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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 12.4 years (wild) Observations: In the wild, the average longevity is 2.5 years. Record longevity in the wild is 12.4 years (http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Poecile atricapillus

fornecido por DC Birds Brief Summaries

A small (4 ¾ -5 ¾ inches) songbird, the Black-capped Chickadee is most easily identified by its gray back and tail, pale breast, black chin, and black cap. However, positive identification of this species is complicated where its range overlaps with that of the closely related Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis). Black-capped Chickadees are generally larger and paler-winged than their southern relatives, but it is often impossible to separate the two species in the field by physical appearance alone. Hybrids with mixed physical and vocal characteristics do occur, further complicating identification. Male and female Black-capped Chickadees are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black-capped Chickadee breeds across much of southern Alaska, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. This species’ range overlaps with that of the Carolina Chickadee in a narrow band stretching from the Mid-Atlantic region west to Kansas, particularly where this species’ range dips southward at higher elevations in the lower Appalachian Mountains. Black-capped Chickadees are generally non-migratory, although small groups may wander at times when food is scarce. Black-capped Chickadees inhabit a number of forest types, including deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen woodland habitats. This species also utilizes human-altered habitats, and may be found in urban and suburban areas where food and sufficient tree cover are available. Black-capped Chickadees eat a variety of plant and animal foods, with insects predominating in summer and seeds becoming more important in winter. In appropriate habitat, Black-capped Chickadees may be observed foraging for food in the tree canopy, often hanging from the ends of branches while eating seeds or picking insects off of leaves and bark. This species is also a common backyard feeder bird, visiting feeding trays as part of mixed flocks of small songbirds. This species’ song, a whistled “fee-bee-bee,” and its call, a clear “chick-a-dee-dee-dee,” are both lower-pitched than those of the Carolina Chickadee. Black-capped Chickadees are primarily active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Smithsonian Institution
autor
Reid Rumelt
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DC Birds Brief Summaries

Original Classification ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

Origionally Linnaeus described Poecile atricapillus in 1766as being in the genusParus, after which it was moved to the genus Poecile.

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Lorenzo Katin-Grazzini
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EOL authors

Poecile atricapillus ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

A small (4 ¾ -5 ¾ inches) songbird, the Black-capped Chickadee is most easily identified by its gray back and tail, pale breast, black chin, and black cap. However, positive identification of this species is complicated where its range overlaps with that of the closely related Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis). Black-capped Chickadees are generally larger and paler-winged than their southern relatives, but it is often impossible to separate the two species in the field by physical appearance alone. Hybrids with mixed physical and vocal characteristics do occur, further complicating identification. Male and female Black-capped Chickadees are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black-capped Chickadee breeds across much of southern Alaska, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. This species’ range overlaps with that of the Carolina Chickadee in a narrow band stretching from the Mid-Atlantic region west to Kansas, particularly where this species’ range dips southward at higher elevations in the lower Appalachian Mountains. Black-capped Chickadees are generally non-migratory, although small groups may wander at times when food is scarce. Black-capped Chickadees inhabit a number of forest types, including deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen woodland habitats. This species also utilizes human-altered habitats, and may be found in urban and suburban areas where food and sufficient tree cover are available. Black-capped Chickadees eat a variety of plant and animal foods, with insects predominating in summer and seeds becoming more important in winter. In appropriate habitat, Black-capped Chickadees may be observed foraging for food in the tree canopy, often hanging from the ends of branches while eating seeds or picking insects off of leaves and bark. This species is also a common backyard feeder bird, visiting feeding trays as part of mixed flocks of small songbirds. This species’ song, a whistled “fee-bee-bee,” and its call, a clear “chick-a-dee-dee-dee,” are both lower-pitched than those of the Carolina Chickadee. Black-capped Chickadees are primarily active during the day.

Referências

  • Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Foote, Jennifer R., Daniel J. Mennill, Laurene M. Ratcliffe and Susan M. Smith. 2010. Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/039
  • Poecile atricapillus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • eBird Range Map - Black-capped Chickadee. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Smithsonian Institution
citação bibliográfica
Rumelt, Reid B. Poecile atricapillus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Poecile atricapillus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
autor
Robert Costello (kearins)
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EOL authors

À ne pas confondre ( Francês )

fornecido por EOL authors
À ne pas confondre avec la mésange à tête brune (Poecile hudsonicus) qui lui ressemble énormémant.
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Samuel Côté
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Associated Plant Communities ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: grassland, presence, shrub, shrubs, tree, woodland

Black-capped chickadee habitat includes evergreen forested wetlands,
deciduous forested wetlands [35], deciduous woodlands, mixed woodlands,
deciduous and coniferous forests, orchards, deciduous shrubs, urban and
suburban areas [6], and disturbed areas such as old fields. Favored
riparian communities include cottonwood (Populus spp.) and sometimes
willow (Salix spp.) thickets. Birches (Betula spp.) and alders (Alnus
spp.) are often used for both food and nesting, but black-capped
chickadees use a wide variety of other plant species as well.
Black-capped chickadees occur in many habitat types [31].

In western North Dakota black-capped chickadees forage in the canopy and
nest in cavities in cottonwood stands; they occupy ash (mostly green ash
[Fraxinus pennsylvanica]) woodland interiors, and are found in pine
(Pinus spp.) communities. Black-capped chickadees are common in dense
ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) stands with well-developed shrub layers [14].

In the Konza Prairie, Kansas, black-capped chickadees were the second
most abundant species in gallery forests. These forests are dominated
by bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), and
hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) [8]. Black-capped chickadees also occur
on adjacent prairie dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii),
little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). The presence of
black-capped chickadees in grassland habitat was attributed to the
availability of isolated tree and shrub patches along ravines [8].

In Illinois black-capped chickadees were recorded in northern red oak
(Q. rubra)-sugar maple (Acer saccharum)-hackberry dominated woodlands [35].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
black-capped chickadee
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: association, density, snag, tree

Nesting: Black-capped chickadees excavate holes in soft decayed wood
and also use existing cavities (but usually only if there is material to
be excavated) [30,31]. Dead standing trees greater than 4 inches (10
cm) dbh are used for nesting and feeding [6]. In Illinois nests were
found in cavities of stubs (broken off snags). The stubs were usually 5
to 6.6 feet (1.6-2 m) tall and 4.3 to 5.1 inches (11-13 cm) in diameter
[41].

Common nest sites are stubs of gray birch (Betula populifolia) or paper
birch (B. papyrifera) [12], but almost any early seral species with soft
wood may be used; the particular tree species favored depends on the
region. Most of these trees occur as living trees in early seral
stages, are short-lived, and persist into intermediate seral stages as
decaying snags [40]. For example, Odum [23] reported that of 18
black-capped chickadee nests he observed in upstate New York, 4 were in
pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica), 3 in paper birch, 3 in American beech
(Fagus grandifolia), 2 in yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), 2 in
willows (Salix spp.), 1 in basswood (Tilia americana), 1 in sugar maple,
1 in white ash (Fraxinus americana), and 1 in an apple tree (Malus spp.)
[40]. In Vermont northern hardwoods forests, most black-capped
chickadee nest trees were in an advanced state of decay with soft outer
wood. Most nests were in trees that were shorter than neighboring
non-nest trees, but no smaller in diameter [26]. Nest trees used by
black-capped chickadees in northwestern Montana western larch (Larix
occidentalis)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests averaged 8
inches (20 cm) dbh and ranged from 4 to 12 inches (10-30.5 cm) dbh.
This was the smallest average diameter used by any of the cavity-nesting
birds observed [21]. Most nests were in broken-topped larch trees [20].
In Iowa 92 percent of black-capped chickadee nests in riparian
communities were in snags, 4 percent were in dead limbs of living trees,
and 4 percent were in living trees. There was a positive association
between black-capped chickadee use and snag size in snags less than 9
inches (25 cm) dbh [32]. In a riparian area in Colorado with a viable
black-capped chickadee population, snags are not plentiful but large
dead branches are. In an area dominated by plains cottonwood (Populus
deltoides var. occidentalis) with some peachleaf willow (S.
amygdaloides) and boxelder (Acer negundo), cottonwood snags comprised
2.7 percent of all cottonwood stems. This density of snags is quite
low, primarily due to the decadence of the stand. However, limb trees
(trees with more than 3.3 feet [1 m] of dead limbs greater than 4 inches
(10 cm) in diameter) made up 47 percent of the cottonwood population
[27].

In western Montana, McClelland and others [19] observed black-capped
chickadees using cavities excavated by sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus spp.)
[19]. Birdhouses are used occasionally [6].

Roosting: Black-capped chickadees roost primarily in thick vegetation
or in cavities, particularly on cold nights. Flocks seldom roost
clumped together, but flock members usually roost near each other [31].

Foraging and Feeding: Flock members usually feed from 3.3 to 33 feet
(1-10 m) apart, occasionally feeding within 2.5 inches (6 cm) for brief
periods [31].

Breeding Territory: Black-capped chickadee breeding territory size
varies with habitat quality, black-capped chickadee population density,
rank, and the course of the breeding season [30]. In upstate New York
breeding territories ranged in size from 8.4 acres (3.4 ha) to 17.1
acres (6.9 ha) and averaged 13.2 acres (5.3 ha) [23]. An eastern
Massachusetts population had an average breeding territory size of 10.7
acres (4.3 ha), but ranged from 3.8 to 17.9 acres (1.5-7.2 ha) [30].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
The black-capped chickadee is resident from western and central Alaska,
most of Canada south of the arctic circle, south to extreme northwestern
California, extreme northeastern Nevada, northern New Mexico, central
Indiana, and northern New Jersey. At upper elevations in the
Appalachians its range extends farther south [6,31].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: scatter-hoard, tree

Foraging: Black-capped chickadees forage from ground to treetop; ground
foraging birds have usually been displaced by higher ranking birds [30].
Black-capped chickadees forage on tree trunks, branches, and foliage
[11], feeding on insects [34], seeds, and berries. Five basic foraging
maneuvers used by black-capped chickadees are 1) gleaning (57% of time
spent foraging), 2) hanging from leaf or twig to capture food items
(28%), 3) hovering (8.8%), 4) probing (3.5%), and 5) catching insects in
flight, called hawking (2.4%). These proportions probably vary with
availability of prey, season, and other factors [31].

