Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) Brayshaw makaleleri

Associations ( İngilizce )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
mostly hypophyllous uredium of Melampsora allii-populina causes spots on live leaf of Populus trichocarpa

Plant / resting place / within
epiphyllous, subepidermal, grouped, confluent telium of Melampsora laricis-populina may be found in dead, fallen leaf of Populus trichocarpa

Foodplant / parasite
Uncinula adunca var. adunca parasitises Populus trichocarpa

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Zeugophora subspinosa grazes on leaf of sapling of Populus trichocarpa
Remarks: season: mid 8-9,5-12

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Associated Forest Cover ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood often forms extensive stands on alluvial sites at low elevations along the Pacific coast. Arborescent willows are its major associates in two cover types (3): Black Cottonwood-Willow (Society of American Foresters Type 222) and Cottonwood-Willow (Type 235). In the latter type, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) is the dominant cottonwood. Major willow species are Pacific (Salix lasiandra), northwest (S. sessilifolia), river (S. fluviatilis), and Scouler (S. scouleriana) willow (4). In other coastal forests, black cottonwood grows in mixture with red alder (Alnus rubra), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), grand fir (Abies grandis), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia), black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii), and several birch (Betula spp.) and cherry (Prunus spp.) species. Associates in interior forests may include western white pine (Pinus monticola), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor), western larch (Larix occidentalis), subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), white spruce (Picea glauca), Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides).

Shrub species associated with black cottonwood include vine maple (Acer circinatum), red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) and other Cornus spp., beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), salmonberry (R. spectabilis), elder (Sambucus spp.), bearberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata), spirea (Spiraea spp.), and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus).

Herbaceous associates include swordfern (Polystichum munitum), lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), horsetail (Equisetum spp.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), hedge nettle (Stachys spp.), false solomons-seal (Smilacina stellata), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), enchanters nightshade (Circaea alpina), golden-saxifrage (Chrysosplenium spp.), buttercup (Ranunculus spp.), bittercress (Cardamine spp.), angelica (Angelica spp.), loosestrife (Lysimachia spp.), bedstraw (Galium spp.), and iris (Iris spp.).

Presence of some of these understory species provides an indication of site quality in British Columbia (27). Good black cottonwood sites are characterized by salmonberry, nettles, swordfern, and lady fern, as well as vigorous growth of beaked hazel and elder. On medium sites, red-osier dogwood, bearberry honeysuckle, common snowberry, and sometimes thimbleberry and Nootka rose are common. Poor sites are commonly subject to prolonged flooding, and horsetails are dominant.

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Climate ( İngilizce )

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Populations of black cottonwood grow in climates varying from relatively and to humid, but best growth is attained in the humid coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest (23). Annual precipitation ranges from 250 min (10 in) to more than 3050 min (120 in). Only about one-third of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season, and in mountainous and inland areas much of the dormant-season precipitation falls as snow. The frost-free period ranges from about 70 days in the interior areas to more than 260 days in southern California. Maximum temperatures range from 16° to 47° C (60° to 117° F); minimum temperatures, from 0° to 47° C (32° to 53° F).

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Damaging Agents ( İngilizce )

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Young saplings are frequently injured and sometimes killed by unseasonably early or late frosts (23). Frost cracks also lower quality of wood and provide an entrance for decay fungi (30). Ice storms and heavy snowfall cause considerable breakage and permanent bending (29). Wind damage is common, especially in stands where black cottonwood trees are much taller than surrounding vegetation; top breakage and bending result. Erosion along rivers and major streams also takes its toll in adjacent black cottonwood stands. The species is highly susceptible to fire damage.

Mammals can create serious problems in black cottonwood plantations, especially at time of establishment or soon after. Meadow voles and meadow mice can cause severe losses in young plantations; such damage occurs most commonly on grassy or herb-covered sites. The voles feed on roots and sometimes girdle the lower stem. In some locations, rabbits and hares cause losses in young cottonwoods via clipping and basal girdling damage. Damage also results when beavers use cottonwood for food and construction of dams. Browsing and trampling of saplings by elk and deer sometimes decimate small, isolated plantings. Slugs have girdled cottonwood stems and presumably have eaten buds and newly emergent leaves of recently planted cuttings in the lower Columbia River valley.

Although several insects attack black cottonwood (5,17), none has yet been reported as a pest of economic significance. Foliar feeders include tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.), two sawflies (Phyllocolpa bozemani and Nematus currani), the satin moth (Leucoma salicis), and a leaf blotch miner (Agromyza albitarsis). Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes u1mi) was reported as frequently killing twigs and branches, and sometimes a whole tree. A bud midge (Contarinia spp.) caused considerable injury to buds of stressed trees (e.g., nursery-grown trees that have been transplanted, and trees on dry sites or in dry years) (9). A small bark moth (Laspeyresia populana) mines the cambium of the trunk and larger branches. Two borers feed under the bark and in the wood, a flatheaded borer (Poecilonota montana) and the poplar- and-willow borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). The latter is a European insect that is now established throughout much of the range of black cottonwood and has caused some damage in cottonwood plantings. Other flatheaded and roundheaded borers and ambrosia beetles are known to destroy the wood of black cottonwood.

At least 70 fungal species cause decay in cottonwood, but only six fungi cause significant losses in British Columbia; two of these (Spongipellis delectans and Pholiota destruens) cause 92 percent of the loss (15,17,33). A leaf rust (Melampsora spp.) has been observed in young plantations, and susceptibility to the rust appears to vary greatly across the geographic range of the species. This disease limits photosynthesis and causes leaves to fall prematurely, thereby decreasing tree growth and vigor. Severe Melampsora infections have been observed when clonal material from relatively dry areas (e.g., east of the Cascade Range in Washington or Oregon and northern California) was planted in western Washington (9); in one instance, such infections resulted in death of the clones. Other foliage diseases include leaf-spot syndrome (Venturia populina) and yellow-leaf blister (Taphrina populisalicis). A deformity of catkins is caused by Taphrina johansonii. Cytospora canker (Cytospora chrysosperma) is widespread under forest conditions but rarely causes significant damage in vigorous cottonwood stands. It may cause problems, however, to cuttings in nurseries and plantations. Stem cankers in various areas have been reported as caused by Dothichiza populea, Fusarium spp., Hypoxylon mammatum, Nectria galligena, and Septoria musiva. None appear to be of great significance in management of black cottonwood, but severe attacks of a bacterial canker have reportedly limited planting of the species in Europe. Black cottonwood is also subject to the condition known as wet wood, which leads to wood collapse during drying.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood is normally dioecious; male and female catkins are borne on separate trees. The species reaches flowering age at about 10 years (25). Flowers may appear in early March to late May in Washington and Oregon, and sometimes as late as mid-June in northern and interior British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana. Staminate catkins contain 30 to 60 stamens, elongate to 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in), and are deciduous. Pistillate catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 ern (3.2 to 8 in) long with rotund-ovate, three carpellate subsessile fruits 5 to 8 min (0.20 to 0.32 in) long. Each capsule contains many minute seeds with long, white cottony hairs.

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Genetics ( İngilizce )

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Population Differences Black cottonwood exhibits considerable variation throughout its range. Photoperiodic studies conducted under uniform environmental conditions in Massachusetts have shown that northern provenances cease growth earlier than southern provenances (21). Moreover, cessation of growth among clones from the same latitude was related to length of the growing season (frost-free days) at places of origin (that is, elevation). Another study (18) conducted with clones indicates that several aspects of shoot growth are under genetic control: date of flushing, amount of early growth, growth rate in midseason, date of cessation, and average length of internode. A more recent study (36) demonstrated a large range of variation in leaf, branch, and phenology characters in 50 clones (five each from 10 natural populations growing in drainages west of the Cascade Range). Population means for several characters varied clinally with source latitude, longitude, and/or elevation. In general, southwestern clones developed smaller leaves, had more numerous and more erect branches, and continued growth later in the fall than northeastern clones. Experiments in pots and flats have shown that some clones of black cottonwood grow taller in the presence of another clone than when planted by themselves (32).

Hybrids Black cottonwood hybridizes freely with balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) where the ranges of the two species overlap (35). Another natural hybrid, the Parry cottonwood, resulting from crosses with P. fremontii is native to California. A hybrid (Populus x generosa Henry) between P. angulata (now considered either a variety or cultivar of P. deltoides) and R trichocarpa was developed in England (24). Also, P. maximowiczii x trichocarpa and P. deltoides x P. trichocarpa hybrids have been planted in the northeastern United States. Recent work in which P. trichocarpa was crossed with superior selections of P. deltoides from the southern United States has produced hybrids of markedly superior growth performance (12,31).

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Growth and Yield ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood may attain pulpwood size in 10 to 15 years, and saw log-size trees have been observed in plantations less than 25 years old in British Columbia and Washington. For example, dominant and codominant trees of 17 cm (6.7 in) in d.b.h. and 14.8 m (48.5 ft) in height at 9 years have been reported for a good moist site (26). In the lower Fraser River Valley of British Columbia, planted black cottonwoods averaged 20 cm (8 in) in d.b.h. and 16.8 m (55 ft) in height at 10 years, and some individual trees were more than 30 ern (12 in) in d.b.h. and 21.3 m (70 ft) in height (29). Growth is considerably less in northerly and interior locations. In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, black cottonwood matures in 60 years or less (23), but studies in British Columbia show that the species grows well for as long as 200 years (33). Exceptional trees have attained 180 to 300 cm. (72 to 120 in) in d.b.h. and more than 60 m (200 ft) in height (7,35).

