ilgio. Užpakalinės kojos ilgos, masyvios. Ausų ilgis – apie 7 cm. Svoris dažniausiai siekia apie 1,5 kg. Patinai šiek tiek mažesni už pateles. Vasarą kailis žilai rudas arba pilkai rudas su juoda linija ant nugaros. Šonai šviesesni, pilvas baltas. Kojos ir snukelis – cinamono atspalvio. Ausys rudos su juodomis viršūnėlėms, baltais arba kreminio atspalvio pakraščiais. Žiemą amerikinis kiškis tampa visiškai baltas, juodi lieka tik akių vokai ir ausų galiukai. Žiemą kiškio užpakalinės letenos tankiai apauga standžiais plaukais. Maži kiškiukai jau gimsta visiškai apžėlę plaukais.

Buveinė

Amerikinis baltasis kiškis gyvena atviruose laukuose, nedirbamuose krūmynuose šalia laukų, prie pelkių, tankiai apžėlusių upių pakrantėse, kedrynuose, spygliuočių žemumose.

Gyvena visoje Kanadoje, Aliaskoje, šiaurinėse JAV teritorijose. Aptinkami Siera Nevados, Uolinių kalnų bei Apalačų masyvuose.

Veisimasis

Dauginimosi sezonas prasideda kovo viduryje ir tęsiasi iki rugpjūčio mėnesio. Nėštumas trunka apie 36 dienas. Artėjant gimdymui, patelė tampa agresyvi ir neprisileidžia patinų. Kiškiukus patelė atsiveda iš anksto paruoštoje, žolėmis išklotoje vietoje. Vados dydis gali būti skirtingas, paprastai 2–4 jaunikliai, bet pasitaiko ir daugiau. Per sezoną patelė gali išvesti net keturias kiškučių vadas. Lytinę brandą pasiekia vienerių metų amžiaus.

Mityba

Amerikinis baltasis kiškis minta įvairiu maistu. Skabo žoles, miglinius augalus, dirses, vikius, astras, spriges, laukines žemuoges, katpėdėles, kiaulpienes, dobilus, baltagalves bei asiūklius. Graužia jaunų epušių, berželių bei gluosnių žievę. Žiemą ieško pumpurų, šakelių, medžių žievės bei visus metus žaliuojančių augalų. Turi būdų, padedančių maistą kuo geriau įsisavinti.

Priešai

Amerikinis baltasis kiškis puikiai moka išsisukti nuo priešų. Pajutęs artėjantį plėšrūną, kiškis sustingsta vietoje ir bando apsimesti, jog jo čia nėra. Dėl maskuojamosios kailio spalvos paprastai ši taktika būna veiksminga. Vyresnio amžiaus kiškiai nuo priešų gelbėjasi labai greitai bėgdami. Gali išvystyti net 12m/s greitį. Amerikinis baltasis kiškis puikiai moka „mėtyti pėdas“, taip suklaidindamas plėšrūnus.

Pagrindiniai amerikinio baltojo kiškio priešai yra kojotai, vilkai, lūšys, audinės, lapės.

Elgsena

Amerikiniai baltieji kiškiai paprastai gyvena po vieną, tačiau kartais pavienių kiškių gyvenamosios teritorijos persikloja. Aktyviausi prieblandoje bei debesuotomis dienomis. Šviečiant saulei, paprastai snūduriuoja. Pagarsėję kaip geri plaukikai. Kartais į vandenį šoka tam, kad išvengtų priešų.

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Nuorodos

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Amerikinis baltasis kiškis: Brief Summary ( Liettua )

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Amerikinis baltasis kiškis (lot. Lepus americanus, angl. Snowshoe hare) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis. Aptinkamas tik kai kuriose Šiaurės Amerikos vietovėse.

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Lepus americanus ( Malaiji )

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 src=
Rupa pada musim sejuk.

Lepus americanus ialah satu spesies arnab yang ditemui di Amerika Utara, dikenali dengan gelaran Kelinci Kasut Salji (Bahasa Inggeris: Snowshoe Hare) kerana kaki belakangnya yang besar dan jejak yang ditinggalkan oleh ekornya. Kaki haiwan ini menghalangnya daripada terjerumus dalam salji ketika melompat atau berjalan, di samping berbulu pada tapaknya supaya tidak terjejas oleh suhu yang terlalu sejuk.

