There is not a clear understanding if seedling recruitment following fire is the
result of fire directly stimulating the germination of banked seed, or if better seedling
survival occurs due to removal of competition [48,85]. Li and others [48] performed
tests on fragrant sumac seeds meant to simulate fire: they burned seeds and subjected
seeds to dry heat and boiling water. All of these treatments were ineffective in promoting seed
germination, so they concluded that in this species, seedling recruitment may
not always increase following fire; seedling establishment following fire is
likely the result of increased seedling survival due to the removal of litter and
light competition, and not the result of enhanced germination by high temperatures.
A spring burn killed 100% of fragrant sumac saplings in an oak-hickory
community in north-central Arkansas; however, seedlings were found establishing
on the site in the 1st summer following the burn at an average density of 3.7
plants/10m2 (there was no determination if "seedlings"
were from seed germination or sprouting) [35].
Fire also eliminated fragrant sumac from an oak-hickory community in
Missouri. The study plots were burned in the spring either annually or on
a 5-year cycle; study was carried out over a 14-year period. In both burn
treatments, fragrant sumac was eliminated and no regrowth of fragrant
sumac was observed [61].
A winter burn eliminated fragrant sumac from the seedling/sapling component
of a little bluestem-indiangrass community in Southern Illinois. Prior to
burning, fragrant sumac existed in the grassland at a density of 58 stems/acre.
One hundred percent of the fragrant sumac stems were killed by the
fire, and no resprouting was observed in the posttreatment surveys done in the
summer of the same year. The lack of resprouting was likely the result of
the fire burning very severely due to a heavy litter accumulation [2].
In a different burn study in a grassland ecosystem, fragrant sumac apparently
increased in occurrence after fire in a tallgrass prairie community in north-eastern
Kansas. The burns were conducted in April and were reported to have moved
slowly, 3.3-6.6 feet/min (1-2 m/sec), and maintained low flame
heights, <1.6 feet (<0.5m). Fragrant sumac had a 0% canopy cover preburn;
0.1% the 1st year postburn, and 0.5% the 2nd year postburn [1].
Spring burning apparently promoted fragrant sumac in oak and shortleaf pine
savannas in south-central Missouri. The study area was burned in April of
1999 and 2000, and vegetation surveys were performed in August, 1999 and
2000. Fragrant sumac was absent in pretreatment vegetation surveys, but
it showed up in posttreatment surveys (no quantification of sumac occurrence
was given) [49].
The PLANTS database [79] lists fragrant sumac as having protection status in three states:
Connecticut: R. a. - special concern
Indiana: R. a. var. arenaria - threatened
Ohio: R. a. var. arenaria - presumed extirpated
In addition, the Wisconsin Botanical Information System [80] currently lists fragrant sumac as being a species of special concern.
This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Several florae provide keys for identifying fragrant sumac [4,11,25,26,34,69].
Fragrant sumac is a native woody shrub that achieves a mature height of 5 to 8.2 feet (1.5-2.5 m) [4,74]. Fragrant sumac typically has a thicket-forming growth habit as a result of prolific layering and sprouting [13,56]. Leaves are fragrant when bruised, deciduous and alternate with 3 leaflets that are variable in shape, lobing, and margin [26]. Mature leaflets are usually coarsely-toothed; terminal leaflets are 1.8 to 2.6 inches long (3-6.5 cm) [25]. Flower buds are formed terminally in the summer for flowering the following spring [11]. Individual flowers are inconspicuous and produced in showy, dense clusters or spikes, 0.7 to 2.5 inches (2-8 cm) long. The fruits are hairy drupes, 0.2 to 0.3 inches (5 - 7 mm) in diameter, each containing a single seed [26]. Fragrant sumac is rhizomatous, and forms an extensive, shallow root system [68]. Fragrant sumac can tolerate sites with high moisture fluctuations from saturation/flooding in winter and spring to extremely dry in summer [7].
Species: There is some confusion in the literature as to the distribution of fragrant sumac because of the difficulty in differentiating fragrant sumac from skunkbush sumac [4,18,86]. For this review, fragrant sumac is discussed in its eastern range from Quebec, Ontario and Vermont, south to the Florida panhandle, west to eastern South Dakota, and central Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. [4,13,45,68].
Varieties: R. aromatica var. aromatica occurs throughout the distribution of fragrant sumac. R. aromatica var. arenaria occurs in northern Ohio, northern Indiana, and northeastern Illinois [11,25,37,54]. R. aromatica var. serotina occurs in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas [25,37]. R. aromatica var. illinoensis occurs in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma [25].
Plants database provides a distributional map of fragrant sumac and its infrataxa [79] .
Fire adaptations: Fragrant sumac sprouts after fire from roots and rhizomes [24,52,56,68,90]. Seedling establishment can occur from banked seed [46] or from seed disseminated by birds or mammals [45]. Seedling establishment of fragrant sumac may be prolific in the first 1 or 2 years after fire or other disturbance [49,56].
FIRE REGIMES: As of this writing (2005), there are no published fire history studies on fragrant sumac-dominated communities.