Growth and yield data for natural black cottonwood stands are available for the Quesnel region and Skeena River Valley of British Columbia (33). Other Canadian studies have indicated that three site quality classes developed for German poplar (16) are satisfactory for black cottonwood stands in British Columbia (30). The Forest Inventory Branch of the British Columbia Forest Service has collected much growth and yield data on natural stands of black cottonwood. Some of this information is summarized in table 1. These data clearly indicate that differences in yield among site classes are large; the mean annual production of site I is nearly twice that of site II, and more than three times that of site III.

Site class and stand age Average d.b.h. Stocking Height¹ Net volume Maximum mean annual increment Age of culmination yr cm trees/ha m m³/ha m³/ha yr I, 112 46 294 41.1 302.3 5.5 62 II, 101 33 415 29.6 219.9 2.8 78 II, 87 28 474 21.3 122.8 1.7 96 yr in trees/acre ft ft³/acre ft³/acre yr I, 112 18 119 135 4,319 79 62 II, 101 13 168 97 3,141 40 78 III, 87 11 192 70 1,755 24 96 ¹Dominants and codominants.

Yields from black cottonwood plantations are expected to be much higher than yields from natural stands. Data from three plantations in the lower Fraser River Valley indicate mean annual increments ranging from 10.5 to 15.4 m³/ha (150 to 220 ft³/acre) per year (28). A plantation established on a deep alluvial soil in coastal Washington has produced more than 500 m³/ha (7,242 ft³/acre) in 24 years (19). Dominant trees range from 35 to 37 m (115 to 122 ft) in height and 33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 in) in d.b.h.

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Reaction to Competition ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood is classed as very intolerant of shade. It grows best in full sunlight. On moist lowland sites, it makes rapid initial growth and thereby survives competition from slower growing associated species.

Data from British Columbia indicate that black cottonwood trees can take advantage of wide initial spacing (1); diameters of trees and sets established at a 9.14-m (30-ft) spacing averaged 30 to 75 percent greater than those of plants established at a 1.82-m (6-ft) spacing (28,29). Results from a spacing trial in Washington, however, indicate better height and diameter growth at 3.7- by 3.7-m (12- by 12-ft) spacing than at 3.0- by 9.1-m (10- by 30-ft) and 6.1- by 9.1-m (20- by 30-ft) spacings (10). Black cottonwood responds well to thinning (29).

In the past decade, most of the research on black cottonwood has focused on use of the species in short-rotation, coppice systems for fiber and energy. Spacings have varied from 0.3 by 0.3 m (1 by 1 ft) to 1.8 by 1.8 m (6 by 6 ft) and rotations or cutting cycles of 2 to 8 years (8,11,12,14). Mean annual production has ranged from about 2 to more than 16 mg/ha (1 to 7 tons/acre). The most recent findings suggest that rotations longer than 4 years (perhaps 8 or more) result in highest mean annual production (11); with such rotations, spacings of 1.8 by 1.8 in (6 by 6 ft) or wider may be used, provided that competition from grass and weeds is controlled. Higher coppice yield was obtained in a mixed planting of black cottonwood and red alder (a nitrogen-fixing species) than from pure plantings of either species (2). A subsequent study of the black cottonwood-alder mixture on a better site showed no benefits after the second year, presumably because cottonwood shaded and overtopped alder and thus impaired nitrogen fixation (13).

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Rooting Habit ( İngilizce )

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Planted cuttings of black cottonwood root very well; they produce deep and widespread root systems if growth is not restricted by adverse soil conditions. Little information on rooting has been collected in natural or seedling stands.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( İngilizce )

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The seed ripens and is disseminated by late May to late June in Oregon and Washington, but frequently not until mid-July in Idaho and Montana (23). Abundant seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can be transported long distances by wind and water. Although highly viable, longevity of black cottonwood seed under natural conditions may be as short as 2 weeks to a month. There is some evidence, however, to suggest a somewhat longer lifespan under apparently adverse conditions. With proper drying and cold storage, viability and capacity to germinate can be maintained for at least 1 year (25).

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Seedling Development ( İngilizce )

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Moist seedbeds are essential for high germination (23), and seedling survival depends on continuously favorable conditions during the first month (25). Wet bottom lands of rivers and major streams frequently provide such conditions, particularly where bare soil has been exposed or new soil laid down. Germination is epigeal. Black cottonwood seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after logging unless special measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment (23). Where seedlings become established in great numbers, they thin out naturally by age 5 because the weaker seedlings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed (23).

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Soils and Topography ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood grows on a variety of soils and sites, from moist silts, sands, and gravels of islands and new river bars to rich humus soils, loams, and occasionally clay soils of upland sites (23). The most extensive black cottonwood stands are on soils of the order Entisols; the species also is common on Inceptisols and occasionally may be present on soils of other orders. High soil acidity (low pH) may restrict occurrence of black cottonwood on fine-textured soils where other site factors are favorable (9). Studies in British Columbia (27) have indicated that abundant moisture, nutrients, oxygen, and nearly neutral soil reaction (pH 6.0 to 7.0) are required for optimum production. Growth is best at low elevations on deep, moist alluvial soils, but some upland soils are productive cottonwood sites (27). The latter include loessial soils of high nutrient status in areas of abundant rainfall.

Black cottonwood grows from sea level to 600 in (2,000 ft) on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska and up to 1500 in (5,000 ft) in the Cascade Range of Washington (23). In British Columbia, the elevation range extends to nearly 2100 m (7,000 ft) in the interior valleys of the Selkirk Range. In central and eastern Washington, as well as other dry areas, the species is usually limited to protected valleys and canyon bottoms, along stream banks and edges of ponds and meadows, and to moist toe slopes.

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Special Uses ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood has been planted as windbreaks and shelterbelts in conjunction with irrigated agriculture in the Columbia River basin.

The wood of black cottonwood is similar to that of other cottonwoods (20,34). It has light color, straight grain, fine, even texture, and is light in weight. It dries easily, is moderately stable in use, and, although not strong, is tough for its weight.

Black cottonwood has short, fine fibers and is used to produce pulp for high-grade book and magazine papers. The species peels easily, and its veneer is used as core and cross-banding stock in plywood and in baskets and crates. The light weight, good nailing characteristics, and light color of the lumber are ideal for manufacture of pallets, boxes, and crates. The lumber is also used in concealed parts of furniture. Fiberboard and flakeboard are made from black cottonwood. In early days, it was used for cooperage.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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Black cottonwood sprouts readily from stumps, and in one study, satisfactory coppice reproduction was obtained four times in 2-year cutting cycles (8). After logging operations, black cottonwoods sometimes regenerate naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches (9). Sprouting from roots has also been reported (23). The species also has the unusual ability to abscise small shoots complete with green leaves (6). These shoots drop to the ground and may root where they fall or may be dispersed by water transport. In some situations, abscission may be one means of colonizing exposed sandbars.

The species is easily reproduced by rooted and unrooted cuttings (30). The cuttings are made in the dormant season and may be as short as 15 cm (6 in). Most research and small-scale operational plantings have been established with unrooted stem cuttings taken from 1- and 2-year-old wood, I to 3 em (0.4 to 1.2 in) in diameter at the small end and 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long. Good results have also been obtained with branchwood cuttings, in some instances collected from trees as old as 30 years (9). Usually the cuttings are planted in the spring to a depth of 80 to 40 em (12 to 16 in). Best establishment and growth are achieved when cuttings have healthy axillary buds, at least one of which remains above ground after planting (22). Plantings of very long cuttings (3 in or 10 ft or more in length) have sometimes been used successfully to overcome problems of weed competition or animal damage (29); in other cases, they have failed, presumably because top growth and thus transpiration stress outstripped root growth and the ability of the root system to provide moisture during the dry summer. The proportion of trees with poor form and the magnitude of crookedness are greater in trees established with long cuttings than with short cuttings (10). Height of trees established from cuttings has frequently exceeded 1.5 in (5 ft) at the end of the first year and 6 in (20 ft) after 4 years (11). Height growth rates of cottonwood sprouts have been even greater.

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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The range of black cottonwood extends northeast from Kodiak Island along Cook Inlet to latitude 62° 30° N., then southeast in southeast Alaska and British Columbia to the forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern California and northern Baja California (lat. 31° N.). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, in British Columbia, western Alberta, western Montana, and northern Idaho. Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, western Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.

-The native range of black cottonwood.

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Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Salicaceae -- Willow family

Dean S. DeBell

Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) is the largest of the American poplars and the largest hardwood tree in western North America. Known also as balsam cottonwood, western balsam poplar, and California poplar, it grows primarily on moist sites west of the Rocky Mountains. The most productive sites are the bottom lands of major streams and rivers west of the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest. Pure stands may form on alluvial soils. Black cottonwood is harvested and used for lumber, veneer, and fiber products. Many kinds of wildlife use the foliage, twigs, and buds for food, and the tree is planted for shade and in windbreaks and shelterbelts.

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Populus trichocarpa ( Azerice )

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Populus trichocarpa (lat. Populus trichocarpa) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin qovaq cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.

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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Azerice )

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Populus trichocarpa (lat. Populus trichocarpa) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin qovaq cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Populus trichocarpa ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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Populus trichocarpa ^[1] és una espècie d'arbre magnoliofití caducifoli natiu de l'oest de Nord-amèrica. La seva fusta s'utilitza a a construcció, i és un destacat organisme model en botànica. Es tracta de la primera espècie d'arbre de la qual s'ha seqüenciat el seu genoma complet, que va ser publicat el 2006.