Caching: Black-capped chickadees cache seeds from open cones [11].
Insects are also cached. Most caching occurs in the fall, but caching
may occur at any time food is plentiful. Storage sites include bark,
dead leaves, clusters of conifer needles, dirt, and snow. Black-capped
chickadees scatter-hoard; they hide each individual food item in a
separate spot [31]. Sherry [29] reported that black-capped chickadees
can remember cache sites for at least 24 hours, and Hitchcock and Sherry
[13] reported that captive black-capped chickadees can recover caches
after 28 days.

Animal Foods: In winter, approximately 50 percent of black-capped
chickadee foods are animal foods, the rest seeds and berries. During
the breeding season, 80 to 90 percent of the black-capped chickadee diet
is animal foods [18,31]. Winter black-capped chickadee animal foods
consist mostly of eggs of moths, plant lice, katydids, and spiders. In
summer moths, caterpillars, spiders, beetles (particularly weevils),
flies, wasps, true bugs, plant lice, scale insects, leafhoppers, and
tree hoppers are common food items [18]. Smith [30] described the
black-capped chickadee summer diet as consisting largely of
caterpillars, including some hairy caterpillars such as early instar
gypsy moths and tent caterpillars. Black-capped chickadees have been
observed taking animal fat from carrion and eating suet and peanut butter
at feeders [30].

Plant Foods: Black-capped chickadee plant foods are mainly seeds and
berries including goldenrods (Solidago spp.) and staghorn sumac (Rhus
typhina) seeds in fall. Pine seeds are a main staple in fall, winter,
and spring. Seeds of hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) and birches are eaten in
winter; seeds or fruits of poison-ivies (Toxicodendron spp.),
blueberries and huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.), bayberries (Myrica
spp.), ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.), sunflowers (Helianthus spp.),
chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus
quinquefolia) are eaten in spring and summer [18]. Raspberries (Rubus
spp.), cherries (Prunus spp.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera) seeds are also consumed [30].

Fluids: Black-capped chickadees drink when water is available. Fluids
are derived mostly from foods in winter; highest demand for liquid water
is in summer [31].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: density, forest, habitat type, snag, wildfire

The most likely change due to fire in black-capped chickadee habitat is
with respect to snag density (nest site availability) and food
availability. Niemi [22] suggested that chickadee populations generally
decrease following fire, probably due to a decrease in habitat
complexity and available food.

In northern Rocky Mountain conifer forests that were severely burned
within 1 to 2 years of the study, black-capped chickadees were detected
on 13 of 33 sites. In a survey of bird habitat studies in northern
Rocky Mountain dryland habitats, segregated by habitat type,
black-capped chickadees were found on early successional (less than 10
years old) burned forest (48% of 23 studies), and mid-successional (10
to 40 years old) burned forest (40% of 5 studies). Studies reporting
observations of birds in cottonwood bottomlands had the highest
proportion of black-capped chickadee observations (64% of 21 studies).
Black-capped chickadees had a habitat preference average of 9.71 out of
15 possible habitats (if this figure were 1, a bird species is
restricted to only 1 of the 15 habitats, if the figure were 15, the
species has shown absolutely no preference for any of the available
habitat types) [39].

In northern Minnesota the Little Sioux fire burned 15,000 acres (6,072
ha) of northern hardwoods and pine forests. Black-capped chickadees
were common on unburned stands, but in postfire years 2, 3, and 4 they
were uncommon on all burned study sites [22].

In north-central Colorado a severe 1966 wildfire in lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta) with subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) resulted in widespread crown mortality. In
1974 there were many standing dead trees on the burned site. There were
no black-capped chickadees observed on the burned site, but there were a
few in the ecotone and in adjacent unburned lodgepole stands [25].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce-tamarack
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch-red maple
20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine-hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock-yellow birch
25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch
26 Sugar maple-basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry-maple
30 Red spruce-yellow birch
31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce-balsam fir
34 Red spruce-Fraser fir
35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash-American elm-red maple
40 Post oak-blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
46 Eastern redcedar
50 Black locust
51 White pine-chestnut oak
52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak
60 Beech-sugar maple
62 Silver maple-American elm
63 Cottonwood
87 Sweetgum-yellow-poplar
93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash
94 Sycamore-sweetgum-American elm
95 Black willow
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
201 White spruce
202 White spruce-paper birch
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
251 White spruce-aspen
253 Black spruce-white spruce
254 Black spruce-paper birch
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest, shrub

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce-fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple-basswood forest
K100 Oak-hickory forest
K101 Elm-ash forest
K109 Transition between K104 and K106
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: shrubland, woodland

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
422 Riparian
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: forest, natural, shrubs

A review of Christmas Bird Count data for the Pacific Northwest showed
that most black-capped chickadee populations have apparently been stable
during the past 40 years. Of 49 locales reporting, 6 showed significant
declines (stations in Alaska, British Columbia, Montana, and Oregon), 5
showed significant increases (British Columbia, California, Montana, and
Washington), and the remaining 38 showed no overall change. It was
speculated that the "significant" increases and decreases may actually
represent anomalous data [4].

Long-term wildlife management should strive for sites with a mosaic of
age structures [28]. In northwestern Connecticut the clearcutting of 60
acres (24.4 ha) of red pine (Pinus resinosa) within a 321 acre (130 ha)
banding plot had no discernible effect on black-capped chickadee
populations in a long-term population study [17].

Forest clearing can increase edge, which is preferred (but not required)
black-capped chickadee habitat. Removal of snags and cull trees with
dead limbs decreases available nest sites for black-capped chickadees
[31,32], although black-capped chickadees are listed as tolerant of
habitat alteration [32].

Stauffer and Best [32] listed the following predicted effects of various
types of habitat alteration on black-capped chickadee populations:

removal of all wood vegetation: elimination
reduce woody vegetation to narrow strips: negative
woody canopy partly removed: no effect
woody canopy partly removed, shrubs and saplings thinned: negative
shrubs and saplings thinned: negative
snags removed: negative

Lack of cottonwood regeneration is detrimental to the long-term
stability of cavity-nesting bird populations [17].

In cold-winter areas, feeders often enhance black-capped chickadee
survival, particularly in disturbed areas where food supplies are
limited [31]. Nest boxes can increase available nest sites where
natural cavities are limited. Nest boxes are not readily used unless
they are half-filled with sawdust, apparently so that the birds have
something to excavate [30].

Black-capped chickadees are only rarely host to the brown-headed cowbird
(Molothrus ater) [31].

Black-capped chickadees are important predators of larch casebearer
larvae and pine sawfly larvae [5].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals

AK
AZ
CA
CO
CT
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS

KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MO
MT
NV

NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA

RI
SC
SD
TN
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
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AB
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licença
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citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
Natural predators of the black-capped chickadee include goshawk
(Accipiter gentilis), sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus), Cooper's hawk
(A. cooperii), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), merlin (F.
columbarius), northern pygmy-owl (Glaucidium gnoma), and northern shrike
(Lanius excubiter). Around birdfeeders, the black-capped chickadee is
often preyed on by the domestic cat (Felis catus). Nest predators are
largely excluded by the small size of black-capped chickadee nest
entrance holes, but very small squirrels (Tamiascurius spp.) or
chipmunks (Tamias spp.) occasionally raid black-capped chickadee nests.
Weasels (Mustela spp.) and climbing snakes pose a threat to eggs and
nestlings [30].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: density, forest, selection, snag, species richness, tree, vine

Black-capped chickadees prefer relatively open sites near deep woods
[6]. They are usually more common near edges, but also occur in the
interior of wooded tracts [31]. In Iowa most observations of
black-capped chickadees were in floodplain woodlands and scrub; fewer
black-capped chickadees were observed in upland woodlands, wooded edges,
and savannah (in descending order of numbers of observations).
Black-capped chickadee observations were positively correlated with
sapling and tree species richness, sapling and tree size, and vertical
patchiness. There was a negative correlation with vine density and with
snag hardness [32]. In Saskatchewan black-capped chickadees were found
in aspen (Populus spp.) groves larger than 0.5 acre (0.2 ha) in area,
and did not occur in smaller groves [15]. In Montana foliage-insect
feeders including black-capped chickadees were observed most often in
uncut forests. Black-capped chickadees fed primarily where foliage
canopy was well developed above 26.4 feet (8 m) [24].

Riparian communities are important to black-capped chickadees and other
gleaners (birds which search vegetation for stationary prey). Emerging
aquatic insects are a particularly valuable food for gleaners. Mayflies
and stoneflies spend most of the daylight hours resting on low
vegetation near the stream channel. The density of gleaners (in this
area black-capped chickadees were the most abundant gleaners) is
positively correlated with emergence rates of aquatic insects [10].

In Colorado black-capped chickadee nest site selection was positively
associated with density of small trees; in Missouri and Tennessee,
black-capped chickadees are reported to prefer small trees and young
open forest [28].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently accepted scientific name for the black-capped chickadee is
Poecile atricapillus Linnaeus [2]. The 1957 A.O.U. checklist [1] (the
last one that included subspecies) listed nine subspecies of the
black-capped chickadee:

Poecile atricapillus atricapillus, eastern black-capped chickadee
P. a. practicus (Oberholser), Appalachian black-capped chickadee
P. a. bartletti Aldrich and Nutt., Newfoundland black-capped chickadee
P. a. turneri Ridgway, Yukon black-capped chickadee
P. a. septentrionalis Harris, long-tailed chickadee
P. a. occidentalis Baird, Oregon chickadee
P. a. fortuitus (Dawson and Bowles), Columbian black-capped chickadee
P. a. nevadensis (Linsdale), pallid black-capped chickadee
P. a. garrinus Behle, Rocky Mountain black-capped chickadee

Where the range of the black-capped chickadee overlaps that of other
chickadees (Poecile spp.) they are segregated by habitat. There are some
areas of breeding territory which the black-capped chickadee and the
Carolina chickadee (P. carolinensis) both use; in this area hybrids of
the two species commonly occur. There is some disagreement as to the
true status of the Carolina chickadee; it has been argued that it is a
subspecies of the black-capped chickadee rather than a separate species.
The most recent genetic evidence suggests that they are in fact separate
species. Hybrids with the mountain chickadee (P. gambeli) have also
been reported but are less common than black-capped chickadee-Carolina
chickadee hybrids [30].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: altricial, formation, seed, torpor

Pair Formation: The peak period for pair formation is fall and is
associated with winter flock formation; winter flocks consist largely of
mated pairs. Even very young black-capped chickadees form pair bonds at
this time. A few pairs are formed in winter following mortality of
high-ranking members of the flock, and occasionally floaters
(low-ranking individuals unattached to a mate or a flock) establish new
pair bonds in spring [30,31].

