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Bleiz India ( 布列塔尼語 )

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Bleiz India (Canis lupus pallipes) a zo ur bronneg kigdebrer hag a vev en Azia.

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Tiriad bleiz India

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Canis lupus pallipes ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Canis lupus pallipes és una subespècie del llop (Canis lupus), classificada com a tal l'any 1931 per William Henry Sykes.[2][3]

Descripció

  • És més petit que els llops d'Europa i de Nord-amèrica: fa entre 63 i 101cm d'alçària i pesa 25–31,5 kg.
  • Té unes orelles grans per poder dispersar la calor corporal igual que moltes altres criatures del desert.[3]

Alimentació

Menja una àmplia gamma de petits mamífers (rates, esquirols, mangostes, etc.) i d'aus de terra (perdius, guatlles, fredelugues, etc.).[3]

Reproducció

L'aparellament té lloc durant l'hivern entre la parella alfa de la llopada. La femella pareix 3–5 cadells, els quals seran criats pels adults durant 6 mesos.[3]

Hàbitat

Pot viure tant a regions àrides desèrtiques com a boscos densos.[3]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al nord d'Israel, l'Aràbia Saudita, l'Afganistan, Turquia, el Pakistan i l'Iran.[4][5][6][3]

Longevitat

Té una esperança de vida de 16–20 anys en captivitat i de 8–15 en estat salvatge.[3]

Estat de conservació

Les seves principals amenaces són el fet de compartir el seu hàbitat i les seves preses amb una població humana en constant augment, l'encreuament amb gossos domèstics i l'assetjament que pateix per ser considerat una feristela per part dels humans nadius.[3]

Referències

  1. «Canis lupus pallipes». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  2. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 Cosmosmith (anglès)
  4. www.nic.funet.fi (anglès)
  5. www.territoriodelobos.com (castellà)
  6. Knowledgerush (anglès)


Bibliografia


Enllaços externs

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Canis lupus pallipes: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Canis lupus pallipes és una subespècie del llop (Canis lupus), classificada com a tal l'any 1931 per William Henry Sykes.

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Vlk indický ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Vlk indický (Canis lupus pallipes) je psovitá šelma, klasifikovaná jako poddruh vlka obecného (Canis lupus). Nedávná genetická studie však ukazuje, že vlk indický představuje samostatný druh vlka.[1]

Úvod

V Indii se nachází dvě izolované populace vlků. Menší skupina vlků žije v oblasti Himálají. Větší skupina žije níže na Indickém poloostrově. Jde o tyto vlky:

  • vlk himálajský (mongolský) (Canis lupus chanco),
  • vlk indický (Canis lupus pallipes).

Jak vlk himálajský, tak i vlk indický jsou ohroženými druhy podle indických zákonů. Analýzou DNA bylo zjištěno, že vlk himálajský se geneticky liší od vlka indického, stejně jako od všech ostatních vlků světa, včetně vlka himálajského z Číny. Vysoký stupeň genetické diferenciace vlka himálajského od vlka indického, a také těchto dvou od jiných vlků, vede k závěru, že jde o samostatné druhy vlků Canis himalayaensis a Canis indica.[1]

Popis vlka indického

  • Délka těla: cca 90 cm
  • Délka ocasu: 40-46 cm
  • Výška v kohoutku: cca 66 cm

Srst je žlutohnědá nebo špinavě červeno-bílá, některé chlupy jsou na koncích černé, což dává prošedivělý vzhled. Na obličeji a na končetinách je srst načervenalá. Spodní část trupu a vnitřní část končetin jsou světlejší. Ocas je huňatý a chlupy jsou na konci ocasu černé. Ve skutečnosti se zabarvení vlků velmi liší.[2]

Vlk indický má v zimě delší srst, ale nikdy není tak dlouhá, jako u vlka himálajského.[3] Na zádech jsou chlupy 50-85 mm dlouhé, na bocích jsou 35 až 65 mm dlouhé. Indický vlk má malou nebo žádnou podsadu, proto může dobře odolávat teplu. V létě má krátkou, řídkou srst, ale na zádech zůstávají dlouhé chlupy. Pravděpodobně jde o ochranu před slunečním zářením. Ve srovnání s vlkem obecným je menší. Hmotnost závisí na pohlaví a lokalitě, kde žije. Velikost se mění pravděpodobně v souvislosti s množstvím potravy, která je k dispozici v dané oblasti. Zvláštností tohoto vlka je, že štěká a jen málokdy vyje.

Výskyt a ochrana

V některých zemích je populace vlka indického stabilní nebo se mírně zvětšuje. V jiných zemích je naopak ohrožen.

  • Izrael má stabilní populaci. Jde přibližně o 150 chráněných vlků, a to jak indických, tak arabských.
  • Saúdská Arábie má stabilní populaci. Jde o 300 až 600 vlků, kteří nemají žádnou právní ochranu.
  • Turecko má neznámý počet vlků. Jejich počet se jen přibližně odhaduje na více než 1000. Není známo, zda jejich počet roste, či klesá.
  • Írán má neznámý počet vlků. V současné době neexistují žádné spolehlivé odhady.[4]
  • Sýrie má přetrvávající populaci eurasijských a indických vlků. Jejich počet je pravděpodobně v rozmezí 200 až 300.[5]
  • Indie má klesající populaci vlků. Jejich počet je odhadován na 1000 kusů. Pokles stavu je přičítán zejména úbytku přirozené kořisti. Vlk indický byl dlouho předmětem lovu. Nyní je v Indii chráněn jako ohrožený druh.

Vlk indický a pes domácí

 src=
Lebka vlka indického

Někteří odborníci se domnívají, že právě z vlka indického se vyvinul pes domácí. Toto tvrzení se opírá o mnoho společných vlastností vlka indického a psa.[6][7][8] Vlk indický má totiž na rozdíl od „severních” vlků:

  • menší mozek,
  • kratší srst,
  • slabší trháky,
  • větší a kulatější oči,
  • odlišný hlasový projev (krátce, ostře štěká a jen málokdy vyje),
  • menší velikost,
  • méně agresivní chování v zajetí (jde mnohem snáze zkrotit).

Útoky na lidi

V Indii, ve státě Uttarpradéš, bylo v roce 1878 zabito vlky 624 lidí.[9] V reakci na to bylo zabito 2600 vlků. Roku 1900 bylo zabito 285 lidí ve střední Indii.[10] V letech 1910-1915 bylo 115 dětí zabito vlky ve státě Bihár a 122 lidí bylo zabito ve stejné oblasti v letech 1980-1986. Ve státě Uttarpradéš vlci zabili 21 dětí a 16 dalších zranili v období od 27. března 1996 do 1. července 1996. Od dubna 1993 do dubna 1995, pět vlčích smeček napadlo 80 dětí v Biháru (20 z nich bylo zachráněno).[11] Děti byly napadány především v létě ve večerních hodinách, často přímo v lidských sídlech. Vlci v Indii téměř neútočí na dospělé, většinou útočí pouze na děti.

Stejně jako v Indii, existují i v Íránu případy, kdy vlci zaútočili na lidi. Biolog Rashid Jamsheed popsal případ, při němž byl zabit jeden policista a částečně sněden třemi vlky.[12] V roce 2005, v severovýchodním Íránu, vlčí smečka napadla před svědky bezdomovce.[13] I když policie zasáhla, muž podlehl svým zraněním. Na počátku listopadu 2008 napadl vlk starší ženu na hřbitově v obci Kashan ve středním Íránu. Ženě se podařilo vlka zadusit.[14]

Reference

  1. a b Ramesh K. Aggarwal, J. Ramadevi, Lalji Singh: Ancient origin and evolution of the Indian wolf...
  2. Robert A. Sterndale: Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon
  3. R. Pocock: The Fauna of British India 2
  4. L. David Mech, Luigi Boitani: Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
  5. Canis lupus, Grey Wolf
  6. St. George Mivart: A monograph of the canidae
  7. Helmut Hemmer: Domestikation, Verarmung der Merkwelt
  8. Steven R. Lindsay: Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training: Adaptation and learning
  9. Wolf as man-eater
  10. R.G. Burton: A Book of Man Eaters
  11. Child Lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh India
  12. Wolf Attacks in the United States and Around the World are a Documented Fact
  13. Homeless man eaten by wolves in Iran
  14. Wolf slain by 87-year-old Iranian woman

Externí odkazy

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Vlk indický: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Vlk indický (Canis lupus pallipes) je psovitá šelma, klasifikovaná jako poddruh vlka obecného (Canis lupus). Nedávná genetická studie však ukazuje, že vlk indický představuje samostatný druh vlka.

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Indischer Wolf ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Indische Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) ist eine Unterart des Wolfes. Neuere genetische Studien deuten allerdings darauf hin, dass der Indische Wolf ebenso wie der Tibetische Wolf keine Unterart des Wolfs, sondern eine eigenständige Art darstellen könnte.[1]

Merkmale

 src=
Indischer Wolf

Der Indische Wolf ist im Vergleich zu nördlicher lebenden Wölfen etwas hagerer und stellt eine der kleinsten Unterarten dar. Seine Körperlänge beträgt in der Regel um die 90 cm, die Schulterhöhe liegt durchschnittlich bei 66 cm. Die Rutenlänge beträgt ca. 44 cm.[2] Das Gewicht liegt zwischen 15 und 20 kg. Sein Fell ist typischerweise gelbbraun, sandfarben oder rötlich gefärbt und sehr kurz und dicht.

Vorkommen

Der Indische Wolf bewohnt die Ebenen Vorderindiens von Bengalen und Sindh bis Karnataka im Süden sowie Vorderasien von Pakistan bis Mesopotamien und Nordarabien im Westen.

In Indien bewohnt er aride Gebiete wie die Halbwüsten Gujarats mit nur 300 mm Jahresniederschlag ebenso wie Gebiete mit etwa 1500 mm Jahresniederschlag in Bihar und Orissa.[3]

Gefährdung und Schutz

Der Indische Wolf ist heute selten geworden und gilt als stark gefährdet. Sein Rückgang wird vor allem auf das Verschwinden seiner natürlichen Beutetiere zurückgeführt. Er steht in Indien seit 1972 unter Schutz.

Wölfe kommen in Indien noch in isolierten Gebieten der Staaten Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar, Westbengalen, Uttar Pradesh und Haryana vor. Unterschiedliche Schätzungen aus den 1980er und 1990er Jahre gehen von 500 bis 3000 Wölfen auf der gesamten Indischen Halbinsel aus, wobei die unteren Schätzwerte wohl zu niedrig gegriffen sind. Die meisten Wölfe leben in Indien in trockenen Gebieten außerhalb von Schutzgebieten und ernähren sich vorwiegend von Haustieren. In Gebieten, in denen natürliche Beutetiere wie Hirschziegenantilopen noch häufig sind, etwa im Blackbuck-Nationalpark, ziehen sie allerdings natürliche Beutetiere vor.[4]

Wolf und Mensch

Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass der Indische Wolf Jagd auf Haustiere von Menschen macht, kommt es häufig zu Konfrontationen. Dabei kommt es immer wieder zu Angriffen von Wölfen auf Menschen, meistens Kinder und alte Menschen. Zwischen April 1993 und April 1995 wurden 80 Kinder von fünf verschiedenen Wolfsrudeln angegriffen, wobei nur 20 Kinder gerettet wurden. Primär wurden die Kinder im Sommer in Siedlungsnähe angegriffen. Aufgrund seiner Nahrung hat der Wolf ein aggressives Futterverhalten gegenüber dem Menschen entwickelt.[2]

Literatur

  • Claus Hilschmann: Fauna Band 7 Die Orientalische Region, Novaria-Verlag, 1971. ISBN 2-8270-0869-6

Einzelnachweise

  1. R. K. Aggarwal 1, T. Kivisild 2, J. Ramadevi 1 and L. Singh: Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research Volume 45 Issue 2, Pages 163 - 172 (2007)
  2. a b Indischer Wolf auf Mythos-Wolf, abgerufen am 23. Mai 2020.
  3. Shahi, SP: Status of the grey wolf (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes) in India: A preliminary survey. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay [J. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.]. Vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 493-502. 1982.
  4. M. Singh & H. N. Kumara: Distribution, status and conservation of Indian gray wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Karnataka, India. Journal of Zoology, Volume 270, Issue 1, pages 164–169, September 2006 online link
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Indischer Wolf: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Indische Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) ist eine Unterart des Wolfes. Neuere genetische Studien deuten allerdings darauf hin, dass der Indische Wolf ebenso wie der Tibetische Wolf keine Unterart des Wolfs, sondern eine eigenständige Art darstellen könnte.

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Canis lupus pallipes ( 因特語(國際輔助語言協會) )

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Canis lupus pallipes es un subspecie de lupo gris.

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Indiana volfo ( 伊多語 )

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L'Indiana volfo (ciencale: Canis lupus pallipes) esas sub-speco dil griza volfo qua vivas de Israel ad India. Ol es plu mikra kam la Euraziala volfo.

Ol vivas en volfari di 6 til 8 volfi. Rare ululas.

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Ινδικός λύκος ( 現代希臘語(1453 年以後) )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Ο ινδικός λύκος (Canis lupus pallipes) είναι υποείδος του γκρίζου λύκου, που ανήκει στην μεγάλη οικογένεια των Κυνιδών και στο γένος Κύων. Το είδος αυτό ζει σε μία μεγάλη περιοχή μεταξύ του Ισραήλ και της Ινδίας. Το μέγεθός του είναι μικρότερο από αυτό του Θιβετιανού λύκου και του Αραβικού λύκου και δεν διαθέτει πλούσιο τρίχωμα, αφού ζει σε θερμές περιοχές.

Περιγραφή και συμπεριφορά

 src=
Ινδικός λύκος στον Ζωολογικό κήπο του Ισλαμαμπάντ, Πακιστάν

Ο Ινδικός λύκος έχει ένα ελαφρύ, κοντό τρίχωμα. Φτάνει σε ύψος τα 60 - 95 cm ύψος και ζυγίζει από 18 έως 27 kg. Όσον αφορά τη δομή του, μοιάζει αρκετά με τον Ευρασιατικό λύκο. Η γούνα του, έχει χρώμα γκρίζο - κόκκινο ή κόκκινο - άσπρο. Το τρίχωμα της πλάτης έχει χρώμα μαύρο - γκρίζο και σχηματίζει ένα χαρακτηριστικό σχήμα V στους ώμους του. Τα άκρα του έχουν λευκό χρώμα. Η περίοδος αναπαραγωγής λαμβάνει χώρα κατά τον Οκτώβριο. Τα κουτάβια γεννιούνται με καφέ χρώμα και ένα λευκό, γαλάζιο σημάδι στο στήθος τους, το οποίο εξαφανίζεται καθώς μεγαλώνουν.

Οι συνήθειές του είναι παρόμοιες με αυτές των άλλων υποειδών του Γκρίζου λύκου, αν και ο Ινδικός λύκος, ζει σε μικρές αγέλες που σπάνια ξεπερνούν τα 6 με 8 άτομα και είναι γνωστό ότι σπάνια ουρλιάζουν. Τα κύρια θηράματα του, είναι οι αντιλόπες, τρωκτικά και λαγοί. Στην περιοχή κατανομής τους ζουν και άλλοι θηρευτές όπως το Χρυσό τσακάλι, οι αρκούδες, η λεοπάρδαλη και η τίγρη.

Ο Ινδικός λύκος είναι προσαρμοσμένος να ζει σε ημιάνυδρες και ξηρές περιοχές και αποτελεί παράδειγμα προσαρμοστικότητας των σαρκοφάγων. Παρά το γεγονός ότι θεωρείται εχθρός με το Ασιατικό αγριόσκυλο, οι έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι δεν υπάρχει ιδιαίτερος ανταγωνισμός μεταξύ τους και μοιράζονται το ίδιο έδαφος.

Κατανομή

 src=
Ινδικός λύκος
 src=
Ο χάρτης κατανομής του ινδικού λύκου

Ο ινδικός λύκος είναι το μόνο Κυνοειδές που ζει στην Δυτική Ινδία. Στην Ινδία απαντάται στις επαρχίες Γκουτζαράτ, Ρατζαστάν, Χιριάνα, Ουτάρ Πραντές, Μάντια Πραντές, Μαχαράστα, Καρνατάκα και Άντρα Πραντές. Εμφανίζεται επίσης στην Τουρκία, στο Ιράκ, στο Ιράν, το Πακιστάν, τη Συρία, τον Λίβανο και το Ισραήλ. Σύμφωνα με μελέτες, ο πληθυσμός του είδους υπολογίζεται στα 2000 - 3000 άτομα. Ο ινδικός λύκος έχει χαρακτηριστεί ως «Απειλούμενο» σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 1 του Ινδικού νόμου άγριας ζωής.