The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where fragrant sumac occurs. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) maple-beech-birch Acer-Fagus-Betula > 1,000 silver maple-American elm Acer saccharinum-Ulmus americana < 35 to 200 sugar maple Acer saccharum > 1,000 [84] bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 40,62] sugarberry-America elm-green ash Celtis laevigata-Ulmus americana-Fraxinus pennsylvanica < 35 to 200 beech-sugar maple Fagus spp.-Acer saccharum > 1,000 [84] juniper-oak savanna Juniperus ashei-Quercus virginiana < 35 Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei 62] cedar glades Juniperus virginiana 3-22 [27,62] shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 2-15 shortleaf pine-oak Pinus echinata-Quercus spp. < 10 loblolly-shortleaf pine Pinus taeda-P. echinata 10 to < 35 Virginia pine-oak Pinus virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to < 35 oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. < 35 northeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. 10 to < 35 southeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. < 10 white oak-black oak-northern red oak Quercus alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra < 35 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa < 10 [84] oak savanna Quercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [62,84] post oak-blackjack oak Quercus stellata-Q. marilandica < 10 black oak Quercus velutina < 35 [84] little bluestem-grama prairie Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. 62]Flowers, fruit, foliage, and twigs of fragrant sumac are utilized by a variety of bird and animal species. Birds reported to feed on fruits of fragrant sumac include thrushes, robins, bluebirds, thrashers, catbirds, mockingbirds, crows, turkeys, flickers, and bobwhite quail [36,45]. Because fragrant sumac fruit matures in early summer, fruit is largely utilized by resident bird populations, and not so much by migratory populations [45]. White-tailed deer have been observed feeding on twigs and fruits of fragrant sumac [17,45]. The species is listed as a preferred winter browse species for white-tailed deer in the Missouri Ozarks [55], but not a preferred species in eastern Kansas [81]. Small mammals reported to feed on fruits of fragrant sumac include raccoons, squirrels, and opossums [34]. Brown thrashers have been observed nesting in fragrant sumac in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas [16].
Palatability/nutritional value: Seeds of fragrant sumac contain a high percentage of oil, and the energy content is 5,304 calories/g [36]. The fruit may be a source of easily digestible, quick energy, but the small size of the seeds limits the food value of the seeds [76].
Cover value: The thicket-forming growth habit of fragrant sumac makes it a good cover species for birds and small mammals [68,87].
Eastern redcedar communities:
Fragrant sumac is a common shrub or small tree component in eastern redcedar
(Juniperus virginiana) communities throughout much of its range [7,14,29,30,39,42,57,67,70,72]. In Tennessee cedar glades, fragrant sumac thickets
develop in open-canopy forests where eastern redcedar is the predominant tree
species; winged elm (Ulmus alata), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis),
oaks (Quercus. spp.) and ash (Fraxinus spp.) often become mixed
with the eastern redcedar component in later successional stages [63]. In a
description of an eastern redcedar savannah in Ontario, fragrant sumac is listed
as being a component of the "rich understory layer" in association with
downy pagoda-plant (Blephilia ciliata), common hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata),
and hairyjoint meadowparsnip (Thaspium barbinode) [38]. In the Piedmont and
Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina, the eastern redcedar-dominated communities
where fragrant sumac occurs may contain Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana)
and a variety of deciduous hardwood associates: pignut hickory (Carya glabra),
northern red oak (Q. rubra), white ash (F. americana), red maple
(Acer rubrum), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), mockernut hickory
(C. tomentosa), and American elm (U. americana) [72]. In New York, the
eastern redcedar component may also contain American elm, rock elm (U. thomasii),
bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), white ash, shagbark hickory (C. ovata),
basswood (Tilia americana), pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica),
paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)
[66]. Other woody associates commonly found associated with eastern redcedar in communities
where fragrant sumac occurs are blackjack oak (Q.marilandica), Carolina
buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana), rusty blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum),
dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia), coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus),
and Alabama supplejack (Berchemia scandens). Herbaceous associates may include little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), switchgrass
(Panicum virgatum), dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), yellow fumewort
(Corydalis flavula), anemone (Anemone spp.), creamflower rockcress
(Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa), roundleaf ragwort (Packera obovata),
Wright's cliffbrake (Pellaea wrightiana), red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis),
and various sedges (Carex spp.) [42,70,72].
Oak and oak-hickory communities:
Fragrant sumac is a common woody shrub in a variety of oak and oak-hickory communities [53].
The species occurs in black oak (Q. velutina) forests in Illinois as an
understory component with common pricklyash (Zanthoxylum americanum) and gray
dogwood (Cornus racemosa) [58], and is also found in the understory of drier
black oak communities in southeastern Michigan [3]. Fragrant sumac is "locally
abundant" in the post oak-black hickory forest community [39] of the Missouri Ozarks,
and is also common in oak-hickory (Carya spp.) communities in Illinois [50] and
Tennessee [64]. In the Upper Midwest states and southeastern Ontario,
fragrant sumac occurs in dry, calcareous oak savannas dominated by white oak,
chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), and shagbark hickory [88]. In
West Virginia, fragrant sumac occurs in the Appalachian oak and oak-hickory-pine
(Pinus spp) forest associations [78]. Fragrant sumac occurs in the basic
oak-hickory forest type in North Carolina with a variety of hickory species and
the primary oaks being white, post, black, and chinkapin [70].