Descripció

És tracta d'un arbre alt, que pot créixer entre els 30 i els 50 i tenir un tronc amb un diàmetre de més de 2 metres, el qual la converteix en l'arbre de pollancre més gran de Nord-amèrica. Normalment és de vida relativament curta, tot i que alguns arbres poden viure fins als 400 anys (Forbes 2006). Un exemplar del Parc Estatal de la Missió Willamette, prop de Salem, té el rècord nacional i mundial. A l'últim amidament, de l'any de 2008, aquest exemplar feia 47 metres d'alt i 8.8 metres de perímetre del tronc.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

La seva escorça és grisa i està coberta de lenticel·les, que esdevenen amples i profundament fissurades en els arbres vells. L'escorça pot arribar a ser prou dura com fer saltar espurnes quan es talla amb una serra de cadena.^[6] El tronc és gris a les parts més velles i marró clar a les més joves. La capçada és generalment més o menys cònica i bastant densa. En els grans arbres les branques inferiors s'inclinen cap avall. Els brots són comuns. La fusta té una coloració lleugera i una fibra recta.

Les fulles fan entre 7 i 20 cm de llarg amb una banda brillant de color verd fosc a la part superior i de color gris-verd clar a la part inferior. Les fulles més grans poden arribar fins als 30 cm de llarg. Es poden produir brots a la soca que esdevenen arbres joves i molt vigorosos. Les fulles són alternes, el·líptiques, amb un marge fistonat i una punta aguda, i nervadura reticulada. El pecíol és de color vermellós i les gemes són còniques, llargues, estretes i enganxoses, amb una forta aroma de bàlsam a la primavera quan s'obren.

Aquesta espècie té un sistema d'arrels extens i agressiu, que pot envair i danyar els sistemes de drenatge. De vegades, les arrels poden fins i tot fer malbé els fonaments dels edificis per la dessecació del sòl.

Reproducció

Floració i fructificació

Ament masculí (productor de pol·len) i brots de fulles (22 de març) Sherwood, Oregon, USA

Populus trichocarpa és generalment dioèci: el aments masculins i femenins es troben en arbre separats. L'espècie assoleix la floració aproximadament als 10 anys. Les flors poden aparèixer des de principis de març fins a finals de maig a Washington i Oregon, i de vegades a fins a mitjans de juny al nord i a l'interior de la Colúmbia Britànica, Idaho i Montana. Els aments estaminals contenen de 30 a 60 estams allargats de 2 o 3 cm, i són caducs, mentre que els aments pistil·lats són madurs entre el 8 i els 20 cm de llarg amb primordis seminals, que contenen 3 fruits d'entre 5 i 8 mm de llarg. Cada càpsula moltes llavors amb pèls llargs i blancs cotonosos.

Producció i difusió de llavors

La llavor madura i es difon entre finals de maig i finals de juny a Oregon i Washington. A Idaho i Montana, sovint no es difon fins a mitjans de juliol. En general la producció anual de llavors és abundant. Unida al seu cotó, la llavor és lleuger i pot ser transportada llargues distàncies pel vent i l'aigua. Encara altament viable, la longevitat de la llavor en condicions naturals pot ser tan curta, d'entre dues setmanes i un mes. Això es pot augmentar amb l'emmagatzematge en fred.

Les llavors i la pelussa (1 de juliol de 2012) Boise, Idaho, USA

Desenvolupament de plàntules

Els planters humits són essencials per a una alta germinació. La supervivència de les plàntules depèn de condicions favorables de forma contínua durant el primer mes. Les terres de fons humit dels rius i rierols principals solen proporcionar aquestes condicions, en particular quan el sòl nu ha estat exposat o sòl nou s'hi diposita. La germinació és epigea (per sobre del sòl). Les plàntules no solem establir-se en abundància després de la tala, a menys que es prenguin mesures especials per preparar la terra humida i nua necessària per a la creació inicial. Allà on les plantes s'estableixin en gran nombre, les plantes més febles desapareixen de forma natural als cinc anys, a causa de la intolerància d'aquesta espècie a l'ombra.

Reproducció vegetativa

A causa dels seus alts nivells d'hormones d'arrelament, brota fàcilment. Després de les operacions de tala, de vegades es regenera naturalment a partir de l'arrelament de fragments parcialment enterrats de branques o de soques. També es produeix el rebrot a partir d'arrels. L'espècie també té la capacitat de produir brots a partir de l'abscisió de fulles verdes. Aquests brots cauen a terra i poden arrelar on cauen o es poden dispersar transportats per l'aigua. En algunes situacions, la abscisió pot ser un mitjà de colonitzar bancs de sorra.

Distribució

Un espècimen gran a Diamond Ridge, Alaska

Una visió propera de l'escorça a la base del tronc

L'àrea de distribució d'aquesta espècie cobreix grans zones de l'oest de Nord-amèrica. S'estén cap al nord-est des de l'illa Kodiak al llarg de la badia de Cook fins a la latitud 62° 30° N., d'allà s'estén cap al sud-est al sud-est d'Alaska i la Colúmbia Britànica fins als boscos de Washington i Oregon, fins a les muntanyes del sud de Califòrnia i el nord de Baixa Califòrnia (lat. 31° N.). També es troba terra endins, generalment al costat occidental de les muntanyes Rocalloses, a la Colúmbia Britànica, a l'oest d'Alberta, a l'oest de Montana i al nord d'Idaho. També s'han trobat petites poblacions disperses al sud-est d'Alberta, l'est de Montana, l'oest de Dakota del Nord, l'oest de Wyoming, Utah i Nevada. Creix fins a alçades de 2.100 m.

Populus trichocarpa ha estat una de les introduccions d'arbres amb més èxit a les Illes Fèroe, les quals gairebé no tenen arbres.

L'espècie va ser importada des d'Alaska a Islàndia el 1944 i des de llavors s'ha convertit en un dels arbres més estesos del país.

Cultiu

També es conrea com a arbre ornamental, valorat pel seu ràpid creixement i el seu fullatge perfumat a la primavera, detectable des de més de 100 m de distància. Les arrels són però invasives, i poden fer malbé els fonaments dels edificis en sòls argilosos contraıbles si es planta pels voltants.

Es poden afegir branques a les plantes en tests per a estimular l'arrelament.^[6]

Ús com a espècie model

Populus trichocarpa té diverses qualitats que el converteixen en un bona espècie model per arbres:

Model de genoma en mida (encara que significativament més gran que l'altra planta model, Arabidopsis thaliana)
Creixement ràpid (per a un arbre)
Assoleix la maduresa reproductiva en 4 o 6 anys
Econòmicament important
Representa un gènere fenotípicament divers

Per aquestes raons l'espècie ha estat molt estudiada. La seqüència del seu genoma va ser publicada el 2006. S'han seqüenciat més de 121 000 marques de seqüència expressada. L'àmplia gamma de temes estudiats mitjançant l'ús de P. trichocarpa inclouen els efectes de l'etilè, la biosíntesi de la lignina, la tolerància a la sequera i la formació de la fusta.

Usos

Fusta

La seva fusta és lleuger i encara que no és particularment forta, és forta per al seu pes. El material de fusta té fibres de cel·lulosa curtes i fines que s'utilitzen en la producció de llibres d'alta qualitat i paper de revista. La fusta també és excel·lent per a la producció de fusta contraplacada. Els arbres vius s'utilitzen com a tallavent.

Es tracta d'una espècie d'arbre de creixement molt ràpid. A la Gran Bretanya, els arbres de plantacions han arribat als 18 metres d'alçada en 11 anys, i als 34 metres en 28 anys. Assoleix una mida acceptable per a la producció de pasta de cel·lulosa cel·lulosa entre els 10 i els 15 anys i per produir fusta als 25 anys.

Medicinal

Les tribus natives americanes del Pacífic nord-oest utilitzaven aquest arbre per una sèrie de propòsits. De vegades es menjaven l'escorça interior, encara que la majoria de vegades els seus usos eren medicinals o pràctics. A causa del seu contingut en salicina, sovint s'utilitzava per a tractar una sèrie de malalties com són la calvície, la tuberculosi, el reumatisme, i per tractar ferides.

Altres usos

La fusta, les arrels i l'escorça s'utilitzaven com a llenya, per construir canoes, per trenar cordes, construir trampes per peixos, cistelles i estructures. La saba gomosa fins i tot s'utilitzava com a cola o impermeabilitzant.^[7]

També es produeixen extractes comercials a partir dels seus brots aromàtics per utilitzar-los com a perfum de medecines i cosmètics.^[6]

Genoma

Característiques

Mida: 485 milions parells de bases. (genoma humà: 3 bil·lions de parells de bases)
Proporció d'heterocromatina respecte a la eucromatina: 3:7
Nombre de cromosomes: 19
Nombre de gens putatius: 45.555, el nombre més gran de gens mai registrat (estimat al setembre de 2008)
Mitocondri: 803.000 parells de bases, 52 gens
Cloroplast: 157.000 parells de bases, 101 gens

Informació general

La seqüència de P. trichocarpa és la del espècimen femella "Nisqually-1", anomenat així pel riu Nisqually a l'estat de Washington , on es va recollir la mostra. La seqüenciació va tenir lloc al Joint Genome Institute utilitzant el mètode Shotgun. La profunditat de la seqüenciació a ver aproximadament de 7.5 x (el que vol dir que cada parell de bases es va seqüenciar una mitjana de 7,5 cops). L'anotació del genoma la van dur a terme principalment el Joint Genome Institute, l'Oak Ridge National Laboratory, l'Umeå Plant Science Centre i el Genome Canada.

Abans de la publicació del genoma de P. trichocarpa els únics genomes de plantes disponibles eren els de Arabidopsis thaliana i l'arròs, ambdues plantes herbàcies. P. trichocarpa és el primer genoma d'arbre en ser seqüenciat. Tenint en compte la importància econòmica de la fusta i els seus derivats, era necessari disposar del genoma d'un arbre. La seqüència també permet fer comparacions evolutives i l'elucidació de les diferències entre les molècules bàsiques de arbres i plantes herbàcies.