Sebagai langkah penyamaran, bulunya bertukar warna putih pada musim sejuk dan warna perang karat pada musim panas; kecuali bahagian rusuknya yang putih sepanjang tahun. Lepus americanus juga dikenali dengan jambak berbulu hitam di sisi telinganya

Taksonomi dan taburan

Lepus americanus bertaburan dari timur Newfoundland hingga Alaska barat; selatan Sierra Nevada hingga California tengah; Banjaran Rocky hingga Utah selatan dan New Mexico utara; dan Pergunungan Appalachian Mountains hingga Carolina Utara dan Tennessee [2]. Taburan mengikut subspesies adalah seperti berikut:[3]

  • Lepus americanus americanus (Erxleben) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, dan Dakota Utara
  • L. a. cascadensis (Nelson) – British Columbia dan Washington
  • L. a. columbiensis (Rhoads) – British Columbia, Alberta, dan Washington
  • L. a. dalli (Merriam) – Mackenzie District, British Columbia, Alaska, Wilayah Yukon
  • L. a. klamathensis (Merriam) – Oregon dan California
  • L. a. oregonus (Orr) – Oregon
  • L. a. pallidus (Cowan) – British Columbia
  • L. a. phaeonotus (J. A. Allen) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin, dan Minnesota
  • L. a. pineus (Dalquest) – British Columbia, Idaho, dan Washington
  • L. a. seclusus (Baker dan Hankins) – Wyoming
  • L. a. struthopus (Bangs) – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, dan Maine
  • L. a. tahoensis (Orr) – California, Nevada barat
  • L. a. virginianus (Harlan) – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, dan Tennessee
  • L. a. washingtonii (Baird) – British Columbia, Washington, dan Oregon

Rujukan

Templat:USDA

  1. ^ Murray, D. & Smith, A.T. (2008) Lepus americanus di: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Diterima pada 01 Februari 2010.
  2. ^
  3. ^ Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons ISBN 1-930665-31-8

Pautan luar

 src= Media berkenaan Lepus americanus di Wikimedia Commons

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Lepus americanus: Brief Summary ( Malaiji )

tarjonnut wikipedia MS
 src= Rupa pada musim sejuk.

Lepus americanus ialah satu spesies arnab yang ditemui di Amerika Utara, dikenali dengan gelaran Kelinci Kasut Salji (Bahasa Inggeris: Snowshoe Hare) kerana kaki belakangnya yang besar dan jejak yang ditinggalkan oleh ekornya. Kaki haiwan ini menghalangnya daripada terjerumus dalam salji ketika melompat atau berjalan, di samping berbulu pada tapaknya supaya tidak terjejas oleh suhu yang terlalu sejuk.

Sebagai langkah penyamaran, bulunya bertukar warna putih pada musim sejuk dan warna perang karat pada musim panas; kecuali bahagian rusuknya yang putih sepanjang tahun. Lepus americanus juga dikenali dengan jambak berbulu hitam di sisi telinganya

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Amerikaanse haas ( flaami )

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De Amerikaanse haas (Lepus americanus) is een haas die voorkomt in het noorden van Noord-Amerika. De haas heeft een voorkeur om te leven in drassige gebieden.

Zoals meerdere haasachtigen krijgt ook deze soort in de winter een witte vacht; alleen de oordoppen van deze hazensoort blijven tijdens de winter zwart. De normale vachtkleur is een gespikkelde wildkleur, wat ook de kleur van de Europese haas is. De draagtijd is ruim een maand en er worden gemiddeld 3 tot 5 volledig behaarde jongen geboren die al direct kunnen zien en lopen. Vrouwelijke dieren kunnen ongeveer 3 nesten per jaar krijgen en zogen de jongen ongeveer 4 weken lang.

De Amerikaanse haas is een planteneter, maar het is vastgesteld dat ze in de winter hun dieet aanvullen met aas, waaronder soortgenoten.[2]

 src=
Amerikaanse haas in de winter
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Amerikaanse haas op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Kijk hoe hazen toeslaan als kannibalen op schokkende beelden. National Geographic (16 januari 2019). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2019.
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Snøskohare ( norja )

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Snøskohare (Lepus americanus) er en hareart som lever i Nord-Amerika. Navnet kommer av de store føttene, som gjør at den kan ta seg fram over snø uten å synke ned i den.

