Opalozoa

Symbiomonas (sim-buy-o-moan-ass) scintillans, is a stramenopile flagellate, and one of the very tiny forms which occurs in the marine plankton. One flagellum. Phase contrast microscopy. data on this strain.

Opalina ranarum, one of the larger opalines - and found usually in the posterior section of the intestine of the frog Rana. This differential interference contrast image is in focus on the surface of the cell, and shows the crests of the waves of flagellar movement. To achieve this, each of the flagella - of which there are thousands in rows over the body surface - must beat slightly out of phase with their neighbours - a kind of protistan Mexican wave. Animations by Rosemary Arbur of flagellar beat patterns are available here. The front is to the left.

Opalina ranarum, one of the larger opalines - and found usually in the posterior section of the intestine of the frog Rana. This phase contrast image shows nuclei (lighter inclusions) mitochondria(darker inclusions) and the peripheral flagella. Animations by Rosemary Arbur of flagellar beat patterns are available here.

Pendulomonas (pen-dew-low-moan-ass) is a free-living heterotrophic stramenopile. With two flagella, one anterior with fine hairs (the hairs are too delicate to be seen with the light microscope) and one trailing. the anterior flagellum beats with sine-wave undulations and draws water to the cell or draws the cell through the water. Has a distinctive rocking and shaking motion when attached by some of the posterior flagellum and when feeding. Phase contrast.

Pendulomonas (pen-dew-low-moan-ass) is a free-living heterotrophic stramenopile. With two flagella, one anterior with fine hairs (the hairs are too delicate to be seen with the light microscope) and one trailing. the anterior flagellum beats with sine-wave undulations and draws water to the cell or draws the cell through the water. Has a distinctive rocking and shaking motion when attached by some of the posterior flagellum and when feeding. Phase contrast.

Pendulomonas (pen-dew-low-moan-ass) is a free-living heterotrophic stramenopile. With two flagella, one anterior with fine hairs (the hairs are too delicate to be seen with the light microscope) and one trailing. the anterior flagellum beats with sine-wave undulations and draws water to the cell or draws the cell through the water. Has a distinctive rocking and shaking motion when attached by some of the posterior flagellum and when feeding. Community of cells. Phase contrast.

Pendulomonas (pen-dew-low-moan-ass) is a free-living heterotrophic stramenopile. With two flagella, one anterior with fine hairs (the hairs are too delicate to be seen with the light microscope) and one trailing. the anterior flagellum beats with sine-wave undulations and draws water to the cell or draws the cell through the water. Has a distinctive rocking and shaking motion when attached by some of the posterior flagellum and when feeding. Phase contrast.

Pendulomonas (pen-dew-low-moan-ass) adriperis Tong, 1997. Cells are ovoid or droplet-shaped, about 4 to 9 microns long, 2.5 to 5 microns wide, somewhat flexible and not flattened. The cells have two flagella similar in length emerging subapically (about one third of the way down). The flagella are slightly longer than the cell and not acronematic. The anterior flagellum projects in front of the body and beats with an asymmetric pattern, and the posterior flagellum trails behind the body and may be held in a curve or obliquely. Sometimes, the posterior flagellum beats stiffly and rapidly in non-swimming cells. The cells usually swim by slow rotating movements and the cell bodies wag. When the cells swim rapidly, the anterior flagellum beats quickly and cells do not wag. The cells may attach to the substrate by the tip of the trailing flagellum. In attached cells, the cells may wag or tremble rapidly. Commonly observed in enrichment cultures.

Pendulomonas adriperis Tong, 1997. Cells are ovoid or droplet-shaped, about 4 to 9 microns long, 2.5 to 5 microns wide, somewhat flexible and not flattened. The cells have two flagella similar in length emerging subapically (about one third of the way down). The flagella are slightly longer than the cell and not acronematic. The anterior flagellum projects in front of the body and beats with an asymmetric pattern, and the posterior flagellum trails behind the body and may be held in a curve or obliquely. Sometimes, the posterior flagellum beats stiffly and rapidly in non-swimming cells. The cells usually swim by slow rotating movements and the cell bodies wag. When the cells swim rapidly, the anterior flagellum beats quickly and cells do not wag. The cells may attach to the substrate by the tip of the trailing flagellum. In attached cells, the cells may wag or tremble rapidly.

Pseudodendromonas (sue-soe-dend-row-moan-ass) is one of several pseudodendromonad genera, all of which have rather triangular cells with two similar flagella emerging from one corner. This genus is colonial, with the cells forming a crown at the end of a branching stalk system. Bacterivorous, freshwater. Phase contrast.

Pseudodendromonas (sue-soe-dend-row-moan-ass) is one of several pseudodendromonad genera, all of which have rather triangular cells with two similar flagella emerging from one corner. This genus is colonial, with the cells forming a crown at the end of a branching stalk system. Bacterivorous, freshwater. Phase contrast.

Pseudodendromonas (sue-soe-dend-row-moan-ass) is one of several pseudodendromonad genera, all of which have rather triangular cells with two similar flagella emerging from one corner. This genus is colonial, with the cells forming a crown at the end of a branching stalk system. Bacterivorous, freshwater. Phase contrast.

Portrait of a colony of the chrysophyte, Pseudodendromonas (Bourrelly,1953). The colorless cells are triangular in shape in lateral view and have two subequal flagella emerging from one corner curving over the anterior side. The small cytostome is located at the anterior corner of the cell opposite the insertion of the flagella. EM reveals that the cell surface is covered by organic scales produced in the Golgi apparatus. There are one or two contractile vacuoles and a single nucleus. EM is required to make identification at the species level. This genus is colonial, with the cells forming a crown at the end of a dichotomously branching stalk system. Bacterivorous. Collected from standing freshwater near Boise, Idaho. DIC.

Portrait of two cells of the chrysophyte, Pseudodendromonas (Bourrelly,1953). The colorless cells are triangular in shape in lateral view and have two subequal flagella emerging from one corner curving over the anterior side. The small cytostome is located at the anterior corner of the cell opposite the insertion of the flagella. EM reveals that the cell surface is covered by organic scales produced in the Golgi apparatus. There are one or two contractile vacuoles and a single nucleus. EM is required to make identification at the species level. This genus is colonial, with the cells forming a crown at the end of a dichotomously branching stalk system. Bacterivorous. Collected from standing freshwater near Boise, Idaho. DIC.

Cyathobodo (sigh-ath-owe-boe-dough), small heterotrophic flagellate with two flagella located at one anterior corner of the cell, most usually with a fine stalk attaching the cell to the substrate, but this can be very hard to see. The stalk can be seen in this image. Consume bacteria. Phase contrast.

Cyathobodo (sigh-ath-owe-boe-dough), small heterotrophic flagellate with two flagella located at one anterior corner of the cell, most usually with a fine stalk attaching the cell to the substrate, but this can be very hard to see. Consume bacteria. Phase contrast.

Caecitellus (seek-a-tell-us), small gliding flagellate with one anterior flagellum beating stiffly from side to side in front of the gliding cell - the name means - little blind man. Both flagella are acronematic (taper towards the tips). Bacteria are eaten using the mouth located in this image to the left of the cell. Differential Interference Contrast.

Caecitellus (seek-a-tell-us), small gliding flagellate with one anterior flagellum beating stiffly from side to side in front of the gliding cell - the name means - little blind man. The longer flagellum is the posterior one. Phase Contrast.