Territory Establishment: Territories are established in spring, during
winter flock break-up; this period varies with area, year, and other
factors. Breeding territory boundaries are usually established 5 to 7
weeks before onset of egg-laying [30,31].

Nesting: Both the male and female excavate the nest hole, but the
female builds the nest. The cup-shaped nest consists of cottony plant
fibers, hairs, wool, moss, and leaves, and is lined with hair, plant
down, wool, and feathers [12].

Clutch: Eggs are laid from early April to mid-July depending on spring
weather and food availability [30]. Usually 1 egg is laid per day; the
average clutch size is from 6 to 8 eggs, ranging from 5 to 10. Eggs are
incubated for 12 to 13 days by the female, who is fed by the male [38].
All eggs usually hatch within 12 to 30 hours of each other, usually in
the order laid [31]; nestlings are present from early May to late July
[30,31].

Development of Young: Black-capped chickadees are altricial; newly
hatched young are blind and nearly naked. They have pinfeathers by
about day 9, and usually fledge on day 16. When nests are disturbed,
fledglings may leave the nest early, sometimes as early as 12 days.
Fledglings are fed by the parents for 2 to 4 weeks (3-4 weeks is
typical) [30,31].

Longevity: Age at first breeding is typically less than 1 year,
although some individuals may not breed until they are 1 or 2 years old.
The average lifespan of black-capped chickadees is approximately 2.5
years; however, 5-year-old birds were not uncommon in northwestern
Connecticut [17]. The longest lived black-capped chickadee on record
was at least 12 years 5 months at the time of last banding [31].

Mortality: Black-capped chickadees are fairly cold hardy; the majority
of black-capped chickadee mortality is believed to be caused by winter
malnutrition, which reduces the ability to withstand cold weather and
resist disease. There have been few major outbreaks of diseases in
black-capped chickadee populations and there are relatively few nest
parasites [31].

Wintering: Wintering flocks of black-capped chickadees usually consist
of four to eight individuals [9]. Black-capped chickadee residence in
cold climates is made possible by night torpor, a regulated hypothermia
which allows black-capped chickadees to survive cold nights with minimum
energy loss [31].

Seasonal Movements: Long-distance movements are usually only undertaken
by black-capped chickadees less than 1 year old. However, large numbers
of black-capped chickadees emigrate at irregular intervals of about 2
years. These movements are more properly termed irruptions than
seasonal migrations. Factors influencing irruptions, particularly in
the eastern portions of the black-capped chickadee range, include
fluctuation in northern seed crops and unusually high recruitment rates.
Fall movements tend to be south or southwest; spring movements are
usually northward but are sometimes aimless [31]. Movement over water
is avoided or undertaken only with great hesitation [30,38].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: fire regime

NO-ENTRY

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Poecile atricapillus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Poecile atricapillus ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

El carboneru cabecinegro o carboneru de capiellu negru (Poecile atricapillus), [2] [3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia de los páridos (Paridae), endémica d'América del Norte.

Sinonimia

  • Parus atricapillus

Distribución y hábitat

Pue atopase de mariña a mariña, dende la metá septentrional d'Estaos Xuníos nel sur, hasta la bahía James, l'estremu sur de los Territorios del Noroeste y el Yukón y la metá sur d'Alaska nel norte. El so hábitat preferíu ye'l monte de fueya caduca o mistos caducifolios. Tamién s'atopa en montes abiertos, parques y árees suburbanes.

La segregación del so hábitat ye'l principal factor que lo dixebra tantu del Poecile hudsonicus nel norte y el Poecile rufescens al noroeste (estos dos especies prefieren puramente los montes de coníferes). L'altitú tamién la dixebra del Poecile gambeli nos montes occidentales y el Poecile carolinensis en Great Smokey Mountains.

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Poecile atricapillus» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.1.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nomes en castellán de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Duodécima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Picathartidae a Paridae)». Ardeola 56 (1): pp. 127-134. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_56_1.pdf. Consultáu'l .
  3. «Carboneru Cabecinegro (Poecile atricapillus) Linnaeus, 1766». avibase. Consultáu'l 3 de payares de 2012.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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wikipedia AST

Poecile atricapillus: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

El carboneru cabecinegro o carboneru de capiellu negru (Poecile atricapillus), ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia de los páridos (Paridae), endémica d'América del Norte.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia AST

Tsicadî penddu ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tsicadî penddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: tsicadîod penddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Parus atricapillus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black-capped chickadee. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Titw (Lladin: Paridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. atricapillus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r tsicadî penddu yn perthyn i deulu'r Titw (Lladin: Paridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cyanistes semilarvatus Cyanistes semilarvatus Titw asur Cyanistes cyanus
Azure Tit - Cyanistes cyanus.jpg
Titw cefnwyrdd Parus monticolus
Green-backed Tit- about to take plunge in water I IMG 6452.jpg
Titw cribog Lophophanes cristatus
Lophophanes cristatus - 01.jpg
Titw du Carp Parus carpi
Melaniparus carpi, Kunene River Lodge, Birding Weto, a.jpg
Titw mawr Parus major
Parus major 2 Luc Viatour.jpg
Titw tomos las Cyanistes caeruleus
ParusCaeruleus.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CY

Tsicadî penddu: Brief Summary ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tsicadî penddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: tsicadîod penddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Parus atricapillus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black-capped chickadee. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Titw (Lladin: Paridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. atricapillus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

licença
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Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CY

Schwarzkopfmeise ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
Chickadee - natures pics.jpg

Die Schwarzkopfmeise (Poecile atricapillus) ist ein amerikanischer Singvogel. Da es noch umstritten ist, ob Poecile eine eigene Gattung oder eine Untergattung der Gattung Parus darstellt, wird als wissenschaftlicher Name der Schwarzkopfmeise oft auch Parus atricapillus angegeben.

Merkmale

Die 13 cm lange Schwarzkopfmeise ist ein relativ kleiner Singvogel mit relativ großem Kopf. Das Gefieder ist an Scheitel, Nacken und Kehlansatz schwarz, an den Wangen weiß, am Rücken grau und am Bauch gelbbraun gefärbt. Die kurzen schwarzen Flügeln und der lange Schwanz sind schwarz gefärbt mit weißen Rändern.

Der Ruf ist ein mit tiefer Stimme und langsam vorgetragenes chick-a-dee-dee-dee, daher stammt auch der englische Name (black-capped chickadee) des Vogels.

Vorkommen

Die Schwarzkopfmeise lebt in Wäldern und in Gebieten mit altem Baumbestand im südlichen Kanada und im Norden der USA.

Verhalten

Die Schwarzkopfmeise sucht in Dickichten nach Insekten, Samen und Beeren und legt auch Vorräte für die kalte Jahreszeit an. Im Winter ist der Vogel ein häufiger Gast an Futterhäuschen und fliegt sogar auf die Hand von Menschen. Außerhalb der Brutzeit bilden Schwarzkopfmeisen kleine, lärmende Trupps. In der Regel umfassen diese Flocks etwa zehn Vögel.

Fortpflanzung

Die Schwarzkopfmeise baut im Mai oder Juni ein Schalennest aus Pflanzendunen, Federn und Haaren in einer Baumhöhle oder in einem Nistkasten. Das Gelege besteht aus etwa acht Eiern. Gut untersucht ist der Einfluss der sozialen Hierarchie auf das Fortpflanzungsverhalten. Schwarzkopfmeisen sind auf Grund der kleinen winterlichen Trupps sehr gut mit anderen Schwarzkopfmeisen ihres unmittelbaren Brutareals vertraut und bilden eine soziale Hierarchie aus. Gewöhnlich geht das höchstrangige Weibchen eine Partnerschaft mit dem höchstrangigen Männchen ein. Sie bleiben mitunter mehr als eine Brutperiode zusammen. Allerdings trennen sich die Weibchen von ihren Männchen, wenn sie eine Partnerschaft mit einem höherrangigen Männchen eingehen können.[1] Dies konnte auch in einer Studie belegt werden, in dem die Weibchen der sieben höchstrangigen Männchen entfernt wurden. Über die nächsten zwei Tage trennten sich im Areal verbliebene Weibchen von ihren Männchen um Beziehungen mit den verfügbaren, höherrangigen Männchen einzugehen. Nachdem die höherrangigen Weibchen wieder eingesetzt wurden, verjagten sie die Weibchen. Um die Studie abzuschließen, wurden schließlich auch sechs niedrigrangige Weibchen entfernt, die mit entsprechend niedrigrangigen Männchen verpaart waren. Diese Männchen blieben ohne Partnerin.[2]

Dort wo sich die Verbreitungsgebiete überschneiden, kreuzt sich diese Vogelart mit der Carolinameise und der Gambelmeise.

Belege

Literatur

Einzelbelege

  1. Joan Roughgarden: Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press, Berkeley 2004, ISBN 0-520-24073-1, S. 54 und S. 55
  2. Joan Roughgarden: Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press, Berkeley 2004, ISBN 0-520-24073-1, S. 55
 title=
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Schwarzkopfmeise: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
Chickadee - natures pics.jpg

Die Schwarzkopfmeise (Poecile atricapillus) ist ein amerikanischer Singvogel. Da es noch umstritten ist, ob Poecile eine eigene Gattung oder eine Untergattung der Gattung Parus darstellt, wird als wissenschaftlicher Name der Schwarzkopfmeise oft auch Parus atricapillus angegeben.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Black-capped chickadee ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a small, non-migratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests. It is a passerine bird in the tit family, the Paridae. It is the state bird of Massachusetts and Maine in the United States, and the provincial bird of New Brunswick in Canada. It is well known for its ability to lower its body temperature during cold winter nights, its good spatial memory to relocate the caches where it stores food, and its boldness near humans (sometimes feeding from the hand).