Στον πολιτισμό

Οι λύκοι αναφέρονται συχνά στην ινδουιστική μυθολογία και έχουν αμφίσημη φήμη στην Ιρανική μυθολογία. Εμφανίζονται επίσης σε αρκετά διάσημα μυθιστορήματα. Σύμφωνα με το βιβλίο του Ράντγιαρντ Κίπλινγκ Το Βιβλίο της Ζούγκλας, ο κύριος πρωταγωνιστής, Μόγλης, καταδιώκεται από μια αγέλη ινδικών λύκων.

Βιβλιογραφία

  • Claus Hilschmann - Fauna Band 7 Die Orientalische Region, Novaria-Verlag, 1971. ISBN 2-8270-0869-6
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Ινδικός λύκος: Brief Summary ( 現代希臘語(1453 年以後) )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Ο ινδικός λύκος (Canis lupus pallipes) είναι υποείδος του γκρίζου λύκου, που ανήκει στην μεγάλη οικογένεια των Κυνιδών και στο γένος Κύων. Το είδος αυτό ζει σε μία μεγάλη περιοχή μεταξύ του Ισραήλ και της Ινδίας. Το μέγεθός του είναι μικρότερο από αυτό του Θιβετιανού λύκου και του Αραβικού λύκου και δεν διαθέτει πλούσιο τρίχωμα, αφού ζει σε θερμές περιοχές.

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भारतीय ब्वाँसो ( 尼泊爾語 )

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भारतीय ब्वाँसो खैरो ब्वाँसो प्रजातिको उपप्रजातिको वर्णमा पर्ने एक प्रकारको ब्वाँसो हो जसको बासस्थान दायरा दक्षिणपश्चिम एसिया देखि भारती उपमहादेश सम्म फैलिएको छ। यो तिब्बती र अरबी ब्वाँसको बीच आकारको एक मध्यवर्ती ब्वाँसो हो भने यो जीव प्रायः गर्मी क्षेत्रमा बस्ने भएकाले यसको शरीरमा बाक्लो भुत्लाहरू हुँदैनन्। भारतीय ब्वाँसो भारत र अन्य अरब देशहरू जस्तै पाकिस्तान, इराक, इरान र संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्समा भेटिन्छन्। यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोको मुख्यतया हल्का खैरो र हल्का रातो रङ्गको शरीर हुन्छ जसकारण यो जनावरलाई स्याल भनि भ्रममा पर्ने सम्भावना उच्च छ। यो ब्वाँसो सामान्यतया सानो हुन्छ जसको कुल लम्बाई ३ फिट हुन्छ भने यसको शरीरमा कम बाक्लो भुत्ला हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका ब्वाँसोहरू सामान्यया न्यानो ठाउँमा बसोबास गर्छन्। भारतीय ब्वाँसोलाई सर्वप्रथम सन् १८३१ मा बेलायती प्रकृतिविद् हेनरी साइक्सले वर्णन गरेका थिए भने सन् १९४१ मा यसलाई अर्का प्रकृतिविद् रिगानर्ड पोककले अर्को प्रजातिमा वर्गीकरण गरेका थिए।

विवरण तथा व्यवहार

भारतीय ब्वाँसोको शारीरिक बनावटको संरचना युरोपेली ब्वाँसोको जस्तै हुन्छ तर यसको उचाइ तथा आकार युरोपेली ब्वाँसोको भन्दा हल्का सानो र शरीर भुत्ला पनि कम हुन्छ।[१] अरबी ब्वाँसोको जस्तै यी ब्वाँसोको पनि छोटो भुत्ला हुन्छ। भारतीय ब्वाँसो अन्य ब्वाँसो प्रजातिको जस्तै भुक्ने तथा कराउने गर्दछ, यद्यपि यसले विरलै यस्तो आवाज निकाल्छ। यस प्रजातिका ब्वाँसोहरू मरुभूमि जस्तो सुख्खा क्षेत्रमा पनि बाँच्न सक्दछन् भने यीनिहरू भारतमा सुख्खा क्षेत्रमा देखा पर्दछन्।[२][३][४] यस प्रजातिका ब्वाँसोहरू मुख्यतया खुला भूमिमा घुम्ने गर्दछन्। भारतीय ब्वाँसोहरू गुजरातमा पनि पाइन्छन्। यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोले सामान्यतया मध्य अक्टुबरदेखि डिसेम्बरको अन्तसम्म प्रजनन गर्ने गर्दछ। यस जनावरले हरिन, खरायो आदिको सिकार गर्दछ। सिकार गर्ने क्रममा मृगलाई भ्रममा पार्नका लागि यसले समूहमा सिकार गर्ने गर्दछ। जबसम्म साना बच्चाहरू सिकार गर्ने परिपक्व हुदैनन् ती साना बच्चालाई पुरै समूहले हेरचाह गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ भने माउ ब्वाँसो बच्चाका लागि खाना खोज्न जाने गर्दछ।[५] सिकार गर्ने क्रममा एक ब्वाँसोले निरिक्षणको रूपमा काम गर्छ भने अर्कोले पछिल्तिरबाट आक्रमण गर्दछ। भारतीय ब्वाँसोको सुनौलो स्याल, स्लोथ भालु, चितुवा, खैरो भालु, सिंह र बाघको बासस्थान दायरा भित्र पर्दछ।

संरक्षण

यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोको सङ्ख्या ३,००० रहेको अनुमान गरिएको छ। यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोलाई जय समन्द आरक्ष केन्द्रमा सुरक्षा दिइएको छ।[६] मुख्यतया भारतीय ब्वाँसाहरूको खराब प्रतिष्ठा र बासस्थान दायराको खराब अवस्थाका कारण संरक्षण प्रयासहरू प्रभावकारी हुन गाह्रो भैरहेको छ। भारतीय ब्वाँसोको बासस्थान दायरा भित्र पर्ने क्षेत्रमा बस्ने बासिन्दाहरूसँग लामो समयदेखि द्वन्द्वमा चलिरहेको छ। भारतीय ब्वाँसोले घरपालुवा जनावर सिकार गर्ने भएकाले यसलाई कहीँकतै स्थानीय मानिसहरूले मार्ने गरेका छन्।[७] यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोले मानिसको बासस्थान क्षेत्रमा प्रवेशगरि बालबालिकालाई मार्ने गरेको देखिएको छ विज्ञहरूले यसलाई तिनीहरूको प्राकृतिक वासस्थान र सामान्य वातावरणमा खानाको अभावको लागि श्रेय दिएका छन्।

सन् १८७८ मा भारतीय ब्वाँसोले भारतको उत्तर प्रदेशमा ६२४ मानिसहरूको सिकार गरेका थिए भने सोही वर्ग बङ्गालमा पनि १४ मानिसहरूको भारती ब्वाँसोको आक्रमण द्वारा मृत्यु भएको थियो। सन् १९९० मा भारतीय ब्वाँसोको आक्रमणमा परि मध्य प्रदेशमा २८५ स्थानीय मानिसहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो।[८] सन् १९१० देखि १९१५ को बीचमा ११५ बालबालिकाहरू हजारीबाघमा भारतीय ब्वाँसोको सिकार बनेका थिए भने सोही क्षेत्रमा सन् १९८० देखि १९८६ मा १२२ बालबालिकाहरू ब्वाँसोको सिकार बनेका थिए। मार्च २७, १९६६ देखि १ जुलाई १९९६ सम्म भारतको उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित जानुपुर, प्रतापगढ र सुल्तानपुर भारतीय ब्वाँसोको आक्रमणमा परि २१ बालबालिकाको मृत्यु भएको थियो भने १६ गम्भीर घाइते भएका थिए।

सन्दर्भ सामग्री

  1. Sykes, William H. (१८३१), "Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukun (Deccan); with observations on the habits, etc., and characters of new species.", Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830–1831 (London: Zoological Society of London) I: १०१, अन्तिम पहुँच २८ डिसेम्बर २०१३
  2. Miklosi, Adam (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford Biology (2nd संस्करण). Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. . https://books.google.com/books?id=VT-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106.
  3. Leonard, J. A.; Vilà, C; Fox-Dobbs, K; Koch, P. L.; Wayne, R. K.; Van Valkenburgh, B (२००७), "Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph", Current Biology 17 (13): 1146–50, डिओआई:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072, पिएमआइडी 17583509
  4. Pilot, M. G.; Branicki, W.; Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Dykyy, I.; Shkvyrya, M.; Tsingarska, E. (२०१०), "Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe", BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 104, डिओआई:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104, पिएमआइडी 20409299, पिएमसी 2873414
  5. "Canis lupus indica"
  6. Bright, Michael (2002). Man-Eaters. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks. प॰ 304. .
  7. Yadvendradev, V. Jhala; Giles, Robert H. Jr. (डिसेम्बर १९९१), "The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India", Conservation Biology (Wiley) 5 (4): 476–483, जेएसटिओआर 2386069, डिओआई:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x
  8. Singh, Mewa; Kumara, H. N. (२००६), "Distribution, status and conservation of Indian gray wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Karnataka, India", Journal of Zoology 270 (1): 164–169, डिओआई:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00103.x

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भारतीय ब्वाँसो: Brief Summary ( 尼泊爾語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

भारतीय ब्वाँसो खैरो ब्वाँसो प्रजातिको उपप्रजातिको वर्णमा पर्ने एक प्रकारको ब्वाँसो हो जसको बासस्थान दायरा दक्षिणपश्चिम एसिया देखि भारती उपमहादेश सम्म फैलिएको छ। यो तिब्बती र अरबी ब्वाँसको बीच आकारको एक मध्यवर्ती ब्वाँसो हो भने यो जीव प्रायः गर्मी क्षेत्रमा बस्ने भएकाले यसको शरीरमा बाक्लो भुत्लाहरू हुँदैनन्। भारतीय ब्वाँसो भारत र अन्य अरब देशहरू जस्तै पाकिस्तान, इराक, इरान र संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्समा भेटिन्छन्। यस प्रजातिको ब्वाँसोको मुख्यतया हल्का खैरो र हल्का रातो रङ्गको शरीर हुन्छ जसकारण यो जनावरलाई स्याल भनि भ्रममा पर्ने सम्भावना उच्च छ। यो ब्वाँसो सामान्यतया सानो हुन्छ जसको कुल लम्बाई ३ फिट हुन्छ भने यसको शरीरमा कम बाक्लो भुत्ला हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका ब्वाँसोहरू सामान्यया न्यानो ठाउँमा बसोबास गर्छन्। भारतीय ब्वाँसोलाई सर्वप्रथम सन् १८३१ मा बेलायती प्रकृतिविद् हेनरी साइक्सले वर्णन गरेका थिए भने सन् १९४१ मा यसलाई अर्का प्रकृतिविद् रिगानर्ड पोककले अर्को प्रजातिमा वर्गीकरण गरेका थिए।

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இந்திய ஓநாய் ( 坦米爾語 )

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இந்திய ஓநாய் (ஆங்கிலப் பெயர்: Indian wolf, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Canis lupus pallipes) என்பது ஓநாயின் ஒரு துணையினம் ஆகும். இது தென்மேற்கு ஆசியாவில் இருந்து இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டம் வரை காணப்படுகிறது. இது திபெத்திய மற்றும் அரேபிய ஓநாய்களுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட அளவில் காணப்படுகிறது. இதற்குத் திபெத்திய ஓநாயைப் போல் குளிர்கால உரோமம் கிடையது. ஏனெனில் இது வெப்பமான பகுதியில் வசிக்கிறது.

பிரிந்த காலம்




தங்க ஜாகால் 19 இலட்சம் YBP[2]




கயோட்டி கோநாய் 11 இலட்சம் YBP[2]




இமாலய ஓநாய் 630,000 YBP[3]




இந்தியச் சாம்பல் ஓநாய் 270,000 YBP[3]




ஹோலார்க்டிக் சாம்பல் ஓநாய் 80,000 YBP[4]



நாய்








மைட்டோகாண்ட்ரியா டி.என்.ஏ. அடிப்படையில் இது பிரிந்த காலம்

இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டம்

2004ம் ஆண்டின் கணக்கெடுப்பின் படி இந்தியா முழுவதும் சுமார் 2000-3000 ஓநாய்கள் இருப்பதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

உசாத்துணை

  1. 1.0 1.1 William Henry Sykes (1831). "Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukun (Deccan); with observations on the habits, etc., and characters of new species.". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830–1831 (London: Zoological Society of London) I: 101. https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet#page/n113/mode/2up. பார்த்த நாள்: 28 December 2013.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O. et al. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. பப்மெட்:26234211. http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2815%2900787-3.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x.
  4. Koblmüller, Stephan; Vilà, Carles; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)". Journal of Biogeography 43 (9): 1728. doi:10.1111/jbi.12765.

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இந்திய ஓநாய்: Brief Summary ( 坦米爾語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
இந்தியத் துணைக்கண்டம்

2004ம் ஆண்டின் கணக்கெடுப்பின் படி இந்தியா முழுவதும் சுமார் 2000-3000 ஓநாய்கள் இருப்பதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

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Vergê İrani ( Diq )

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Vergo İraniyo ke erdi sero merediyo ra

Vergê İrani (Canis lupus pallipes) yew cınsê vergano ke Lubnan, Suriya, Tırkiya, İran, Efğanıstan, Pakistan, Erebıstanê Seudi u İsrail de weşiya xo rameno. Vergê İrani verganê Erebi u Tibeti miyan de gırdo, keyey inan 6 - 7 ezayan miyan de vuriyeno u yew vergê İrani şeno rengê postê xo mewsım be mewsım bıvurno.

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Indian wolf ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian subcontinent. It is intermediate in size between the Himalayan wolf and the Arabian wolf, and lacks the former's luxuriant winter coat due to it living in warmer conditions.[3] Within this subspecies, the "Indian plains wolf" is genetically basal to all other extant Canis lupus apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf, with both proposed as separate species.[4][5] The Indian wolf travels in smaller packs and is less vocal than other variants of the gray wolf,[6] and has a reputation for being cunning.[7][8] The Indian wolf is one of the most endangered populations of gray wolf in the world.[9]

Taxonomy

The Indian wolf was first described to Western science in 1831 by the British ornithologist William Henry Sykes under the binomial Canis pallipes.[2] In 1941, Reginald Pocock subordinated it to Canis lupus under the trinomial Canis lupus pallipes.[3]

Canis indica

Phylogenetic tree for Canis lupus with timing in years[a] 250,000 120,000 80,000 31,000

Dog Tibetan mastiff (transparent background).png

Holarctic gray wolf Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

Late Pleistocene wolfDogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

Indian plains wolf Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

Himalayan wolf Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).png

The Indian plains wolf[10] (Canis lupus pallipes, synonym Canis indica) is formed by 2 closely related female lineage mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) haplotypes[5] that fall within the Canis lupus pallipes subspecies of the gray wolf. It is only found in the arid and semi-arid peninsular plains of India.[5] These lineages are genetically unique from all other wolves worldwide, including from other wolves forming C. l. pallipes.[11][10] The Indian gray wolf and the Himalayan wolf are phylogenetically basal to all other wolves and are closer to the African wolf. This indicates that these are the descendants of an ancient wolf distribution.[5][10] In April 2009, the Latin binomial Canis indica had been proposed for these 2 haplotypes as a nomenclatural and taxonomic split from Canis lupus as a new species through the Nomenclature Specialist on the CITES Animals Committee.[12] The committee recommended against this proposal but recommended that the name be entered into the species database as a synonym of the name under which it was listed.[13] The proposal was based on one study[5] that relied on only a limited number of museum and zoo samples that may not have been representative of the wild population, and a call for further fieldwork was made.[14]: 886 

Earlier, two studies had sequenced the mDNA of the Indian gray wolf and found that it is basal to all other extant Canis lupus haplotypes apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf.[4][5] Later studies compared these sequences against worldwide wolf sequences and confirmed this basal position.[15][16][17] One study, based on a fossil record, estimated that the divergence between the coyote and the wolf lineages occurred 1 million years ago and with an assumed wolf mutation rate, estimated that the divergence of the Indian gray wolf from the wolf/dog ancestor occurred 400,000 years ago.[4]: S2  Another study, which expressed concerns about the earlier study, gave an estimate of 270,000 years ago.[5]: 169 