Doty et al. (2016) van trobar la primera evidencia directe de fixació de N²(nitrogen) a la natura, en un exemplar de P. trichocarpa (un arbre no lleguminós).^[8]

Mosaïcisme somàtic

L'anàlisi de tot el genoma d'11 grups d'arbre d'aquesta espècie revelen diferències genètiques significatives entre les arrels i les fulles i les branques d'un mateix arbre. La variació dins d'una espècimen és com la que es troba entre arbres no relacionats.^[9] Aquests resultats podrien ser importants per resoldre el debat de biologia evolutiva pel que fa a la mutació somàtica (aquest evolució pot tenir lloc dins d'un mateix individu i no només dintre de les poblacions), amb una diversitat d'implicacions.^[10]

Etimologia

"Trichocarpa" prové del grec i vol dir "fruits amb pèl". Els següents noms científics són considerats actualment sinònims de Populus trichocarpa:

P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa
P. balsamifera var. californica
P. hastata

P. trichocarpa subsp. hastata
P. trichocarpa var. hastata

P. trichocarpa var. cupulata
P. trichocarpa var. ingrata

Bibliografia

P. tricocharpa information at the USDA Forest Service website, written by Dean S. DeBell (en anglès)
Populus genome at the JGI website (en anglès)
Forbes, R. D. (2006). Protection of the Morrisey Old Growth Cottonwood Forest (pdf file) (en anglès)
Mitchell, A. F. (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Collins. ISBN 0-00-219213-6. (en anglès)
Davis, T. Neil. (1981). Cottonwood and Balsam Poplar (en anglès)

Vegeu també

Tipus de fulles

Referències

↑ «Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa». Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. [Consulta: 29 gener 2017].
↑ «Ascending the Giants - Chronicles Of Measuring Champion Trees» (en anglès). [Consulta: 3 juliol 2016].
↑ «Largest Black Cottonwood Tree in the United States - Marion County, Oregon - Exceptional Trees on Waymarking.com» (en anglès). [Consulta: 3 juliol 2016].
↑ «Willamette Mission Cottonwood - Oregon Travel Experience» (en anglès). [Consulta: 3 juliol 2016].
↑ «Black cottonwood 'Willamette Mission Cottonwood' in Willamette Mission State Park in Salem» (en anglès). [Consulta: 3 juliol 2016].
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996. (en anglès)
↑ Pojar, J. & MacKinnon, A. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Vancouver, British Columbia: Lone Pine Publishing, 2004. (en anglès)
↑ Doty, S. L., Sher, A. W., Fleck, N. D., Khorasani, M., Bumgarner, R. E., Khan, Z., ... & DeLuca, T. H. (2016). Variable nitrogen fixation in wild Populus. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155979. (en anglès)
↑ Yong, Ed «Tree's leaves genetically different from its roots» (en anglès). Nature News, 10-08-2012 [Consulta: 14 agost 2012].
↑ Olds, Brett P.; Mulrooney, P.J.; Paige, K.N. «Somatic mosaicism in Populus trichocarpa leads to evolutionary change» (en anglès). 97th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America [Portland, Oregon], 07-08-2012.

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Populus trichocarpa

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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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Populus trichocarpa és una espècie d'arbre magnoliofití caducifoli natiu de l'oest de Nord-amèrica. La seva fusta s'utilitza a a construcció, i és un destacat organisme model en botànica. Es tracta de la primera espècie d'arbre de la qual s'ha seqüenciat el seu genoma complet, que va ser publicat el 2006.

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Vestamerikansk balsampoppel ( Danca )

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Vestamerikansk Balsampoppel eller Vestamerikansk Poppel (Populus trichocarpa) er et op til 30 meter højt træ, der i Danmark er almindeligt plantet langs veje og som læhegn. Knopperne dufter af balsam hen på foråret. Træet bliver højst 100-150 år gammelt.

Beskrivelse

Vestamerikansk Balsampoppel er et stort, løvfældende træ med en kegleformet, senere kostagtig vækstform. Stammen er først lige og gennemgående, men bliver på gamle træer opløst i et stort antal topskud. Barken er først gulgrøn og snart efter blank og rødbrun, tydeligt kantet. På gamle grene og stammer er barken olivengrå og opsprækkende i smalle furer. Knopperne er spredte, spidse, brune og tiltrykte. De bliver meget klæbrige og dufter af balsam hen på foråret.

Bladene er store, bredt ægformede eller nærmest sparformede med rundtakket rand og lang spids. Oversiden er blank og mørkegrøn, nærmest lidt læderagtig, mens undersiden er gullig eller hvidlig. Høstfarven er gul. Træet blomstrer i april-maj kort før løvspring. Huntræerne bærer grønne, åbne rakler (hantræernes er røde), som bliver til lange, uldne frugtstande – deraf navnet "cotton-wood" på amerikansk. Frøene mister spireevnen efter få dage.

Rodnettet består af højtliggende, kraftige hovedrødder med fint forgrenede siderødder, som danner rodfilt til langt uden for kronens radius. Rodskud ses hyppigt, mest dog på hårdt nedskårne træer.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 30 x 10 m (80 x 30 cm/år), topskuddet dog ofte 200 x 80 cm/år.

Voksested

Denne Poppel findes som pionertræ overalt i sit hjemsted, det vestlige USA og Canada, hvor skovbrand, stenskred, laviner eller anden ødelæggelse har fjernet skoven. Desuden optræder træet som skovdannende langs floder, søer og sumpe på lavtliggende, forårsoversvømmet bund med højt næringsindhold.

Anvendelse

Den er velegnet til læplantninger og kan på vindudsatte steder bruges som ammetræ. Den er almindeligt plantet i hele Danmark.

Denne balsam-poppel tåler vind og er stærkt lyskrævende. Den tåler desuden stærk beskæring og kan vokse på næsten al slags jord, undtagen meget våd jord.

Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til:

Salicaceae

Kilde

Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.
Sten Porse: Plantebeskrivelser, DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugleognatur.dk - Billeder og udbredelse i Danmark af Vestamerikansk balsampoppel

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Vestamerikansk balsampoppel: Brief Summary ( Danca )

wikipedia DA tarafından sağlandı

Vestamerikansk Balsampoppel eller Vestamerikansk Poppel (Populus trichocarpa) er et op til 30 meter højt træ, der i Danmark er almindeligt plantet langs veje og som læhegn. Knopperne dufter af balsam hen på foråret. Træet bliver højst 100-150 år gammelt.

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Westliche Balsam-Pappel ( Almanca )

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Die Westliche Balsam-Pappel (Populus trichocarpa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Pappeln in der Familie der Weidengewächse (Salicaceae).

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Verbreitung
2 Beschreibung
3 Genomik
4 Quellen
5 Einzelnachweise
6 Weblinks

Verbreitung

Die Westliche Balsam-Pappel ist im westlichen Nordamerika von Alaska bis Kalifornien heimisch. In Deutschland wird sie häufig, vor allem als Straßen- oder Parkbaum, angepflanzt.

Beschreibung

Die Westliche Balsam-Pappel ist ein Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis 35 Meter erreicht. Die Baumkrone junger Bäume ist schmal kegelförmig. Bei älteren Bäumen wirkt die Krone besenartig, da praktisch alle Äste fast senkrecht stehen. Die Rinde der Zweige ist zunächst gelblich, später glänzend rötlich. Die etwa 3 cm lange spitze Endknospe ist glänzend rotbraun; die Seitenknospen sind nur 1 cm lang und braun; sie stehen etwas an den Zweig angeschmiegt. Der Austrieb beginnt bereits früh im April; die aufspringenden Knospen geben dann einen starken Balsamduft frei, dem der Baum seinen Namen verdankt.

Die Laubblätter sind länglich bis breit eiförmig und werden 10 bis 30 cm lang. Sie sind dick und am Rand fein gekerbt. Auf der Oberseite sind sie dunkelgrün; die Unterseite ist weißlich und entlang der Blattadern oft rotbraun. Die Herbstfärbung ist zunächst gelb und später hellbraun; die Unterseiten bleiben dabei lange weißlich und geben in der Herbstfärbung einen schönen Kontrast.

Wie fast alle anderen Pappelarten auch ist die Westliche Balsam-Pappel zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch). An den männlichen Bäumen bilden sich Anfang April noch vor dem Blattaustrieb lange karminrote, etwa 8 cm lange Kätzchen. Die weiblichen Blüten sind grün und stehen locker; im Mai werden die weißwolligen Samen freigegeben.

Westliche Balsam-Pappel (Populus trichocarpa)

Die Westliche Balsam-Pappel ist ein auch in Mitteleuropa sehr schnellwüchsiger Baum; Jahreszuwächse von zwei Metern sind nicht selten.

Seit 1944 wird sie auch auf Island angepflanzt – erstmals beim Hof Múlakot der Gemeinde Fljótshlíð, die heute zur Landsgemeinde Rangárþing eystra im Bezirk Rangárvallasýsla gehört. Heute ist dieser Forst mitsamt einigem zuerworbenem Land darumherum zu einem Nationalforst (ísl.: þjóðarskógur) Südislands, Region Suðurland, geworden. Sie wurde danach auch in anderen Regionen Islands angepflanzt, namentlich im Eyjafjörður, und verbreitet sich dort seither durch Naturversamung.

Genomik

Das Genom der Westlichen Balsam-Pappel ist mit der Größe von knapp über 500 Millionen Basenpaaren im Vergleich mit anderen Baumarten relativ klein; Kiefern etwa haben ein zirka 50 mal größeres Genom. Damit eignet sich die Westliche Balsam-Pappel hervorragend als Studienobjekt für die Genetik und Genomik von Holzpflanzen. Sie wurde als erste Baumart vollständig sequenziert; ihr Genom ist nur viermal größer als das der ersten vollständig sequenzierten Pflanze, der Ackerschmalwand (Arabidopsis thaliana). Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 38.^[1]

Quellen

Alan Mitchell, übersetzt und bearbeitet von Gerd Krüssmann: Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Dendrologen und Naturfreunde. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-490-05918-2.