Taxonomy

In 1760, French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-capped chickadee in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Canada. He used the French name La mésange a tête noire de Canada and the Latin Parus Canadensis Atricapillus.[2] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[3] When in 1766, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the 12th edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[3] One of these was the black-capped chickadee. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Parus atricapillus and cited Brisson's work.[4] The type location was subsequently restricted to the site of Quebec in Canada.[5] The specific epithet atricapillus is Latin for 'black-haired' from ater 'black' and capillus 'hair of the head'.[6]

Though originally placed in the genus Parus with most other tits, mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating Poecile more adequately expresses these birds' relationships.[7] The genus Poecile had been introduced by German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1829.[8] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the black-capped chickadee is sister to the mountain chickadee (Poecile gambeli).[9][10]

At one time, the black-capped chickadee was considered by some to be conspecific with the willow tit of Eurasia, due to their very similar appearance. This is reflected in an older version of the Peterson Field Guide for the Birds of Britain and Europe, which states "N Am. Black-Capped Chickadee" as an alternate name for the willow tit. In fact, the willow tit, black-capped chickadee, marsh tit, and Carolina chickadee are all very similar to one another in appearance. Nine subspecies are recognised.[11]

Description

Black-capped chickadee clinging to a wire

The black-capped chickadee has a black cap and "bib" with white sides to the face. Its underparts are white with rusty brown on the flanks. Its back is gray and the tail is normally slate gray. This bird has a short dark beak of 8–9.5 mm (0.31–0.37 in), short, rounded wings 63.5–67.5 mm (2.50–2.66 in), a tarsus of 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in), and a long tail at 58–63 mm (2.3–2.5 in).[12] Its total body length is 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in), wingspan is 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in), and body mass is 9–14 g (0.32–0.49 oz).[13] Sexes look alike, but males are slightly larger and longer than females.

Although range can generally be used to separate them, the black-capped chickadee is very similar in appearance to the Carolina chickadee. The black-capped is larger on average, but this cannot be used reliably for identification. The most obvious difference between the two is in the wing feathers. In the black-capped chickadee, the wing feathers have white edges that are larger and more conspicuous than those of the Carolina chickadee. The latter is often mistaken for black-capped chickadees with feather dystrophy, which sometimes affects the appearance of the primary feathers making them look slimmer, a phenomenon caused by illnesses such as fatty liver disease in malnourished birds.

Overall, the Carolina appears slightly paler colored, whereas the flanks of the black-capped can appear to have a trace of off-yellow or rusty coloration. Also, the black-capped generally has a more "ragged" looking black bib, whereas the bib of the Carolina has a more smooth-edged look. These subtle features are often even more vague in populations around where the black-capped and Carolina overlap in range (possibly the result of hybrids) and the two cannot always be distinguished as two species. The two species were formerly thought to be easily distinguished by call, but they often learn each other's vocalizations where their ranges overlap (their point of overlap is a narrow band that runs along the east-central United States, with the black-capped chickadee to the north). A bird located near the zone of overlap that sings both songs, or sings "odd-sounding" songs, cannot be positively identified solely by voice in the field.[14]

Vocalization

Black-capped chickadee, Iona Beach Regional Park

The vocalizations of the black-capped chickadee are highly complex.[15] Thirteen distinct types of vocalizations have been classified, many of which are complex and can communicate different types of information. Chickadees' complex vocalizations are likely an evolutionary adaptation to their habitat: they live and feed in dense vegetation, and even when the flock is close together, individual birds tend to be out of each other's visual range.

One of the most recognizable sounds produced, particularly by the males, is the two-note fee-bee song. It is a simple, clear whistle of two notes, identical in rhythm, the first roughly a whole-step above the second.[16] The range of frequencies at which this song starts from varies; the complete frequency range spans roughly 1 kHz. Within this range, male chickadees can sing at various tones. The average starting frequency is around 4000 Hz. A decrease of roughly 200 Hz occurs when the first note (fee) is sung, and then another decrease around 400 Hz takes place between the end of fee and the beginning of bee. In spite of these multiple changes in frequency, though, anybody listening to the song only hears a pure, high-frequency tone.[17] This is distinguished from the Carolina chickadee's four-note call fee-bee fee-bay; the lower notes are nearly identical but the higher fee notes are omitted, making the black-capped song like bee bay. The males sing the song only in relative isolation from other chickadees (including their mates). In late summer, some young birds sing only a single note.[18]

Some fee-bee calls of chickadees at various distances.

NOTE: The chick-a-dee-dee song in the background at 0:05

Problems playing this file? See media help.

A recent study found that female fee-bee songs have both similarities with and differences from male fee-bee songs.[19][20] Both sexes sometimes make a faint version of the song, and this appears to be used when feeding young.[18] When males are out in the wild, they sing this song to defend their territory or attract a mate.[19][20] It is rare, but a few accounts have been given of females singing a louder version of the fee-bee song when out alone in the wild, too. The black-capped chickadee is a monomorphic species, so distinguishing males and females based solely on their singing is difficult. A bioacoustic analysis performed on both male and female songs revealed that male fee-bee singing fluctuates more, and the absolute amplitude of both sexes is the same. The fee glissando varies far more in females, which makes identifying each sex easier. The purpose of the female fee-bee song is unknown.[20]

The most familiar call is the chick-a-dee-dee-dee, which gave this bird its name. This simple-sounding call is astonishingly complex.[18] Scientists have been studying it since the mid-1970s. It is produced by both males and females year-round.[17] It has been observed to consist of up to four distinct units which can be arranged in different patterns to communicate information about threats from predators and coordination of group movement: A, B, C, and D. These four notes only ever appear in this consecutive order[21][18] with each preceding note blending into the next.[17] Not all four notes may appear in the call, though.[21] Like other sounds the chickadee produces, it may be heard in multiple variations. The A and B notes are almost identical to one another in both frequency and duration. The black-capped chickadee possesses the ability to quickly notice the difference between these two notes. As for the C and D notes, no real similarity is seen between them.[17] The C note fluctuates from low to high then back to low, whereas the D note has a constant frequency. While not confirmed, one study found evidence of a function behind the C and D notes. To be able to recognize the difference between a member of the same species and a potential predator, the D note is required. The C note is needed to locate food.[21]

Neither individual notes nor groups of notes have an equal probability of appearing in the chick-a-dee-dee song. Its syntax form may take on several different structures, but the two most commonly heard are [A][D] and [B][C][D]. (The brackets are placed around each note to show that it may be repeated more than once.) Any calls that contain the D note more frequently than others are more commonly heard.[17] A recent study of the call showed that the number of dees indicates the level of threat from nearby predators. In an analysis of over 5,000 alarm calls from chickadees, alarm calls triggered by small, dangerous raptors had a shorter interval between chick and dee and tended to have extra dees, typically four instead of two. In one case, a warning call about a pygmy owl – a prime threat to chickadees – contained 23 dees. The Carolina chickadee makes a similar call, which is faster and higher-pitched.[18]

Some 'gargles', then a minute of singing

NOTE: American robin singing in background

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These chickadees make a number of other calls and sounds, such as a gargle noise usually used by males to indicate a threat of attacking another male, often when feeding. This call is also used in sexual contexts.[19] Black-capped chickadees develop the gargle noise as a result of learning that starts soon after birth and continues through to adulthood.[17] This noise is among the most complex of the calls, containing two to 9 of 14 distinct notes in one population that was studied.[19] It only lasts for about half a second.

Social learning, in particular, is largely influential to the development of this sound. Beginning 30 to 35 days after birth, strings of low-amplitude precursor or sub-gargles are produced for about a minute. At this time, the young have several close interactions with their family; they learn to produce such sounds by listening to their parents and siblings. Three chickadee populations were observed at three different sites over 8 years, and all of them produced vocalizations that were very similar to one another. Strings of juvenile sub-gargles are almost perfectly continuous and both low and unstable in frequency, yet lacking multiple syllables. When their vocal abilities are fully developed, a stable frequency is produced and a variety of syllables is heard that vary in length.[17]

Chickadees in an environment with ambient noise at the same frequencies as their songs have developed an evolutionary adaptation that enables them to adjust the frequency of their songs much quicker to effectively communicate with the surrounding population. The fee-bee songs of several male black-capped chickadees were monitored to identify their particular frequency. In one particular study, a series of both masking and nonmasking tones was played to multiple male chickadees at various locations to observe how they responded to interfering and noninterfering signals. When interacting with conspecifics close by, the males matched their frequencies, but when the surrounding environment was noisy with other species, the males adapted by increasing the frequency of their songs. The males responded quickly to the masking tones by raising their song frequencies. Another study, though, showed that male chickadees sometimes intentionally match the tones of competing conspecifics as a way of showing aggression. Dominant males in a population often compete with lower-ranked males; one is not at a greater or lesser advantage than the other. Singing contests are a way male chickadees decide who in a population gets to mate. When a male loses a contest, particularly a higher-ranking male in the population, he will often have difficulty finding a mate.[19]

Behaviour and ecology

Diet and foraging

Chickadees will take seeds from feeders and trays over to a tree branch to hammer them open

Insects (especially caterpillars) form a large part of their diet in summer. The birds hop along tree branches searching for food, sometimes hanging upside down or hovering; they may make short flights to catch insects in the air. Seeds and berries become more important in winter, though insect eggs and pupae remain on the menu. Black oil sunflower seeds are readily taken from bird feeders. The birds take a seed in their beak and commonly fly from the feeder to a tree, where they proceed to hammer the seed on a branch to open it.

Like many other species in the family Paridae, black-capped chickadees commonly cache food, mostly seeds, but sometimes insects, also.[22] Items are stored singly in various sites such as bark, dead leaves, clusters of conifer needles, or knothole. Memory for the location of caches can last up to 28 days.[23] Within the first 24 hours, the birds can even remember the relative quality of the stored items.[24]

Foraging behaviour in the winter tends to decrease due to the changing weather. Such behaviour is largely influenced by wind and temperature. When wind speeds are higher, black-capped chickadees avoid exposure to such conditions by flying lower where vegetation offers a degree of protection, and when the temperature decreases, they search for food less frequently.[25]

Chickadee at feeder

In parts of the black-capped chickadee's range with very cold winters, such as Minnesota, survival rates are affected by access to supplemental food. Chickadees with access to bird feeders are twice as likely to survive the winter than those without access to this supplemental food. This difference in survival rates occurs primarily during months with severe weather when the temperature drops below −18 °C (0 °F) for more than five days.[26] In Pennsylvania, with milder winters on the southern edge of their range, differences between populations with and without feeders suggest that feeders influence movements of chickadees rather than actual survival.[27]

At bird feeders, black-capped chickadees tolerate human approach to a much greater degree than other species do. In fact, during the winter, many individuals accustomed to human habitation readily accept seed from a person's hand.

Chickadee feeding from hand

Metabolism

On cold winter nights, these birds can reduce their body temperature by as much as 12 °C (from their normal temperature of about 42 °C) to conserve energy.[28][29] Such a capacity for torpor is not very common in birds. Other bird species capable of torpor include the common swift (Apus apus), the common poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), the lesser nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis), and various species of hummingbirds.

Movements

These birds are permanent residents, but sometimes they move south within their range, and even outside of it, in the fall or winter.

