Comments
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All parts of the plant are poisonous. The roots, leaves, and flowers are used in Guangdong and Guangxi against snake and scorpion poisoning. In modern medicine, the roots are used to treat hypertension, headache, and scabies.
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Description
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Shrubs or small trees 0.5-5 m tall, glabrous. Petiole 3-10 mm; leaf blade elliptic or narrowly so, 3-18 X 1-6 cm, apex acuminate; lateral veins 5-17 pairs. Cymes dichotomous, 1-8-flowered; bracts scalelike. Flower buds with an ovoid head, apex acute or obtuse. Calyx lobes often ciliate. Corolla white, tube 1.5-2.7 cm; lobes simple or double, obovate or broadly so, 1.5-2.7 X 0.8-2 cm. Stamens inserted at basal third of corolla tube. Follicles obliquely and narrowly ellipsoid, 2-7 X 0.6-1.5 cm. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 22*.
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Distribution
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Native of tropical Asia; cultivated throughout the tropics.
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Distribution
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S Yunnan (cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan) [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand; cultivated in tropical and subtropical Asia].
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Elevation Range
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250-1200 m
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Habitat
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Montane brushwoods, sparse forests; 100-1600 m.
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Synonym
provided by eFloras
Nerium divaricatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 209. 1753; Ervatamia coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf; E. divaricata (Linnaeus) Burkill; E. flabelliformis Tsiang; N. coronarium Jacquin; Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacquin) Willdenow; T. flabelliformis (Tsiang) P. T. Li.
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Comprehensive Description
provided by North American Flora
Tabernaemontana discolor Sw. Prodr. 52. 1788
Tabernaemontana ochroleuca Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 34. 1909.
Small glabrous tree, 7-10 m. tall; leaves membranaceous, oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate-elliptic, 2.5-14 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad, gradually and obtusely, almost subcaudately, acuminate, acute to obtusish at the base, the petioles 3-13 mm. long; inflorescence rather lax, subcorymbose, much shorter than the subtending leaves, bearing few small yellowish flowers of delicate texture; pedicels 3-7 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, obtusish, 2-2.5 mm. long, imbricate; corolla salverform, comparatively thin in texture, the tube 10-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter at the base, very slightly narrowed toward the insertion of the stamens, the lobes narrowly oblong-dolabriform, 1 cm. long, spreading, with an inconspicuous lateral acumen; stamens inserted in the upper third of the corolla-tube, the anthers margined with bluish-green, barely included; ovary surrounded at the base by a low, adnate, annular nectary; follicles narrowly gibbous-ellipsoid, 4-5 cm. long, 0.7-1 cm. broad, narrowly acuminate, smooth.
Type locality: Jamaica. Distribution: Jamaica.
- bibliographic citation
- Robert Everard Woodson, Jr. 1938. (ASCLEPIADALES); APOCYNACEAE. North American flora. vol 29(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill
Nerium divaricatum L., Sp. Pl. 1:209. 1753.
Nerium coronarium Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. t.52. 1781.
Tabernaemontana coronaria Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. 275. 1809.—Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Is. 294. 1888.
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Brown ex Roemer and Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4:427. 1819.—Setchell, Univ. Cal. Pub. Bot. 12:210. 1926.—Wilder, Bish. Mus. Bull. 86:89. 1931; Bish. Mus. Bull. 120:40. 1934.—F.B.H. Brown, Bish. Mus. Bull. 130:234. 1935.
Ervatamia coronaria Stapf in Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 127. 1902.
Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 10: 320. 1925.
DESCRIPTION.—Shrub to 2 m, glabrous. Leaves opposite, with intrapetiolar stipules. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long. Blades oblong or elliptical, 10–16 × 4–7 cm, cuneate at base, abruptly long acuminate at apex, green above, pale below, chartaceous, with about 9 lateral veins. Cymes axillary, about 5-flowered. Pedicels 1–2.5 cm long. Calyx tube 1 mm long, lobes ovate, 2–2.5 mm long, acute, scarious margined. Corolla salverform, white, usually double, fragrant; tube 2–2.5 cm long; lobes broadly ovate, 2–3.5 cm long, often with crisped edges. Follicles 2 (apparently not maturing here), 2.5–7.5 × 0.6 cm, pilose.
RANGE.—Society Islands (cultivated): Tahiti: Setchell 554, Papeete, 13 July 1922, flower (UC); Grant 4126, Papeete, 12 September 1930, flower (BISH, MIN). Raiatea: Moore, 306, south of Faaroa, 15 November 1926, flower (BISH, 2 sheets; MIN).
Native of tropical Asia. First introduced into the Society Islands at Moorea, by “Makatavishia” (a Mr. MacTavish ?), according to native informants. Also cultivated in the Marquesas (!), Makatea (!), Rarotonga (!), and Hawaii.
LOCAL NAMES.—Tahitian: tiare moorea (also in Rarotonga and Makatea, according to Wilder) or potii moorea, both meaning “flower of Moorea.” English: crape-jasmine, rosebay.
- bibliographic citation
- Grant, Martin Lawrence, Fosberg, F. Raymond, and Smith, Howard M. 1974. "Partial Flora of the Society Islands: Ericaceae to Apocynaceae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-85. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.17
Comprehensive Description
provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4:427, 1819.—F. Brown, Flora, 234, 1935.
