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Mushroom Observer Image 179107: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 813986: Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordholm
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Mushroom Observer Image 179108: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 991437: Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordholm
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Mushroom Observer Image 179109: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 9746: Rhizopogon salebrosus A.H. Sm.
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica.Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1).Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3).Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black.Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com.(3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com.(4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Mushroom Observer Image 375762: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 375763: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 384160: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 384161: Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W. Dodge
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Mushroom Observer Image 135780: Rhizopogon parksii A.H. Sm.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .