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Avstraliya pərttəgözü ( Azerbaijani )

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Avstraliya pərttəgözü (lat. Burhinus grallarius) - pərttəgöz cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Avstraliya pərttəgözü: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Avstraliya pərttəgözü (lat. Burhinus grallarius) - pərttəgöz cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Bourlagad Aostralia ( Breton )

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Ar bourlagad Aostralia a zo un evn hirc'harek, Burhinus grallarius an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Bevañ a ra al labous en Aostralia, hag e Ginea Nevez ivez.

Liamm diavaez

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Bourlagad Aostralia: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar bourlagad Aostralia a zo un evn hirc'harek, Burhinus grallarius an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Torlit australià ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El torlit australià (Burhinus grallarius) és un ocell de la família dels burrínids (Burhinidae) que habita zones arborades poc denses, sabanes i estepes de gran part d'Austràlia, incloent illes costaneres.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Torlit australià Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Torlit australià: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El torlit australià (Burhinus grallarius) és un ocell de la família dels burrínids (Burhinidae) que habita zones arborades poc denses, sabanes i estepes de gran part d'Austràlia, incloent illes costaneres.

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Rhedwr Awstralia ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Rhedwr Awstralia (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: Rhedwyr Awstralia) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Burhinus magnirostris; yr enw Saesneg arno yw bush stone-curlew neu bush thick-knee. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Rhedwyr (Lladin: Burhinidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.[1] Roedd yn arfer cael ei adnabod fel Burhinus magnirostris. Adnabyddir tri is-rywogaeth.[2]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn B. magnirostris, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[3]

Disgrifiad

Un o'r aelodau mwyaf o'r teulu yw hwn, gan dyfu hyd at 58 cm.[4] Mae'n llwydfrown uwchben gyda rhesi tywyll ac mae'n wyn neu felynllwyd islaw. Mae'r pig cwta yn ddu, y dalcen yn wen, ac mae ganddo aeliau gwyn gyda streipen ddu o'r llygad lawr y gwddf. Mae'r llygaid yn fawr ac yn felyn, ac mae'r coesau yn hir a llwydaidd. Mae ei gri yn gyfrifol am un o'i enwau Awstralianaidd, sef weeloo. Mae'n chwibaniad uchel annaearol, nid yn annhebyg i'r gylfinir ond yn hirach a mwy amrywiol.[5] Fel arfer mae rhedwyr Awstralia yn canu gyda'r nos.

Ymddygiad

Fel arfer maent yn byw ar eu pennau eu hunain neu mewn parau. Maent yn swil a gwyliadwrus. Eu cynefin yw coetir agored gyda canghennau ar y llawr, deilbridd ac ychydig wair. Fe'i ceir hefyd mewn prysgoed ger traethau ac yn fwy diweddar ar gyrsiau golff, perllannau a phlanhigfeydd.[4] Maent yn fwy actif gyda'r nos. Yn ystod y dydd maent yn cysgodi gan ddibynnu ar eu cuddliw fel amddiffyniad. Maent yn arbenigo mewn hela anifeiliaid bychain y glaswelltir, megis llyffantod, pryfaid cop, pryfaid, molwsgiaid a chramenogion.

Bridio

Mae'r fenyw yn dodwy dau wy fel arfer, sy'n lliw carreg gyda mannau brown a llwyd. Mae hyn yn digwydd yn ystod y gwanwyn fel arfer, ond yn gynt yn y gogledd na'r de.[6] Mae ganddynt ddawns caru nodedig. Byddai'r rhedwr yn sefyll gydag adenydd yn agored, cynffon i fyny a gwddf wedi'i ymestyn. Yna byddai'r adar yn martsio eu traed fel milwr yn marcio amser am awr neu fwy. Crafiad syml yn y tir yw'r nyth. Mae'r ddau riant yn rhannu'r gwaith o edrych ar ôl y nyth a chywion.[7]

Dosbarthiad

Fe'i ceir ledled Awstralia heblaw am Tasmania, ble mae'n fudwr achlysuol.

Statws

Yn y de mae'r niferoedd wedi gostwng yn ystod y 40 mlynedd diwethaf, yn bennaf oherwydd ysglyfaethu gan lwynogod, ond oherwydd ei ddosbarthiad eang a phoblogaethau sefydlog yn y gogledd fe'i ddynodwyd o 'gonsyrn lleiaf' gan yr IUCN (yn 2017).[8]

Teulu

Mae'r rhedwr Awstralia yn perthyn i deulu'r Rhedwyr (Lladin: Burhinidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Rhedwr Awstralia Burhinus grallarius Rhedwr brych Burhinus capensis
Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus capensis) (32680086412).jpg
Rhedwr mawr y moelydd Esacus recurvirostris
Thimindu 2009 09 27 Yala Great Stone Curlew 2.JPG
Rhedwr rhesog Burhinus bistriatus
Double-striped Thick-knee, Costa Rica, January 2018 (27083948308).jpg
Rhedwr Senegal Burhinus senegalensis
Senegal thick-knee (Burhinus senegalensis).jpg
Rhedwr y dŵr Burhinus vermiculatus
Water Thick-knee (Burhinus vermiculatus) (11668543794).jpg
Rhedwr y moelydd Burhinus oedicnemus
Burhinus oedicnemus0.jpg
Rhedwr y traeth Esacus magnirostris
Esacus giganteus -Daintree, Queensland, Australia-8 (1).jpg
Rhedwr yr Andes Burhinus superciliaris
Peruvian Thick-knee (Burhinus superciliaris) (4856939192).jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Howard a Moore, A Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (2nd ed.) 1994
  3. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
  4. 4.0 4.1 A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia gan G Pizzey
  5. Gwefan You Tube; adalwyd 18 Ebrill 2017.
  6. Gwefan hbw.com; adalwyd 18 Ebrill 2017.
  7. Gwefan birdsinbackyards.net; adalwyd 18 Ebrill 2017.
  8. iucnredlist.org; adalwyd 18 Ebrill 2017.
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Rhedwr Awstralia: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Rhedwr Awstralia (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: Rhedwyr Awstralia) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Burhinus magnirostris; yr enw Saesneg arno yw bush stone-curlew neu bush thick-knee. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Rhedwyr (Lladin: Burhinidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes. Roedd yn arfer cael ei adnabod fel Burhinus magnirostris. Adnabyddir tri is-rywogaeth.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn B. magnirostris, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Australsk triel ( Danish )