The Indian gray wolf is endangered and its population is estimated at 2,000-3,000.[4] It resembles C. l. pallipes in its outer appearance (morphological features) and its social/reproductive behavior, but it is smaller in size. It is genetically distinct from C. l. pallipes. These findings suggest that the Indian gray wolf is not the pallipes found in the Middle East and Central Asia.[5]: 169  It was therefore proposed that the Indian gray wolf be reclassified as a separate species Canis indica.[4][5] In 2016, a study of the mDNA of both modern and ancient wolves indicated that the Indian gray wolf and the Himalayan wolf were genetically basal when compared with all other gray wolves.[18]

In 2021, a study compared both the mitochondrial DNA and the nuclear DNA (from the cell nucleus) from the wolves of the Himalayas with those of the wolves from the lowlands of the Indian subcontinent. The genomic analyses indicate that the Himalayan wolf and the Indian lowland wolf were genetically distinct from one another. These wolves were also genetically distinct from – and genetically basal to – the other wolf populations across the northern hemisphere. These other wolves form a single mitochondrial clade, indicating that they originated from a single expansion from one region within the last 100,000 years. However, the nuclear analysis indicated that the Indian lowland wolf and the Himalayan wolf had separated from this lineage around 200,000 years ago, with the Indian lowland wolf being genetically basal to the Himalayan wolf. This nuclear DNA finding conflicts with mitochondrial DNA findings of the Himalayan wolf being the most basal, however the Himalayan wolf has admixed with a more basal but unidentified canid and this is what was being reflected in its mDNA. Wolves from Syria and Iran clustered with the other wolves, although these and the Indian lowland wolves are taxonomically classified together as the single subspecies Canis lupus pallipes. The wolves of this subspecies share morphological characteristics due to their adaptation to arid environments.[19] In 2022 whole-genome sequencing estimated the distinct gray wolf lineage living in the semi-arid lowland region of the Indian subcontinent diverged from other gray wolf populations around 110,000 years ago.[20]

The taxonomic reference Mammal Species of the World (2005) does not recognize Canis indica, however NCBI/Genbank does list Canis lupus indica.[21]

Iranian wolf

A study demonstrated minor morphological variations of the skull of Iranian wolves but these did not vary enough to support them being a separate subspecies, however their genetic lineage has not been verified.[22]

Description

Captive Indian wolf in Islamabad Zoo
Indian wolf pack at Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat, India

The Indian wolf is similar in structure to the Eurasian wolf, but is smaller, more slightly built, and has shorter fur with little to no underfur.[7] It is typically around 57–72 cm (22–28 in) at shoulder height, with males ranging from 19 to 25 kg (42 to 55 lb) and females 17–22 kg (37–49 lb) in weight. Its length ranges from 103 to 145 cm (41 to 57 in) from nose to tail.[23] Like the Arabian wolf, it has short, thin fur in summer, though the hair on the back remains long even in summer, an adaptation thought to be against solar radiation.[24] The fur is generally grayish-red to reddish-white with gray tones. The hairs are grizzled with black, particularly on the back, which sports a dark V-shaped patch around the shoulders. The limbs are paler than the body, and the underparts are almost completely white.[6] Pups are born sooty-brown, with a milk-white patch on the chest that fades with age.[7] Black specimens are rare, but have been recorded in India's Solapur district and two regions of Iran. In the latter country, the mutation was found to be naturally occurring, unlike in North American gray wolves, which have inherited the Kb allele responsible for melanism from past interbreeding with dogs.[25][26]

Behaviour and ecology

Its habits are similar to those of other grey wolf subspecies, though the Indian wolf generally lives in smaller packs rarely exceeding 6-8 individuals, and is relatively less vocal,[7] having rarely been known to howl.[6] Indian wolf vocalization includes howls, howl-barks, whimper, social squeals, and whines with howls an average fundamental frequency of 422 Hz and whines 906 Hz.[27] There is at least one record of a lone wolf associating with a pair of dholes in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary.[28] It tends to breed from mid-October to late December, and whelp in holes or ravines.[6] It typically preys on antelopes, rodents, and hares.[29] It usually hunts in pairs when targeting antelopes, with one wolf acting as a decoy while the other attacks from behind.[7] The range of the Indian wolf overlaps with the golden jackal, sloth bear, leopard, Bengal fox, brown bear, Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger.[30][31]

Hunting

Indian wolves are nocturnal and hunt from dusk to dawn, using different strategies for their various prey animals.[32] These wolves are said to be exceptional in speed and endurance.[6] An Indian wolf pack will spread themselves out when hunting Indian hares and various rodents, in contrast to coordinating when their target is the swift blackbuck antelope. The blackbuck is the major prey animal for wolves in Nannaj and Blackbuck National Park and constitute up to 88% of Indian wolf biomass consumption.[33] Because the antelope is faster, Indian wolves will usually chase it toward ravines, bushes or hollows, where more wolves wait in ambush.[7][34] In addition to leading antelopes into an ambush, Indian wolves can chase blackbucks down hills for a short-term burst in speed. Indian wolves may also select a sick or injured animal and separate it from the herd, pursuing it to exhaustion. This strategy is commonly seen in gray wolves, and often proves successful. Finally, when they close the distance and attack, a single wolf would grab the snout to asphyxiate the antelope while others attack the rear.[34] Indian wolves are also reported to use curiosity to lure antelopes in for a kill. One story remarks that a wolf rolled over, legs upright, when the blackbucks were feeding. When the antelope accidentally disturbed this wolf, two others sprung up for the kill.[7]

Distribution and status

West Asia

During the 19th century, wolves were widespread in many parts of the Holy Land east and west of the Jordan River. However, they decreased considerably in number between 1964 and 1980, largely due to persecution by farmers.[35] Currently, Israel's conservation policies and effective law enforcement maintain a moderately sized wolf population, which radiates into neighbouring countries. Turkey may play an important role in maintaining wolves in the region, due to its contiguity with Central Asia. The mountains of Turkey have served as a refuge for the few wolves remaining in Syria. A small wolf population of 80-100 occurs in the Golan Heights, and is well protected by the military activities there.[36][37][38] Although Turkish wolves have no legal protection, they may number about 7,000 individuals.[39]

Little is known of current wolf populations in Iran, which once occurred throughout the country in low densities during the mid-1970s.[36] Although widespread throughout the country, being absent only in the central desert and Dasht-e Lut, there is no reliable estimation on the wolf's population size there. Wolves in Iran continue to suffer from habitat loss, unregulated hunting and loss of prey.[22][40]

Indian subcontinent

Skull
Indian Wolf at Velavadar (Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat)

The northern regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan are important strongholds for the wolf. It has been estimated that there are about 300 wolves in approximately 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) of Jammu and Kashmir in northern India, and 50 more in Himachal Pradesh.[36] Hindus traditionally considered the hunting of wolves, even dangerous ones, as taboo, for fear of causing a bad harvest. The Santals, however, considered them fair game, as with every other forest-dwelling animal.[41] During British India, wolves were not considered game species, and were killed primarily in response to them attacking game herds, livestock, and people. In 1876, in the North-West Provinces and Bihar State, 2,825 wolves were killed in response to 721 fatal attacks on humans.[42] Two years later, 2,600 wolves were killed in response to attacks leaving 624 humans dead.[43] By the 1920s, wolf extermination remained a priority in the NWP and Awadh. Overall, over 100,000 wolves were killed for bounties in British India between 1871 and 1916.[42] In modern India, the Indian wolf is distributed across the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. As of 2004, it is estimated that there are around 2000–3000 Indian wolves in the country.[44] Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary in the state of Jharkhand is only wolf sanctuary in the country.[45] They are mainly found outside of protected reserves and feed mainly on domestic animals, such as goats or sheep. However, in areas where natural prey is still abundant, for example in Velavadar National Park or Panna Tiger Reserve, natural prey species are still preferred.[46] Although protected since 1972, Indian wolves are classed as Endangered, with many populations lingering in low numbers or living in areas increasingly used by humans. In March 2023, ten captive-bred wolves were released in Gujarat, a first for India.[47] Although present in Bhutan, there is no information on the wolves occurring there.[36]

Relationships with humans

Attacks on humans

Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". In 1878, 624 people were killed by wolves in Uttar Pradesh, and 14 others were killed in Bengal.[48] In 1900, 285 people were killed in the Central Provinces.[49] Between 1910 and 1915, 115 children were killed by wolves in Hazaribagh, and 122 were killed in the same area in 1980–1986. In Jaunpur, Pratapgarh and Sultanpur in Uttar Pradesh, wolves killed 21 children and mauled 16 others from March 27, 1996, to July 1, 1996. Between April 1993 and April 1995, five wolf packs attacked 80 children, 20 of whom were rescued, in Hazaribagh, West Koderma and Latehar Forest Divisions. The children were taken primarily in the summer period in the evening hours, and often within human settlements.[48]

In Iran, wolf attacks have been reported for millennia. As with India, many cases of wolves making off with small children have been reported. Adults have been attacked on occasion, including an incident in which a policeman was killed and partially eaten by three wolves after dismounting from his horse to relieve himself.[50] On January 2, 2005, in the village of Vali Asr, near the town of Torbat Heydariya, northeastern Iran, a wolf pack attacked a homeless man in front of witnesses. Although the police intervened, the man died of his wounds.[51]

A miniature, depicting a wolf hunt in ancient Persia

Predation on livestock

Indian wolves will feed on livestock when natural prey is scarce. This causes human-wolf conflicts and wolf persecution since human population density is high in these areas.[52] Grass is quickly grazed by livestock in unprotected grasslands that cannot sustain a blackbuck population afterward.[34] Among domestic animals, goats are the primary target for Indian wolves, comprising 66% of wolf attacks around the Jhelum district, with sheep following at 27%.[53] Wolves are also more prone to preying on livestock during denning periods and with pups below 5–6 months old.[34] It is not uncommon for locals to exaggerate the magnitude of Indian wolf depredation and tell tales of their predatory wiles, contributing to hatred of the animal.[7][8][34]

In culture

Like the fox and the coyote, the Indian wolf has a reputation for being clever. There are many stories of their stratagems told by locals, observers and shepherds.[7][8] The people of Maharashtra would sing labad landga dhong kartay, in Marathi which translates to "Wolves are clever animals and will fool you with their devilish methods."[54]

Wolves are occasionally mentioned in Hindu mythology. In the Harivamsa, Krishna, to convince the people of Vraja to migrate to Vrindavan, creates hundreds of wolves from his hairs, which frighten the inhabitants of Vraja into making the journey.[55] In the Rig Veda, Rijrsava is blinded by his father as punishment for having given 101 of his family's sheep to a she-wolf, who in turn prays to the Ashvins to restore his sight.[56] Bhima, the voracious son of the god Vayu, is described as Vrikodara, meaning "wolf-stomached".[57]

The wolf has an ambivalent reputation in Iranian culture, being demonised in the Avestas as a creation of Ahriman,[56] and still features in contemporary cautionary tales told to misbehaving children.[58]

Indian wolves take a central role in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book series, in which a pack in the Seoni area of Madhya Pradesh adopts the feral child Mowgli, and teaches him how to survive in the jungle while protecting him from the Bengal tiger Shere Khan.

Notes

  1. ^ For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids

References

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Indian wolf: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian subcontinent. It is intermediate in size between the Himalayan wolf and the Arabian wolf, and lacks the former's luxuriant winter coat due to it living in warmer conditions. Within this subspecies, the "Indian plains wolf" is genetically basal to all other extant Canis lupus apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf, with both proposed as separate species. The Indian wolf travels in smaller packs and is less vocal than other variants of the gray wolf, and has a reputation for being cunning. The Indian wolf is one of the most endangered populations of gray wolf in the world.

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Canis lupus pallipes ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El lobo indio (Canis lupus pallipes) es una subespecie de lobo perteneciente a la familia de los cánidos que se encuentra en la parte occidental del subcontinente indio, en algunas zonas del sur de Pakistán,[2]​ y en los países de Irán, Turquía, Arabia Saudita e Israel. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado como una subpoblación de la subespecie iraní Canis lupus pallipes, sin embargo, investigaciones recientes sugieren que pudiera representar una subespecie distinta descendiente de perros domésticos: Canis indica. El lobo indio ha sido acusado de haber robado niños en la India, donde es perseguido. Ocupa un lugar destacado en los cuentos de animales escritos por Rudyard Kipling.

Taxonomía

Investigaciones recientes de ADN sugieren que el lobo indio no se ha cruzado de forma significativa con ninguna otra población de lobos durante casi 400.000 años, por lo que podría considerarse una especie separada por completo del lobo euroasiático. El naturalista británico B.H. Hodgson fue el primero en describir un lobo indio como una especie separada, Canis laniger, en 1847, pero el lobo que estaba describiendo era en realidad un ejemplar de lobo del Himalaya, perteneciente a la subespecie euroasiática.

Otro naturalista británico, W.T. Blanford, trabajando para el Servicio Geológico de la India, describió el lobo indio como una especie separada llamada Canis pallipes en 1888. Se distinguía de Canis lupus laniger por su menor tamaño, pelaje de invierno mucho más corto, constitución más delgada, y cráneo y dientes más pequeños. Además, se identificó al lobo del Himalaya de Hodgson como una subespecie (es decir, C. lupus laniger en contraposición a C. laniger).

En 1941, el taxónomo británico R.I. Pocock clasificó por separado como subespecies a C. lupus pallipes y a C. lupus laniger. Hoy en día, el lobo del Himalaya identificado originalmente por Hodgson en 1847 como C. laniger es considerado generalmente como perteneciente a la subespecie de Eurasia (C. lupus lupus), mientras que el lobo indio es considerado como una subespecie (C. lupus pallipes) o, como se mencionó anteriormente, una especie de derecho propio.

Últimamente, la investigación del ADN mitocondrial de los lobos indios apoya la sugerencia de tratarlos como una nueva especie de cánido (Canis indica). Probablemente el lobo emigró a la India hace cerca de 400.000 años, durante el Pleistoceno, y quedaron separados de sus antepasados euroasiáticos.

Apariencia y adaptaciones

El lobo indio tiene un pelaje muy corto y denso que suele ser rojizo, leonado, beige o de colores. Alcanza 60-95 cm (24-37 pulgadas) de altura, y generalmente pesa 18-27 kilogramos (40-60 libras). La cría se produce en octubre, después de las lluvias - temprano en comparación con el lobo euroasiático.

Está adaptado para la vida en las zonas semiáridas y cálidas. Su tamaño relativamente pequeño le permite sobrevivir con los ungulados pequeños, conejos, liebres y roedores que deambulan por su hábitat. El lobo indio es un ejemplo de la adaptabilidad de los cánidos, dado que sus parientes se pueden encontrar en zonas marcadamente distintas a los medios de matorral, pastizales y ambientes semiáridos en los que vive el lobo indio.

Aunque el lobo indio y el perro rojo de la India han sido retratados como enemigos mortales por el escritor Rudyard Kipling en Red Dog, los estudios han demostrado que existe muy poca competencia entre las dos especies en las que comparten un terreno común. El hecho de que el lobo habita en los espacios abiertos y se alimenta principalmente de roedores como contraste a la costumbre del perro de vivir en los bosques densos y cazar ungulados de mediano tamaño es suficiente para garantizar la coexistencia pacífica.

A diferencia de los demás lobos, el lobo indio rara vez aulla.

Distribución

Se trata de un cánido adaptado al semi-desierto que es exclusivo de la India occidental. En la India, el Lobo indio se distribuye principalmente en los estados de Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka y Andhra Pradesh. Un estudio publicado en 2004 estima que hay alrededor de 2000-3000 Lobos indios.

El lobo indio ha sido cazado por alimentarse del ganado, aunque está protegido como una especie en peligro de extinción en la India en el anexo 1 de la Vida Silvestre de la India (Protección) de 1972. El Santuario de Samaná Jai, Rajasthan, se cree que es el único lugar en el que el animal se cría en cautividad.

Ataques a seres humanos

Durante el período de 1996-1997, en Uttar Pradesh, lobos atacaron a 74 personas, ocasionándoles heridas graves o incluso la muerte.[cita requerida] En su mayoría eran niños menores de 10 años. Los ataques fueron bien documentados por las autoridades. Uno de los casos más extremos jamás registrado ocurrió en 1878 en la India británica. Durante un período de un año 624 personas murieron a manos de los lobos devoradores de hombres.[cita requerida]

El lobo indio en la cultura popular

En la novela de Rudyard Kipling, El libro de la selva, el protagonista Mowgli es criado por una manada de lobos indios. Los lobos también aparecen en otras obras de este escritor. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las adaptaciones de la obra, los lobos indios son mostrados con un aspecto o tamaño idéntico al de los lobos grises.