Other woody communities:
Fragrant sumac is one of the most common woody plants found in the Ashe's juniper
(J. ashei) communities in southwestern Missouri [28]. In the Ozark Highlands
of southeastern Missouri, fragrant sumac can be found as a shrub component in pine-oak
forests composed of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), black oak, white oak (Q.
alba), post oak (Q. stellata), blackjack oak, black hickory (C.
texana) and mockernut hickory [10,75]. In the limestone and dolomitic glades of the
Ozark region in Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, fragrant sumac is one of the most common
shrub species in the sugar maple (Acer saccharum)-white oak climax communities
that develop along the edges of grass/forb-dominated openings [6]. In Ohio,
fragrant sumac commonly occurs in the rocky banks and sand dunes along edges of
the elm (Ulmus spp.)-ash forest association [11]. In West Virginia,
fragrant sumac occurs in the northern hardwoods forest association [78].
Grassland communities:
In addition to the forest communities discussed above, fragrant sumac
occurs in a variety of grassland communities [53]. In the tallgrass prairie region
of Kansas, fragrant sumac is one of the most abundant shrub species where the predominant
grasses are bluestem (Andropogon spp.), indiangrass, little bluestem, and switchgrass [12];
it can be found in shrub thickets that dominate upper draws and limestone outcrops, and it also
occurs as an understory species in the forested areas dominated by bur oak, chinkapin oak, hackberry,
and American elm [22]. Fragrant sumac occurs in the tallgrass savannas in Illinois [60], with
little bluestem in Tennessee [5], and in the blackjack oak/little bluestem woodland association in
Oklahoma [33]. In eastern Oklahoma, fragrant sumac can be dominant enough in some areas to form a
fragrant sumac shrubland alliance and a fragrant sumac shrubland association [33].
Sumac species in general are valuable for erosion control because of their extensive root systems [68]. The showy fall foliage and drought hardiness of fragrant sumac make it a desirable shrub for ornamental and windbreak plantings [87].
Native peoples are reported to have made a drink from the fruits of fragrant sumac [78]. Fruits and leaves are reported to have a variety of herbal pharmacological uses: analgesic, antidiarrheal, burn dressing, cold remedy, dietary aid, diuretic, toothache remedy, reproduction aid, and gynecological aid [37].
Fragrant sumac reproduces from seeds and by sprouting and layering [46,52,56].
Breeding system: Fragrant sumac is polygamodioecious [26].
Pollination: Fragrant sumac is pollinated primarily by bees [68].
Seed production: Fragrant sumac produces 1-seeded drupes composed of a papery exocarp, a pulpy mesocarp, and a stony endocarp which encloses the true seed [47]. Brinkman [13] noted that the species produces "copious quantities" of seeds.
Seed dispersal: Seeds of fragrant sumac are spread primarily by birds and small mammals [13,45].
Seed banking: Fragrant sumac can form a persistent soil seed bank with some seeds remaining viable for 1-5 years after being incorporated into the soil profile. Viability is greatly reduced within 5 years due to a gradual loss of seed-coat impermeability. Seed bank may be replenished slowly due to herbivory of the fruits; animals eat the fruits and remove them from the site. [46].
Germination: Seed dormancy in fragrant sumac is caused by a hard, impermeable seed coat and a dormant embryo [30,9,45). Seeds must undergo maturation desiccation and cold stratification before they will germinate; desiccation must occur before cold stratification [47]. In laboratory tests, seeds that were not cold-stratified showed 0-15% germination, whereas stratified seeds showed germination of greater than 90% [13,31,47]. High temperatures have little to no effect in breaking seed dormancy in fragrant sumac [47,48].
Seedling establishment/growth: In grassland communities, seedlings of all shrub species compete directly with grasses for water and nutrients and many will die from this competition [89]. Seedling establishment of fragrant sumac may be prolific in the 1st year after fire or other disturbance [56]. Results of seed germination tests suggest seedling establishment following fire is probably the result of increased seedling survival due to the removal of litter and light competition, and not the result of enhanced germination from high temperatures. [48,85]. Seedlings rarely become established in dense thickets of fragrant sumac [56].
Asexual regeneration: Fragrant sumac reproduces clonally by sprouting from the roots and rhizomes [68]. Sprouting can occur from rhizomes as far as 12-16 feet (3.7-4.6 m) away from the original stem [24]. Fragrant sumac has been observed to sprout and form small thickets in the 1st few years following fire [52,56,90]. Fragrant sumac's sprouting ability also allows it to spread into newly developed soil mats in rocky areas and the openings along the edges of forested glades [38,63]. The density and frequency of new sprouts is reduced by frequent or recurring disturbance [61]. Li and others [46] consider it a "weak sprouter", especially when compared to other sumac species such as smooth sumac (R. glabra).
Layering occurs in fragrant sumac when stems grow into contact with the ground and develop adventitious roots. New sprouts develop from the new roots bases and repeat the cycle of growth, layering and sprouting [56].