Einzelnachweise

↑ Populus trichocarpa bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

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Westliche Balsam-Pappel: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı

Die Westliche Balsam-Pappel (Populus trichocarpa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Pappeln in der Familie der Weidengewächse (Salicaceae).

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Populus trichocarpa ( Udmurtça )

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Populus trichocarpa

Populus trichocarpa (лат. Populus trichocarpa ) – Salicaceae семьяысь Уйпал Америкаын будӥсь тополь. Ӝуждалаез ог 30-50 м, модослэн диаметрез 2 м.

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Pódwjacorny topoł ( Aşağı Sorbca )

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Pódwjacorny topoł (Populus trichocarpa) jo rostlina ze swójźby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae).

Wopśimjeśe

1 Wopis
2 Stojnišćo
3 Rozšyrjenje
4 Wužywanje
5 Nožki
6 Žrědła
7 Eksterne wótkaze

Wopis

Stojnišćo

Rozšyrjenje

Wužywanje

Nožki

↑ Starosta: Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik, Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-7420-1096-4, bok 515
↑ W internetowem słowniku: Pappel

Žrědła

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Pódwjacorny topoł: Brief Summary ( Aşağı Sorbca )

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Pódwjacorny topoł (Populus trichocarpa) jo rostlina ze swójźby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae).

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Populus trichocarpa ( İngilizce )

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Populus trichocarpa, the black cottonwood,^[1] western balsam-poplar^[2] or California poplar, is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America. It is used for timber, and is notable as a model organism in plant biology.

Description

It is a large tree, growing to a height of 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) and a trunk diameter over 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft), which makes it the largest poplar species in the Americas. It is normally fairly short-lived, but some trees may live up to 400 years.^[3] A cottonwood in Willamette Mission State Park near Salem, Oregon, holds the national and world records. Last measured in April 2008, this black cottonwood was found to be standing at 47 m (155 ft) tall, 8.8 m (29 ft) around, with 527 points.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

The bark is grey and covered with lenticels, becoming thick and deeply fissured on old trees. The bark can become hard enough to cause sparks when cut with a chainsaw.^[8] The stem is grey in the older parts and light brown in younger parts. The crown is usually roughly conical and quite dense. In large trees, the lower branches droop downwards. Spur shoots are common. The wood has a light coloring and a straight grain.

The leaves are usually 7–20 centimetres (2+3⁄4–7+3⁄4 in) long with a glossy, dark green upper side and glaucous, light grey-green underside; larger leaves may be up to 30 cm (11+3⁄4 in) long and may be produced on stump sprouts and very vigorous young trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptical with a crenate margin and an acute tip, and reticulate venation. The petiole is reddish. The buds are conical, long, narrow, and sticky, with a strong balsam scent in spring when they open.

P. trichocarpa has an extensive and aggressive root system, which can invade and damage drainage systems. Sometimes, the roots can even damage the foundations of buildings by drying out the soil.

emerging male catkins

female catkins opening

Reproduction

Flowering and fruiting

Male (pollen-producing) catkin and leaf buds in March. Sherwood, Oregon.

P. trichocarpa is normally dioecious; male and female catkins are borne on separate trees. The species reaches flowering age around 10 years. Flowers may appear in early March to late May in Washington and Oregon, and sometimes as late as mid-June in northern and interior British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana. Staminate catkins contain 30 to 60 stamens, elongated to 2 to 3 cm, and are deciduous. The pollen can be an allergen.^[9]^[10] Pistillate catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 cm long with rotund-ovate, tricarpellate subsessile fruits 5 to 8 mm long. Each capsule contains many minute seeds with long, white, cottony hairs.

Seed production and dissemination

The seed ripens and is disseminated by late May to late June in Oregon and Washington, but frequently not until mid-July in Idaho and Montana. Abundant seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can be transported long distances by wind and water. Although highly viable, longevity of P. trichocarpa seed under natural conditions may be as short as two weeks to a month. This can be increased with cold storage.

Seeds and fluff of cottonwood in July. Boise, Idaho.

Seedling development

Moist seedbeds are essential for high germination, and seedling survival depends on continuously favorable conditions during the first month. Wet bottomlands of rivers and major streams frequently provide such conditions, particularly where bare soil has been exposed or new soil laid down. Germination is epigeal (above ground). P. trichocarpa seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after logging unless special measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment. Where seedlings become established in great numbers, they thin out naturally by age five because the weaker seedlings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed.

Vegetative reproduction

Due to its high levels of rooting hormones, P. trichocarpa sprouts readily. After logging operations, it sometimes regenerates naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches or from stumps. Sprouting from roots also occurs. The species also has the ability to abscise shoots complete with green leaves. These shoots drop to the ground and may root where they fall or may be dispersed by water transport. In some situations, abscission may be one means of colonizing exposed sandbars.

Taxonomy

"Trichocarpa" is Greek for "hairy fruits". These scientific names are now considered synonymous with P. trichocarpa:

P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa
P. balsamifera var. californica
P. hastata

P. trichocarpa subsp. hastata
P. trichocarpa var. hastata

P. trichocarpa var. cupulata
P. trichocarpa var. ingrata

Distribution and habitat

A large specimen in Diamond Ridge, Alaska, and the bark at its base

The native range of P. trichocarpa covers large sections of western North America. It extends from Southeast Alaska's Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet to latitude 62° 30° N., through British Columbia and the forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern California and northern Baja California (31°N). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, in British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, western Montana, and north-to-central Idaho.^[11] Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, western Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.

Black cottonwood grows on alluvial sites, riparian habitats, and moist woods on mountain slopes, from sea level to elevations of 2,100–2,750 m (6,890–9,020 ft). It often forms extensive stands on bottomlands of major streams and rivers at low elevations along the Pacific Coast, west of the Cascade Range. In eastern Washington and other dry areas, it is restricted to protected valleys and canyon bottoms, along streambanks, and edges of ponds and meadows. It grows on a variety of soils from moist silts, gravels, and sands to rich humus, loams, and occasionally clays. Black cottonwood is a pioneer species that grows best in full sunlight and commonly establishes on recently disturbed alluvium. Seeds are numerous and widely dispersed because of their cottony tufts, enabling the species to colonize even burn sites, if conditions for establishment are met. Seral communities dominated or codominated by cottonwood are maintained by periodic flooding or other types of soil disturbance. Black cottonwood has low drought tolerance; it is flood-tolerant but cannot tolerate brackish water or stagnant pools.^[1]

P. trichocarpa has been one of the most successful introductions of trees to the otherwise almost treeless Faroe Islands.

The species was imported from Alaska to Iceland in 1944 and has since become one of the most widespread trees in the country.

Ecology

Although the most populous cottonwood of the Pacific Northwest, it hybridizes with the region's three other species: balsam poplar, plains cottonwood, and narrowleaf cottonwood; all four have similar appearances and provide habitats for various animals.^[11]

Cottonwoods are shade intolerant. Black cottonwood thrives by colonizing disturbed sites, but can be replaced by conifers.^[11] The wood is relatively weak and waterlogged, often splitting during freezes.^[11] It is susceptible to rot as well. Woodpeckers create cavities which various animals can use for nests. Larger birds nest in the large upper branches.^[11] Beavers use the trees as food and dam-building material.^[11]

Cultivation

It is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its fast growth and scented foliage in spring, detectable from over 100 m distance. The roots are however invasive, and it can damage the foundations of buildings on shrinkable clay soils if planted nearby (Mitchel 1996).

Branches can be added to potted plants to stimulate rooting.^[8]

Uses

The wood, roots and bark have been used for firewood, canoe making, rope, fish traps, baskets and structures. The gum-like sap was used as a glue or as waterproofing.^[12] Native Americans consumed cottonwood inner bark and sap, feeding their horses the inner bark and foliage.^[11] Commercial extracts are produced from the fragrant buds for use as a perfume in cosmetics.^[8]

Lumber

P. trichocarpa wood is light-weight and although not particularly strong, is strong for its weight. The wood material has short, fine cellulose fibres that are used in pulp for high-quality book and magazine paper.^[11] The wood is also excellent for production of plywood. Living trees are used as windbreaks.

This species grows very quickly; trees in plantations in Great Britain have reached 18 m (59 ft) tall in 11 years, and 34 m (112 ft) tall in 28 years.^[13] It can reach suitable size for pulp production in 10–15 years and about 25 years for timber production.

As a model species

Populus trichocarpa has several qualities that makes it a good model species for trees:

Model genome size (although significantly larger than the other model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana)
Rapid growth (for a tree)
Reaches reproductive maturity 4–6 years
Economically important
It represents a phenotypically diverse genus

For these reasons, the species has been extensively studied. Its genome sequence was published in 2006^[14] (see "Genome" below). More than 121,000 expressed sequence tags have been sequenced from it. The wide range of topics studied by using P. trichocarpa include the effects of ethylene, lignin biosynthesis, drought tolerance, and wood formation.

Genome

Characteristics

Size: 485 million base pairs (human genome: 3 billion base pairs)
Proportion of heterochromatin to euchromatin: 3:7
Number of chromosomes: 19
Number of putative genes: 45,555, the largest number of genes ever recorded (estimate in September 2008)
Mitochondrial genome: 803,000 base pairs, 52 genes
Chloroplast genome: 157,000 base pairs, 101 genes

General information

The sequence of P. trichocarpa is that of an individual female specimen "Nisqually-1", named after the Nisqually River in Washington in the United States, where the specimen was collected. The sequencing was performed at the Joint Genome Institute using the shotgun method. The depth of the sequencing was about 7.5 x (meaning that each base pair was sequenced on average 7.5 times). Genome annotation was done primarily by the Joint Genome Institute, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Genome Canada.