Referencias

  1. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Canis lupus pallipes». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  2. [1] Distribución del lobo en Pakistán.
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Canis lupus pallipes: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El lobo indio (Canis lupus pallipes) es una subespecie de lobo perteneciente a la familia de los cánidos que se encuentra en la parte occidental del subcontinente indio, en algunas zonas del sur de Pakistán,​ y en los países de Irán, Turquía, Arabia Saudita e Israel. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado como una subpoblación de la subespecie iraní Canis lupus pallipes, sin embargo, investigaciones recientes sugieren que pudiera representar una subespecie distinta descendiente de perros domésticos: Canis indica. El lobo indio ha sido acusado de haber robado niños en la India, donde es perseguido. Ocupa un lugar destacado en los cuentos de animales escritos por Rudyard Kipling.

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Indiar otso ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Indiar otsoa (Canis lupus pallipes) otsoaren (Canis lupus) azpiespezie bat da; azpiespezietzat sailkatu zen 1931. urtean, William Henry Sykesen eskutik.

Ezaugarriak

- Europar eta Ipar Amerikako otsoak baino txikiagoa da, 25-31,5 kilo inguru pisatzen du.

- Belarri handiak ditu gorputzaren beroa barreiatu ahal izateko, basamortuetan bizi diren animalien ezaugarri komuna.

Elikadura

Ugaztun eta hegazti txikiez elikatzen da, esaterako: arratoiak, katagorriak, mangostak, eperrak etab.

Ugalketa

Otsoen taldeko bikote alfa edo menderatzailea da ugaltzen dena , ugalketa neguan ematen da. Eme menderatzaileak edo alfak 3-5 kume artean erditzen ditu, ta hauek 6 hilabetetan heldutasun sexuala lortzen dute.

Habitat

Basamortuetako lur elkorretan zein baso hostotsuetan bizi daiteke.

Hedapena

Israeleko iparraldetik, Saudi Arabia, Afganistan, Turkia, Pakistan eta Iranetik zehar hedatzen da.

Erreferentziak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Indiar otso: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Indiar otsoa (Canis lupus pallipes) otsoaren (Canis lupus) azpiespezie bat da; azpiespezietzat sailkatu zen 1931. urtean, William Henry Sykesen eskutik.

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Intiansusi ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Intiansusi (Canis lupus pallipes) on harmaasuden pienikokoinen alalaji, jota tavataan Intiassa ja eteläisessä Aasiassa. Jotkut tutkijat pitävät intiansutta ja arabiansutta samana lajina. Intiansusi voi olla myös uusi koiraeläinlaji (Canis indica).

Aasiassa asuu vähiten tunnetut suden alalajit, joista osa on jo sukupuuton partaalla. arabiansusi (Canis lupus arabs), tiibetinsusi (Canis lupus chano), kaukasiansusi (Canis lupus campestris) ja Intiansusi (Canis lupus pallipes). Näistä lajeista on esitetty, että ne sisältäisivät kaksi aivan uutta alalajia; himalajansusi ja intiansusi.

Luokittelu

Vuonna 2009 CITESille ehdotettiin Canis indican erottamista omaksi lajikseen. Tämä perustui yhteen tutkimukseen, jossa käytettiin pientä määrää näytteitä lähinnä tarhoissa kasvaneista yksilöistä. Ehdotus hylättiin, mutta nimi listattiin synonyymiksi ja tutkijoille suositeltiin laajempia kenttäkokeita.[1][2][3]

Intiansusi voi siis olla

  • suden itsenäinen alalaji
  • sama alalaji kuin arabiansusi
  • tai ainakin osa intiansuden populaatiosta voi muodostaa oman koiraeläinlajinsa

Intiansudet risteytyvät villiintyneiden koirien kanssa mikä voi olla uhka koko lajin olemassaololle.[4]

Ulkonäkö

Intiansudet ovat pääosin pienempiä kuin Euroopan sudet; noin 91 cm pitkä, 66 cm korkea, hännän pituus 41–46 cm. Turkin väritys vaihtelee harmahtavan punaisesta punertavan valkoiseen mustin kärjin. Intiansusilla kuten arabiansusillakin karva on lyhyempi ja ohuempi kesällä, vaikkakin karva selässä on pitkä kesälläkin. Talvikarva on pitkä, mutta ei niin pitkä kun pohjoisessa asuvilla susilla. Karvan pituus olkapäiden kohdalla on 50–85 mm pitkä ja 35–65 mm pitkä kyljissä. Pisinkään karva ei yllä samoihin mittoihin tiibetinsuden kanssa.

Intiansudet ovat suurempia, tummempiturkkisia ja pää on suhteessa suurempi kuin arabiansudella.

Levinneisyys

Intiansudet elävät pääasiassa Intiassa, Turkissa ja myös Saudi-Arabiassa, Israelissa ja Iranissa.

Intiansusia tavattiin aiemmin laajasti Intiassa, mutta sen elinalue on pienentynyt paljon. Nykyisin pinniä susilaumoja on Karnatakassa, Maharashtrassa, Gujaratissa, Rajasthanissa ja Biharissa.[5]

Lähteet

  1. Nomenclatural matters Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee. 2009. CITES. Viitattu 6.10.2015.
  2. Summary record Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee. 2009. CITES. Viitattu 6.10.2015.
  3. R. K. Aggarwal, T. Kivisild, J. Ramadevi & L. Singh: Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 2007, 45. vsk, nro 2, s. 164-172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 6.10.2015.
  4. Khosravi R1, Rezaei HR, Kaboli M.: Detecting hybridization between Iranian wild wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and free-ranging domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by analysis of microsatellite markers.. Zoolog Sci., 2013, 30. vsk, nro 1, s. 27-34. doi: 10.2108/zsj.30.27.. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 6.10.2015.
  5. Canis lupus pallipes (Indian Wolf) Important India. Viitattu 6.10.2015.
Käännös suomeksi
Tämä artikkeli tai sen osa on käännetty tai siihen on haettu tietoja muunkielisen Wikipedian artikkelista.
Alkuperäinen artikkeli: en:Indian Wolf
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Intiansusi: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Intiansusi (Canis lupus pallipes) on harmaasuden pienikokoinen alalaji, jota tavataan Intiassa ja eteläisessä Aasiassa. Jotkut tutkijat pitävät intiansutta ja arabiansutta samana lajina. Intiansusi voi olla myös uusi koiraeläinlaji (Canis indica).

Aasiassa asuu vähiten tunnetut suden alalajit, joista osa on jo sukupuuton partaalla. arabiansusi (Canis lupus arabs), tiibetinsusi (Canis lupus chano), kaukasiansusi (Canis lupus campestris) ja Intiansusi (Canis lupus pallipes). Näistä lajeista on esitetty, että ne sisältäisivät kaksi aivan uutta alalajia; himalajansusi ja intiansusi.

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Canis lupus pallipes ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Loup des Indes

Canis lupus pallipes, le Loup des Indes, est une sous-espèce de Canis lupus vivant en Inde et au Moyen-Orient.

Répartition

 src=
  • Aire de répartition de Canis lupus pallipes.
  • L'aire de répartition de cette sous-espèce recouvre l'Inde et le Moyen-Orient[1]

    Systématique

    Cette sous-espèce est décrite par le zoologiste britannique William Henry Sykes, en 1831[2].

    Ce taxon porte en français le nom vernaculaire ou normalisé « Loup des Indes »[3]. À ne pas confondre avec Canis indica qui serait une espèce à part entière comme le montre l'étude (notamment sur l'ARNr 16S) de Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi & Singh en 2007[4].

    Notes et références

    1. GBIF Secretariat. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org, consulté le 24 octobre 2021
    2. (en) William Henry Sykes, Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London, 1831 (lire en ligne), p. 101
    3. (en) « Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831 : Names », sur www.speciesplus.net (consulté le 25 octobre 2021)
    4. (en) R. K. Aggarwal, T. Kivisild, J. Ramadevi et L. Singh, « Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species », Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, vol. 45, no 2,‎ 2007, p. 163–172 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 22 octobre 2021)

    Voir aussi

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    Canis lupus pallipes: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

    由wikipedia FR提供

    Loup des Indes

    Canis lupus pallipes, le Loup des Indes, est une sous-espèce de Canis lupus vivant en Inde et au Moyen-Orient.

    許可
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    Canis lupus pallipes ( 義大利語 )

    由wikipedia IT提供

    Il lupo grigio indiano (Canis lupus pallipes) è una sottospecie di lupo grigio il cui habitat si situa tra Israele e il subcontinente indiano. È intermedio in grandezza tra il lupo grigio tibetano e il lupo grigio arabo, ma è privo di sottopelo invernale soffice.[1] Le analisi genomiche indicano che la popolazione situata in India possiede due aplotipi filogeneticamente basali in confronto a tutti i lupi grigi attuali, tranne quelli dell'Himalaya, per cui è stato proposto di classificarlo come una specie a parte.[2][3]

    Tassonomia

    Fu descritto scientificamente per la prima volta nel 1831 dall'ornitologo britannico William Henry Sykes, che lo battezzò Canis pallipes[4].[5] Nel 1941, Reginald Pocock lo subordinò alla specie Canis lupus, assegnandogli il trinomiale Canis lupus pallipes.[1]

    Nel subcontinente indiano l'animale è composto da due aplogruppi strettamente imparentate a specie indigene presenti nelle zone aride e semiaride delle pianure peninsulari indiane.[3] Nel 2009 fu proposto di rinominare queste popolazioni Canis indica, effettivamente assegnandogli lo stato di specie a parte del lupo grigio.[6] Il comitato della nomenclatura, CITES sconsigliò l'azione, ma propose di aggiungere il nome nel database della sottospecie come sinonimo tassonomico.[7] La proposta fu basata su un singolo studio[3] desunto da un limitato numero di esemplari presenti nei musei, che, in via teorica, potrebbero non rappresentare la popolazione attuale.[8]

    Prima di questo, due studi avevano scoperto, attraverso il sequenziamento del DNA mitocondriale, che il lupo indiano è più basale delle altre sottospecie di lupo grigio, tranne quelle dell'Himalaya, che sono ancora più antiche.[2][3] Ulteriori studi comparativi delle sequenze geniche dei lupi confermarono questa posizione.[9][10][11] Uno di questi studi, basato su una stima sulla divergenza delle stirpi tra lupi e coyote a base dei reperti fossili, giunse alla conclusione che il lupo indiano si diversificò dalla stirpe degli altri lupi e i cani domestici all'incirca 400,000 anni fa.[2] Un ulteriore studio che espresse scetticismo sull'analisi precedente fornì una cronologia meno elevata di 270,000 anni fa.[3] L'albero filogenetico illustrato sotto dimostra la posizione filogenetica dell'animale, incluso la sua data di divergenza:

                     

    Cane Yakutian laika.jpg

       

    Lupo grigio europeo Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg

         

    Lupo grigio indiano 270,000 BP[3] Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV).jpg

         

    Lupo grigio dell'Himalaya 630,000 BP[3] Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III).jpg

         

    Coyote 1.1 milioni BP[12] Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg

         

    Sciacallo dorato 1.9 milioni BP[12] Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg

             

    Attualmente, diversamente da MSW,[13] solo NCBI e GenBank riconoscono Canis indica.[14]

    Descrizione

     src=
    Rispetto alle altre sottospecie, il lupo indiano ha corporatura esile, testa stretta, zampe magre e orecchie grandi.

    È simile al lupo grigio europeo, ma più piccolo, meno robusto, e possiede il pelo più corto, con una borra quasi assente.[15] I maschi e le femmine adulte pesano tra i 19 e i 25 chili e 17 e 22 chili rispettivamente, e misurano da 103 a 145 cm di lunghezza e da 57 a 72 cm al garrese.[16] Simile al lupo grigio arabo, possiede un manto estivo corto e ispido, sebbene il pelo della schiena rimanga lungo anche durante l'estate, un adattamento che potrebbe essere in risposta alle radiazioni solari intense presenti nel suo areale.[17] Il manto è generalmente d'un colore grigio-rossastro o rosso-biancastro con sfumature grigie. I peli hanno sfumature nere sul dorso, che dimostra la presenza di una macchia a forma di V intorno alle spalle. Gli arti sono più chiari del corpo, mentre il torace e l'addome sono quasi bianchi.[18] I cuccioli nascono con una pelliccia marrone-cenerino, con una macchia bianca sul torace che scompare con l'avanzare dell'età.[15] Gli esemplari melanici sono rari, ma sono stati segnalati in Ladakh,[16] nel distretto di Solapur e in due regioni d'Iran. In quest'ultimo Paese, è stato dimostrato che la mutazione era un fenomeno naturale, contrariamente a ciò che avvenne nei lupi nordamericani, che derivono l'allele Kb, responsabile del manto nero, da antichi incroci con i cani.[19][20]

    Nel comportamento non differisce molto dalle altre sottospecie di lupo grigio, sebbene viva di norma in branchi relativamente piccoli che raramente superano i 6-8 individui. È noto anche essere meno vocale,[15] ululando solo raramente.[18] Almeno un esemplare solitario è stato segnalato associandosi con una coppia di cuon alpini nel Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary.[21] Tende a riprodursi dall'ottobre fino al tardo dicembre, partorendo nelle fosse o nelle gravine.[18] Si nutre principalmente di antilopi, cervi pomellati, roditori e lepri.[22] Quando caccia le antilopi agisce tipicamente in coppia, con un lupo a fungere da distrazione mentre l'altro attacca la preda alle spalle.[15]

    Areale e status attuale

     src=
    Un lupo indiano in inverno.

    I lupi erano comuni nella terra santa all'est e all' ovest del Giordano. Diminuirono notevolmente tra il 1964 e il 1980 in seguito alla persecuzione da parte dei pastori.[23] Attualmente, le leggi ambientali in Israele aiutano a mantenere una popolazione di lupi abbastanza elevata, che si diffonde nei paesi confinanti. La Turchia potrebbe giocare un ruolo importante nella regione, dato la sua contiguità con l'Asia centrale. Le montagne di questo Paese sono un rifugio importante per i pochi lupi rimasti in Siria. Una piccola popolazione di lupi è presente nelle alture del Golan, dove viene protetto indirettamente dalle attività militari nella zona.[24] Sebbene i lupi in Turchia non sono legalmente protetti, potrebbero consistere in circa 7,000 esemplari.[25]

    Non vi sono molti dati sui lupi presenti in Iran, sebbene la specie fosse già presente in tutto lo stato in bassi numeri fin dagli gli anni settanta.[24] Non sono disponibili censimenti sui numeri di lupi presenti in Iran, ma si sa che sono assenti solo nel deserto centrale e nel deserto del Dasht-e Lut. I lupi in Iran continuano a soffrire dalla distruzione ambientale, il bracconaggio e la perdita di prede.[26][27]

    Le regioni settentrionali dell'Afganistan e del Pakistan sono rifugi importanti per questa specie. Si stima che vi siano circa 300 lupi in una zona vasta 60,000 chilometri quadrati nel Jammu e Kashmir nell'India settentrionale e ancora altri cinquanta nell'Himachal Pradesh.[24] Gli indù tradizionalmente non cacciano i lupi, persino quelli pericolosi, siccome credono che abbatterne uno possa causare uno scarso raccolto. La comunità tribale dei Santals però non li considerano speciali, e li cacciano come qualsiasi altra selvaggina.[28] Durante l'amministrazione britannica, i lupi non erano considerati animali da sport, e venivano abbattuti principalmente per rispondere agli attacchi alla selvaggina, il bestiame e gli umani. Nel 1876, negli stati della frontiera nordoccidentale e del Bihar, furono abbattuti 2,825 lupi dopo che questi uccisero ben 721 persone.[29] Due anni dopo, ne furono abbattuti 2,600 dopo una serie di aggressioni che risultarono nella morte di 624 persone.[30] Negli anni venti, lo sterminio dei lupi era una priorità sia nelle province nordoccidentali che nell'Awadh. In tutto, nell'India britannica, tra il 1871 ed il 1916 furono uccisi 100,000 lupi.[29] Attualmente in India, i lupi sono distribuiti negli stati del Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka e Andhra Pradesh. Nel 2004, in India fu stimato che ci fossero circa 2000-3000 esemplari.[31] Si trovano soprattutto al di fuori delle riserve protette, e si cibano principalmente di bestiame, come pecore e capre. Caccia ancora prevalentemente prede selvatiche in alcune zone protette, come nei parchi nazionali di Velavadar e di Panna.[32] Sebbene sia stato protetto sin dal 1972, i lupi in India sono classificati come specie in pericolo, con diverse popolazioni presenti in piccole zone sfruttate dagli umani. Benché sia presente in Nepal e Bhutan, non ci sono dati sui lupi in questi stati.[24]

    Relazioni con gli umani

    Aggressioni

     src=
    Un lupo allo zoo di Islamabad in Pakistan.