The scientific name of fragrant sumac is Rhus aromatica Ait. (Anacardiaceae)
[25,26,37,69,78,83]. Based on differences in geographic distribution, leaf
size and shape, and pubescence of stems, leaves and fruits, 3 varieties are
most often recognized [25,37,54]:
R. a. var. arenaria (Green) Fern. [11,25,37,54]
R. a. var. aromatica
R. a. var. serotina (Greene) Rehd. [25,37,54]
Although most florae recognize 3 varieties of fragrant sumac listed above, a 4th
variety, R. a. var. illinoensis (Greene) Rehd., is recognized
by some authors [25,54].
Hybrids: Fragrant sumac may hybridize with skunkbush sumac (R. trilobata) [4].
Fragrant sumac is well suited for revegetation and reclamation of eroded, disturbed, or depleted sites because of its ability to tolerate poor, dry, rocky soils, and its ability to grow at a low ph (4.5) [68,82]. The species has not been tested on mine spoils throughout the entire mining region in the eastern United States, but it has been observed "volunteering" on mine soils in many locations. At 1 test site in West Virginia, 15-year-old plantings of fragrant sumac had successfully developed into open stands with a height of 3 to 4 feet (0.9-1.2 m) [82].
Fragrant sumac was first cultivated in the United States in 1759 [13]. It can be propagated vegetatively by rooting stem cuttings or by field-planting stem cuttings; the latter method is the one used in most commercial operations [68].
Propagation from seed is also an effective method for fragrant sumac. Fruits can be collected in late fall and early winter, and seeds can be cleaned or sown with pieces of the fruit wall still attached. Flotation can be used to separate out empty seeds [13]. Because seed dormancy in fragrant sumac is caused by both a hard seed coat and a dormant embryo, both scarification and stratification are required before seeds will germinate [31,47]. Scarification with sulfuric acid for 1 hour at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 oC) followed by cold stratification at 33.8 to 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit (1-4 oC) for 1 to 3 months is recommended for fragrant sumac. If seeds will be sown in the fall, scarification is required, but the artificial cold stratification can be skipped as it will be achieved naturally in the soil environment [68]. Li and others [48] found that soaking the seeds in a Gibberellic acid solution at a concentration of 500 or 1000 mg/liter achieved the same results as the cold stratification treatment. Li and others [47] found that the germination of fragrant sumac seeds is rather insensitive to light and temperature, although, their study did show that the best germination occurred with a treatment that alternated a 12-hour photoperiod at 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 oC) with a 12-hour dark period at 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 oC) .
Rhus aromatica, ye una especie de zumaque perteneciente a la familia de les anacardiacees. Ye orixinaria de Norteamérica.
Conocíu popularmente como zumaque goliosu, ye un parrotal que suel crecer percima de 2 m d'altor. Les sos fueyes son trifoliaes, con peciolos curtios d'unos 2 cm de llargor; los trés foliolos son sésiles y tán cubiertos d'un vellu aterciopeláu cuando son nuevos. El foliolu terminal ye considerablemente mayor que los otros dos. Les flores son pequeñes, de color verde amarellentáu; brotando primero qu'apaezan les fueyes, les flores arrexuntar n'espigues laxas. Los frutos son pequeñes drupes de color coloráu y tán cubiertes de pelillos blancos, tieneen el tamañu d'un arbeyu.
Ye un parrotal goliosu orixinariu de les rexones orientales d'América del Norte.
Hai noticies del zumaque publicada por autores antiguos, anque nun se refieren a la especie americana, sinón a especies del sur d'Europa, como Rhus cotinus, denomináu'l zumaque venecianu, o a la especie Rhus coriaria, nativu de la rexón mediterránea y vendida en dómines antigües polos comerciantes d'Alepo.
Ye astrinxente y diuréticu. La so actividá deriva del so altu conteníu de taníns, anque ye pocu usáu en fitoterapia. Puede ser útil nel tratamientu de la foria y de la menstruación escasa, según nel tratamientu de la diabetes ya inflamaciones del reñón y vexiga urinaria. Encamentóse pa dalo a neños que se mean na cama, asiciándolo con plantes sedantes y anti neuríticas como'l hipérico.[1]
Tien pocu usu pos la so manipulación puede provocar dermatosis en suxetos sensibles.
Contién una abondosa cantidá de taníns gálicos (27%), flavonoles, un 0'07% d'aceite esencial, gomes, resines, oxalatos y ceres.
Rhus aromatica describióse por William Aiton y espublizóse en Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue . . . 1: 367. 1789.[2]
Rhus: nome xenéricu que deriva de la pallabra griega pa "coloráu", una alusión a los llamativos colores de seronda de delles especies.
aromatica: epítetu llatín que significa "arumosa".
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Rhus aromatica, ye una especie de zumaque perteneciente a la familia de les anacardiacees. Ye orixinaria de Norteamérica.
Rhus aromatica (lat. Rhus aromatica) - sumaqkimilər fəsiləsinin sumaq cinsinə aid bitki növü.
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Rhus aromatica (lat. Rhus aromatica) - sumaqkimilər fəsiləsinin sumaq cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Duftsumak (Rhus aromatica), også skrevet Duft-Sumak, er en mellemstor, løvfældende busk med en tæt og uregelmæssig vækst. Den er meget tørketålende, men spreder sig ved rodskud og rodslående grene. Skønt både blomstringen, høstfarven og frugtsætningen er smukke, dyrkes den ikke her i landet.