Prior to the publication of P. trichocarpa genome the only available plant genomes were those of thale cress and rice, both of which are herbaceous. P. trichocarpa is the first woody plant genome to be sequenced. Considering the economic importance of wood and wood products, the availability^[15] of a tree genome was necessary. The sequence also allows evolutionary comparisons and the elucidation of basic molecular differences between herbaceous and woody plants.

Doty et al. (2016) found the first direct evidence of nitrogen fixation in the wild P. trichocarpa (a nonleguminous tree).^[16]

Somatic mosaicism

Genome-wide analysis of 11 clumps of P. trichocarpa trees reveals significant genetic differences between the roots and the leaves and branches of the same tree. The variation within a specimen is as much as found between unrelated trees.^[17] These results may be important in resolving debate in evolutionary biology regarding somatic mutation (that evolution can occur within individuals, not solely among populations), with a variety of implications.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ Forbes 2006
^ "Ascending the Giants - Chronicles Of Measuring Champion Trees". Ascendingthegiants.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
^ "Largest Black Cottonwood Tree in the United States - Marion County, Oregon - Exceptional Trees". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
^ "Willamette Mission Cottonwood - Oregon Travel Experience". Ortravelexperience.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
^ "Black cottonwood 'Willamette Mission Cottonwood' in Willamette Mission State Park in Salem". Monumentaltrees.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996.
^ "Black Cottonwood" (PDF). Stagrallergymap.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ "That white cottony stuff blowing around in the air is not snow... - Family Allergy Asthma & Sinus Care". Archived from the original on 2020-10-07. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 196–202. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
^ Pojar, J. & MacKinnon, A. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Vancouver, British Columbia: Lone Pine Publishing, 2004.
^ Mitchell 1996
^ Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, et al. (September 2006). "The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray)". Science. 313 (5793): 1596–604. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1596T. doi:10.1126/science.1128691. PMID 16973872. S2CID 7717980.
^ Lawrence, D. H. Verfasser (2019). Sons and Loversh. ISBN 978-3-7357-7940-3. OCLC 1129762824. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ Doty, S. L., Sher, A. W., Fleck, N. D., Khorasani, M., Bumgarner, R. E., Khan, Z., ... & DeLuca, T. H. (2016). Variable nitrogen fixation in wild Populus. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155979.
^ Yong, Ed (2012-08-10). "Tree's leaves genetically different from its roots". Nature News. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
^ Olds, Brett P.; P.J. Mulrooney; K.N. Paige (2012-08-07). "Somatic mosaicism in Populus trichocarpa leads to evolutionary change". 97th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Portland, OR.

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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Populus trichocarpa, the black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar or California poplar, is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America. It is used for timber, and is notable as a model organism in plant biology.

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Karvaseviljane pappel ( Estonyaca )

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Karvaseviljane pappel (Populus trichocarpa) on pajuliste sugukonda kuuluv taimeliik.

Taim on kantud Eesti ohustatud liikide punasesse nimestikku.^[1]

Viited

↑ Eesti punane nimestik, eElurikkus (vaadatud 27.07.2019)

Välislingid

Karvaseviljane pappel andmebaasis eElurikkus

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Karvaseviljane pappel: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Karvaseviljane pappel (Populus trichocarpa) on pajuliste sugukonda kuuluv taimeliik.

Taim on kantud Eesti ohustatud liikide punasesse nimestikku.

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Jättipoppeli ( Fince )

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Jättipoppeli (Populus trichocarpa) on suurikokoinen poppelilaji, joka toisinaan luokitellaan palsamipoppelin alalajiksi (P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa). Se on 20–30 metriä korkeaksi kasvava poppeli. Jättipoppeli menestyy istutuspuuna Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa. Jättipoppeli vaatii kasvualustakseen kostean kasvupaikan, lehdon tai lehtomaisen metsän. Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla lajia kasvatetaan sahapuuksi.

Jättipoppeli.

Lähteet

↑ The Plant List: Populus trichocarpa (englanniksi) Viitattu 10.3.2016.
↑ ITIS

Aiheesta muualla

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (englanniksi)

Tämä kasveihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.

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Jättipoppeli: Brief Summary ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı

Jättipoppeli (Populus trichocarpa) on suurikokoinen poppelilaji, joka toisinaan luokitellaan palsamipoppelin alalajiksi (P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa). Se on 20–30 metriä korkeaksi kasvava poppeli. Jättipoppeli menestyy istutuspuuna Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa. Jättipoppeli vaatii kasvualustakseen kostean kasvupaikan, lehdon tai lehtomaisen metsän. Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla lajia kasvatetaan sahapuuksi.

Jättipoppeli.

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Populus trichocarpa ( Fransızca )

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Le peuplier de l'Ouest (Populus trichocarpa) est une espèce de peupliers à feuilles caduques de la famille des Salicaceae. Il est très semblable au peuplier baumier avec lequel il s'hybride aisément quand leur aires se chevauchent. Il est le plus grand feuillu indigène de Colombie-Britannique. Il est aussi appelé peuplier baumier de l'Ouest, peuplier occidental et peuplier à fruit velu^[1].

Sommaire

1 Caractéristiques
2 Utilisation comme espèce modèle
3 Notes et références
4 Voir aussi
- 4.1 Liens externes

Caractéristiques

organes reproducteurs :
- Type d'inflorescence : épi simple
- Répartition des sexes : dioïque
- Type de pollinisation : anémogame
- Période de floraison : mars à avril
Graine :
- Type de fruit : capsule ovoïde pubescente
- Mode de dissémination : anémochore
Habitat et répartition :
- Habitat type : bois caducifoliés médioeuropéens, hydrophiles
- Aire de répartition : ouest de l'Amérique du Nord (aire d'origine), introduit vers 1970 en Europe.

Données d'après : Julve, Ph., 1998 ff. - Baseflor. Index botanique, écologique et chorologique de la flore de France. Version : 23 avril 2004.

Utilisation comme espèce modèle

Populus trichocarpa présente plusieurs qualités faisant de lui un bon modèle d’étude pour comprendre la physiologie des arbres.

Sa croissance est très rapide
Importance économique, il est très recherché par les industriels
La taille de son génome

La séquence du génome a été publiée en 2006. Le génome contient 485±10 millions de paires de bases réparties sur 19 chromosomes. Environ 41 335 gènes codant des protéines ont été identifiés^[2]. Cette étude permettra de contribuer aux travaux concernant l’amélioration de la résistance du peuplier aux pathogènes et insectes phytophages, la physiologie et la génétique des arbres et de la formation du bois. Elle contribuera aussi à mieux comprendre l’évolution des Angiospermes.

Notes et références

↑ John Laird Farrar (trad. Suzanne Chartand, Maryse Chynchuck, Marc Favreau), Les arbres du Canada [« Trees in Canada »], Saint-Laurent, Québec, Fides, 1996, 502 p. (ISBN 2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 338-339
↑ http://www.phytozome.net/poplar.php

Voir aussi

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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Le peuplier de l'Ouest (Populus trichocarpa) est une espèce de peupliers à feuilles caduques de la famille des Salicaceae. Il est très semblable au peuplier baumier avec lequel il s'hybride aisément quand leur aires se chevauchent. Il est le plus grand feuillu indigène de Colombie-Britannique. Il est aussi appelé peuplier baumier de l'Ouest, peuplier occidental et peuplier à fruit velu.

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Zapadny topoł ( Yukarı Sorbca )

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Zapadny topoł (Populus trichocarpa) je rostlina ze swójby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae).

Wobsah

1 Wopis
2 Stejnišćo
3 Rozšěrjenje
4 Wužiwanje
5 Nóžki
6 Žórła
7 Eksterne wotkazy

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Nóžki

↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 519.
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Pappel

Žórła

Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
Zapadny topoł

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Zapadny topoł: Brief Summary ( Yukarı Sorbca )

wikipedia HSB tarafından sağlandı

Zapadny topoł (Populus trichocarpa) je rostlina ze swójby wjerbowych rostlinow (Salicaceae).

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Alaskaösp ( İzlandaca )

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Alaskaösp (fræðiheiti: Populus trichocarpa) er lauftré af asparættkvísl (Populus) og víðisætt (Salicaceae). Heimkynni alaskaaspar er vesturströnd Norður-Ameríku; sunnan frá Kaliforníu norður til Kenaiskaga og Kodiakeyju í Alaska.

Alaskaöspin er með stórvöxnustu aspartegundum og nær venjulega um og yfir 30 m. Á stöðum eins og í Oregon- og Washington-fylki í Bandaríkjunum verður hún allt að 60 metra há. ^[1] Ársvöxtur getur orðið allt að 1 metri á ári, og greinar vaxa 40-60 cm. ári. Tegundin kýs sér helst frjóan jarðveg með ferskan jarðarka. Alaskaöspin er ekki langlíf og er talið að hún verði yfirleitt ekki eldri en 100 ára. Alaskaöspin myndar einnig mikið af rótarskotum sem koma upp í nokkurra metra fjarlægð frá móðurplöntunni.

Laufblöðin eru egglaga. Börkur er ljósgrár eða gulgrár á ungum trjám en dökkgrár á eldri trjám. Af brumum alaskaaspar leggur sterkan balsamilm. Haustlitir alaskaaspar eru gulir. Öspin er afar fjölbreytileg að útliti og vaxtarlagi eftir kvæmum og klónum.