    Il lupo indiano ha una lunga storia di predazione sui bambini, un fenomeno nominato child-lifting. Nel 1878, nell'Uttar Pradesh, 624 persone furono uccise da lupi, ed altri 14, nello stesso periodo vennero uccisi in Bengala.[33] Nel 1990, nelle provincie centrali e nel Berar furono uccise 285 persone.[34] Tra il 1910 e 1915, nell'Hazaribag i lupi uccisero 115 bambini, mentre 122, tra il 1980 ed il 1986 furono uccisi nella stessa zona. Dal marzo al luglio del 1996, nella regione del Janpur, nel distretto di Pratapgarh, nel Sultanpur e nell'Uttar Pradesh, i lupi uccisero 21 bambini e ne ferirono 16. Tra il 1993 ed il 1995, nei distretti di Koderma e Latehar, cinque branchi di lupi attaccarono 80 bambini, 20 dei quali furono salvati. Le vittime furono attaccate principalmente durante l'estate di sera, spesso nei villaggi.[33]

    In Iran, da millenni sono segnalate aggressioni da parte dei lupi. Come nel caso dell'India, sono stati segnalati molti casi in cui i lupi hanno aggredito bambini. Talvolta è stato attaccato persino un adulto, come nel caso in cui un poliziotto fu abbattuto e divorato da tre lupi nel momento in cui smontò da cavallo.[35] Nel 2005, un lupo, nel villaggio di Vali Asr, nel Mazandaran, aggredì fatalmente un senzatetto di fronte a vari testimoni.[36] Verso la fine del 2008, un lupo fu soffocato a morte quando tentò di attaccare una anziana nel cimitero di Kashan.[37]

    Nella cultura

     src=
    Un lupo allo zoo di Mysore in India.

    I lupi, ogni tanto, appaiono anche nella mitologia indiana. Nell'Harivaṃśa, Kṛṣṇa utilizzando i suoi peli, crea dei lupi per costringere il popolo dei Vraja a migrare nella città di Vrindavan.[38] Nel Rigveda, Rijrsava venne accecato da suo padre per aver consegnato 101 montoni di proprietà della sua famiglia ad una lupa. Da quel momento, Rijsava prega gli ashvin di restituirgli la vista.[39] Bhima, il vorace figlio di Vāyu, viene spesso chiamato "colui dallo stomaco di lupo".[40]

    Il lupo ha una reputazione ambivalente nella cultura dell'Iran, essendo demonizzato negli Avestā come una creazione di Arimane,[39] ed ancora oggi utilizzato come personaggio nefasto nei racconti per bambini.[41]

    I lupi presenti in India svolgono un ruolo importante ne Il libro della giungla di Rudyard Kipling, in cui un branco chiamato "popolo libero" nella municipalità del Seoni adotta il cucciolo di uomo, Mowgli, insegnandogli la legge della giungla e proteggendolo sia dalla tigre Shere Khan che dai dhole.

    Note

    1. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1941), Fauna of British India: Mammals volume 2, Taylor & Francis, pp. 82-94
    2. ^ a b c Sharma, D. K.; Maldonado, J. E.; Jhala, Y. V.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Ancient wolf lineages in India". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (Suppl 3): S1–S4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0071. PMC 1809981Freely accessible. PMID 15101402
    3. ^ a b c d e f g Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x.
    4. ^ Ovvero, cane dai piedi bianchi.
    5. ^ William H. Sykes, Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukun (Deccan); with observations on the habits, etc., and characters of new species., in Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830–1831, I, London, Zoological Society of London, 1831, p. 101. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2013.
    6. ^ "Nomenclatural Matters. Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva, (Switzerland), 20–24 April 2009, AC24 Doc. 13 Rev. 1 Annex 1" (PDF). CITES. 2009. p. 3.
    7. ^ "Summary Record. Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva, (Switzerland), 20–24 April 2009, AC24 Summary Record". CITES. 2009. p. 28.
    8. ^ Shrotriya, Lyngdoh, Habib (October 25, 2012). "Wolves in Trans-Himalayas: 165 years of taxonomic confusion". Current Science. 103 (8).
    9. ^ J. A. Leonard, C Vilà, K Fox-Dobbs, P. L. Koch, R. K. Wayne e B Van Valkenburgh, Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph (PDF), in Current Biology, vol. 17, n. 13, 2007, pp. 1146-50, DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072, PMID 17583509.
    10. ^ M. G. Pilot, W. Branicki, W. O. Jędrzejewski, J. Goszczyński, B. A. Jędrzejewska, I. Dykyy, M. Shkvyrya e E. Tsingarska, Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 10, 2010, p. 104, DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104, PMC 2873414, PMID 20409299.
    11. ^ Erik Ersmark, Cornelya F. C. Klütsch, Yvonne L. Chan, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, Steven R. Fain, Natalia A. Illarionova, Mattias Oskarsson, Mathias Uhlén, Ya-Ping Zhang, Love Dalén e Peter Savolainen, From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region, in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 4, 2016, DOI:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134.
    12. ^ a b K.-P. Koepfli, J. Pollinger, R. Godinho, J. Robinson, A. Lea, S. Hendricks, R. M. Schweizer, O. Thalmann, P. Silva, Z. Fan, A. A. Yurchenko, P. Dobrynin, A. Makunin, J. A. Cahill, B. Shapiro, F. Álvares, J. C. Brito, E. Geffen, J. A. Leonard, K. M. Helgen, W. E. Johnson, S. J. O’Brien, B. Van Valkenburgh e R. K. Wayne, Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species, in Current Biology, vol. 25, 17 agosto 2015, DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. URL consultato il 26 dicembre 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 novembre 2015).
    13. ^ Mammal Species of the World, fonte principale degli zoologi per la nomenclatura delle sottospecie.
    14. ^ Canis lupus indica, su ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
    15. ^ a b c d Blanford, W. T. (1888), Fauna of British India: Mammalia, London, Taylor and Francis, pp. 137-40
    16. ^ a b Jhala, Y. V. (2003). "Status, ecology and conservation of the Indian wolf Canis lupus pallipes Sykes. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 100:293-307
    17. ^ Harrington, F. H. & Paquet, P. C. (1982). Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Park Ridge, N.J: Noyes Publications. ISBN 0-8155-0905-7
    18. ^ a b c Mivart, G. (1890), Dogs, Jackals, Wolves and Foxes: A Monograph of the Canidæ, London: R.H. Porter : Dulau, pp. 9-10
    19. ^ A. S. Lokhande e S. B. Bajaru, First Record of Melanistic Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes from the Indian Subcontinent, in Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 110, n. 3, 2013, pp. 220-30.
    20. ^ Khosravi, R. (2014). "Is black coat color in wolves of Iran an evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs?" Journal of Applied Genetics, DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0237-6
    21. ^ Nair, M. V. & Panda, S. K. (June 2013). Just Friends, Sanctuary Asia, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3
    22. ^ V. Jhala Yadvendradev, Predation on Blackbuck by Wolves in Velavadar National Park, Gujarat, India, in Conservation Biology, vol. 7, n. 4, Wiley & Sons, dicembre 1993, pp. 874-881, DOI:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740874.x.
    23. ^ Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press, pp. 146–148, ISBN 089672364X
    24. ^ a b c d Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 326-27. ISBN 0-226-51696-2.
    25. ^ Pierre Zuppiroli e Lise Donnez, An Interview with Ozgun Emre Can on the Wolves in Turkey (PDF), in UKWCT, vol. 26, 2006, pp. 8-9 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 luglio 2011).
    26. ^ Khosravi, R. et al. (2012). "Morphometric variations of the skull in the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) in Iran", Acta Theriol DOI: 10.1007/s13364-012-0089-6
    27. ^ R. Khosravi, H.R. Rezaei e M. Kaboli, Detecting hybridization between Iranian wild wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and free-ranging domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by analysis of microsatellite markers, in Zool. Sci., vol. 30, 2013, pp. 27-34, DOI:10.2108/zsj.30.27.
    28. ^ Charles Maclean, The Wolf Children, Harmondsworth, Eng.; New York, Penguin Books, 1980, p. 336, ISBN 0-14-005053-1.
    29. ^ a b Knight, John (2004). Wildlife in Asia: Cultural Perspectives. Psychology Press, pp. 219–221, ISBN 0700713328
    30. ^ Michael Bright, Man-Eaters, New York, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2002, p. 304, ISBN 0-312-98156-2.
    31. ^ V. Jhala Yadvendradev e Robert H. Jr. Giles, The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India, in Conservation Biology, vol. 5, n. 4, Wiley, dicembre 1991, pp. 476-483, DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x, JSTOR 2386069.
    32. ^ Mewa Singh e H. N. Kumara, Distribution, status and conservation of Indian gray wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Karnataka, India, in Journal of Zoology, vol. 270, n. 1, 2006, pp. 164-169, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00103.x.
    33. ^ a b K.S. Rajpurohit, Child lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh, India, in Ambio, vol. 28, 1999, pp. 162-166.
    34. ^ Burton, R.G. (1991). A Book of Man Eaters. Mittal Publications.
    35. ^ T. R. Mader, Wolf Attacks on Humans, su aws.vcn.com, P. O. Box 2, Beresford, SD 57004, Abundant Wildlife Society of North America, Research Division. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 maggio 2007).
    36. ^ Homeless man eaten by wolves in Iran. Iranfocus (2005-01-04)
    37. ^ Wolf slain by 87-year-old Iranian woman Archiviato il 26 settembre 2012 in Internet Archive.. presstv.ir (2008-11-08).
    38. ^ Wilson, H. H., Hall, F. (1868). The Vishńu Puráńa: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition. Trubner
    39. ^ a b Krishna Murthy, K. (1985). Mythical animals in Indian art. Abhinav Publications, ISBN 0-391-03287-9
    40. ^ W. J. Wilkins, Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic, S.l, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7661-8881-7.
    41. ^ Humphreys, P. & Kahrom, E. (1999). Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 88-9. ISBN 1860642292

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    Canis lupus pallipes: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

    由wikipedia IT提供

    Il lupo grigio indiano (Canis lupus pallipes) è una sottospecie di lupo grigio il cui habitat si situa tra Israele e il subcontinente indiano. È intermedio in grandezza tra il lupo grigio tibetano e il lupo grigio arabo, ma è privo di sottopelo invernale soffice. Le analisi genomiche indicano che la popolazione situata in India possiede due aplotipi filogeneticamente basali in confronto a tutti i lupi grigi attuali, tranne quelli dell'Himalaya, per cui è stato proposto di classificarlo come una specie a parte.

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    Indijas vilks ( 拉脫維亞語 )

    由wikipedia LV提供

    Indijas vilks jeb Irānas vilks (Canis pallipes) ir suņu dzimtas (Canidae) suņu ģints (Canis) plēsējs. Dažas sistemātikas Indijas vilku joprojām sistematizē kā vienu no pelēkā vilka pasugām (Canis lupus pallipes). Tomēr ģenētiskie pētījumi zinātniekiem liek pārvērtēt līdzšinējo sistemātiku un izdalīt Indijas vilku kā atsevišķu sugu, līdzīgi kā Himalaju vilku (Canis himalayensis).[1]

    Izplatība

    Indijas vilks apdzīvo Indijas subkontinenta sausos pustuksnešu reģionus. Tas visbiežāk ir sastopams štatos: Gudžarāta, Rādžastāna, Harjāna, Utarpradēša, Madhja Pradēša, Mahārāštra, Karnataka un Āndhra Pradēša. Tas ir sastopams arī Paksitānā, Iranā, Turcijā, Saūda Arābijā un Izraēlas dienvidos. Izraēlas izplatības areāla ziemeļu populāciju iedala divās grupās atkarībā no tā, kur mājo vilki. Vidusjūras vilki ir tie, kuri mājo apgabalos ar nokrišņu daudzumu virs 400 mm, un tuksneša vilki, kuri mājo sausajos apgabalos.[2]

    Indijas vilka populācijas

     src=
    Indijas vilkam ir ļoti īss matojums sarkanbrūnā krāsā
     src=
    Indijas vilks ir piemērojies dzīvei karstos un sausos klimatiskos apgabalos

    Izraēlā mājo neliela, bet stabila Indijas vilku populācija, kas sastāv no 150 īpatņiem. Izraēlas vilki tiek aizsargāti ar likumu. Saūda Arābijā mīt apmēram 300—600 vilku, kuriem netiek piemērota aizsardzība ar likumu. Nav zināms, cik vilku dzīvo Turcijā, valda pieņēmums, ka apmēram 1000 īpatņu. Trūkst arī datu, vai vilku populācija pieaug, vai samazinās. Datu trūkst arī par vilkiem Irānā.[3] Sīrijā mājo gan Eirāzijas pelēkais vilks, gan Indijas vilks, kura populācija ir apmēram 200—300 īpatņu.[4]

    Indijas populācija visu laiku samazinās, lai gan Indijas vilks tiek aizsargāts ar likumu. Šobrīd Indijā mājo apmēram 1000 vilku,[3] lai gan 2004. gada pētījumi liecina, ka Indijā šajā laikā dzīvoja apmēram 2000—3000 vilku.

    Izskats un īpašības

    Indijas vilkam ir ļoti īss, plāns kažoks, kas parasti ir sarkanbrūnā vai rudā krāsā. Kažokam pamatā ir tikai akotspalva, un pavilna ir pavisam nedaudz vai nav vispār.[5] Uz pleciem un kakla tam ir iztaikts "V" veida tumšāks un garāks matojums. Plecu matojums ir apmēram 50—58 mm garš, pārējais matojums apmēram 35—65 mm. Salīdzinot ar Tibetas vilku, pat visgarākais Indijas vilka matojums nesasniedz iepriekšminētā vilka matojuma garumu.[6] Apakšpuse un kājas ir gaišas, gandrīz baltas.[4] Ziemā Indijas vilkam uzaug garāks matojums, tomēr kažoks nav tik biezs kā pelēkajam vilkam ziemeļos.[7]

    Tā augstums skaustā ir 60—95 cm, svars 18—27 kg. Tas ir izteikti mazāks par pelēko vilku. Indijas vilku no pelēkā vilka atšķir arī fakts, ka tas ļoti reti gaudo.[8] Kopumā Indijas vilka rietumu populācijas īpatņi ir lielāki augumā, arī to galvas ir lielākas un kažoki tumšāki, salīdzinot ar austrumu populāciju.[9] Daļai Indijas vilku trešais un ceturtais pirksts ir savienoti. Indijas populācijai šī īpašība piemīt 100%, Arābijas pussalas rietumu daļas populācijai 80—90%, bet Palestīnas — 20%.[10]

    Uzvedība

    Indijas vilks ir piemērojies dzīvei karstos un sausos klimatiskos apgabalos, apdzīvojot krūmājus, zālājus un pustuksnešus. Atšķirībā no ziemeļos dzīvojošā pelēkā vilka Indijas vilks neveido lielus barus.[10] Bars apvieno vienu ģimeni, kas sastāv no 6—8 vilkiem, lai gan visbiežāk tie dzīvo pa pāriem.[5] Indijas vilks pārojas laikā no oktobra līdz decembrim. Mazuļi piedzimst akli un nevarīgi. Tiem ir noļukušas austiņas un uz krūtīm balta zīme, kas pieaugot izzūd.[4]

    Populārais rakstnieks Radjards Kiplings apraksta Indijas vilku un Indijas savvaļas suni kā lielākos ienaidniekus stāstā "Sarkanais suns", bet patiesībā dabā abu apdzīvotās teritorijas nekrustojas. Vilkam patīk atvērtas, plašas ainavas, bet savvaļas suņi dzīvo biezos mežos, medījot vidēja izmēra dzīvniekus.[11]

    Barība

    Indijas vilks parasti medī neliela izmēra grauzējus: peles, žurkas, trušus un zaķus, kā arī antilopes un lielāku dzīvnieku mazuļus. Antilopi vilki medī vismaz pārī. Viens vilks uzkrītoši iztraucē antilopju baru, izliekoties, ka vēlas uzbrukt, tikmēr otrs no aizmugures nolūko upuri un uzbrūk.[12] Līdzīgi vilki rīkojas, kad uzbrūk aitu baram. Viena daļa no bara novērš suņu uzmanību, otra medī aitas.[5] Barā medījot, vilki izmanto arī dzīšanas taktiku — viena daļa dzen medījumu virsū vilkiem slēpnī. Vilki slēpni mēdz izgatavot arī paši, ja tas ir nepieciešams, izrokot bedri, kur nogulties.