Duftsumak er en løvfældende busk med en uregelmæssig, stivgrenet vækst. Barken er først brunrød og fint dunhåret. Senere bliver den grålig og spredt håret med runde korkporer, og gamle grene kan få en grå, fint furet bark. Knopperne er spredt stillede og gule med tæt behåring. De blomsterbærende knopper sidder i kompakte, endestillede klaser. Bladene er trekoblede med ægformede til omvendt ægformede småblade, der har små lapper på den yderste tredjedel. Det midterste småblad er tydeligt større end de to andre. Oversiden er blank og græsgrøn, mens undersiden er gulgrøn og dunhåret. Høstfarven er gul til kobberrød. Blomstringen foregår i det tidlige forår fra knopper, der blev dannet forrige sommer. Blomsterne sidder på endestillede kortskud, der tilsammen danner en klase. De enkelte blomster er små, 5-tallige og regelmæssige med gulgrønne kronblade. Planterne er særbo, sådan at det enkelte individ udelukkende bærer hanlige eller hunlige blomster. Frugterne er små, røde stenfrugter med en stivhåret hud.
Rodsystemet består af vidtudbredte, højtliggende hovedrødder og et filt af finrødder. Planten sætter rodskud, og grene i jordkontakt danner rødder.
Busken bliver op til 2 m høj og 3 m bred.
Duftsumak er naturligt udbredt i det østlige USA, hvor den findes i krat, langs skovbryn og på prærier. Den foretrækker lysåbne voksesteder med en tør og veldrænet, kalkrig jord.
I de bjergrige dele af North Carolina, USA, findes blandede løv- og nåleskove på kalkrig bund. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. blyantene, canadisk akeleje, Celtis tenuifolia (en art af nældetræ), Corydalis flavula (en art af lærkespore), Frangula caroliniana (en art af tørst), hvidask, hvidelm, liden præriegræs, lodden hickory, nikkende sorghastrum, præriehirse, rundbladet snebær, rødeg, rødløn, svinehickory og virginsk fyr [1]
Duftsumak (Rhus aromatica), også skrevet Duft-Sumak, er en mellemstor, løvfældende busk med en tæt og uregelmæssig vækst. Den er meget tørketålende, men spreder sig ved rodskud og rodslående grene. Skønt både blomstringen, høstfarven og frugtsætningen er smukke, dyrkes den ikke her i landet.
Rhus aromatica, teilweise auch Rhois aromatica, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Rhus innerhalb der Familie der Sumachgewächse (Anacardiaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika beheimatet. Deutschsprachige Trivialnamen sind Duftender Sumach sowie Gewürzsumach[1] und ein englischsprachiger Trivialname ist fragrant sumac.[2]
Rhus aromatica ist ein rundlich wachsender, laubabwerfender Strauch, mit Wuchshöhen von bis zu 4 Metern.
Rhus aromatica wurzelt flach mit biegsamen Wurzeln und kann leicht verpflanzt werden. Einige der Äste können, wenn sie den Boden berühren, wurzeln und so Kolonien bilden, wenn die Bedingungen geeignet sind.[3]
Die Laubblätter und Stängel von Rhus aromatica verströmen beim Zerreiben ein zitroniges Aroma, daher das Artepithon aromatica. Die Laubblätter ähneln denen des Kletternder Gift-Sumachs (Rhus radicans), doch ist Rhus aromatica nicht giftig und Rhus radicans verströmt keinen aromatischen Duft. Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind dreiteilig gefiedert, wobei das mittlere Blättchen das größte ist. Im Herbst werden sie wie bei anderen Sumachgewächsen leuchtend gelb bis rot und purpurfarben.
Rhus aromatica ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch). Die Blütezeit liegt im März und April, noch bevor die Laubblättern erscheinen. Die gelben Blüten stehen in Blütenständen zusammen.
Die behaarten Steinfrüchte reifen im Juli und August und färben sich rot; sie bleiben bis zum folgenden März am Strauch, sofern sie nicht von Vögeln oder Kleinsäugern gefressen wurden.
Rhus aromatica kommt im südlichen Kanada (Alberta bis Quebec) sowie in nahezu allen Continental United States außer in Florida vor.[4]
Rhus aromatica wächst in höher gelegenen offenen Wäldern, Feldern, „Ödländern“ und auf Felsklippen. Die Ansprüche an den Lebensraum sind höher als die des Kletternden Gift-Sumachs, der in weitaus vielfältigeren Biotopen wächst. Rhus aromatica wächst im tiefen Schatten, aber auch in praller Sonne jeweils auf gut durchlüfteten, schwach sauren bis mäßig alkalischen Böden bei Boden-pH-Werten von 6,0 bis 8,5.
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Rhus aromatica erfolgte 1789 durch William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue ..., 1, Seite 367.[5][1]
Es wurden Varietäten beschrieben.[1]
Sumach findet beim Gerben von Leder wie Saffian Verwendung.
Rhus aromatica wird von großen Gärtnereien und Baumschulen mit breiter Artenpalette oder in Natur-Gärtnereien kultiviert und gelegentlich in der Landschaft der mittelwestlichen und östlichen Vereinigten Staaten ausgepflanzt.
