Staphylinoidea is a superfamily of beetles. It is a very large and diverse group with worldwide distribution.
Description
Adult staphylinoids are generally small beetles no more than a few millimetres long, though Staphylinidae can reach 50 mm long and Silphidae can reach 45 mm.[1] The superfamily includes the smallest beetles (and the smallest of all non-parasitic insects) in family Ptiliidae. Most Ptiliidae do not exceed 1 mm long as adults, while the smallest species is just 325 µm long.[2]
Adults can be recognised by the hind wings having no accessory posterior ridge (locking device), no medial loop, no wedge cell and no apical hinge. The 8th segment of the abdomen is not entirely invaginated within the 7th. The head usually lacks a coronal suture (rarely with a short, rudimentary suture).[1]
Larval staphylinoids have 3-segmented (rarely 4-segmented) maxillary palps with distinct (often fused) galia and lacinia. The body usually has well-developed tergites and sternites. The spiracles are annular or annular-biforous. There are no epistomal lobes.[1]
Systematics and evolution
Staphylinoidea contains the following subgroups:[3][4][5][6]
- Family Agyrtidae C.G. Thomson 1859 (primitive carrion beetles)
- Family Jacobsoniidae Heller, 1926
- Family Hydraenidae Mulsant 1844 (minute moss beetles)
- Family Leiodidae Fleming 1821 (round fungus beetles)
- Family Ptiliidae Erichson 1845 (featherwing beetles)
- Family Silphidae Latreille 1807 (carrion beetles)
- Family Staphylinidae Latreille 1802 (rove beetles)
- Subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming, 1821
- Subfamily Apateticinae Fauvel, 1895
- Subfamily Dasycerinae Reitter, 1887
- Subfamily Empelinae Newton and Thayer, 1992
- Subfamily Euaesthetinae Thomson, 1859
- Subfamily Glypholomatinae Jeannel, 1962
- Subfamily Habrocerinae Mulsant and Rey, 1876
- Subfamily Leptotyphlinae Fauvel, 1874
- Subfamily Megalopsidiinae Leng, 1920
- Subfamily Micropeplinae Leach, 1815
- Subfamily Microsilphinae Crowson, 1950
- Subfamily Neophoninae Fauvel, 1905
- Subfamily Olisthaerinae Thomson, 1858
- Subfamily Omaliinae MacLeay, 1825
- Subfamily Osoriinae Erichson, 1839
- Subfamily Oxyporinae Fleming, 1821
- Subfamily Oxytelinae Fleming, 1821
- Subfamily Paederinae Fleming, 1821
- Subfamily Phloeocharinae Erichson, 1839
- Subfamily Piestinae Erichson, 1839
- Subfamily Proteininae Erichson, 1839
- Subfamily Protopselaphinae Newton and Thayer, 1995
- Subfamily Pselaphinae Latreille, 1802
- Subfamily Pseudopsinae Ganglbauer, 1895
- Subfamily Scaphidiinae Latreille, 1806
- Subfamily Scydmaeninae Leach, 1815
- Subfamily Solieriinae Newton and Thayer, 1992
- Subfamily Staphylininae Latreille, 1802
- Subfamily Steninae MacLeay, 1825
- Subfamily Tachyporinae MacLeay, 1825
- Subfamily Trichophyinae Thomson, 1858
- Subfamily Trigonurinae Reiche, 1866
- † Subfamily Protactinae Heer, 1847
The unambiguous fossil record dates back to Triassic, and an early Mesozoic origin of the group is probable.[7]
Phylogeny
A 2019 molecular phylogenetic study confirmed the monophyly of Ptilidae and found that it is sister group to Hydraenidae.[2]
References
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^ a b c Hansen, Michael (1997). Phylogeny and classification of the staphyliniform beetle families (Coleoptera) (PDF). Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 87-7304-286-2. OCLC 38156728.
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^ a b Polilov, Alexey A.; Ribera, Ignacio; Yavorskaya, Margarita I.; Cardoso, Anabela; Grebennikov, Vasily V.; Beutel, Rolf G. (2019). "The phylogeny of Ptiliidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea) – the smallest beetles and their evolutionary transformations". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 77 (3): 433–455. doi:10.26049/ASP77-3-2019-4.
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^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
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^ Beutel, R. G. and Leschen, R.A.B. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Staphyliniformia (Coleoptera) based on characters of larvae and adults. Systematic Entomology
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^ J. F. Lawrence and A. F. Newton, Jr. 1995. Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). pp. 779-1006 In: J. Pakaluk & S. A. Slipinski (Eds.): Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Museum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa
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^ "Superfamily Staphylinoidea - Rove, Carrion and Fungus Beetles". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
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^ Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press
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Ptenidium punctatum (Ptiliidae) 
Nicrophorus interruptus (Silphidae) 