Det fins seks underarter av snøskohare:

  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus virginianus

Eksterne lenker

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Snøskohare: Brief Summary ( norja )

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Snøskohare (Lepus americanus) er en hareart som lever i Nord-Amerika. Navnet kommer av de store føttene, som gjør at den kan ta seg fram over snø uten å synke ned i den.

Det fins seks underarter av snøskohare:

Lepus americanus americanus Lepus americanus bairdii Lepus americanus cascadensis Lepus americanus dalli Lepus americanus struthopus Lepus americanus virginianus
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Zając amerykański ( puola )

tarjonnut wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Zając amerykański[3] (Lepus americanus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

Występowanie i biotop

Obecny zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje Kanadę i najbardziej na północ wysunięte obszary Stanów Zjednoczonych. Jego siedliskiem są otwarte przestrzenie, bagna, zarośla wzdłuż rzek i rowy.

Charakterystyka ogólna

Podstawowe dane Długość ciała 380–460 mm Długość ogona 39–52 mm Masa ciała ok. 1,5 kg Dojrzałość płciowa 1 rok Okres godowy III – VIII Ciąża 36–40 dni Liczba młodych
w miocie 2–8 Długość życia 5 lat

Wygląd

Ubarwienie latem rdzawo lub szaro-brązowe, ciemniejsze wzdłuż grzbietu, brzuch biały, zimą białe z czarnymi końcami uszu. Uszy są krótsze niż u innych zajęcy. Samice są trochę większe od samców.

Tryb życia

Prowadzą samotniczy tryb życia, ale w dużym zagęszczeniu. Aktywne głównie w nocy, nie zapadają w sen zimowy. Mają dobry słuch. Potrafią pływać – obserwowano przypadki przepływania małych zbiorników wodnych oraz ucieczki do wody przed drapieżnikami. Żyją do 5 lat, ale w warunkach naturalnych większość osobników ginie w pierwszym roku życia. Zające amerykańskie są zwierzętami roślinożernymi, zaobserwowano również padlinożerność[4]

Rozród

Samica może urodzić w ciągu roku do czterech miotów złożonych z 2–8 młodych, które rodzą się w pełni owłosione i zdolne do samodzielnego poruszania się. Samica opiekuje się nimi przez 4 tygodnie.

Podgatunki

 src=
Zając amerykański w szacie zimowej
  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus virginianus

Znaczenie

Stanowią pokarm wielu drapieżników. Czasem niszczą drzewa.

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Zające amerykańskie wykorzystują w walce z drapieżnikami kamuflaż i ucieczkę. Występują licznie w całym zasięgu występowania, a ze względu na dużą płodność nie są uważane za gatunek zagrożony wyginięciem.

Zając amerykański nie jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii LC (niskiego ryzyka)[2].

Przypisy

  1. Lepus americanus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Murray, D. & Smith, A.T. 2008, Lepus americanus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-28] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 58. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Hares are cannibals and eat meat, surprising photos reveal (ang.). National Geographic, 2019-01-11.

Bibliografia

  • Don E.D.E. Wilson Don E.D.E., DeeAnn M.D.M. Reeder DeeAnn M.D.M. (red.), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 [dostęp 2007-12-12] (ang.).
  • N. Shefferly: Lepus americanus (ang.). Animal Diversity Web, 2007. [dostęp 12 grudnia 2007].
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Zając amerykański: Brief Summary ( puola )

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Zając amerykański (Lepus americanus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

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Lepus americanus ( portugali )

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A Lebre-americana (Lepus americanus) é um leporídeo da América do Norte, encontrado do sul e centro do Alasca ao sul dos Estados Unidos da América, nos estados da Califórnia e Novo México.

Referências

  • HOFFMAN, R. S., ANDREW, T. S. (2005). in WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M. (eds). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2.142 pp. 2 vol.
  • Lagomorpha Specialist Group 1996. Lepus americanus. IUCN 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Acessado em 21 de janeiro de 2008.
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Lepus americanus: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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A Lebre-americana (Lepus americanus) é um leporídeo da América do Norte, encontrado do sul e centro do Alasca ao sul dos Estados Unidos da América, nos estados da Califórnia e Novo México.

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Snöskohare ( ruotsi )

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Snöskohare (Lepus americanus) är en art av harar som lever i Nordamerika. Dess namn kommer av de stora fötterna, som gör att den kan ta sig fram över snö utan att sjunka ner.