Während die Wildform nicht sehr bekannt ist und sie oft von Landschaftsgärtnern und Gartenbesitzern verwendet wird, wird der Cultivar ‚Gro-low‘ häufig als höherer Bodendecker eingesetzt und oft in Garten-Centern angeboten. Der Großteil wird jedoch von Landschaftsgärtnern, -architekten und -designern eingesetzt, die diese Pflanzensorte kennen, während die meisten Gartenbesitzer nach Bodendeckern und Sträuchern mit attraktiven Blüten oder immergrünem Laub suchen. ‚Gro-low‘ wird etwa 2 ft (0,6 m) hoch und breitet sich bis zu 8 ft (2,4 m) aus.
Rhus aromatica wird in Connecticut als „Art von besonderem Interesse“ (englisch species of special concern, die Datenlage ist für eine Beurteilung nicht hinreichend) bzw. „lokal ausgestorben“ betrachtet. Dies gilt jedoch nur für Populationen in der Wildnis.[6] Sie wird gleichzeitig in Connecticut, Washington und New Hampshire als eingeführt betrachtet.[4]
Rhus aromatica, teilweise auch Rhois aromatica, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Rhus innerhalb der Familie der Sumachgewächse (Anacardiaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika beheimatet. Deutschsprachige Trivialnamen sind Duftender Sumach sowie Gewürzsumach und ein englischsprachiger Trivialname ist fragrant sumac.
Rhus aromatica, the fragrant sumac,[1] is a deciduous shrub in the family Anacardiaceae native to North America.[2] It is found in southern Canada (Alberta to Quebec) and nearly all of the lower 48 states except peninsular Florida.[3]
Fragrant sumac is a woody plant with a rounded form that grows to around 2 ft (0.6 m) to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall and 5 ft (1.5 m) to 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The plant develops yellow flowers in clusters on short lateral shoots in March through May. The flower is a small, dense inflorescence that usually opens before the plant's leaves do.[2]
The species is polygamodioecious (mostly dioecious, primarily bearing flowers of only one sex, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant). Male (staminate) flowers develop in yellowish catkins, while female (pistillate) flowers develop in short bright yellow panicles at the ends of branches.[2]
Pollinated flowers develop clusters of 5 mm (0.2 in) to 7 mm (0.3 in) hairy red drupes containing a single nutlet during June through August. The fruits become an important winter food for birds and small mammals that can remain on the plant until spring if not eaten.[2]
The plant's alternate compound leaves have three leaflets that vary in shape, lobing, and margination. The unstalked leaflets are ovate to rhomboid, more or less wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely-toothed and usually shiny glabrous above. The terminal leaflet is 3 cm (1.2 in) to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) long.[2]
Fragrant sumac's three-leafleted lobed leaves resemble those of its relative, poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). However, poison ivy's central leaflet has a stem, whereas fragrant sumac's does not.[4]
The plant's green to glossy blue-green summer foliage becomes orange to red or purple in the fall. Stems are thin and brownish-gray, with rust-colored lenticels when young. Leaves and stems emit a lemon scent when crushed. There are no terminal buds, but overwintering male catkins are present.[2]
Fragrant sumac is common along the forested eastern margins of the Great Plains and in open or otherwise disturbed sites on the margins of the Gulf Coast prairie. It grows at a range of sites including open rocky woodlands, valley bottoms, lower rocky slopes, and roadsides. It is not widely used for landscape plantings but is often used as a ground cover, especially on banks. The plant's colorful fall foliage is its main ornamental feature.[2]
The plant grows in full deep shade to full sun and well-drained soils slightly acid to well alkaline with a pH range of about 6.0 to 8.5. It has a shallow, fibrous root system and is easily transplanted. Some of its branches can trail upon the ground and develop roots. The plant can ground sucker to form a colony.[2][5]
Spread
Foliage
Pistillate inflorescence
Fruit
It is listed as of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. However, this status applies only to native populations.[6] In Washington, Connecticut, and New Hampshire it is considered introduced.[3]
Rhus aromatica, the fragrant sumac, is a deciduous shrub in the family Anacardiaceae native to North America. It is found in southern Canada (Alberta to Quebec) and nearly all of the lower 48 states except peninsular Florida.
Fragrant sumac is a woody plant with a rounded form that grows to around 2 ft (0.6 m) to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall and 5 ft (1.5 m) to 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The plant develops yellow flowers in clusters on short lateral shoots in March through May. The flower is a small, dense inflorescence that usually opens before the plant's leaves do.
The species is polygamodioecious (mostly dioecious, primarily bearing flowers of only one sex, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant). Male (staminate) flowers develop in yellowish catkins, while female (pistillate) flowers develop in short bright yellow panicles at the ends of branches.
Pollinated flowers develop clusters of 5 mm (0.2 in) to 7 mm (0.3 in) hairy red drupes containing a single nutlet during June through August. The fruits become an important winter food for birds and small mammals that can remain on the plant until spring if not eaten.
The plant's alternate compound leaves have three leaflets that vary in shape, lobing, and margination. The unstalked leaflets are ovate to rhomboid, more or less wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely-toothed and usually shiny glabrous above. The terminal leaflet is 3 cm (1.2 in) to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) long.