    Sistemātika

    Zinātnieki ir nonākuši pie secinājumiem, ka Indijas vilks ir dzīvojis izolēti no pārējiem vilkiem apmēram 400 000 gadus, un mūsdienās Indijas vilku izdala kā atsevišķu sugu. Nesenā pagātnē to sistematizēja kā pelēkā vilka pasugu.

    Aprakstos Indijas vilks tiek reizēm sajaukts ar Himalaju vilku. Britu zinātnieks B. H. Hodžsons 1847. gadā pirmo reizi piemin Indijas vilku (Canis laniger), un uzsver, ka vilks būtu jāizdala kā atsevišķa suga. Tikai viens "bet" — 1847. gadā aprakstītais vilks šodien tiek saukts par Mongolijas vilku (Canis lupus chanko).[13]

    Vēl viens britu dabas pētnieks V. T. Blanfords 1888. gadā apraksta mūsdienu Indijas vilku kā atsevišķu sugu, dodot latīņu vārdu Canis pallipes, izdalot to no Tibetas jeb tajos laikos Himalaju vilku saimes, tā kā tā augums ir mazāks, apspalvojums īsāks un plānāks, kā arī vilka galvaskauss ir mazāks un zobi mazāki. Savā aprakstā viņš piemin arī Hodžsona "Indijas vilku", raksturojot to kā pelēkā vilka pasugu, dodot tam vārdu Himalaju vilks (Canis lupus laniger).[13]

    Juceklis ar nosaukumiem tika sakārtots 1941. gadā, kad britu zinātnieks R.I. Pokoks klasificēja abus 19. gadsimtā aprakstītos vilkus kā pelēkā vilka pasugas, nosaucot vienu par Himalaju vilku un pieskaitot pie plašās Himalaju kalnu vilku saimes (Canis lupus chanko) un otru par Indijas vilku (Canis lupus pallipes),[13] pieskaitot pie vilku saimes, kas apdzīvoja plašas teritorijas līdz pat Vidusjūrai.

    Indijas vilks un cilvēks

    Mūsdienās Indijas vilks ir aizsargāts kā izmirstoša suga, un to medības tiek regulētas. Pagātnē tas tika intensīvi medīts vienmēr un visur, jo tas uzbrūk mājdzīvniekiem un bērniem. Vilki dzīvo arvien tuvāk kaimiņos cilvēkiem, un to medību teritorijas paliek arvien mazākas, tādēļ Indijas vilki mēdz uzbrukt mājdzīvnieku mazuļiem. Indijas vilks ir gadsimtiem pazīstams kā cilvēkēdājs. Tas mēdz uzbrukt bērniem, kas jaunāki par 10 gadiem. Laika posmā no 1996. — 1997. gadam Utarpradēšas štatā vilki nogalināja vai nopietni savainoja 74 cilvēkus, galvenokārt mazus bērnus.[14] Visbriesmīgākais ir bijis 1878. gads, kad vilki — cilvēkēdāji Indijā nogalināja 624 cilvēkus.[15]

    Atsauces

    1. Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species - Aggarwal - 2007 - Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionar...
    2. Early Domesticated Dogs of the Near East by Tamar Dayan, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University
    3. 3,0 3,1 L. David Mech & Luigi Boitani (2001). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. pp. 448. ISBN 0-226-51696-2.
    4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 A monograph of the canidae by St. George Mivart, F.R.S, published by Alere Flammam. 1890
    5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 The Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon, by Robert A. Sterndale
    6. Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2 by R. I. Pocock, printed by Taylor and Francis, 1941
    7. Fred H. Harrington, Paul C. Paquet (1982). Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. p. 474. ISBN 0-8155-0905-7
    8. «Wolf Song of Alaska: The Iranian Wolf». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2007. gada 11. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2007. gada 6. oktobrī.
    9. Bright, Michael (2006). Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible. p. 346. ISBN 1-86105-831-4
    10. 10,0 10,1 Helmut Hemmer: Domestikation, Verarmung der Merkwelt. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1983, ISBN 3-528-08504-5. (also available in English: Domestication: the decline of environmental appreciation, translated by Neil Beckhaus, Edition: 2, illustrated. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-34178-7, 9780521341783)
    11. «LISTSERV 14.5». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2007. gada 29. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2008. gada 23. janvārī.
    12. The living animals of the world; a popular natural history with one thousand
    13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 Spotlight on Zoo Science: Hiding in Plain Sight - National Zoo| FONZ
    14. «Principles of Conservation Biology - (Case Study) Wolf Habituation as a Conservation Conundrum». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 20. martā. Skatīts: 2008. gada 23. janvārī.
    15. «The Hindu : Wolf as man-eater». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2009. gada 15. martā. Skatīts: 2009. gada 23. februārī.

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    Indijas vilks: Brief Summary ( 拉脫維亞語 )

    由wikipedia LV提供

    Indijas vilks jeb Irānas vilks (Canis pallipes) ir suņu dzimtas (Canidae) suņu ģints (Canis) plēsējs. Dažas sistemātikas Indijas vilku joprojām sistematizē kā vienu no pelēkā vilka pasugām (Canis lupus pallipes). Tomēr ģenētiskie pētījumi zinātniekiem liek pārvērtēt līdzšinējo sistemātiku un izdalīt Indijas vilku kā atsevišķu sugu, līdzīgi kā Himalaju vilku (Canis himalayensis).

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    Serigala India ( 馬來語 )

    由wikipedia MS提供

    Serigala India (Canis lupus pallipes) ialah satu subspesies serigala yang mendiami Asia Selatan dan Barat Daya.[1]

    Sesetengah pakar[nyatakan menurut siapa?] telah mencadangkan sekurang-kurangnya sesetengah populasi C. lupus pallipes dikelaskan semula sebagai satu spesies canid yang berbeza daripada C. lupus. Pakar lain[nyatakan menurut siapa?] percaya bahawa ini subspesies yang merupakan leluhur anjing bela jinak, kerana saiz kecil dan tingkah laku jinaknya mengikut perbandingan, sungguhpun mereka juga merupakan pemakan manusia. Sementara populasi mereka adalah seimbang atau meningkat di sesetengah negara, di negara lain mereka mungkin terancam. C. l. pallipes telah ditonjolkan dalam peranan berlainan dalam budaya Asia Barat berlainan; dilayan sebagai binatang perosak atau pengancam pada sesetengah masa dan di sesetengah tempat, dihormati dan dilindungi pada masa lain dan di tempat lain.

    Rujukan

    1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael; Macdonald, David W., penyunting (2004). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Tinjauan Status dan Rancangan Tindakan Pemuliharaan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland dan Cambridge, United Kingdom: Kesatuan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar Antarabangsa/Suruhanjaya Kemandirian Spesies IUCN Canid Specialist Group. Dicapai 28 Disember 2013.

    Pautan luar

    Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Serigala India Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Serigala India.
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    Serigala India: Brief Summary ( 馬來語 )

    由wikipedia MS提供

    Serigala India (Canis lupus pallipes) ialah satu subspesies serigala yang mendiami Asia Selatan dan Barat Daya.

    Sesetengah pakar[nyatakan menurut siapa?] telah mencadangkan sekurang-kurangnya sesetengah populasi C. lupus pallipes dikelaskan semula sebagai satu spesies canid yang berbeza daripada C. lupus. Pakar lain[nyatakan menurut siapa?] percaya bahawa ini subspesies yang merupakan leluhur anjing bela jinak, kerana saiz kecil dan tingkah laku jinaknya mengikut perbandingan, sungguhpun mereka juga merupakan pemakan manusia. Sementara populasi mereka adalah seimbang atau meningkat di sesetengah negara, di negara lain mereka mungkin terancam. C. l. pallipes telah ditonjolkan dalam peranan berlainan dalam budaya Asia Barat berlainan; dilayan sebagai binatang perosak atau pengancam pada sesetengah masa dan di sesetengah tempat, dihormati dan dilindungi pada masa lain dan di tempat lain.

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    Indische wolf ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

    由wikipedia NL提供

    De Indische wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is een ondersoort van de wolf die leeft in het Midden-Oosten en Zuidwest-Azië.

    Sommige deskundigen stellen dat ten minste een aantal C. lupus pallipes-populaties moeten worden ingedeeld in een andere soort dan C. lupus. Andere experts geloven dat misschien wel de Indische wolf de ondersoort van de wolf is waaruit de hond ontstond, wat afgeleid wordt uit zijn kleine formaat en relatief volgzaam gedrag. De ondersoort is echter ook bekend als menseneter. Terwijl hun populaties stabiel zijn of toenemen in een aantal landen, zijn ze in andere landen in gevaar. C. l. pallipes is te zien in verschillende rollen in verschillende West-Aziatische culturen. Soms worden ze beschouwd als ongedierte of een bedreiging, in andere perioden en op andere plaatsen worden ze dan weer gerespecteerd en beschermd.

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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    Asiatisk ulv ( 挪威語 )

    由wikipedia NO提供
    Asiatisk ulv Asiatisk ulv Vitenskapelig(e)
    navn
    : Canis lupus pallipes
    syn. C. l. indica Alt. navn: asiatisk ulv,
    indisk ulv,
    iransk ulv,
    israelsk ulv m.fl. Artstilhørighet: Ulv, Hundeslekten, Hundefamilien Habitat: Skog og ørken Utbredelse: se kartet Utbredelseskart for Asiatisk ulv
    Utbredelse av Asiatisk ulv

    Asiatisk ulv (Canis lupus pallipes) tilhører canidene og er også kjent som indisk ulv, iransk ulv, israelsk ulv m.fl. Den blir gjerne gitt navn etter det land den lever i, og må ikke forveksles med arabisk ulv (C. l. arabs). I kort tid trodde man at indisk ulv (C. l. indica) kunne være en selvstendig underart, men dette har siden blitt bestridt. I dag regnes den derfor som en lokal variant av asiatisk ulv.

    Beskrivelse

    Asiatisk ulv regnes som en underart av ulv (C. lupus) og er mye mindre enn våre hjemlige ulver. Den blir gjerne 46-76 cm i mankehøyde og veier omkring 25-32 kg, avhengig av kjønn og distrikt. Størrelsen varierer og har trolig sammenheng med tilgangen på føde å gjøre.

    Asiatisk ulv har kort, rødbrun pels med sorte hårtupper over ryggen, men fargen varierer gjerne med habitatet den lever. Den har lite eller ingen underull, noe som gjør den godt skikket til å tåle varme. Tispene føder gjerne i tidsrommet desember-janauar. En særegenhet for denne ulven er at den sjelden hyler, slik andre ulver gjerne gjør.

    Anetre

    Canis

    gullulv 1,3 millioner YBP[1]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg




    prærieulv 1,1 millioner YBP[1]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg


    Canis lupus

    himalayaulv 630 000 YBP[2]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III).jpg




    asiatisk ulv 270 000 YBP[2]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV).jpg




    haplogruppe-2

    italiensk ulv (Appenninene)[3]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. italicus mod.jpg



    klade B (kun lommer i Eurasia)[3]Beringian wolf reconstruction.jpg



    klade C (kun lommer i Eurasia)[3]






    tamhund 40 000 YBP[4]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg


    haplogruppe-1

    vanlig ulv 40 000 YBP[4]Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg









    Habitat og utbredelse

    Mest vanlig er denne ulven i skog- og steppeområdene mellom Tyrkia og Iran, men utbredelsen forekommer videre østover til det indiske subkontinentet. Det er ingen konkrete estimater på hvor stor bestanden egentlig er, men man regner med at det er minst 200–300 i Israel alene. Mindre forekomster eksisterer dessuten i Tyrkia, Iran og videre østover til India. Den er utrydningstruet.

    Referanser

    1. ^ a b Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A; Helgen, Kristofer M; Johnson, Warren E; o'Brien, Stephen J; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K (2015). «Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species». Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158. PMID 26234211. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060.
    2. ^ a b Aggarwal, R. K; Kivisild, T; Ramadevi, J; Singh, L (2007). «Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species». Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (2): 163. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x.
    3. ^ a b c Pilot, M. G.; Branicki, W.; Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Dykyy, I.; Shkvyrya, M.; Tsingarska, E. (2010). "Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 104. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104. PMC 2873414 PMID 20409299.
    4. ^ a b Skoglund, P. (2015). «Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds». Current Biology. 25 (11): 1515–9. PMID 26004765. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019.

    Eksterne lenker


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    Asiatisk ulv: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

    由wikipedia NO提供

    Asiatisk ulv (Canis lupus pallipes) tilhører canidene og er også kjent som indisk ulv, iransk ulv, israelsk ulv m.fl. Den blir gjerne gitt navn etter det land den lever i, og må ikke forveksles med arabisk ulv (C. l. arabs). I kort tid trodde man at indisk ulv (C. l. indica) kunne være en selvstendig underart, men dette har siden blitt bestridt. I dag regnes den derfor som en lokal variant av asiatisk ulv.

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    Wilk perski ( 波蘭語 )

    由wikipedia POL提供
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Wilk perski[2], wilk południowoazjatycki (Canis lupus pallipes) – jeden z najmniejszych podgatunków wilka szarego, drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae). Prowadzi półpustynny tryb życia, spotykany od Izraela i Płw. Arabskiego do Pakistanu. Ma krótką, gęstą szarobrązowawą sierść z domieszką ciemniejszych włosów na pysku i wzdłuż grzbietu. Dość duże uszy. Blisko spokrewniony z wilkiem arabskim. Zagrożony z powodu mieszania się ze zdziczałymi psami, stratą siedlisk i polowaniami. Być może jeden z przodków psa domowego.

    Przypisy

    1. Canis lupus pallipes, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 148. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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    Wilk perski: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

    由wikipedia POL提供

    Wilk perski, wilk południowoazjatycki (Canis lupus pallipes) – jeden z najmniejszych podgatunków wilka szarego, drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae). Prowadzi półpustynny tryb życia, spotykany od Izraela i Płw. Arabskiego do Pakistanu. Ma krótką, gęstą szarobrązowawą sierść z domieszką ciemniejszych włosów na pysku i wzdłuż grzbietu. Dość duże uszy. Blisko spokrewniony z wilkiem arabskim. Zagrożony z powodu mieszania się ze zdziczałymi psami, stratą siedlisk i polowaniami. Być może jeden z przodków psa domowego.