During the winter, chickadees often flock together. Many other species of birds – including titmice, nuthatches, and warblers – can often be found foraging in these flocks. Mixed flocks stay together because the chickadees call out whenever they find a good source of food. This calling-out forms cohesion for the group, allowing the other birds to find food more efficiently. When flocking, black-capped chickadees soon establish a rigid social hierarchy. In such hierarchies, males usually rank over females, and older birds over juveniles.[30]

Black-capped chickadees sleep in thick vegetation or in cavities, usually singly, though they may occasionally roost clumped together.[31] Their sleeping posture is with the beak tucked under the scapular (shoulder) feathers.

Their flight is slightly undulating with rapid wing beats. Flight speed is about 20 km/h (12 mph).[32]

Molt

Chickadees molt once a year; no prenuptial molt occurs in the spring. The postjuvenal molt at the end of the first summer of life is partial, involving only the body feathers and wing coverts. Thereafter, the postnuptial molts at the end of each reproductive season are always complete, involving all feathers.

Breeding

A black-capped chickadee excavating a nest cavity in a dead tree

The black-capped chickadee nests in a hole in a tree, 1–7 m (3.3–23.0 ft) above ground. The pair either excavates the hole together, or uses a natural cavity, or sometimes an old woodpecker nest. This species will also nest in a nesting box. The nesting season is from late April through June. The nest is built by the female only. It consists of a base of coarse material such as moss or bark strips, and lining of finer material such as mammal hair. Eggs are white with fine dots of reddish brown concentrated at the larger end. On average, eggs are 1.52 cm × 1.22 cm (0.60 in × 0.48 in). Clutch size is six to eight eggs. Incubation lasts 11–14 days and is by the female only, which is fed by the male. If an unusual disturbance occurs at the nest entrance, the incubating female may utter an explosive hiss, like that of a snake, a probable adaptation to discourage nest predators.[33]

Hatchlings are altricial, naked with their eyes closed. Nestlings are fed by both sexes, but are brooded by the female only (when the male brings food to her, which she passes on to the young). Young leave the nest 12–16 days after hatching, in great part because the parents start presenting food only outside the nest hole. The young are still fed by the parents for several weeks, but are capable of catching food on their own within a week after leaving the nest.

Black-capped chickadees usually breed only once a year, but second broods are possible if the first one is lost. First breeding is at one year of age. Maximum recorded lifespan is 12 years, but most individuals live only half that long.[34]

Black-capped chickadees are socially monogamous, and males contribute greatly to reproduction. During the laying and incubation periods, males feed their partners extensively. When the nestlings hatch, males are the primary providers, but as the nestlings grow, females become the main caretakers. Females prefer dominant males, and greater reproductive success is closely related to the higher ranking of the male.[35]

Black-capped chickadees may interbreed with Carolina chickadees or mountain chickadees where their ranges overlap. Interbreeding with boreal chickadees has also been documented, though it is more rare.[36]

Dominance hierarchy

During the winter, the species forms flocks through which dominance hierarchies can be easily observed. Dominance hierarchies play an important role in determining the social behaviors among the birds in these flocks. Positive correlates to higher social rankings include territory size, body condition, singing rate, and reproductive success.[37] The hierarchies are linear and stable; once a relationship is established between two birds, it stays the same for many years. In general, older and more experienced birds are dominant over younger ones, and males are dominant over females.[35] Dominant and subordinate members differ in their foraging strategies and risk-taking behaviors. Dominant individuals control access to preferred resources and restrict subordinates to foraging in novel, riskier, or suboptimal environments. Subordinate individuals are often observed foraging in the outermost tree parts that are more prone to predators, while dominant individuals forage low and close to the tree trunk.

In experiments, subordinate individuals display less neophobia when approaching novel foods and objects, compared to their dominant counterparts. Subordinate individuals are also more likely to enter novel environments than their dominant counterparts. This is similar to subordinate primates, which feed on novel food more readily than the dominant individuals because they are more used to eating suboptimal and unfamiliar food. No difference is observed in ability to learn novel foraging tasks between dominant and subordinate individuals.[37]

State and provincial bird

The black-capped chickadee is the state bird of Maine and Massachusetts and the provincial bird of New Brunswick. In 2014, the black-capped chickadee was named the official bird of Vancouver for 2015. In 2022 the black-capped chickadee was named the official bird of Calgary, Alberta. The bird is prominently featured on the standard Maine license plate, as well as welcome signs on major roadways in Massachusetts.

Conservation

The IUCN classifies the black-capped chickadee as least concern due to its wide distribution and large populations.[1] In Alaska and Washington, and parts of western Canada, black-capped chickadees are among a number of bird species affected by an unknown agent that is causing beak deformities, which may cause stress for affected species by inhibiting feeding ability, mating, and grooming. Black-capped chickadees were the first affected bird species, with reports of the deformity beginning in Alaska in the late 1990s, but more recently the deformity has been observed in close to 30 bird species in the affected areas.[38]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Poecile atricapillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22711716A118687681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711716A118687681.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 553–555, Plate 29 fig 1. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  3. ^ a b Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 341.
  5. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 82.
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  9. ^ Johansson, Ulf S.; Ekman, Jan; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Halvarsson, Peter; Ohlson, Jan I.; Price, Trevor D.; Ericson, Per G. P. (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 852–860. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.
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  12. ^ — Species — Birds of North America Online. Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2013-03-23.
  13. ^ Black-capped Chickadee, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-23.
  14. ^ Tricky Bird IDs: Black-capped and Carolina chickadees. Birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2013-03-23.
  15. ^ Ficken, M. S.; Ficken, R. W.; Witkin, S. R. (1978). "Vocal repertoire of the Black-capped Chickadee" (PDF). Auk. 95 (1): 34–48. doi:10.2307/4085493. JSTOR 4085493.
  16. ^ Jackson, Dave (24 March 2010). "Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society". Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Otter, Ken A (2007). Ecology and Behaviour of Chickadees and Titmice: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–230. ISBN 978-0-19-856999-2.
  18. ^ a b c d e Templeton, C. N.; Greene, E.; Davis, K. (2005). "Allometry of alarm calls: black-capped chickadees encode information about predator size". Science. 308 (5730): 1934–7. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1934T. doi:10.1126/science.1108841. PMID 15976305. S2CID 42276496.
  19. ^ a b c d e Goodwin, Sarah E.; Podos, Jeffrey (9 January 2013). "Shift of song frequencies in response to masking tones". Animal Behaviour. 85 (2): 435–440. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.003. S2CID 53269430.
  20. ^ a b c Hahn, Allison H.; Krysler, Amanda; Sturdy, Christopher B. (11 May 2013). "Female song in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus): Acoustic song features that contain individual identity information and sex differences". Behavioural Processes. 98: 98–105. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2013.05.006. PMID 23694740. S2CID 205978731.
  21. ^ a b c Dawson, Michael R. W.; Charrier, Isabelle; Sturdy, Christopher B. (May 2006). "Using an artificial neural network to classify black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) call note types". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 119 (5): 3161–3172. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..119.3161D. doi:10.1121/1.2189028. PMID 16708971. S2CID 33895874.
  22. ^ Heinrich, Bernd; Collins, Scott L. (June 1983). "Caterpillar Leaf Damage, and the Game of Hide-and-seek with Birds". Ecology. 64 (3): 592–602. doi:10.2307/1939978. JSTOR 1939978.
  23. ^ Hitchcock, C. L.; Sherry, D. F. (1990). "Long-term memory for cache sites in the Black-capped Chickadee". Animal Behaviour. 40 (4): 701. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80699-2. S2CID 54417376.
  24. ^ Sherry, D. F. (1984). "Food storage by the Black-capped Chickadee: memory for the location and contents of caches". Animal Behaviour. 32 (2): 451. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80281-X. S2CID 53151283.
  25. ^ Otter, Ken A. (2007). Ecology and Behaviour of Chickadees and Titmice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-19-856999-2.
  26. ^ Brittingham, M.C.; Temple, S.A. (1988). "Impacts of Supplemental Feeding on Survival Rates of Black-capped Chickadees". Ecology. 69 (3): 581. doi:10.2307/1941007. JSTOR 1941007.
  27. ^ Egan, E.S.; Brittingham, M.C. (1994). "Winter Survival Rates of a Southern Population of Black-capped Chickadees". Wilson Bulletin. 106 (3): 514.
  28. ^ Chaplin, S. B. (1974). "Daily energetics of the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus, in winter". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 89 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1007/BF00695350. S2CID 34190772.
  29. ^ Chaplin, S. B. (1976). "The physiology of hypothermia in the Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapillus". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 112 (3): 335–344. doi:10.1007/BF00692303. S2CID 31401778.
  30. ^ Thompson, Craig (Spring 1983). "The dominance hierarchy of the Black-capped Chickadee and its relation to breeding territory and frequency of visitation to an artificial food source". Field Station Bulletin. 16: 14–20 – via UWM Digital Commons.
  31. ^ Loery, G.; Nichols, J. D. (1985). "Dynamics of a Black-capped Chickadee population, 1958–1983". Ecology. 66 (4): 1195–1203. doi:10.2307/1939172. JSTOR 1939172.
  32. ^ Greenewalt, C. H. (1955). "The flight of the Black-capped Chickadee and the White-breated Nuthatch". Auk. 72 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/4081384. JSTOR 4081384.
  33. ^ Forbush, E.H. (1925-29) Birds of Massachusetts and other New England states. Mass. Dept. of Agriculture, Boston.
  34. ^ Löf, R. A. (1967). "Ten years of banding black-capped chickadees". EBBA News. 30: 195–198.
  35. ^ a b Oort, Harry Van; Otter, Kenneth A.; Fort, Kevin T.; Mcdonell, Zoe (2007). "Habitat, Dominance, And The Phenotypic Quality Of Male Black-Capped Chickadees". The Condor. 109 (1): 88. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2007)109[88:hdatpq]2.0.co;2. S2CID 85729695.
  36. ^ Lait, Linda; Lauff, R. F.; Burg, T. M. (2012). "Genetic evidence supports Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus) x Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) hybridization in Atlantic Canada". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 126: 143. doi:10.22621/cfn.v126i2.1330.
  37. ^ a b An, Yong Seok; Kriengwatana, Buddhamas; Newman, Amy E.; Macdougall-Shackleton, Elizabeth A.; Macdougall-Shackleton, Scott A. (2011). "Social Rank, Neophobia and Observational Learning in Black-capped Chickadees". Behaviour. 148 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1163/000579510x545829.
  38. ^ Beak Deformities. Alaska Science Center of the United States Geological Survey. Alaska.usgs.gov (15 February 2013). Retrieved on 2013-03-23.
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Black-capped chickadee: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a small, non-migratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests. It is a passerine bird in the tit family, the Paridae. It is the state bird of Massachusetts and Maine in the United States, and the provincial bird of New Brunswick in Canada. It is well known for its ability to lower its body temperature during cold winter nights, its good spatial memory to relocate the caches where it stores food, and its boldness near humans (sometimes feeding from the hand).