Utbredning

Snöskoharar lever i Nordamerika. De finns i nästan hela Alaska och Kanada (med undantag av de allra nordligaste regioner) och dessutom i delar av övriga USA (i norra och nordöstra landsdelar samt i Klippiga bergen).

Kännetecken

Med en längd av 41 till 52 centimeter och en vikt omkring 1,5 kilogram räknas denna art till de mindre i släktet. Svansens längd ligger mellan 3 och 5 centimeter. Liksom skogsharen (Lepus timidus) byter snöskoharen päls före vintern. Färgen ändrar sig från brunaktig till vit vad som ger ett bättre kamouflage i snön. Ett markant kännetecken är de 6 till 7 centimeter långa öronen med svarta spetsar. Pälsen byts bara i norra delar av utbredningsområdet. På harens fotsula finns många hår (huvudsakligen vid de bakre extremiteterna) som gör att foten liknar en snösko.

Levnadssätt

Arten lever i flera olika habitat som till exempel taiga, tundra, öppna gräsregioner och träskmarker. Varje individ lever ensam men det finns ofta flera exemplar i samma region med överlappande revir. Snöskohare är vanligen aktiv på gryningen och natten men den är även ute vid molnigt väder. Som alla harar i släktet Lepus kan den snabb springa och bra simma som är en fördel vid flykten. Snöskoharen går inte i vinterdvala.

Födans sammansättning är beroende på region och årstid. Haren äter bland annat gräs, blommor, knopp, kvistar och bark. Under vintern äter den ibland köttet av döda artfränder.[2]

Fortplantning

Parningstiden ligger mellan mars och augusti. Honan har möjlighet att para sig tre gånger under hela tiden. Dräktigheten varar i cirka 38 dagar och per kull föds två till fyra (sällan upp till åtta) ungdjur. Nyfödda harar är "borymmare" och redan efter en månad slutar honan att ge di.

Hot

Snöskoharar har flera naturliga fiender, däribland grå- och rödräv, rödlo, prärievarg och varg. Populationen utför periodiska ökningar och minskningar beroende på antalet fiender och tillgång till föda. På grund av den höga reproduktionstakten räknas dessa harar inte till de hotade arterna.

Underarter

Det finns sex underarter:[3]

  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus virginianus

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 24 oktober 2008.
  1. ^ Lepus americanusIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Lagomorph Specialist Group (1996), version 6 maj 2006.
  2. ^ Snowshoe Hare Arkiverad 16 januari 2009 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. eNature: FieldGuides. eNature.com. 2007, besökt 31 okrober 2009.
  3. ^ Lepus americanusITIS webbplats

Externa länkar

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Snöskohare: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

tarjonnut wikipedia SV

Snöskohare (Lepus americanus) är en art av harar som lever i Nordamerika. Dess namn kommer av de stora fötterna, som gör att den kan ta sig fram över snö utan att sjunka ner.

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Amerika tavşanı ( turkki )

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Amerika tavşanı ya da kar ayakkabılı tavşan (Lepus americanus), tavşangiller familyasından Kuzey Amerika'nın kuzeyinde yaşayan bir tavşan türü. İkinci adını arka ayaklarının kar ayakkabısı gibi geniş ve tüylü olmasından alır.

Alt türleri

14 alt türü bulunur:[1]

  • Lepus americanus americanus (Erxleben) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Kuzey Dakota
  • L. a. cascadensis (Nelson) – Britanya Kolumbiyası, Washington
  • L. a. columbiensis (Rhoads) – Britanya Kolumbiyası, Alberta, Washington
  • L. a. dalli (Merriam) – Mackenzie District, Britanya Kolumbiyası, Alaska, Yukon
  • L. a. klamathensis (Merriam) – Oregon, Kaliforniya
  • L. a. oregonus (Orr) – Oregon
  • L. a. pallidus (Cowan) – Britanya Kolumbiyası
  • L. a. phaeonotus (J. A. Allen) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota
  • L. a. pineus (Dalquest) – Britanya Kolumbiyası, Idaho, Washington
  • L. a. seclusus (Baker and Hankins) – Wyoming
  • L. a. struthopus (Bangs) – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Adası, Quebec, Maine
  • L. a. tahoensis (Orr) – Kaliforniya, batı Nevada
  • L. a. virginianus (Harlan) – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee
  • L. a. washingtonii (Baird) – Britanya Kolumbiyası, Washington, Oregon

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons ISBN 1-930665-31-8
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Amerika tavşanı: Brief Summary ( turkki )

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Amerika tavşanı ya da kar ayakkabılı tavşan (Lepus americanus), tavşangiller familyasından Kuzey Amerika'nın kuzeyinde yaşayan bir tavşan türü. İkinci adını arka ayaklarının kar ayakkabısı gibi geniş ve tüylü olmasından alır.