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    Canis lupus pallipes ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    O lobo-indiano ou lobo-iraniano (Canis lupus pallipes) é uma subespécie de lobo-cinzento que habita desde o Sudoeste Asiático ao subcontinente indiano. É intermediário em tamanho entre o lobo-do-himalaia e o lobo-árabe, e não possui a luxuriante pelagem de inverno do primeiro, pois vive em condições mais quentes.[1] Nesta subespécie, o lobo das planícies indianas é geneticamente basal para todos os outros Canis lupus existentes, com exceção do lobo-do-himalaia, de linhagem mais antiga, tendo os dois sido propostos como espécies separadas.[2][3] O lobo-indiano viaja em grupos menores e é menos vocal que outras variantes do lobo-cinzento,[4] além de ter a reputação de ser dissimulado.[5][6]

    Taxonomia

    O lobo-indiano foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1831 pelo ornitólogo britânico William Henry Sykes, sob o nome binomial Canis pallipes.[7] Em 1941, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinou-o a Canis lupus, sob o nome trinomial Canis lupus pallipes.[1]

    Mistura com outras espécies de Canis

    Em 2018, o sequenciamento do genoma completo foi usado para comparar membros do gênero Canis. O estudo encontrou evidência de fluxo genético entre o lobo-dourado-africano, o chacal-dourado e o lobo-cinzento (da Arábia Saudita e Síria). Um lobo-dourado-africano da Península do Sinai egípcia mostrou alta mistura com os lobos-cinzentos do Oriente Médio, ressaltando o papel da ponte terrestre entre os continentes africano e eurasiano na evolução dos canídeos. Concluiu-se que o lobo-dourado-africano é descendente de um canídeo geneticamente misturado, com 72% do lobo-cinzento e 28% de um ancestral do lobo-etíope.[8]

    Canis indica

    Árvore filogenética dos canídeos semelhantes ao lobo existentes atualmente, com tempos em milhões de anos

    Caninae 3.5 Ma 3.0 2.5 2.0 0.96 0.60 0.38 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.031

    Cão doméstico



    Lobo-cinzento Holoártico




    Lobo do final do Pleistoceno † The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (Canis dirus) transparent background.png




    Lobo-indiano




    Lobo-do-himalaia




    Coiote Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg



    0.11

    Lobo-dourado-africano noroeste da ÁfricaDogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg



    Lobo-dourado-africano leste da ÁfricaDogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg





    Chacal-dourado Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg




    Lobo-etíope Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg




    Cão-selvagem-asiático Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg




    Cão-selvagem-africano Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg




    2.6

    Chacal-listrado Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg



    Chacal-de-dorso-negro Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg





    O lobo das planícies indianas[9] é formado por dois haplótipos proximamente relacionados de DNA mitocondrial de linhagem materna,[3] que se enquadram na subespécie Canis lupus pallipes do lobo-cinzento. Ele é encontrado somente nas planícies áridas e semiáridas peninsulares da Índia.[3] Essas linhagens do lobo são geneticamente únicas em relação a todos os outros lobos do mundo e entre si.[10][9] O lobo cinzento indiano e o lobo-do-himalaia são filogeneticamente basais para todos os outros lobos e são mais próximos do lobo-dourado-africano. Isto indica que eles são descendentes de uma distribuição antiga do lobo.[3][9] Em abril de 2009, o nome binomial Canis indica foi proposto para esses dois haplótipos, como uma separação de nomenclatura e taxonômica do Canis lupus e criação de nova espécie através do Especialista de Nomenclatura do Comitê de Animais do CITES.[11] O comitê posicionou-se contrário a esta proposta, mas recomendou que o nome fosse incluído na base de dados de espécies como um sinônimo do nome que estava listado.[12] A proposta era baseada em um estudo[3] que se apoiava em um número limitado de amostras de museus e zoológicos, que podiam não ser representativos da população selvagem, tendo sido requeridos estudos de campo adicionais.[13]:886

    Antes disso, dois grupos tinham sequenciado o DNA mitocondrial do lobo cinzento indiano e descobriram que ele é basal para todos os outros haplótipos existentes de Canis lupus, com exceção do lobo-do-himalaia, de linhagem mais antiga.[2][3] Estudos posteriores compararam essas sequências com as de lobos de todo o mundo e confirmaram esta posição basal.[14][15][16] Um estudo, baseado em um registro fóssil, estimou que a divergência entre o coiote e as linhagens de lobo ocorreu um milhão de anos atrás e, assumindo uma taxa de mutação do lobo, estimou que a divergência entre o lobo cinzento indiano e o ancestral do cão/lobo ocorreu há 400 mil anos.[2] Outro estudo, que expressou dúvidas quanto ao estudo anterior, deu uma estimativa de 270 mil anos.[3]

    O lobo cinzento indiano está em perigo de extinção e sua população é estimada em 2 000-3 000 indivíduos.[2] Ele se parece com o C. l. pallipes em sua aparência externa (características morfológicas) e no seu comportamento social/reprodutivo, mas é menor em tamanho. Ele é geneticamente distinto do C. l. pallipes. Esses achados sugerem que que o lobo cinzento indiano não é o pallipes encontrado no Oriente Médio e Ásia Central.[3] Foi, portanto, proposto que o lobo cinzento indiano fosse reclassificado como a espécie separada Canis indica.[2][3] Em 2016, um estudo de mtDNA dos lobos modernos e antigos indicou que o lobo cinzento indiano e o lobo-do-himalaia eram geneticamente basais quando comparados com todos os outros lobos cinzentos.[17]

    A referência taxonômica Taxonomia de Wilson e Reeder (2005) não reconhece Canis indica, entretanto o GenBank/National Center for Biotechnology Information relaciona Canis lupus indica.[18]

    Descrição e hábitos

     src=
    Lobo-indiano cativo, Zoológico de Islamabad, Paquistão
     src=
    Matilha de lobos-indianos no Parque Nacional de Blackbuck, Gujarat, Índia

    O lobo-indiano é similar em estrutura ao lobo-eurasiático, mas é menor, mais esguio e tem pelo mais curto, com menos ou nenhum pelo inferior.[5] Ele tipicamente mede entre 57 e 72 cm de altura no ombro, com os machos pesando entre 19 e 25 kg e as fêmeas entre 17 e 22 kg. Seu comprimento varia entre 103 e 145 cm do focinho à cauda.[19] Como o lobo-árabe, ele tem pelo curto e fino no verão, embora o pelo no traseiro permaneça longo mesmo no verão, uma adaptação que se acredita destinar-se a proteção contra a radiação solar.[20] O pelo é geralmente acinzentado-vermelho a avermelhado-branco com tons de cinza. Os pelos são acinzentados com preto, particularmente no traseiro, formando uma mancha escura em forma de V ao redor dos ombros. As patas são mais pálidas do que o corpo, e as partes inferiores são quase completamente brancas.[4] Os filhotes nascem com a cor marrom fuliginosa, com uma mancha branca leitosa no peito, que some com a idade.[5] Espécimes pretos são raros, mas foram registrados no distrito de Solapur na Índia e em duas regiões do Irã. Neste último país, a mutação ocorre naturalmente, diferentemente dos lobos-cinzentos norte-americanos, que herdaram o alelo Kb, responsável pelo melanismo, de intercruzamento no passado com cães.[21][22]

    Seus hábitos são similares aos de outras subespécies de lobos cinzentos, embora o lobo-indiano geralmente viva em matilhas menores, raramente excedendo 6-8 indivíduos, e seja relativamente menos vocal,[5] sendo raramente conhecido por uivar.[4] A vocalização do lobo-indiano inclui uivos, uivos-latidos, choramingos, guinchos sociais e ganidos, tendo os uivos uma frequência média de 422 Hz e os ganidos 906 Hz.[23] Há pelo menos um registro de um lobo solitário associando-se com um par de cães-selvagens-asiáticos no Santuário de Vida Selvagem de Debrigarh.[24] Ele tende a se reproduzir entre o meio de outubro e fim de dezembro, e as crias nascem em buracos ou em ravinas.[4] Ele tipicamente caça antílopes, roedores e lebres. Geralmente caça em pares quando o alvo são antílopes, com um lobo atuando como chamariz enquanto o outro ataca por trás.[5] O território do lobo-indiano coincide com os do chacal-dourado, urso-beiçudo, leopardo, urso-pardo, leão-asiático e tigre.[25][26]

    Caça

    Os lobos-indianos são noturnos e caçam do anoitecer à alvorada, usando diferentes estratégias para as suas várias presas.[27][4] Diz-se que esses lobos são excepcionais quanto à velocidade e resistência. Uma matilha de lobos-indianos se espalha quando caça lebres-indianas e vários roedores, em contraste com a coordenação desenvolvida quando o alvo é o antílope-negro. Este antílope é a principal presa para lobos em Nannaj e no Parque Nacional Blackbuck, e constitui até 88% do consumo de biomassa do lobo-indiano.[28] Como o antílope é mais veloz, os lobos-indianos normalmente o perseguem em direção a ravinas, moitas ou depressões, onde mais lobos aguardam em emboscada.[5] [29] Além de dirigirem os antílopes para emboscadas, os lobos-indianos podem persegui-los descendo colinas em explosões de velocidade de curta duração. Os lobos-indianos também podem selecionar um animal doente ou machucado e separá-lo do bando, perseguindo-o até a exaustão. Esta estratégia é comumente vista em lobos-cinzentos, e com frequência é bem-sucedida. Finalmente, quando eles cobrem a distância e atacam, um único lobo agarra o focinho para asfixiar o antílope, enquanto os outros atacam por trás. Também foi registrado que os lobos-indianos usam a curiosidade para atrair antílopes para a morte. Uma história relata que um lobo rolava com as patas para cima, quando os antílopes estavam pastando. Quando o antílope acidentalmente interferiu com este lobo, dois outros saltaram para matá-lo.[5]

    Localização e status

    Ásia Ocidental

    Durante o século XIX, os lobos se espalhavam em muitas partes do leste da Terra Santa e no oeste do rio Jordão. Entretanto, eles diminuíram consideravelmente em número entre 1964 e 1980, principalmente devido a perseguição por fazendeiros.[30] Atualmente, as políticas de conservação de Israel e a efetiva imposição da lei mantêm uma população de tamanho moderado, que se irradia para os países vizinhos. A Turquia pode ter um papel importante na manutenção dos lobos na região, devido a sua contiguidade com a Ásia Central. As montanhas da Turquia serviram como refúgio para os poucos lobos remanescentes na Síria. Uma pequena população ocorre nas colinas de Golã e está bem protegida pelas atividades militares desenvolvidas lá.[31] Embora os lobos da Turquia não tenham proteção legal, eles contam cerca de 700 indivíduos.[32]

    Pouco se sabe das populações atuais de lobos no Irã, que ocorriam por todo o país em baixas densidades em meados dos anos 1970.[31] Embora espalhados por todo o país e ausentes somente no deserto central de Lute, não há estimativa confiável do tamanho da população de lobos lá. Os lobos do Irã continuam a sofrer com a perda de hábitat, caça irregular e perda de presas.[33][34]

    Subcontinente indiano

     src=
    Crânio
     src=
    Lobo-indiano no Parque Nacional de Velavadar

    As regiões setentrionais do Afeganistão e Paquistão são redutos importantes para o lobo. Estima-se que haja cerca de 300 lobos em aproximadamente 60 mil quilômetros quadrados de Jammu e Caxemira, no norte da Índia, e mais 50 em Himachal Pradesh.[31] Os hindus tradicionalmente consideravam a caça de lobos, mesmo os perigosos, como tabu, por medo de provocar más colheitas. A etnia santal, entretanto, os considerava animais de caça, como todos os animais silvestres.[35] Durante a ocupação britânica da Índia, os lobos não eram considerados espécies de caça esportiva, e eram mortos principalmente em resposta aos ataques a rebanhos e a pessoas. Em 1876, nas províncias do noroeste e no estado de Bihar, 2 825 lobos foram mortos em resposta a 721 ataques fatais a humanos.[36] Dois anos depois, 2 600 lobos foram mortos devido a ataques que deixaram 624 pessoas mortas.[37] Até os anos 1920, o extermínio dos lobos permaneceu uma prioridade nas províncias do noroeste e na região de Oude. Ao todo, mais de 100 mil lobos foram mortos mediante recompensa na Índia Britânica entre 1871 e 1916.[36] Na Índia moderna, o lobo-indiano está distribuído nos estados de Guzerate, Rajastão, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka e Andra Pradexe. Desde 2004, estima-se que haja 2 000-3 000 lobos no país.[38] Eles se encontram principalmente fora de reservas protegidas e se alimentam de animais domésticos, como cabras ou carneiros. Entretanto, nas áreas onde as presas naturais ainda são abundantes, por exemplo no Parque Nacional de Velavadar ou no Parque Nacional de Panna, essas presas naturais são preferidas.[39] Embora protegidos desde 1972, os lobos-indianos são considerados Em Perigo, com muitas populações subsistindo em pequenas quantidades ou vivendo em áreas cada vez mais ocupadas por humanos. Embora presentes no Butão, não há informação sobre os lobos que ocorrem lá.[31]

    Relações com humanos

    Ataques a humanos

    Lobos-indianos têm uma história de predação de crianças, um fenômeno chamado “roubo de criança”. Em 1878, 624 pessoas foram mortas por lobos em Uttar Pradesh e 14 outras em Bengala.[40] Em 1900, 285 pessoas foram mortas nas Províncias Centrais.[41] Entre 1910 e 1915, 115 crianças foram mortas por lobos em Hazaribagh, e 122 foram mortas na mesma área entre 1980 e 1986. Em Jaunpur, Pratapgarh e Sultanpur, em Uttar Pradesh, lobos mataram 21 crianças e feriram outras 16 na mesma área entre 27 de março e 1º de julho de 1996. Entre abril de 1993 e abril de 1995, cinco matilhas de lobos atacaram 80 crianças em Hazaribagh, Koderma ocidental e Latehar, 20 das quais foram resgatadas. As crianças foram levadas principalmente nas noites de verão, frequentemente em povoamentos humanos.[40]

    No Irã, ataques de lobos têm sido registrados por milênios. Como na Índia, muitos casos de lobos roubando crianças pequenas foram registrados. Adultos foram atacados ocasionalmente, como por exemplo um incidente em que um policial foi morto e parcialmente devorado por três lobos após desmontar de seu cavalo para se aliviar.[42] Em 2 de janeiro de 2005, na vila de Vali Asr, perto da cidade de Torbat-e Heydarieh, nordeste do Irã, uma matilha de lobos atacou um homem sem lar na frente de testemunhas. Embora a polícia tenha intervindo, o homem morreu em virtude dos ferimentos.[43] Em novembro de 2008, a imprensa noticiou que um lobo havia atacado uma mulher de 87 anos no cemitério da vila de Caxã no Irã central, mordendo um dos seus dedos, mas ela resistiu e ele foi sufocado até a morte.[44]

     src=
    Uma miniatura mostrando uma caçada de lobo na antiga Pérsia

    Predação do gado

    Lobos-indianos se alimentam de gado quando as presas naturais ficam escassas. Isto causa conflitos com humanos e perseguições a lobos desde que a densidade populacional humana se tornou alta nessas áreas.[45] A relva é rapidamente consumida pelo gado em pastagens desprotegidas, que depois não podem sustentar uma população de antílopes.[29] Entre os animais domésticos, as cabras são o alvo principal dos lobos-indianos, respondendo por 66% dos ataques de lobos em torno do distrito de Jhelum, ficando os carneiros em segundo lugar, com 27%.[46] Os lobos são também mais propensos a atacar o gado nos períodos em que estão nas tocas e com filhotes entre 5 e 6 meses de vida.[29] Não é incomum que os locais exagerem na magnitude da predação por lobos e contem histórias dos seus estratagemas de caça, contribuindo para o ódio contra o animal.[5][6][29]

    Na cultura

    Como a raposa e o coiote, o lobo-indiano tem reputação de ser inteligente. Há muitas histórias dos seus estratagemas contadas pelos locais, observadores e pastores.[5][6] O povo de Maharashtra canta ''“labad landga dhong kartay”, que se traduz como “lobos são animais inteligentes e vão enganar você com os seus métodos diabólicos”.[47]

    Lobos são mencionados ocasionalmente na mitologia hindu. No Harivamsa, Krishna, para convencer o povo de Vraja a migrar para Vrindavan, cria centenas de lobos a partir dos seus cabelos, o que apavora os habitantes de Vraja e os convence a fazer a jornada.[48] No Rigueveda, Rijrsava é cegado pelo seu pai como punição por ter dado 101 carneiros da família para uma loba, que em troca reza para Asvins restaurar a sua visão.[49] Bhima, o voraz filho do deus Vayú, é descrito como Vrikodara, significando “com estômago de lobo”.[50]

    O lobo tem uma reputação ambivalente na cultura iraniana, sendo demonizado no Avestá como uma criação de Arimã,[49] e ainda participa em fábulas contemporâneas, contadas para crianças malcomportadas.[51]

    Os lobos-indianos têm um papel central na série O Livro da Selva de Rudyard Kipling, em que uma matilha na área de Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, adota a criança selvagem Mogli e lhe ensina como sobreviver na selva, enquanto o protege do tigre-de-bengala Shere Khan e de um cão-selvagem saqueador.