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visite a fonte
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Nigrakrona paruo ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La Nigrakrona paruo (Poecile atricapillus, iam Parus atricapillus) estas eta paseroforma birdo de la familio Paruedoj. Ĝi estas disvastigata en Kanado kaj norda Usono.

Taksonomio

Kvankam ofte lokita en la genro Paruo kun plej parto de aliaj paruoj, analizoj de DNA kaj de morfologio sugestas, ke separi Poecile estas pli akurate pri la rilataro inter tiuj birdoj (Gill et al., 2005). La American Ornithologists' Union traktas Poecile kiel distinga genro delonge.

La nomo de la genro Poecile estas ofte traktata kiel ina (kun finaĵoj por specioj kiaj atricapilla); tamen tion ne specifis la origina genraŭtoro Johann Jakob Kaup, kaj laŭ ICZN la nomo de la genro estu vira kun finaĵoj kiaj atricapillus (del Hoyo et al. 2007).

Aspekto

La Nigrakrona paruo havas nigrajn kronon kaj mentonon kun blankaj vangoj (el kiuj eroj la unua nomigas la specion kaj en Esperanto kaj en la latina scienca nomo atricapillus kio signifas same. La subaj partoj estas blankaj kun ruĝecbruno en la flankoj; la dorso estas griza. Ili havas mallongan malhelan bekon, mallongajn flugilojn kaj longan voston. La vosto estas ĉefe ardezgriza sed oni observis en centra Nov-Ĵerzejo en 2008 komplete blankan kaj ŝajne pli longan kaj elstaran ol la normala griza vosto. Almenaŭ unu alia tiel blanka vosto estis observita. [1]

Distribuado kaj habitato

La reprodukta habitato de la Nigrakrona paruo estas miksita aŭ decidua arbaro en Kanado, Alasko kaj norda Usono. La Nigrakrona paruo kaj Karolina paruo estas praktike nediferencigeblaj per vido, sed ili estas distingaj per voĉo. Ties punkto de koincido estas ĉe Nov-Brunsviko, Nov-Ĵerzejo.

Kutimaro

Ili estas konstantaj loĝantaj, sed foje moviĝas suden en sia teritorio vintre. Dum malvarmaj vintraj noktoj, tiuj birdoj reduktas sian korpotemperaturon ĝis 10-12 °C por konservi energion.

Dum la aŭtuna migrado kaj vintro, paruoj ofte ariĝas kune. Multaj aliaj specioj de birdoj, inklude paruojn, nuksrompulojn kaj paruliedojn, povas ofte kunmanĝi en tiuj aroj. Miksitaj aroj restas kune ĉar la paruoj alvokas kiam trovas bonan manĝofonton. Tiu alvoko formas unuigon por la grupo, permesante aliajn birdojn trovi manĝojn pli efike. Dum arado Nigrakrona paruo tuje starigas fortan socian hierarkion.

En malmulte loĝataj ruraj aŭ arbaraj areoj, tiuj paruoj estas ofte malpli timidaj ol en urba setlejo. Ili povas esti observataj montrantaj scivolemon pri nekutimaj homaj agadoj en sia habitato.

Voĉo

La voĉo de la Nigrakrona paruo estas tre kompleksa (Ficken et al., 1978). Oni klasus 13 distingajn voĉojn, multaj el kiuj estas komplikaj kaj povas komuniki diferencajn tipojn de informado. La kompleksa voĉo de tiuj paruoj estas eble evolua adaptiĝo ilia habitato: ili loĝas kaj manĝas en densa vegetaĵaro, kaj eĉ kiam la aro aras kune, individuoj povas esti nevideblaj de la aliaj aranoj.

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Nigrakrona paruo, Regiona Parko Strando Iona

La kanto de la Nigrakrona paruo estas simpl, klara fajfo aŭ du notoj, identaj en ritmo, la unua trione de la dua. Tio distingiĝas el la kvarnota alvoko de la Karolina paruo nome fi-bi fi-bej; el kio la plej malaltaj notoj estas preskaŭ identaj sed la plj altaj notoj fi malaperas, kio faras el la voĉo de la Nigrakrona paruo ion kian bi bej.

Gnome-speakernotes.svg
Nigrakrona paruo
Kelkaj 'gorĝaj' notoj, poste unu minuto kanta.
Ĉu problemoj aŭdigi ĉi tiun dosieron? Vidu helpon.

Maskloj kantas nur en relativa izoliĝo el aliaj paruoj (inklude siajn partnerojn). En malfrua somero kelkaj junuloj kantas nur unu noton. Ambaŭ seksoj foje faras simplan version de la kanto, kaj tio ŝajne uzeblas por manĝigado de junuloj.

La plej familiara alvoko estas la familiara ĉik-a-di-di-di kio nomigas la birdon en Usono. Tiu simpla alvoko estas surprize kompleksa. Oni observis, ke ĝi konsistas el ĝis 4 distingaj unuoj kiuj povas esti aranĝitaj en diferencaj formoj por komuniki informon pri minacoj el predantoj kaj kunordigado de la grupomovo. Ĵusaj studoj pri alvoko montras ke la nombro de notoj di indikas la nivelon de minaco el proksimaj predantoj. Analizo de ĉirkaŭ 5,000 alarmalvokoj de paruoj, oni trovis ke alarmalvokoj provokataj de malgrandaj, danĝeraj rabobirdoj havas pli mallongan intermezon inter ĉik kaj di kaj tendencas havi kromajn notoajn di, kutime averaĝe 4 anstataŭ du. En unu kazo, alarmalvoko pri nanaj strigoj, baza minaco por paruoj, enhavis 23 notojn di (Templeton et al., 2005). La Karolina paruo faras similan alvokon kiu estas pli rapida kaj altatona.

Estas multaj aliaj alvokoj kaj sonoj kiujn faras tiuj paruoj, kia gorĝa bruo kiun uzas kutime maskloj por indiki minacon de atako de alia masklo, ofte dum manĝo. Tiu alvoko estas uzita ankaŭ en seksa kunteksto. Tiu bruo estas inter la plej kompleksa de la alvokoj, enhavante 2-9 de 14 distingaj notoj en unu populacio studita.

Dieto

 src=
Nigrakrona paruo manĝas ĉe birdomanĝejoj kaj frapas sur branĉo por malfermi ĝin.

Tiuj birdoj saltetas inter branĉoj serĉe de manĝo, foje penditaj kapalteren; ili povas fari mallongajn flugojn por kapti insektojn dumfluge. Insektoj formas grandan parton de sia dieto, ĉefe somere; semoj kaj beroj iĝas gravaj vintre. Ili rapide prenas nigrajn oleosemojn de sunfloro el urbaj birdomanĝajoj. Ili foje martelas semojn sur arbo aŭ arbusto por malfermi ilin; ili ankaŭ stokas semojn por posta uzo.

Reproduktado

La Nigrakrona paruo nestumas en arbotruo; la paro elfosas la neston, uzante naturan kavaĵon aŭ foje malnovan neston de pego. Ili povas interreproduktiĝi kun Karolina paruo aŭ kun la Montoparuo kie la teritorioj koincidas.

Rilato kun homoj

Nigrakrona paruo en kulturo

Referencoj

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Nigrakrona paruo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La Nigrakrona paruo (Poecile atricapillus, iam Parus atricapillus) estas eta paseroforma birdo de la familio Paruedoj. Ĝi estas disvastigata en Kanado kaj norda Usono.

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Poecile atricapillus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El carbonero cabecinegro o carbonero de capucha negra (Poecile atricapillus),[2][3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia de los páridos (Paridae), endémica de América del Norte.

Distribución y hábitat

Se puede encontrar de costa a costa, desde la mitad septentrional de Estados Unidos en el sur, hasta la bahía James, el extremo sur de los Territorios del Noroeste y el Yukón y la mitad sur de Alaska en el norte. Su hábitat preferido es el bosque de hoja caduca o mixto caducifolio. También se encuentra en bosques abiertos, parques y áreas suburbanas.

La segregación de su hábitat es el principal factor que lo separa tanto del Poecile hudsonicus en el norte y el Poecile rufescens al noroeste (estas dos especies prefieren estrictamente los bosques de coníferas). La altitud también lo separa del Poecile gambeli en las montañas occidentales y el Poecile carolinensis en Great Smokey Mountains.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2016). «Parus atricapillus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017-2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 18 de septiembre de 2017.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Duodécima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Picathartidae a Paridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 56 (1): 127-134. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 3 de noviembre de 2012.
  3. «Carbonero Cabecinegro (Poecile atricapillus) Linnaeus, 1766». avibase. Consultado el 3 de noviembre de 2012.

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Poecile atricapillus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El carbonero cabecinegro o carbonero de capucha negra (Poecile atricapillus),​​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia de los páridos (Paridae), endémica de América del Norte.

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Poecile atricapillus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Poecile atricapillus Poecile generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Paridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Poecile atricapillus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Poecile atricapillus Poecile generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Paridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Amerikanhömötiainen ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Amerikanhömötiainen (Poecile atricapillus)[2] on pieni, tiaisiin kuuluva Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä varpuslintu.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Amerikanhömötiainen on 12-15 senttimetriä pitkä ja painaa 9-14 grammaa.[3] Amerikanhömötiaisella on musta pää ja leukalappu, valkoiset posket, harmaa selkä, siivet ja pyrstö sekä valkoinen vatsa ja ruskeat kupeet.[3]

Levinneisyys

Amerikanhömötiaisia esiintyy Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltain pohjoisosissa sekä Alaskassa.[3]

Ravinto

Talvisin amerikanhömötiainen syö puolet kasviravintoa, kuten siemeniä ja marjoja, ja puolet eläinperäistä ravintoa, kuten hyönteisiä, hämähäkkejä ja talia. Muulloin eläinravinnon osuuson 80-90 prosenttia.[3]

Lisääntyminen

Amerikanhömötiainen on kolopesijä. Se pesii linnunpönttöihin, luonnonkoloihin tai itse puuhun kovertamiinsa koloihin. Lintu munii 1-13 munaa, joita haudotaan 12-13 päivää. Poikaset viipyvät pesässä 12-16 päivää.[3]

Vanhin tunnettu luonnossa elänyt amerikanhömötiainen eli 12 vuotta ja 5 kuukautta vanhaksi.[3]

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Poecile atricapillus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 21.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet BirdLife Suomi. Viitattu 24.3.2018.
  3. a b c d e f Black-capped Chickadee allaboutbirds.org. Viitattu 18.5.2012.
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Amerikanhömötiainen: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Amerikanhömötiainen (Poecile atricapillus) on pieni, tiaisiin kuuluva Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä varpuslintu.