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Lepus americanus ( ukraina )

tarjonnut wikipedia UK

Проживання

Канада (Альберта, Британська Колумбія, Лабрадор, Манітоба, Нью-Брансвік, Північно-Західні території, Нова Шотландія, Онтаріо, Острови принца Едвардса, Квебек, Саскачеван, Юкон), США (Аляска, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Коннектикут, Айдахо, Мен, Массачусетс, Мічиган, Міннесота, Монтана, Невада, Нью-Гемпшир, Нью-Мексико, Нью-Йорк, Північна Кароліна, Північна Дакота, Орегон, Пенсільванія, Род-Айленд, Південна Дакота, Теннессі, Юта, Вермонт, Вірджинія, Вашингтон, Західна Вірджинія, Вісконсін, Вайомінг). Мешкає в тундрових і змішаних листяних лісах Північної Америки. Вимагає досить густої рослинності, яку він використовує як прикриття. Цей вид вимагає сніжного покриву, тому що його хутро взимку біле.

Поведінка

Дієта складається головним чином з трави, різнотрав'я, осоки і папороті. Як відомо, їдять мертвих гризунів, таких як миші через низьку доступність білка в раціоні травоїдних. Іноді його можна побачити під час харчування в невеликих групах. Ця тварина в основному активна вночі і не впадає в сплячку. Проводить більшу частину дня в неглибоких заглибинах. Сезон розмноження з березня по вересень. Період вагітності становить від 35 до 40 днів. Народжується від 3 до 5 зайчат. Новонароджені важать від 50 до 96 г. Годування молоком триває від 25 до 28 днів. Він може стрибати до 3 метрів в довжину і розвивати швидкість до 45 км/год. Хижаки: Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Martes pennanti, Martes americana, Mustela frenata, Mustela vison, види Vulpes і Urocyon, Canis latrans, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Canis lupus, Puma concolor, Bubo virginianus, Strix varia, Strix occidentalis, Buteo jamaicensis, Accipiter gentilis, види Buteonidae, Aquila chryseatos.

Морфологічні ознаки

Загальна довжина 36 — 52 см, вага близько 1,5 кг, довжина хвоста становить від 3 до 5 см. Має хутро на підошві для захисту від низьких температур. Для камуфляжу, його хутро стає білим взимку і іржаво-коричневого кольору протягом літа. Увесь рік у нього чорні пучки хутра по краях вух. Його вуха коротші, ніж у більшості інших зайців.

Джерела

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Lepus americanus ( vietnam )

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Lepus americanus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Erxleben mô tả năm 1777.[2]

Để ngụy trang, bộ lông của chúng chuyển sang màu trắng trong mùa đông và màu nâu gỉ trong mùa hè. Hông của chúng có màu trắng quanh năm. Thỏ tuyết cũng được phân biệt bằng những búi lông màu đen ở rìa tai. Tai ngắn hơn so với hầu hết thỏ rừng khác.

Vào mùa hè, chúng ăn các loại cây như cỏ, dương xỉ và lá; vào mùa đông, nó ăn cành cây, vỏ cây và chồi từ hoa và thực vật, và tương tự như thỏ rừng Bắc Cực, đã được biết là ăn cắp thịt từ thú bị mắc bẫy. Chúng là loài ăn thịt dưới sự sẵn có của động vật chết và được ghi nhận ăn động vật gặm nhấm chết như chuột do lượng protein có sẵn trong chế độ ăn cỏ thấp. Chúng đôi khi có thể được nhìn thấy cho ăn trong các nhóm nhỏ. Loài vật này chủ yếu hoạt động vào ban đêm và không ngủ đông.

Loài thỏ này có thể sinh tới bốn lứa trong một năm, trung bình ba đến tám con. Con đực cạnh tranh con cái và con cái có thể sinh sản với một vài con đực.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Murray, D. & Smith, A.T. (2008) Lepus americanus Trong: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Ấn bản 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Lepus americanus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Lepus americanus tại Wikimedia Commons

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Lepus americanus: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Lepus americanus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Erxleben mô tả năm 1777.