Fragrant sumac's three-leafleted lobed leaves resemble those of its relative, poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). However, poison ivy's central leaflet has a stem, whereas fragrant sumac's does not.
The plant's green to glossy blue-green summer foliage becomes orange to red or purple in the fall. Stems are thin and brownish-gray, with rust-colored lenticels when young. Leaves and stems emit a lemon scent when crushed. There are no terminal buds, but overwintering male catkins are present.
Fragrant sumac is common along the forested eastern margins of the Great Plains and in open or otherwise disturbed sites on the margins of the Gulf Coast prairie. It grows at a range of sites including open rocky woodlands, valley bottoms, lower rocky slopes, and roadsides. It is not widely used for landscape plantings but is often used as a ground cover, especially on banks. The plant's colorful fall foliage is its main ornamental feature.
The plant grows in full deep shade to full sun and well-drained soils slightly acid to well alkaline with a pH range of about 6.0 to 8.5. It has a shallow, fibrous root system and is easily transplanted. Some of its branches can trail upon the ground and develop roots. The plant can ground sucker to form a colony.
Spread
Foliage
Pistillate inflorescence
Fruit
Rhus aromatica es una especie de zumaque perteneciente a la familia de las anacardiáceas. Es originaria de Norteamérica.
Conocido popularmente como zumaque oloroso, es un arbusto que suele crecer por encima de 2 m de altura. Sus hojas son trifoliadas, con peciolos cortos de unos 2 cm de longitud; los tres foliolos son sésiles y están cubiertos de un vello aterciopelado cuando son jóvenes. El foliolo terminal es considerablemente mayor que los otros dos. Las flores son pequeñas, de color verde amarillento; brotando antes de que aparezcan las hojas, las flores se agrupan en espigas laxas. Los frutos son pequeñas drupas de color rojo y están cubiertas de pelillos blancos, tieneen el tamaño de un guisante.
Es un arbusto oloroso originario de las regiones orientales de América del Norte.
Hay noticias del zumaque publicada por autores antiguos, aunque no se refieren a la especie americana, sino a especies del sur de Europa, como Rhus cotinus, denominado el zumaque veneciano, o a la especie Rhus coriaria, nativo de la región mediterránea y vendida en épocas antiguas por los comerciantes de Alepo.
Es astringente y diurético. Su actividad deriva de su alto contenido de taninos, aunque es poco usado en fitoterapia. Puede ser útil en el tratamiento de la diarrea y de la menstruación escasa, así como en el tratamiento de la diabetes e inflamaciones del riñón y vejiga urinaria. Se ha recomendado para darlo a niños que se orinan en la cama, asiciándolo con plantas sedantes y anti neuríticas como el hipérico.[1]
Tiene poco uso pues su manipulación puede provocar dermatosis en sujetos sensibles.
Contiene una abundante cantidad de taninos gálicos (27 %), flavonoles, un 0-07 % de aceite esencial, gomas, resinas, oxalatos y ceras.
Rhus aromatica fue descrita por William Aiton y publicado en Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue . . . 1: 367. 1789.[2]
Rhus: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra griega para "rojo", una alusión a los llamativos colores de otoño de algunas especies.
aromatica: epíteto latino que significa "aromática".
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|url= (ayuda) Rhus aromatica es una especie de zumaque perteneciente a la familia de las anacardiáceas. Es originaria de Norteamérica.
Rhus aromatica, ou sumac aromatique est un arbrisseau à feuilles caduc, une espèce de sumacs (Rhus) de la famille des Anacardiaceae.
Natif d'Amérique du Nord, il pousse dans les forêts et les bois de montagne, les terrains non fertiles, les endroits rocailleux, les falaises, les hautes plaines... Le sumac aromatique est une plante ligneuse, de 1 à 2 m de haut sur 2 à 3 m de large (chiffres variables suivant la littérature et les conditions de pousse, naturelles ou en culture). Son port est arrondi et buissonnant.
C'est une plante dioïque (ayant des individus mâles et femelles séparés). Les feuilles du sumac aromatique produisent une odeur de citron lorsqu'elles sont froissées, d'où son nom. Bien qu'elles ressemblent à celles du sumac grimpant ou sumac vénéneux, le sumac aromatique n'est pas toxique. De plus, alors que le sumac vénéneux pousse partout et ne sent rien, le sumac aromatique ne colonise que les terrains d'altitude.
Les feuilles sont composées de trois folioles ovales, crénelées, la centrale étant la plus grande[2]. Elles sont vert foncé et brillantes, pubescentes en dessous. Le pétiole est rougeâtre[3]. Comme les autres sumacs, à l'automne elles prennent des couleurs rouge orange.
Les jeunes pousses et bourgeons sont brun-rouge [4] ,[5].
Les plantes mâles produisent de longs chatons. Les plantes femelles produisent de courts panicules terminaux, sous forme de grappes de fleurs jaunes en mars-avril avant que n'apparaissent les feuilles. (Qui apparaissent elles-mêmes avant l'anthèse des fleurs).