    Referências

    1. a b Pocock, R. I. (1941), Fauna of British India: Mammals volume 2, Taylor & Francis, pp. 82-94
    2. a b c d e Sharma, D. K.; Maldonado, J. E.; Jhala, Y. V.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). «Ancient wolf lineages in India». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (Suppl 3): S1–S4. PMC . PMID 15101402. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0071
    3. a b c d e f g h i Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007). «Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species». Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x
    4. a b c d e Mivart, G. (1890), Dogs, Jackals, Wolves and Foxes: A Monograph of the Canidæ, London: R.H. Porter : Dulau, pp. 9-10
    5. a b c d e f g h i Blanford, W. T. (1888), Fauna of British India: Mammalia, London, Taylor and Francis, pp. 137-40
    6. a b c Senani Hegde (Director) (27 fevereiro 2015). Walking with Wolves [Walking with Wolves] (Motion Picture) (em inglês). Krupakar, Bobby. Consultado em 1 janeiro 2020
    7. Sykes, William H. (1831). «Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukun (Deccan); with observations on the habits, etc., and characters of new species.». London: Zoological Society of London. Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830–1831. I: 101. Consultado em 28 Dezembro 2013
    8. Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018). «Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis». Current Biology. 28 (21): 3441–3449.e5. PMC . PMID 30344120. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041
    9. a b c Spotte, Stephen (2012). «1-What makes a wolf?». Societies of Wolves and Free-ranging Dogs. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 4 páginas. ISBN 978-1-107-01519-7
    10. Aggarwal, Ramesh K. (2007). «7-Molecular Genetic Studies on highly Endangered Species». In: M. W. Pandit; S. Shivaji; Lalji Singh. You Deserve, We Conserve: A Biotechnological Approach to Wildlife Conservation. [S.l.]: I K International Publishing House, New Dehli. pp. 54–57. ISBN 978-81-89866-24-2
    11. «Nomenclatural Matters. Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva, (Switzerland), 20–24 Abril 2009, AC24 Doc. 13 Rev. 1 Annex 1» (PDF). CITES. 2009. p. 3
    12. «Summary Record. Twenty-fourth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva, (Switzerland), 20–24 Abril 2009, AC24 Summary Record» (PDF). CITES. 2009. p. 28
    13. Shrotriya; Lyngdoh; Habib (Outubro 25, 2012). «Wolves in Trans-Himalayas: 165 years of taxonomic confusion» (PDF). Current Science. 103 (8). Consultado em Junho 27, 2014
    14. Miklosi, Adam (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Col: Oxford Biology 2nd ed. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0199545667
    15. Leonard, J. A.; Vilà, C; Fox-Dobbs, K; Koch, P. L.; Wayne, R. K.; Van Valkenburgh, B (2007). «Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph» (PDF). Current Biology. 17 (13): 1146–50. PMID 17583509. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072
    16. Pilot, M. G.; Branicki, W.; Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Dykyy, I.; Shkvyrya, M.; Tsingarska, E. (2010). «Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe». BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10. 104 páginas. PMC . PMID 20409299. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104
    17. Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016). «From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region». Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134
    18. «Canis lupus indica»
    19. «National Studbook: Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)» (PDF). Central Zoo Authority, Government of India. Wildlife Institute of India. Consultado em 1 janeiro 2020
    20. Harrington, F. H. & Paquet, P. C. (1982). Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Park Ridge, N.J: Noyes Publications. ISBN 0-8155-0905-7
    21. Lokhande, A. S.; Bajaru, S. B. (2013). «First Record of Melanistic Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes from the Indian Subcontinent». Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 110 (3): 220–30
    22. Khosravi, R (2014). «Is black coat color in wolves of Iran an evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs?». Journal of Applied Genetics. 56: 97–105. PMID 25085671. doi:10.1007/s13353-014-0237-6
    23. Sadhukhan (31 outubro 2019). «Characterising the harmonic vocal repertoire of the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)». PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0216186. PMC . PMID 31671161. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216186
    24. Nair, M. V.; Panda, S. K. (2013). «Just Friends». Sanctuary Asia. XXXIII (3)
    25. Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. «Lion». Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 82–93
    26. Negi, Sharad Singh (2002), Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India, ISBN 978-81-7387-128-3 3rd ed. , Indus Publishing, p. 151
    27. «Indian Wolf». Wolf Worlds. Consultado em 1 Janeiro 2020
    28. Jhala, Yadvendradev V. «Predation on Blackbuck by Wolves in Velavadar National Park, Gujarat, India». Wolves: Wolf History, Conservation, Ecology and Behavio. Consultado em 1 Janeiro 2020
    29. a b c d Kumar, Satish. «Ecology and Behavior of Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in the Deccan Grasslands of Solapur, Maharashtra» (PDF). AMU Repository. Consultado em 1 Janeiro 2020
    30. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press, pp. 146–148, ISBN 089672364X
    31. a b c d Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 326-27. ISBN 0-226-51696-2.
    32. Zuppiroli, Pierre; Donnez, Lise (2006). «An Interview with Ozgun Emre Can on the Wolves in Turkey» (PDF). UKWCT. 26: 8–9. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 27 de julho de 2011
    33. Khosravi, R.; et al. (2012). «Morphometric variations of the skull in the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) in Iran». Acta Theriol. 57: 361–369. doi:10.1007/s13364-012-0089-6
    34. Khosravi, R.; Rezaei, H.R.; Kaboli, M. (2013). «Detecting hybridization between Iranian wild wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and free-ranging domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by analysis of microsatellite markers». Zool. Sci. 30 (1): 27–34. PMID 23317363. doi:10.2108/zsj.30.27
    35. Maclean, Charles (1980). The Wolf Children. Harmondsworth, Eng.; New York: Penguin Books. p. 336. ISBN 0-14-005053-1
    36. a b Knight, John (2004). Wildlife in Asia: Cultural Perspectives. Psychology Press, pp. 219–221, ISBN 0700713328
    37. Bright, Michael (2002). Man-Eaters. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks. p. 304. ISBN 0-312-98156-2
    38. Yadvendradev, V. Jhala; Giles, Robert H. Jr. (Dezembro 1991). «The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India». Wiley. Conservation Biology. 5 (4): 476–483. JSTOR 2386069. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x
    39. Singh, Mewa; Kumara, H. N. (2006). «Distribution, status and conservation of Indian gray wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Karnataka, India». Journal of Zoology. 270 (1): 164–169. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00103.x
    40. a b Rajpurohit, K.S. (1999). «Child lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh, India». Ambio. 28: 162–166
    41. Burton, R.G. (1991). A Book of Man Eaters. Mittal Publications.
    42. Mader, T. R. «Wolf Attacks on Humans». Abundant Wildlife Society of North America. Consultado em 28 Dezembro 2013. Cópia arquivada em 29 Maio 2007
    43. Homeless man eaten by wolves in Iran. Iranfocus (2005-01-04)
    44. Wolf slain by 87-year-old Iranian woman Arquivado 2012-09-26 no Wayback Machine. presstv.ir (2008-11-08).
    45. Krithivasan, Roopa; Athreya, Vidya R.; Odden, Morten. «Human-Wolf Conflict in human dominated landscapes of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra & Possible Mitigation Measures» (PDF). Project Waghoba
    46. Saad, Muhammed; Anwar, Maqsood; Waseem, Muhammad; Salim, Mohammed; Ali, Zulfiqar (Janeiro 2015). «Distribution range and population status of Indian grey wolf (Canis Lupus Pallipes) and Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus) in Lehri Nature Park, District Jhelum, Pakistan». Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 25 (3). Consultado em 2 Janeiro 2020
    47. Banerjee, Ananda. «India's disregarded wolves». DownToEarth. Consultado em 2 Março 2020
    48. Wilson, H. H., Hall, F. (1868). The Vishńu Puráńa: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition. Trubner
    49. a b Krishna Murthy, K. (1985). Mythical animals in Indian art. Abhinav Publications, ISBN 0-391-03287-9
    50. Wilkins, W. J. (2004). Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic. S.l: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-8881-7
    51. Humphreys, P. & Kahrom, E. (1999). Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 88-9. ISBN 1860642292
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    Canis lupus pallipes: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    O lobo-indiano ou lobo-iraniano (Canis lupus pallipes) é uma subespécie de lobo-cinzento que habita desde o Sudoeste Asiático ao subcontinente indiano. É intermediário em tamanho entre o lobo-do-himalaia e o lobo-árabe, e não possui a luxuriante pelagem de inverno do primeiro, pois vive em condições mais quentes. Nesta subespécie, o lobo das planícies indianas é geneticamente basal para todos os outros Canis lupus existentes, com exceção do lobo-do-himalaia, de linhagem mais antiga, tendo os dois sido propostos como espécies separadas. O lobo-indiano viaja em grupos menores e é menos vocal que outras variantes do lobo-cinzento, além de ter a reputação de ser dissimulado.

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    Indisk varg ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供

    Den indiska vargen, Canis lupus pallipes, är en underart av vargen, som förekommer i södra och sydöstra Asien.[1][2]

    Utseende

    Den indiska vargen har en längd på cirka 1,3 meter och en vikt på upp till cirka 35 kilogram. Den har ljusare päls på bröstet, magen, nosen och benen än europeisk varg.

    Utbredning

    Den indiska vargen lever i skogar i Turkiet, Pakistan, Nepal, Indien, Thailand och Vietnam.

    Föda

    Den indiska vargen lever främst på smådjur som kaniner, gnagare och fåglar. Men kan också döda större djur som vildsvin, hjortdjur och antiloper som nilgau. Det händer också att den dödar rävar, jordpiggsvin, apor och tamdjur, speciellt höns. [3][4]

    Referenser

    • Harrington, F. H. Paul C. Paquet , ”Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation” (1982), sid 474, ISBN 0-8155-0905-7
    • Pocock, R.I., “Canis lupus pallipes”, sid. 90–94 I “Fauna of British India: Mammals Vol. 2”, (1941), Taylor and Francis, London
    • Bright, M., "Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible" (2006), sid 346, ISBN 1-86105-831-4.
    1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M., Macdonald, D. W. (2004). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, Stor-Britannien
    2. ^ Sykes, H.. ”Canis pallipes. Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London, Part I: 101”. The Zoological Society of London. http://www.archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet#page/n113/mode/2up. Läst 16 oktober 2013.
    3. ^ Yadvendradev, V. Jhala (1993). ”Predation on Blackbuck by Wolves in Velavadar National Park, Gujarat, India”. Conservation Biology 7 (4). http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2386819?uid=3738984&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102773687887.
    4. ^ Cornish, Charles John; Selous, Frederick Courteney; Johnston, Harry Hamilton, Sir; Maxwell, Herbert (1902). ”The living animals of the world; a popular natural history with one thousand illustrations. Volume 1: Mammals”. New York, Dodd, Mead and Company. http://www.archive.org/stream/livinganimalsofw01cornrich#page/n7/mode/2up.
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    Indisk varg: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供

    Den indiska vargen, Canis lupus pallipes, är en underart av vargen, som förekommer i södra och sydöstra Asien.

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    İran kurdu ( 土耳其語 )

    由wikipedia TR提供

    İran kurdu (Canis lupus pallipes), kurdun Lübnan, Suriye, Türkiye, İran, Afganistan, Pakistan, Suudi Arabistan ve İsrail'de yaşayan bir alt türü.

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    İran kurdu: Brief Summary ( 土耳其語 )

    由wikipedia TR提供

    İran kurdu (Canis lupus pallipes), kurdun Lübnan, Suriye, Türkiye, İran, Afganistan, Pakistan, Suudi Arabistan ve İsrail'de yaşayan bir alt türü.

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    Sói Ấn Độ ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Sói Ấn Độ (Canis lupus pallipes) là một phân loài được đề xuất của sói xám. Loài sói này sinh sống ở Tây Nam Á đến Tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ. Nó có kích thước trung gian giữa Tây TạngArabian sói, và thiếu áo khoác mùa đông xa hoa của nó vì nó sống trong điều kiện ấm hơn. [1] Hai liên quan chặt chẽ haplotypes trong phân loài này đã được tìm thấy cơ sở cho tất cả các loài haplotypes còn tồn tại khác ngoài dòng truyền thống cũ sói Himalaya, và đã được đề xuất như một loài riêng biệt.[2]:S2[3]:169

    Tham khảo

    1. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941), Fauna of British India: Mammals volume 2, Taylor & Francis, pp. 82-94
    2. ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên sharma2004
    3. ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên agga2007
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    Sói Ấn Độ: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Sói Ấn Độ (Canis lupus pallipes) là một phân loài được đề xuất của sói xám. Loài sói này sinh sống ở Tây Nam Á đến Tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ. Nó có kích thước trung gian giữa Tây TạngArabian sói, và thiếu áo khoác mùa đông xa hoa của nó vì nó sống trong điều kiện ấm hơn. Hai liên quan chặt chẽ haplotypes trong phân loài này đã được tìm thấy cơ sở cho tất cả các loài haplotypes còn tồn tại khác ngoài dòng truyền thống cũ sói Himalaya, và đã được đề xuất như một loài riêng biệt.:S2:169

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    Азиатский волк ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
    Латинское название Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831

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    ITIS 726839 NCBI 246882

    Азиатский, или индийский, или иранский волк (лат. Canis lupus pallipes) — подвид серого волка, который обитает на территории Ливана, Турции, Ирана, Афганистана, Пакистана, Сирии, Индии и других близлежащих регионов.

    Описание

    Высота в холке 45—75 см, вес 25—32 кг. Мех короткий, густой, бурого окраса. Он помогает им слиться с местным ландшафтом. У них почти нет подшёрстка, это помогает им сохранять прохладу в жарком климате Ближнего Востока. По-видимому, иногда воют.

    Авторы последних исследований митохондриальной ДНК индийского волка предполагают, что популяции, населяющие Индийский полуостров, достаточно генетически различны и должны быть рассмотрены, как отдельный вид — Canis indica[1][2]/.

    От арабского волка отличается более тёмным окрасом, бо́льшим размером и пропорционально бо́льшей головой[3].

    Текущая ситуация

    Азиатскому волку, как и арабскому, угрожает гибридизация с домашними собаками, что опасно для генетической чистоты подвида. Главные причины сокращения численности популяции — деградация привычных местообитаний и охота. В странах Ближнего Востока азиатский волк находится под охраной только на территории Израиля, где его популяция составляет 150—250 особей.

    В культуре

    Волк, известный в Турции как бозкурт, был главным тотемом древних тюркских племён и был национальным символом со времён гуннов до Османской империи. Перед тем, как тюрки приняли ислам, голову волка надевали на концы флагштоков. Позднее, она была заменена на звезду и полумесяц. В турецкойи (и в целом тюркской) мифологии существует поверье о том, что гоктюрки пошли от волчицы по имени Асена. Эта легенда перекликается с мифом о Ромуле и Реме.

    Примечания

    1. Jhala, Y.; Sharma, D. K. (2004). “The Ancient Wolves of India” (PDF). International Wolf. 14 (2): 15—16. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-04-21. Проверено 2015-07-19.
    2. Aggarwal, R. K., Kivisild, T., Ramadevi, J., Singh, L. (2007). “Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species” (PDF). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (2): 163—172. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-02-05. Проверено 2015-07-19.
    3. Bright, Michael. Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible. — 2006. — P. p346. — ISBN 1861058314.
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    Азиатский волк: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

    Азиатский, или индийский, или иранский волк (лат. Canis lupus pallipes) — подвид серого волка, который обитает на территории Ливана, Турции, Ирана, Афганистана, Пакистана, Сирии, Индии и других близлежащих регионов.

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    伊朗狼 ( 漢語 )

    由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
    三名法 Canis lupus pallipes
    (W. T. Blanford)

    伊朗狼學名Canis lupus pallipes),亦稱為亞洲狼[1],是的一個亞種。曾廣泛分佈於黎巴嫩、北以色列沙地阿拉伯土耳其阿富汗巴基斯坦伊朗。牠們過去被認為是澳洲野犬的直屬祖先[2],但另一項較近期的研究則指澳洲野犬則家犬的親緣較接近[3]

    特徵

    伊朗狼站起來的身高介乎18至30英吋,而體重則大約55至70磅[4] 。牠們短短的、蒼白的皮毛幫助了牠們在牠們的棲息地當中隱藏於群中。牠們只有很少甚至沒有絨毛之類的皮毛,因為這樣可以在炎熱的中東氣候保持涼快[4]。這種亞種嚎叫頻率並不高[4]

    過去曾認為印度狼是伊朗狼的一個變種,但近年的mtDNA研究中已証實印度狼應為一獨立種,並跟世上其他的亞種分開[5]

    牠與阿拉伯狼的分別為毛色較黑、身型較大及比例上有較大的頭部[6]

    現況

    以色列看來是伊朗狼生存在中東的最後希望,這是因為以色列是唯一的一個國家對伊朗狼有較大規模及法例保護計劃。現在,大約有150至200隻伊朗狼在以色列的北部及中部生存。

    參見條目

    參考資料

     src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:伊朗狼  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:伊朗狼
    1. ^ (简体中文) 犬科——狼 Canis lupus Archive.is存檔,存档日期2012-09-08
    2. ^ (英文) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press 1992
    3. ^ (英文) A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA. Population Biology. [2008-06-16].
    4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 (英文) The Iranian Wolf. Wolf Song of Alaska. [2007-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-11).
    5. ^ (英文) Blackwell Synergy - J Zoological System, Volume 45 Issue 2 Page 163-172, May 2007 (Article Abstract)
    6. ^ (英文) Bright, Michael. Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible. 2006: p346. 1861058314. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
     title=
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    wikipedia 中文维基百科

    伊朗狼: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

    由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

    伊朗狼(學名:Canis lupus pallipes),亦稱為亞洲狼,是的一個亞種。曾廣泛分佈於黎巴嫩、北以色列沙地阿拉伯土耳其阿富汗巴基斯坦伊朗。牠們過去被認為是澳洲野犬的直屬祖先,但另一項較近期的研究則指澳洲野犬則家犬的親緣較接近。

    許可
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    版權
    维基百科作者和编辑
    原始內容
    參訪來源
    合作夥伴網站
    wikipedia 中文维基百科