Để ngụy trang, bộ lông của chúng chuyển sang màu trắng trong mùa đông và màu nâu gỉ trong mùa hè. Hông của chúng có màu trắng quanh năm. Thỏ tuyết cũng được phân biệt bằng những búi lông màu đen ở rìa tai. Tai ngắn hơn so với hầu hết thỏ rừng khác.

Vào mùa hè, chúng ăn các loại cây như cỏ, dương xỉ và lá; vào mùa đông, nó ăn cành cây, vỏ cây và chồi từ hoa và thực vật, và tương tự như thỏ rừng Bắc Cực, đã được biết là ăn cắp thịt từ thú bị mắc bẫy. Chúng là loài ăn thịt dưới sự sẵn có của động vật chết và được ghi nhận ăn động vật gặm nhấm chết như chuột do lượng protein có sẵn trong chế độ ăn cỏ thấp. Chúng đôi khi có thể được nhìn thấy cho ăn trong các nhóm nhỏ. Loài vật này chủ yếu hoạt động vào ban đêm và không ngủ đông.

Loài thỏ này có thể sinh tới bốn lứa trong một năm, trung bình ba đến tám con. Con đực cạnh tranh con cái và con cái có thể sinh sản với một vài con đực.

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Американский беляк ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Семейство: Зайцевые
Род: Зайцы
Вид: Американский беляк
Международное научное название

Lepus americanus (Erxleben, 1777)

Подвиды
  • Lepus americanus americanus
  • Lepus americanus bairdii
  • Lepus americanus cascadensis
  • Lepus americanus dalli
  • Lepus americanus struthopus
  • Lepus americanus virginianus
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 180112NCBI 48086EOL 133023FW 47636

Америка́нский беля́к[1] (лат. Lepus americanus) — млекопитающее из рода зайцев семейства зайцевых. Распространён в Северной Америке.

Внешний вид

По систематике и биологии американский беляк имеет много сходств с зайцем-беляком Евразии. Малый беляк имеет несколько меньшие размеры: длина его тела 41—52 см. Самки обычно крупнее самцов[2]. Пропорции тела и окраска такие же, как и у зайца-беляка. В зимнее время года мех приобретает белый окрас, за исключением ушей.

Поведение и образ жизни

Образ жизни весьма оседлый. Суточный индивидуальный участок обычно составляет 2,5 га, у кормящих самок меньше. У самцов участок обитания значительно больше и равен сумме участков самок, покрываемых самцом. Питание во многом сходно с питанием зайца-беляка. Характер размножения также очень похож. В южных частях ареала самки приносят приплод 2—3 раза в год, при этом большинство самок даёт только два помёта (с мая по июль). В среднем, в одном помёте 3 детёныша, максимальное возможное количество приплода — 7 детёнышей. Самые крупные выводки бывают в середине лета. Беременность длится 36—40 дней. Детёныши рождаются зрячими, в шерсти, лактация длится 30—35 дней, траву зайчата начинают есть с 10—12-дневного возраста. Продолжительность жизни 7—8 лет.

 src=
Зимний окрас

Распространение

Американские беляки распространены в хвойных и смешанных лесах Северной Америки, на юге до Калифорнии и Аппалачей.

Численность и хозяйственное значение

В некоторые годы американские беляки могут быть очень многочисленными — в некоторых угодьях до 10 особей на гектар. Однако их численность очень сильно меняется в разные годы. В годы массового размножения можно добыть несколько сотен американских беляков за сезон. Причины неустойчивости популяции сложны, но, по всей видимости, связаны с эпизоотиями гельминтозной и инфекционной природы, когда погибает в основном молодняк. Американских беляков добывают не только охотники-любители, но и профессионалы.

Галерея

  • Lepus americanus 5472.JPG
  • Lepus americanus 5645.JPG
  • Lièvre d'Amérique - Parc de Frontenac - Juillet 2008.jpg

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 440. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. Заяц, или беляк американский » Дикие Животные - От Мыши до Кашалота (недоступная ссылка)
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Американский беляк: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию

Америка́нский беля́к (лат. Lepus americanus) — млекопитающее из рода зайцев семейства зайцевых. Распространён в Северной Америке.