Á Íslandi

Alaskaösp var fengin til Íslands frá Alaska árið 1943 eða 1944 og var fyrst reynd sem garðtré. Elstu eintökin má finna í Múlakoti í Fljótshlíð. Tegundin er meðal hæstu trjáa á Íslandi og hefur náð tæpum 26 metrum á hæð^[2]. Fram undir 1999 var hún fyrst og fremst ræktuð sem garðtré en eftir það er farið að nota hana í stórum stíl í skógrækt og skjólbeltagerð. Þó að ræktun alaskaasparinnar hafi gengið vel hér á landi virðast mjög vindasamir staðir við sjávarsíðuna og votar mýrar henta henni ákaflega illa. Hérlendis eru einkum notuð kvæmi frá Kenai skaga og Prince Williams flóa í Alaska^[3]

Árin 2013 og 2016 hefur alaskaösp verið valin tré ársins af Skógræktarfélagi Íslands.

Lauf
Reklar og fræ á karlkyns alaskaösp.
Aspir í Grasagarði Reykjavíkur.

Heimildir

↑ Getið þið sagt mér allt sem þið vitið um aspir? Vísindavefur. Skoðað 3. febrúar 2016.
↑ Íslandsmeistari trjáa ver titil sinn Skógrækt ríkisins. Skoðað 15 ágúst, 2016.
↑ Alaskaösp Skjólskógar. Skoðað 15. ágúst 2016.

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Alaskaösp

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Alaskaösp

Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.

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Alaskaösp: Brief Summary ( İzlandaca )

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Alaskaösp (fræðiheiti: Populus trichocarpa) er lauftré af asparættkvísl (Populus) og víðisætt (Salicaceae). Heimkynni alaskaaspar er vesturströnd Norður-Ameríku; sunnan frá Kaliforníu norður til Kenaiskaga og Kodiakeyju í Alaska.

Alaskaöspin er með stórvöxnustu aspartegundum og nær venjulega um og yfir 30 m. Á stöðum eins og í Oregon- og Washington-fylki í Bandaríkjunum verður hún allt að 60 metra há. Ársvöxtur getur orðið allt að 1 metri á ári, og greinar vaxa 40-60 cm. ári. Tegundin kýs sér helst frjóan jarðveg með ferskan jarðarka. Alaskaöspin er ekki langlíf og er talið að hún verði yfirleitt ekki eldri en 100 ára. Alaskaöspin myndar einnig mikið af rótarskotum sem koma upp í nokkurra metra fjarlægð frá móðurplöntunni.

Laufblöðin eru egglaga. Börkur er ljósgrár eða gulgrár á ungum trjám en dökkgrár á eldri trjám. Af brumum alaskaaspar leggur sterkan balsamilm. Haustlitir alaskaaspar eru gulir. Öspin er afar fjölbreytileg að útliti og vaxtarlagi eftir kvæmum og klónum.

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Zwarte balsempopulier ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De Zwarte balsempopulier (Populus trichocarpa) is een populier uit de sectie Tacamahaca en behoort tot de wilgenfamilie (Salicadeae)^[1]^[2]. De soort staat ook wel bekend onder de Nederlandse namen Westamerikaanse balsempopulier, Witte balsempopulier en Haarvruchtige populier.

Inhoud

1 Voorkomen
2 Beschrijving
3 Gebruik
4 Ziekten
5 Genoom

Voorkomen

De zwarte balsempopulier komt van nature voor in het westen van Noord-Amerika en Canada, ten westen van de Rocky Mountains van Alaska tot Zuid-Californië, daar groeit hij langs beken en rivieren op matig voedselrijke tot voedselrijke, vochtige gronden. Zijn naam dankt de balsempopulier aan zijn kleverige knoppen die vooral tegen het voorjaar een zeer sterk ruikende balsem afscheiden. In Nederland is de soort vrij zeldzaam. De soort is adventief en niet ingeburgerd^[3].

Beschrijving

Bast

Als jonge boom heeft deze een rechte stam met een smalle piramidale kroon en een lange topscheut. De tot op half volwassen leeftijd zeer sterk groeiende boom kan tot 35 m hoog worden en kenmerkt zich door zijn onregelmatige, breedronde, open kroon met opgaande, in kransen staande takken. Bij oudere bomen zitten op het onderste deel van de stam veel waterloten. De bast is op jonge leeftijd glad en groengeel. Op oudere leeftijd schilfert de bast af en wordt deze donkergrijs met ondiepe groeven.

De grijsbruine twijgen zijn hoekig en in het begin nog behaard. De roodbruine, 1 cm lange, kleverige knoppen zijn iets gekromd, aanliggend, spits en glanzend. De knop aan het eind van de twijg is 3 cm lang.

De afwisselend geplaatste 9-14 cm grote, langwerpig driehoekige tot afgespitst eironde bladeren hebben een afgeronde of zwak hartvormige voet. De behaarde, in het jonge stadium roodachtige bladsteel is 3-6 cm lang. De bovenkant van het blad is groen en de onderkant grijsgroen tot wit met een bruingroene, netvormige adering. Het blad komt vanaf begin april tevoorschijn en is dan geelgroen of soms bruingroen. De bovenkant van het blad is in de herfst geel met een witte onderkant.

De zwarte balsempopulier is tweehuizig (er zijn aparte mannelijke en vrouwelijke bomen). De bloeiwijze is een hangend katje dat voor het uitlopen van het blad verschijnt. Het mannelijk katje is 8 cm lang en het groene, vrouwelijke katje is bij rijpheid 8 tot 20 cm lang. Mannelijke bloemkatten zijn dof karmozijnrood en hebben 30-60 meeldraden. Ze vallen spoedig af na het loslaten van het stuifmeel, dat vervolgens door de wind wordt verspreid. (windbestuiving).

De vrouwelijke katjes blijven na de bestuiving tot in mei hangen. Dan springt de driekleppige, 5 to 8 mm lange doosvrucht open en komt het 3 x 1 mm grote zaad vrij. Het is omgeven door donzig pluis en voert ver op de wind mee. Sommige bomen produceren zoveel pluis dat het lijkt of het sneeuwt. Mensen kunnen voor dit pluis allergisch zijn. Daarom bestaan de meeste rassen uit alleen maar mannelijke bomen. Lang niet alle pluis bevat een zaadje. Een boom wordt vruchtdragend na circa tien jaar.

stam
Bladeren (gecultiveerd)
Bladeren
Mannelijke katjes

Gebruik

De zwarte balsempopulier wordt gebruikt in bossen voor de houtproductie en in parken. De boom is slecht windbestendig. De zwarte balsempopulier wordt in Nederland meestal vegetatief vermeerderd door winterstek.

In Nederland wordt vooral het volgende ras aangeplant:

Blom, mannelijke boom

Ziekten

De zwarte balsempopulier is gevoelig voor de populierenroest Melampsora larici-populina, de bladvlekkenziekte (Marssonina brunnea) en bacteriekanker (Xanthomonas populi).

Genoom

Het aantal chromosomen 2n=38. De zwarte balsempopulier is de eerste boomsoort waarvan het genoom volledig is gesequenced. De resultaten werden in 2006 gepubliceerd.

Grootte: 485 miljoen baseparen. (menselijke genoom: 3 miljard baseparen)
Verhouding heterochromatine tot euchromatine: 3:7
Aantal chromosomen: n = 19
Aantal vermoedelijke genen: 45.555, het grootste aantal ooit gemeten (september 2008)
Mitochondriaalgenoom: 803,000 baseparen, 52 genen
Chloroplastgenoom: 157,000 baseparen, 101 genen

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Zie de categorie Populus trichocarpa van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.

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Zwarte balsempopulier: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De Zwarte balsempopulier (Populus trichocarpa) is een populier uit de sectie Tacamahaca en behoort tot de wilgenfamilie (Salicadeae). De soort staat ook wel bekend onder de Nederlandse namen Westamerikaanse balsempopulier, Witte balsempopulier en Haarvruchtige populier.

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Kjempepoppel ( Norveççe )

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Kjempepoppel (Populus trichocarpa) er et løvfellende tre i vierfamilien.

Den blir opptil 50 m høy og er den største løvtrearten i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Barken er mørk grågrønn på unge trær, mens eldre trær har mørkegrå bark med grunne furer. Knoppene er klebrige med en sterk duft. Bladene er glinsende gulgrønne, langt tilspissede, 10–30 cm lange, fintannede, mørkegrønne på oversiden og hvite på undersiden. Bladstilken er lang, halvparten så lang som bladet, eller lenger. Den er som regel særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Hantrærne har karmosinrøde rakler som er 8 cm lange og 1,5 cm tykke. Hunnblomstene er grønne, og frøene har hvitt ull.

Kjempepoppel danner store bestander på fuktig jord langs elver og vann, og den vokser som regel sammen med ulike pilearter. I kyststrøk kan den også vokse sammen med rødor, douglasgran, vestamerikansk hemlokk, kjempetuja, sitkagran, kjempeedelgran, oregonlønn, oregonask og flere bjørke- og kirsebærarter. I innlandet kan den vokse sammen med gullfuru, coloradoedelgran, kjempelerk, fjelledelgran, kvitgran, engelmannsgran og amerikaosp.

Vanlige busker i undervegetasjonen er alaskakornell og andre kornellarter, nebbhassel, hyll, skjermleddved, spirea og snøbær. Urter omfatter blant annet skogburkne, sneller, stornesle, svinerot, springfrø, trollurt, maigull, soleie, fredløs, maure, iris og arter i engkarse- og kvannslektene.

Arten er utbredt langs den nordamerikanske stillehavskysten fra Kodiakøya gjennom sørøstlige Alaska, Britisk Columbia, Washington, Oregon og nordlige California. Videre finnes den i fjellene lenger sør i California og i Baja California. Utbredelsen strekker seg langt inn i landet i Britisk Columbia, vestlige Alberta, vestlige Montana og nordlige Idaho. Spredte bestander finnes i sørøstlige Alberta, østlige Montana, vestlige Nord-Dakota, vestlige Wyoming, Utah og Nevada.