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Mésange à tête noire ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Poecile atricapillus

La mésange à tête noire (Poecile atricapillus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des paridés. C'est la plus commune des mésanges d'Amérique.

Description

D'une longueur de 12 à 14 cm, cet oiseau se caractérise par sa calotte noire, ses joues blanches, le dos gris, le ventre blanc et les flancs chamois parfois elle peut avoir des parties bleutées près des ailes.

Vol

Légèrement ondulé et se caractérisant par des arrêts fréquents, elle va très vite et n'a pas très peur des humains.

Répartition géographique et habitat

Elle se retrouve en Alaska, au Canada et dans le nord des États-Unis. Elle est sédentaire et occupe presque tous les habitats : forêts de feuillus ou mixtes, parcs, jardins...

Comportement

Poecile atricapillus.jpg

C'est un oiseau grégaire, en dehors de périodes de nidification, elle vit en groupe avec d'autres mésanges. C'est une visiteuse habituelle des mangeoires en hiver. Également, la mésange à tête noire est très curieuse. Elle n'hésite pas à venir manger dans des mains humaines lorsqu'on lui tend des graines de tournesol. Elle entre en hypothermie les nuits froides de l'hiver pour conserver son énergie.

Chant

Tchic-a-di di-di ou di-di-di ou Di-di-di tchic-a. On peut aussi entendre un fi-u.

Régime alimentaire

Elle se nourrit l’été surtout d'insectes (dont chenilles ), mais aussi de baies, de jeunes bourgeons, de tout petits escargots et de graines, etc. L'hiver, étant privée de beaucoup d'insectes, elle se nourrit de bourgeons, de quelques baies restantes sur les arbustes (aubépine, sureau, buissons ardents), de larves, d'insectes engourdis, de graines qu'elle trouve dans les mangeoires et parfois au sol quand il y a peu de neige. Elle est très peu farouche et peut venir s'alimenter dans les mains des humains quand ceux-ci lui tendent des graines (tournesols et arachides). Les mésanges adoptent des postures acrobatiques; le plus souvent suspendues la tête en bas pour dénicher leur nourriture dans les endroits les plus inaccessibles.

Reproduction

Mesange a tete noire.jpg

Elle pond de 6 à 8 œufs tachetés de rose très pâle dans un nid situé dans une cavité qu'elle creuse dans le tronc d'un arbre mort ou dans un nichoir. Elle s'abrite quelquefois dans des pots si elle ne trouve pas d'arbre mort. La couvaison, effectuée par la femelle, est de 12 à 16 jours. À la naissance, les oisillons n'ont pas de plumes, mais au bout de 3 jours on peut parfois apercevoir un petit duvet de plume.

La sortie du nid a lieu entre 13 et 15 jours, les jeunes mésanges sont alors en plein apprentissage, les parents les nourrissent encore pendant 8 à 10 jours; c'est à ce moment-là qu'on observe des oisillons, dans les haies de jardins, parfois malhabiles pour s'envoler et qu'on croit trop souvent tombés du nid.

Voir aussi

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wikipedia FR

Mésange à tête noire: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Poecile atricapillus

La mésange à tête noire (Poecile atricapillus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des paridés. C'est la plus commune des mésanges d'Amérique.

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Amerikaanse matkop ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vogels

De Amerikaanse matkop (Poecile atricapillus; synoniem: Parus atricapillus) is een zangvogel uit de familie van echte mezen (Paridae). De vogel komt voor in het noorden van de Verenigde Staten, Canada en Alaska. Het is de "nationale vogel" van de staten Maine en Massachusetts (beide VS) en de provincie New Brunswick (Canada).

Kenmerken

De Amerikaanse matkop heeft het formaat van een (Euraziatische) matkop en lijkt daar ook erg op. De Amerikaanse matkop heeft een grotere zwarte "bef" onder de snavel en maakt een ander geluid.

Binnen Noord-Amerika is weer het onderscheid tussen Amerikaanse matkop en Carolinamees erg lastig. De Carolinamees komt wat zuidelijker voor, maar er is een zone waar beide soorten voorkomen en waar zij ook hybridiseren. Voor kenners is het geluid het belangrijkste middel om de soorten te kunnen onderscheiden. Dit kenmerk is echter weer problematisch in de overlapzone door de aanwezigheid van bastaards en omdat blijkt dat de soorten elkaars geluiden imiteren.

Feitelijk vormen de Amerikaanse matkop, matkop, glanskop en Carolinamees een complex van nauw verwante soorten.

 src=
Amerikaanse matkop bij silo met vogelvoer.

Leefgebied

De vogel komt voor in gemengd bos, loofbos, parken, grote tuinen en wilgenstruweel. Een opvallend kenmerk van vogels in dun bevolkte gebieden is hun nieuwsgierigheid en gebrek aan schuwheid voor mensen en menselijke activiteiten.

De soort telt 9 ondersoorten:

  • P. a. turneri: centraal en zuidelijk Alaska en noordwestelijk Canada.
  • P. a. occidentalis: de zuidwestkust van Canada en de noordwestelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. fortuitus: inlands zuidwestelijk Canada en de noordwestelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. septentrionalis: van westelijk en centraal Canada tot de centrale Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. bartletti: Newfoundland.
  • P. a. atricapillus: van oostelijk Canada tot de centrale en noordoostelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. garrinus: de westelijk-centrale Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. nevadensis: de westelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • P. a. practicus: de Appalachen.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Amerikaanse matkop: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Amerikaanse matkop (Poecile atricapillus; synoniem: Parus atricapillus) is een zangvogel uit de familie van echte mezen (Paridae). De vogel komt voor in het noorden van de Verenigde Staten, Canada en Alaska. Het is de "nationale vogel" van de staten Maine en Massachusetts (beide VS) en de provincie New Brunswick (Canada).

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Sikora jasnoskrzydła ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sikora jasnoskrzydła (Poecile atricapillus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sikor (Paridae). Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków P. atricapillus[4][2]:

  • P. atricapillus turneri – środkowa i południowa Alaska i północno-zachodnia Kanada.
  • P. atricapillus occidentalis – wybrzeża południowo-zachodniej Kanady i północno-zachodnie USA.
  • P. atricapillus fortuitus – południowo-zachodnia Kanada i północno-zachodnie USA.
  • P. atricapillus septentrionalis – zachodnia i środkowa Kanada do środkowego USA.
  • P. atricapillus bartlettiNowa Fundlandia.
  • P. atricapillus atricapillus – wschodnia Kanada do środkowych i północno-wschodnich USA.
  • P. atricapillus garrinus – zachodnio-środkowe USA.
  • P. atricapillus nevadensis – zachodnie USA.
  • P. atricapillus practicusAppalachy.
Charakterystyka
Długość ciała 12,7 cm, rozpiętość skrzydeł 18‒20 cm, masa ciała 11 g. Charakterystyczna czarna czapka i śliniaczek o postrzępionym dolnym brzegu; policzki białe. Boki płowe. Biało obrzeżone pokrywy skrzydłowe. Często żeruje w mieszanych stadkach jak większość sikor. Odwiedza karmniki.
Zasięg, środowisko
Liściaste oraz mieszane zadrzewienia, zarośla wierzbowe i żywopłoty. Gniazda zakłada w dziuplach i w skrzynkach lęgowych. Osiadła w środkowej i północno-zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

Przypisy

  1. Poecile atricapillus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 1 sierpnia 2012].
  3. Parus atricapillus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2012-08-02] (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, Minturn Wright, David Donsker: Family Paridae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2 sierpnia 2012].

Bibliografia

  • Wiesław Dudziński, Marek Keller, Andrew Gosler: Atlas ptaków świata. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Multico, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
  • David Chandler, Dominic Couzens, Euan Dunn, Jonathan Elphic, Rob Hume i inni: Fakty o zwierzętach świata: Ptaki. Warszawa: MULTICO, 2008. ISBN 978-83-7073-583-8.
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Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
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Sikora jasnoskrzydła: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Sikora jasnoskrzydła (Poecile atricapillus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sikor (Paridae). Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków P. atricapillus:

P. atricapillus turneri – środkowa i południowa Alaska i północno-zachodnia Kanada. P. atricapillus occidentalis – wybrzeża południowo-zachodniej Kanady i północno-zachodnie USA. P. atricapillus fortuitus – południowo-zachodnia Kanada i północno-zachodnie USA. P. atricapillus septentrionalis – zachodnia i środkowa Kanada do środkowego USA. P. atricapillus bartletti – Nowa Fundlandia. P. atricapillus atricapillus – wschodnia Kanada do środkowych i północno-wschodnich USA. P. atricapillus garrinus – zachodnio-środkowe USA. P. atricapillus nevadensis – zachodnie USA. P. atricapillus practicus – Appalachy. Charakterystyka Długość ciała 12,7 cm, rozpiętość skrzydeł 18‒20 cm, masa ciała 11 g. Charakterystyczna czarna czapka i śliniaczek o postrzępionym dolnym brzegu; policzki białe. Boki płowe. Biało obrzeżone pokrywy skrzydłowe. Często żeruje w mieszanych stadkach jak większość sikor. Odwiedza karmniki. Zasięg, środowisko Liściaste oraz mieszane zadrzewienia, zarośla wierzbowe i żywopłoty. Gniazda zakłada w dziuplach i w skrzynkach lęgowych. Osiadła w środkowej i północno-zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej.
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Amerikansk talltita ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Amerikansk talltita[2] (Poecile atricapillus) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen mesar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Amerikansk talltita delas upp i nio underarter:[3]

Släktestillhörighet

Arten placerade tidigare i det stora messläktet Parus. Data från jämförande studier av DNA och morfologi visade att en uppdelning av släktet bättre beskriver mesfåglarnas släktskap[4][5] varför de flesta auktoriteter idag behandlar Poecile som ett distinkt släkte.[3]

Namn

Det vetenskapliga namnet Poecile har ofta kategoriserats som femininum vilket resulterat i att artepitetet stavats hudsonica. Men Johann Jakob Kaup, auktor för taxonet Poecile, specificerade inte detta och genom att följa regelverket uppsatt av ICZN så måste släktnamnet kategoriseras som maskulinum vilket ger att artepitet förblir atricapillus.[6]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, och tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2016 Poecile atricapillus Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-20.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b c] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-02-01
  4. ^ Gill, F.B., B. Slikas, and F.H. Sheldon (2005), Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene, Auk 122, 121-143.
  5. ^ Johansson, U.S., J. Ekman, R.C.K. Bowie, P. Halvarsson, J.I. Ohlson, T.D. Price, and P.G.P. Ericson (2013), A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae), Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69, 852-860.
  6. ^ del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Christie D. (eds). (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422

Externa länkar

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Amerikansk talltita: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Amerikansk talltita (Poecile atricapillus) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen mesar inom ordningen tättingar.