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白靴兔 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Lepus americanus
Erxleben, 1777 白靴兔的分佈圖
白靴兔的分佈圖

白靴兔學名Lepus americanus),又名雪鞋兔,是北美洲的一種野兔。由於牠們的後腳很大,故被命名為「白靴」。牠們的腳可以阻止牠們在行走時或跳躍時沉入雪中,而腳底下也有毛可以保溫。

白靴兔的毛在夏天時是銹褐色的,到了冬天時就會轉變為白色,是為一種偽裝。牠們的腹部全年是白色的。牠們的耳朵邊有黑色的絨毛,耳朵比其他野兔較短。

白靴兔夏天時會吃植物,如蕨類葉子。到了冬天,牠們就會吃樹枝、樹皮及芽等,也會像北極兔般從陷阱中偷取肉來吃。[3]牠們也會吃同類的屍體,與及在缺乏植物蛋白質等情況下吃大家鼠齧齒目。牠們主要是夜間活動的,並且不會冬眠

白靴兔每一年會生四胎,平均會生3-8隻幼兔。雄兔會互相競爭來與雌兔交配,雌兔會與多隻雄兔交配。

白靴兔有六個亞種

  • L. a. americanus
  • L. a. bairdii
  • L. a. cascadensis
  • L. a. dalli
  • L. a. struthopus
  • L. a. virginianus

參考

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:白靴兔
  1. ^ Hoffmann, Robert S.; Andrew T. Smith. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal Species of the World 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005-11-16: 195. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ (英文) Murray, D. & Smith, A.T. (2008). Lepus americanus. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於01 February 2010.
  3. ^ Snowshoe Hare (HTML). eNature: FieldGuides. eNature.com. 2007 [2008-03-23].

外部連結

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白靴兔: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

白靴兔(學名:Lepus americanus),又名雪鞋兔,是北美洲的一種野兔。由於牠們的後腳很大,故被命名為「白靴」。牠們的腳可以阻止牠們在行走時或跳躍時沉入雪中,而腳底下也有毛可以保溫。

白靴兔的毛在夏天時是銹褐色的,到了冬天時就會轉變為白色,是為一種偽裝。牠們的腹部全年是白色的。牠們的耳朵邊有黑色的絨毛,耳朵比其他野兔較短。

白靴兔夏天時會吃植物,如蕨類葉子。到了冬天,牠們就會吃樹枝、樹皮及芽等,也會像北極兔般從陷阱中偷取肉來吃。牠們也會吃同類的屍體,與及在缺乏植物蛋白質等情況下吃大家鼠齧齒目。牠們主要是夜間活動的,並且不會冬眠

白靴兔每一年會生四胎,平均會生3-8隻幼兔。雄兔會互相競爭來與雌兔交配,雌兔會與多隻雄兔交配。

白靴兔有六個亞種

L. a. americanus L. a. bairdii L. a. cascadensis L. a. dalli L. a. struthopus L. a. virginianus
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눈덧신토끼 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

눈덧신토끼 또는 아메리카산토끼(학명: Lepus americanus, 영어명: Snowshoe hare)는 토끼과에 속하는 포유류이다. 몸길이가 약 50cm이고 몸무게는 1.5kg 정도이다. 털은 전 세계적으로 갈색을 띠며 턱·꼬리·배는 흰색을 띤다. 그러나 겨울에는 털갈이를 해서 긴 귀 끝만 검은색이고 온몸이 흰색이 된다. 주로 밤에 활동하고, 풀·나뭇잎 등을 먹고 산다. 암컷은 한 해에 네 번 이상 새끼를 낳는데 한배에 2-4마리를 낳는다. 알래스카를 포함한 미국의 북부와 캐나다의 숲이나 늪지에서 산다.

참고 자료

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눈덧신토끼: Brief Summary ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

눈덧신토끼 또는 아메리카산토끼(학명: Lepus americanus, 영어명: Snowshoe hare)는 토끼과에 속하는 포유류이다. 몸길이가 약 50cm이고 몸무게는 1.5kg 정도이다. 털은 전 세계적으로 갈색을 띠며 턱·꼬리·배는 흰색을 띤다. 그러나 겨울에는 털갈이를 해서 긴 귀 끝만 검은색이고 온몸이 흰색이 된다. 주로 밤에 활동하고, 풀·나뭇잎 등을 먹고 산다. 암컷은 한 해에 네 번 이상 새끼를 낳는데 한배에 2-4마리를 낳는다. 알래스카를 포함한 미국의 북부와 캐나다의 숲이나 늪지에서 산다.

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