Nerium divaricatum L., Sp. Pl., 209, 1753.
Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacquin) Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1:275, 1809.
Nerium coronarium Jacquin, Coll. 1:138, 1786 [=1787]; Icon. Pl. Rar., 5, t. 52, 1781–1786 [=1787].
Ervatamia coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf, in Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 127, 1902.
Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill, Rec. Bot. Surv. India, 10: 320, 1925.
Shrub with rather elliptic glossy, dark green leaves, margins tending to be wavy, panicles small, calyx small with few glands; corolla large (in cultivated forms), white, 2–3 cm or more across, usually double, with almost no odor, follicles dry, oblong, with recurved beaks, rarely seen in cultivated plants. Commonly planted; somewhat gardenia-like in appearance.
SPECIMEN SEEN.—Hivaoa I.: Atuona, shady garden, Sachet 1251 (US); PES (M i- A) 405 (BISH, LeB); PES Ex 313 (BISH).
ETHNOBOTANY.—The Tahitian name tiare moorea (Moorea gardenia, or flower) is also used in the Marquesas.
Thevetia L.
Thevetia L., Opera varia (Soulsby no. 9), 212, 1758 [nom. cons.].
Small tree densely branched, leaves alternate, corolla narrowly campanulate; fruit a soft broadly obovoid drupe with a trapezoidal flat stone.
A tropical American genus with one or two widely planted species.
- bibliographic citation
- Sachet, Marie-Hélène. 1975. "Flora of the Marquesas, 1: Ericaceae-Convolvulacae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-38. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.23
Tabernaemontana divaricata
provided by wikipedia EN
Tabernaemontana divaricata, commonly called pinwheel flower,[3] crape jasmine, East India rosebay, and Nero's crown,[4] is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and China.[1] In zones where it is not hardy it is grown as a house/glasshouse plant for its attractive flowers and foliage. The stem exudes a milky latex when broken, whence comes the name milk flower
Description
The plant generally grows to a height of 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 ft) and is dichotomously branched. The large shiny leaves are deep green and about 15 cm (6 in) in length and 5 cm (2 in) in width. The waxy blossoms are found in small clusters on the stem tips. The (single) flowers have the characteristic 'pinwheel' shape also seen in other genera in the family Apocynaceae such as Vinca and Nerium. Both single and double-flowered forms are cultivated, the flowers of both forms being white. The plant blooms in spring but flowers appear sporadically all year. The flowers have a pleasing fragrance.[5] More than 66 alkaloids are found in the shrub.[6] Its habitats include montane brushwoods and sparse forests.[7]
Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Flore Pleno'
Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Pinwheel'
Tabernaemontana divarcata yet to blossom
Caterpillar of Oleander hawk-moth feeding on pinwheel flower plant
Flower buds of crape jasmine at night
Phytochemistry
The species is known to produce many alkaloids including catharanthine, coronaridine, dregamine, ibogamine, tabersonine, voacangine, voacamine and voacristine.[8] Ibogaine may occur in multiple Tabernaemontana species.[8]
Research
There is presence of potent acetylcholinestearase inhibitors in stems and roots of this plant. 3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine isolated from a stem extracts act as a non-competitive inhibitor against AChE with an IC50 value of 7.00±1.99 μM.[9] Bisindole alkaloid 19,20-dihydrotabernamine and 19,20-Dihydroervahanine A shows higher inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase compared with galanthamine.[10]
See also
References
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^ a b Lakhey, P.; Pathak, J. (2020). "crape jasmine". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T149853146A149853842. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T149853146A149853842.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ "Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
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^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tabernaemontana divaricata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
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^ Medicinal Plants of India and Pakistan, Dastur J.F., pub.1962 by D.P. Taraporevala Sons and Co. Private Ltd., Mumbai, 4th Indian reprint 1977
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^ The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening ed. Chittenden,Fred J. 2nd ed. by Synge,Patrick M. Volume IV : Pt-Zy, p.2074 (as T. coronaria). Pub. Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1965. Reprinted 1984. ISBN 0-19-869106-8
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^ Perry, Lily M. (1980). Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16076-6.
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^ "Tabernaemontana divaricata in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
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^ a b Kam TS, Pang HS, Choo YM, Komiyama K (April 2004). "Biologically active ibogan and vallesamine derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata". Chemistry and Biodiversity. 1 (4): 646–56. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200490056. PMID 17191876. S2CID 12805328.
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^ Chaiyana W, Schripsema J, Ingkaninan K, Okonogi S (April 2013). "3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Tabernaemontana divaricata". Phytomedicine. 20 (6): 543–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.016. PMID 23375813.
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^ Ingkaninan K, Changwijit K, Suwanborirux K (June 2006). "Vobasinyl-iboga bisindole alkaloids, potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Tabernaemontana divaricata root". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 58 (6): 847–52. doi:10.1211/jpp.58.6.0015. PMID 16734986. S2CID 37975644.
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Tabernaemontana divaricata: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Tabernaemontana divaricata, commonly called pinwheel flower, crape jasmine, East India rosebay, and Nero's crown, is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and China. In zones where it is not hardy it is grown as a house/glasshouse plant for its attractive flowers and foliage. The stem exudes a milky latex when broken, whence comes the name milk flower
Flowers in
West Bengal, India.
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