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Гаїчка світлокрила ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK
Poecile atricapillus High Park.jpg

Гаїчка світлокрила (Poecile atricapillus) — американська співоча пташка. Оскільки все ще дискутується питання, чи Poecile являє собою окремий рід, чи підрід роду Parus, в науковій літературі назва гаїчки світлокрилої часто подається також як Parus atricapillus.

Морфологія

Довжина тіла гаїчки світлокрилої — близько 13 см. Це відносно невелика співоча пташка з відносно великою головою. Верх голови, шия і горло мають чорне оперення, на щоках біле, сіре на спині і жовто-коричневе знизу і на боках. Короткі темні крила і довгий хвіст темносірі з білими краями.

Вокалізація - виразна і нешвидка трель чік-a-ді-ді-ді, звідси і англійська назва птаха англ. Chickadee. Як твердить Andy Bezener, ця вокалізація призначена для утримання зграї разом та комунікації між її членами[1].

Поширення

Гаїчка світлокрила традиційно поширена в лісах зі старими деревостанами на півдні Канади і на півночі США, але також масово трапляється в парках і серед міської забудови.

Поведінка

Гаїчка світлокрила збирає комах, насіння і ягоди в заростях, роблячи також припаси на холодну пору року. Взимку птах часто відвідує годівнички і навіть їсть з рук людей. Поза сезоном розмноження гаїчки світлокрилі утворюють малі галасливі зграї. Як правило, ці зграї включають близько десяти птахів.

Розмноження

У травні або червні гаїчка світлокрила будує мископодібне гніздо з рослин, пір'я і волосся в дуплах дерев або в синичнику. У кладці близько восьми яєць. Добре вивчений вплив соціальної ієрархії на репродуктивну поведінку. Завдяки маленьким зимовим зграям, гаїчка світлокрила дуже добре знайома з іншими птахами свого виду у своїй безпосередній зоні розмноження і формує соціальну ієрархію. Звичайно, паруються між собою найвищі в ієрархії партнери. Іноді вони тримаються разом довше, ніж один сезон розмноження. Тим не менше, самки покидають своїх партнерів, коли їм трапляється нагода спаруватися з самцем вищого рангу. [2] Це було доведено в дослідженні, в якому були вилучені самки у семи самців найвищого рангу. Протягом наступних двох днів самиці, що залишилися на території зграї, відокремлювалися від своїх самців, щоб вступити у відносини з доступними чоловіками вищого рангу. Після того, як нові самиці зайняли вищий ранг, вони почали переслідувати інших самиць нижчого рангу. Нарешті, щоб завершити дослідження, зі зграї було забрано шістьох самок нижчого рангу, спарованих з самцями нижчого рангу. Ці самці так і залишилися без партнерок[3].

Там, де ареали поширення перекриваються, цей вид може схрещуватися з гаїчкою каролінською і з гаїчкою гірською.

Джерела

Література

Інтернет-джерела

Примітки

  1. Bezener Andy. Birds of Ontario. — Edmonton: Lone Pine, 2000. — P. 236. (англ.)
  2. Joan Roughgarden: Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press, Berkeley 2004, ISBN 0-520-24073-1, P. 54 and P. 55.
  3. Joan Roughgarden: Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press, Berkeley 2004, ISBN 0-520-24073-1. — P. 55.
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wikipedia UK

Гаїчка світлокрила: Brief Summary ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK
Poecile atricapillus High Park.jpg

Гаїчка світлокрила (Poecile atricapillus) — американська співоча пташка. Оскільки все ще дискутується питання, чи Poecile являє собою окремий рід, чи підрід роду Parus, в науковій літературі назва гаїчки світлокрилої часто подається також як Parus atricapillus.

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direitos autorais
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia UK

Bạc má mũ đen ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Bạc má mũ đen, tên khoa học Poecile atricapillus, là một loài chim trong họ Paridae.[2] Nó là chim biểu tượng tiểu bang của MaineMassachusetts ở Hoa Kỳ, là chim biểu tượng tỉnh New Brunswick ở Canada. Loài chim này đáng chú ý với khả năng hạ thấp nhiệt độ cơ thể của nó trong đêm mùa đông lạnh, trí nhớ không gian xác định nơi cất trữ thức ăn, và sự dạn dĩ của nó đối với con người (chúng có thể ăn thức ăn trên bàn tay con người).

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Parus atricapillus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Bạc má mũ đen: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Bạc má mũ đen, tên khoa học Poecile atricapillus, là một loài chim trong họ Paridae. Nó là chim biểu tượng tiểu bang của MaineMassachusetts ở Hoa Kỳ, là chim biểu tượng tỉnh New Brunswick ở Canada. Loài chim này đáng chú ý với khả năng hạ thấp nhiệt độ cơ thể của nó trong đêm mùa đông lạnh, trí nhớ không gian xác định nơi cất trữ thức ăn, và sự dạn dĩ của nó đối với con người (chúng có thể ăn thức ăn trên bàn tay con người).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Черношапочная гаичка ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Гаичка черношапочная.
Ричмонд, Британская Колумбия

Черношапочная гаичка[1] (лат. Poecile atricapillus) — небольшая птичка из семейства синицевых, обитающая в Северной Америке.

Описание

Небольшая птичка около 13 см в длину. Легко выделяется своим маленьким пухлым телом, большой чёрной шапочкой на голове, чёрным пятном на горле, и белыми щёчками. Верхняя часть тела и крылья тёмные зеленовато-серые, с белыми и чёрными полосками. Грудка по бокам тёмно-жёлтая, в середине беловатая. Клюв и лапки тёмные, преимущественной чёрные. По окраске самцы и самки не отличаются друг от друга.

Побаловки, а затем песня черношапочной гаички

Отличия от схожих видов

В районах, где ареал черношапочной гаички пересекается с ареалом близкой ей каролинской гаички (Poecile carolinensis), а это территория США от южных районов Канзаса до центрального Нью-Джерси, идентификация может быть несколько затруднена. В таких случаях выделяют следующие различия при сравнении:

  • У гаички каролинской чёрное пятно в передней части шеи меньше и более ярко выражено.
  • У гачички черношапочной на внутренней стороне больших кроющих перьев крыла имеются широкие белые каёмки, в то время как у гаички каролинской они серого цвета.
  • У гачички черношапочной белая каёмка у внешней стороны хвоста гораздо шире.
  • У каролинской гаички желтовато-коричневая окраска брюшка слабее выражена.

Распространение

Обитает в Северной Америке. Ареал захватывает большую часть территории Канады и примерно две трети территории США. Живёт в лиственных лесах, редколесье; встречается в тополиных рощах и лозняках, встречается в парках. Ведёт оседлый образ жизни, но зимой может перелетать на юг в пределах своего ареала.

Образ жизни

Черношапочные гаички прыгают, как домовые воробьи: чаще на ветках деревьев, реже на земле. Формирование пары происходит осенью, яйца откладываются в промежутке между апрелем и серединой июля, в зависимости от широты. Самка строит гнездо и насиживает яйца сама, самец в это время приносит ей пищу. Гнездо устраивается в дуплах деревьев, часто на месте старых гнёзд дятлов. В районах пересекания с гаичкой каролинской и гаичкой Гамбела (Poecile gambeli) могут появляться межвидовые гибриды. Иногда самка оставляет кладку и на короткое время, до 7 минут, улетает в поисках еды.

Каждая пара имеет свою территорию, размер которой варьирует от 1.5 до 5.3 гектар. Многие пары остаются вместе в течение нескольких лет подряд. Негнездовые гаички сбиваются в смешанные стайки вместе с поползнями, дятлами, корольками (Regulus), славками (Sylviidae) и виреонами (vireo).

Питается как животной, так и растительной пищей: насекомыми, пауками, ягодами жимолости и черники, семенами тсуги, восковыми ягодами сумаха ядовитого (Toxicodendron radicans) и восковницы (Myrica). Во время брачного периода предпочитает гусениц. Соотношение животной и растительной пищи оценивается как 70 % на 30 %.

Систематика

Гаичку черношапочную часто по традиции причисляют к роду Parus, однако данные последовательности цитохромы b в митохондриальной ДНК и морфологические отличия показывают, что род гаички (Poecile) более адекватно выражают особенности этих птиц (Gill et al., 2005). Американский орнитологический союз (англ. American Ornithologists' Union) некоторое время назад выделил этот род как отдельный.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 367. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Черношапочная гаичка: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Гаичка черношапочная.
Ричмонд, Британская Колумбия

Черношапочная гаичка (лат. Poecile atricapillus) — небольшая птичка из семейства синицевых, обитающая в Северной Америке.

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アメリカコガラ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
アメリカコガラ Poecile-atricapilla-001.jpg 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : シジュウカラ科 Paridae : シジュウカラ属 Parus : アメリカコガラ P. atricapillus 学名 Parus atricapillus
(Linnaeus, 1766) 和名 アメリカコガラ 英名 Black-capped Chickadee

アメリカコガラ(学名:Parus atricapillus)は、スズメ目シジュウカラ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

生態[編集]

全長13cm程度の大きさのアメリカ大陸北部に分布する留鳥。広葉樹林に群れを成して生活する。同じコガラの名を持つカロライナコガラとは南部と北部で棲み分けており、生息域が重なる区域は少ない。カロライナコガラとは、喉元の黒色模様が真っ直ぐではないのと、一部の羽が白っぽい部分が異なる。近年の研究で、その鳴き声が複雑で様々な情報を持つことがわかった[1]

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国カナダ


Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
スズメ小目 Passerida
ウグイス上科 Sylvioidea

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 鳴き声で危険の度合いまでを警告するアメリカコガラ


関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アメリカコガラに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
 title=
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
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wikipedia 日本語

アメリカコガラ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

アメリカコガラ(学名:Parus atricapillus)は、スズメ目シジュウカラ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語