Kjempepoppel er plantet en del steder i Norge. Den sprer seg mest med rotskudd, men frøspredning er også påvist. Arten vurderes å ha begrenset invasjonspotensial og ingen kjent økologisk effekt, og i fremmedartslista har den status lav risiko.

Galleri

Bark
Hannrakle og bladknopp
Bladverk
Frø
Rotskudd

Litteratur

A. Mitchell (1977). Trær i skog og hage. Oversatt av I. Gjærevoll. Tiden. s. 184–185. ISBN 82-10-01282-7.
«Populus trichocarpa». Flora of North America. Besøkt 23. august 2017.
D.S. DeBell. «Black Cottonwood». Silvics of North America. Besøkt 23. august 2017.
«Kjempepoppel Populus trichocarpa». Fremmedartsbasen 2018. Besøkt 14. august 2018.

Eksterne lenker

(sv) Kjempepoppel hos Dyntaxa
(en) Kjempepoppel i Encyclopedia of Life
(en) Kjempepoppel i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(en) Kjempepoppel hos NCBI
(en) Kjempepoppel hos ITIS
(en) Kjempepoppel hos Tropicos
(en) Kjempepoppel hos The International Plant Names Index
(en) Kategori:Populus trichocarpa – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
(en) Populus trichocarpa – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
Populus trichocarpa – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

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Kjempepoppel: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Kjempepoppel (Populus trichocarpa) er et løvfellende tre i vierfamilien.

Den blir opptil 50 m høy og er den største løvtrearten i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Barken er mørk grågrønn på unge trær, mens eldre trær har mørkegrå bark med grunne furer. Knoppene er klebrige med en sterk duft. Bladene er glinsende gulgrønne, langt tilspissede, 10–30 cm lange, fintannede, mørkegrønne på oversiden og hvite på undersiden. Bladstilken er lang, halvparten så lang som bladet, eller lenger. Den er som regel særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Hantrærne har karmosinrøde rakler som er 8 cm lange og 1,5 cm tykke. Hunnblomstene er grønne, og frøene har hvitt ull.

Kjempepoppel danner store bestander på fuktig jord langs elver og vann, og den vokser som regel sammen med ulike pilearter. I kyststrøk kan den også vokse sammen med rødor, douglasgran, vestamerikansk hemlokk, kjempetuja, sitkagran, kjempeedelgran, oregonlønn, oregonask og flere bjørke- og kirsebærarter. I innlandet kan den vokse sammen med gullfuru, coloradoedelgran, kjempelerk, fjelledelgran, kvitgran, engelmannsgran og amerikaosp.

Vanlige busker i undervegetasjonen er alaskakornell og andre kornellarter, nebbhassel, hyll, skjermleddved, spirea og snøbær. Urter omfatter blant annet skogburkne, sneller, stornesle, svinerot, springfrø, trollurt, maigull, soleie, fredløs, maure, iris og arter i engkarse- og kvannslektene.

Arten er utbredt langs den nordamerikanske stillehavskysten fra Kodiakøya gjennom sørøstlige Alaska, Britisk Columbia, Washington, Oregon og nordlige California. Videre finnes den i fjellene lenger sør i California og i Baja California. Utbredelsen strekker seg langt inn i landet i Britisk Columbia, vestlige Alberta, vestlige Montana og nordlige Idaho. Spredte bestander finnes i sørøstlige Alberta, østlige Montana, vestlige Nord-Dakota, vestlige Wyoming, Utah og Nevada.

Kjempepoppel er plantet en del steder i Norge. Den sprer seg mest med rotskudd, men frøspredning er også påvist. Arten vurderes å ha begrenset invasjonspotensial og ingen kjent økologisk effekt, og i fremmedartslista har den status lav risiko.

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Populus × trichocarpa ( Pms )

wikipedia PMS tarafından sağlandı

Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Da finì.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

Populus × trichocarpa (Torr. & A.Gray)

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Populus × trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Da finì.

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Topola kalifornijska ( Lehçe )

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Topola kalifornijska (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wierzbowatych (Salicaceae). Występuje naturalnie w zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej, gdzie jest jednym z najwyższych drzew liściastych^[3].

Pokrój

Kotki i pąki

Kora

Spis treści

1 Morfologia
2 Biologia
3 Zmienność
4 Przypisy

Morfologia

Pokrój: W naturalnych warunkach dorasta do 70 m, natomiast w Polsce osiąga wysokość 42 m. Posiada wąski pokrój. Gałęzie są ukośnie uniesione do góry. Są bardzo łamliwe. Na pniu pojawia się często wiele odrostów^[3].
Kora: Kora ma srebrzystą bądź jasnobrązową barwę. Jest lekko chropowata^[3].
Pędy: Gałązki są czerwonobrązowe i nagie. Pąki są długie i ostre. Często są lepkie od żywicy^[3].
Liście: Liście bywają zmienne. Mogą być trójkątne, owalne, a nawet sercowate. Mają od 10 do 25 cm długości. Od spodu mają białą barwę z zielonymi nerwami i są tłuste. Młode listki posiadają drobny puch, jednak wcześnie stają się nagie. Rozwijające się liście mają jaskrawozieloną barwę, a jesienią przebarwiają się na kolor żółty^[3].
Owoce: Torebka pękająca 3 klapami na drzewach żeńskich^[3].

Biologia

Fanerofit. Jest to drzewo krótkowieczne. Jest bardzo podatne na bakteryjnego raka topoli Aplanobacter populi^[3].

Zmienność

Odmiana uprawna^[3]:

'Fritzi Pauley' – odmiana wyhodowana w stanie Waszyngton w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Odporna na bakteryjnego raka topoli Aplanobacter populi. Bardziej żywotna. Posiada prosty pień z odrostami. Kora ma brązową barwę.

Przypisy

↑ Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2009-12-10].
↑ The Plant List. [dostęp 2012-12-18].
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Johnson O., More D.: Drzewa. Warszawa: Multico, 2009, s. 160. ISBN 978-83-7073-643-9.

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Topola kalifornijska: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı

Topola kalifornijska (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny wierzbowatych (Salicaceae). Występuje naturalnie w zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej, gdzie jest jednym z najwyższych drzew liściastych.

Pokrój

Kotki i pąki

Kora

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Populus trichocarpa ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Populus trichocarpa é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Populus, pertencente à família Salicaceae,^[1] nativa do oeste da América do Norte.

Referências

↑ «Populus trichocarpa». INaturalist (em inglês). Consultado em 19 de outubro de 2019

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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Populus trichocarpa é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Populus, pertencente à família Salicaceae, nativa do oeste da América do Norte.

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Тополя бальзамічна ( Ukraynaca )

wikipedia UK tarafından sağlandı

Зміст

1 Поширення та середовище існування
2 Опис
3 Використання
4 Галерея
5 Джерела

Поширення та середовище існування

Росте на Західному узбережжі Північної Америки від південної Аляски до Каліфорнії (Канада, США, Мексика). Також культивується.

Опис

Молоде дерево має прямий стовбур з вузькою пірамідальною кроною. Спочатку швидко росте й може вирости до 35 м і в дорослому житті характеризується нерегулярною, широкою, відкритою кроною. Кора гладка і зеленувато-жовта в молодому віці. У старості, кора відшаровується і стає темно-сірою з неглибокими канавками. Стовбур діаметром 1–2(4–5) м. Листки від яйцеподібних до вузьких, від в основному усічених до серцеподібних біля основи, загострені на вершині. Листя довжиною 7–12 см і шириною 3–8 см. Черешки непомітні й дуже короткі, у молодого листя опушені, у старих — голі. Чоловічі сережки довжиною 7–10 см, квітки з торочкуватими лусочками, тичинок 20–30(40–60). Жіночі сережки завдовжки 15–20 см. Плодові коробочки великі, 3-, 4-створчаті, яйцевиді, загострені. Насіння забезпечене рясними волосками. При дозріванні й розтріскуванні коробочок, насіння розноситься вітром. 2n=38. Розмножується насінням, утворює кореневі паростки, дуже добре розмножується черенками.

Використання

Широко використовується для прикраси і для заготовлення лісоматеріалів.

Тополя бальзамічна відома як модельний організм в ботаніці. Його повна послідовність генома була отримана в 2006 році. Це перший сексентирований вид дерев, геном якого містить найбільшу кількість генів, знайдених в будь-якому організмі.

Галерея

Кора
Листя
Чоловічі сережки й листові бруньки

Джерела

↑ Гайда Ю.І., Яцик Р.М. Щодо доцільності створення й культивування генетично модифікованих дерев // Лісівництво і агролісомеліорація. — 2009. — Вип. 116. — С. 183–189.
↑ Висоцька Н.Ю. Перспективи використання гібридних тополь в Україні на прикладі клону "Дружба" (Populus Trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × Populus Laurifolia Ldb.) // Науковий вісник НЛТУ України. — 2014. — Вип. 24.9. — С. 54–60.

Black Cottonwood // The Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry url
Атрохин В.Г., Калуцкий К.К., Тюриков Ф.Т. Древесные породы мира. — М. : Лесная промышленность, 1982. — Т. 3. — С. 145, 146.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (англ.)
Flora of NW Europe (англ.)
Euro+Med Plantbase (англ.)

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Populus trichocarpa ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Populus trichocarpa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Liễu. Loài này được Torr. & A. Gray miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1852.^[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

^ The Plant List (2010). “Populus trichocarpa”. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

Phương tiện liên quan tới Populus trichocarpa tại Wikimedia Commons
Dữ liệu liên quan tới Populus trichocarpa tại Wikispecies
Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Populus trichocarpa”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Bài viết Họ Liễu này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

x
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Populus trichocarpa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Populus trichocarpa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Liễu. Loài này được Torr. & A. Gray miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1852.

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