Les plantes femelles produisent des drupes poilues rouges en juillet-aout qui peuvent persister jusqu'au mois de mars suivant. Les oiseaux et les petits mammifères en mangent.
Il existe plusieurs cultivars de la plante : "grow low", une forme naine, voire rampante fait 50 à 60 cm de haut pour 2,5 m de large. "Konza" est une forme également naine, et "Green globe", plus grand peut atteindre 1,8 m, de port rond et dense[6]
Rhus aromatica, ou sumac aromatique est un arbrisseau à feuilles caduc, une espèce de sumacs (Rhus) de la famille des Anacardiaceae.
Patuljasti ruj (lat. Rhus aromatica) poznata i kao Fragrant Sumac je biljka iz porodice Anacardiaceae, potječe iz Amerike i Kanade.[1]
Grmoliko stablo ove biljke naraste do 2.5 metra visine[2]. U cvatu ima grozdaste cvjetove žute boje, rodi manjim crvenkastim plodovima koji se osušeni mogu procesuirati u čajni napitak. Uslijed gnječenja lišće i peteljke listova ove biljke otpuštaju blag citrusni miris.
Često nepoznavatelji ovu biljku zamjenjuju sa otrovnim bršljanom (Toxicodendron radicans). Razika između ove dvije biljke je u mirisu kojeg otrovni bršljan pri gnječenju ne otpušta jer ga ne posjeduje.
Nedovršeni članak Patuljasti ruj koji govori o biljkama treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.
Patuljasti ruj (lat. Rhus aromatica) poznata i kao Fragrant Sumac je biljka iz porodice Anacardiaceae, potječe iz Amerike i Kanade.
Grmoliko stablo ove biljke naraste do 2.5 metra visine. U cvatu ima grozdaste cvjetove žute boje, rodi manjim crvenkastim plodovima koji se osušeni mogu procesuirati u čajni napitak. Uslijed gnječenja lišće i peteljke listova ove biljke otpuštaju blag citrusni miris.
Često nepoznavatelji ovu biljku zamjenjuju sa otrovnim bršljanom (Toxicodendron radicans). Razika između ove dvije biljke je u mirisu kojeg otrovni bršljan pri gnječenju ne otpušta jer ga ne posjeduje.
Wonjaty sumak (Rhus aromatica) je rostlina ze swójby sumakowych rostlinow (Anacardiaceae).
Wonjaty sumak je w lěću zeleny kerk, kotryž docpěje wysokosć wot hač do 1 m a šěrokosć wot hač do 1,5 m. Rostlina je zmjerzkokruta.
Zelene łopjena su móškojće kosmate a zhruba zubate. Wone so w nazymje oranžowe a wioletne přebarbjuja.
Žołte kćenja steja w kłosach. Wone so před łopjenami jewja.
Pochadźa z wuchodnych Zjednoćenych statow Ameriki.
« Wonjaty sumak » w druhich wikimediskich projektach :
Wonjaty sumak (Rhus aromatica) je rostlina ze swójby sumakowych rostlinow (Anacardiaceae).
Rhus aromatica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đào lộn hột. Loài này được Aiton miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1789.[1]
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Rhus aromatica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đào lộn hột. Loài này được Aiton miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1789.
Rhus aromatica Aiton, 1789
Сума́х души́стый (лат. Rhus aromática) — небольшой листопадный кустарник родом из Северной Америки, вид рода Сумах (Rhus) семейства Анакардиевые (Anacardiaceae).
Сумах душистый — невысокий кустарник с пахучей листвой, обычно не превышающий 1,5 м в высоту. Молодые ветки бархатистые, затем гладкие, сероватые, с коричневым или сиреневым оттенком.
Листья очерёдные, рассечённые на 3 сидячих листочка, средний из которых эллиптический или яйцевидный, заострённый к концу и к основанию, до 7 см длиной, а боковые — более мелкие, с закруглённым основанием. Края листочков тупозабчатые. Верхняя поверхность листовых пластинок тёмно-зелёная, бархатистая, затем оголяющаяся, нижняя более бледная, опушённая.
Цветки обоеполые, собраны в плотные колосовидные соцветия, желтоватые. Чашечка из пяти сросшихся в основании яйцевидных чашелистиков. Венчик из пяти эллиптических или яйцевидных лепестков. Тычинки в числе 5, около 1 мм длиной, с прямоугольными пыльниками. Завязь верхняя, конической формы.
Плоды — довольно крупные ярко-красные, оранжевые или желтоватые костянки до 0,9 см в диаметре. Семена почти шаровидные, бледно-оранжевого цвета.
Цветение происходит до появления листьев в марте—мае или одновременно с ним в мае—июне. Плоды появляются в июле—августе.
Сумах душистый в естественных условиях распространён на востоке Северной Америки, от Онтарио и Вермонта на севере до Флориды и Луизианы на юге.
Плоды сумаха съедобны, однако не мясисты. Возможно использование для приготовления освежающего напитка. Также сумах выращивается в качестве декоративного растения благодаря ярко-красной осенней окраске листьев.
Сума́х души́стый (лат. Rhus aromática) — небольшой листопадный кустарник родом из Северной Америки, вид рода Сумах (Rhus) семейства Анакардиевые (Anacardiaceae).