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Australsk triel (latin: Burhinus grallarius) er en vadefugl, der lever i Australien og på det sydlige Ny Guinea.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Stub
Denne artikel om fugle er kun påbegyndt. Hvis du ved mere om emnet, kan du hjælpe Wikipedia ved at udvide den.
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Australsk triel: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Australsk triel (latin: Burhinus grallarius) er en vadefugl, der lever i Australien og på det sydlige Ny Guinea.

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Langschwanztriel ( German )

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Der Langschwanztriel (Burhinus grallarius) ist eine überwiegend dämmerungs- und nachtaktive Art aus der Familie der Triele.[1][2]

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Der Vogel ist endemisch in Australien.

Der Lebensraum umfasst offene Wälder mit Lichtungen, gerodete Flächen mit einzelnen Bäumen, aber kein Gebüsch, trockenes Grasland, gern in der Nähe von Wasserläufen und Seeufern, aber auch Kies und Sanddünen. Die Art ist Standvogel.[3]

Der Artzusatz kommt von lateinisch grallae ‚Stelzen‘.[4]

Merkmale

Diese Art ist 54–59 cm groß, das Männchen wiegt zwischen 580 und 860, das Weibchen zwischen 530 und 710 g. Es gibt graue und rotbraune Morphen. Auffallend sind die langen blass gelblich-grünen Beine und der lange Schwanz, der Körper ist eher schlank und klein, gestreift, mit blassen Augen in einem großen runden Kopf mit zierlichem Schnabel in Schwarz. Die langen Flügel haben breite Spitzen. Im Fluge überragen die Beine den Schwanz deutlich. Weibchen sind etwas kleiner. Jungvögel haben weiße, weniger gelbe Augen und gröbere Zeichnung auf den blassen Flügeldecken.[3]

Diese Art ist monotypisch.[5]

Stimme

Der Ruf erfolgt meist in der Dämmerung und nachts, er wird als klagendes Pfeifen, zweisilbiges „wheee-hoo...wheee-hoo…“ beschrieben. Oft wird zu mehreren gerufen.[3]

Lebensweise

Die Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Insekten, Amphibien, kleinen Reptilien, auch gelegentlich Pflanzensamen, die nachts, besonders bei hellem Mondlicht erdbodennah gesucht werden. Die Brutzeit liegt im Frühling, in Queensland zwischen Juni und Dezember, in Victoria zwischen August und Januar. Die Art lebt monogam und eher einzelgängerisch. Das Nest ist auf dem Boden, offen mit guter Rundumsicht und wird mitunter für viele Jahre wieder genutzt. Das Gelege besteht aus zwei Eiern, die von beiden Elternvögeln über 25 Tage bebrütet werden. Auch die Aufzucht der Küken erfolgt durch beide.[3]

Gefährdungssituation

Der Bestand gilt als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).[6]

Literatur

  • J. Latham: Charadrius grallarius. In: Supplementum indicis ornithologici II: Appendix, 1801, Biodiversity Library

Einzelnachweise

  1. Langschwanztriel, in Avibase – Die Weltvogel-Datenbank. Abgerufen am 8. Juli 2021.
  2. H. Barthel, Ch. Barthel, E. Bezzel, P. Eckhoff, R. van den Elzen, Ch. Hinkelmann & F. D. Steinheimer: Deutsche Namen der Vögel der Erde Vogelwarte Bd. 58, S. 1–214, 2020
  3. a b c d R. Hume, G. M. Kirwan und P. F. D. Boesman: Bush Thick-knee (Burhinus grallarius), version 1.0. In: J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie und E. De Juana (Hrsg.): Birds of the World, 2020, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Burhinus grallarius
  4. J. A. Jobling: A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-854634-3.
  5. IOC World Bird List Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes
  6. Redlist. Abgerufen am 8. Juli 2021.
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wikipedia DE

Langschwanztriel: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Langschwanztriel (Burhinus grallarius) ist eine überwiegend dämmerungs- und nachtaktive Art aus der Familie der Triele.

 src= Verbreitungsgebiet

Der Vogel ist endemisch in Australien.

Der Lebensraum umfasst offene Wälder mit Lichtungen, gerodete Flächen mit einzelnen Bäumen, aber kein Gebüsch, trockenes Grasland, gern in der Nähe von Wasserläufen und Seeufern, aber auch Kies und Sanddünen. Die Art ist Standvogel.

Der Artzusatz kommt von lateinisch grallae ‚Stelzen‘.

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Bush stone-curlew

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The bush stone-curlew or bush thick-knee, also known as the Iben bird (Burhinus grallarius, obsolete name Burhinus magnirostris) is a large, ground-dwelling bird endemic to Australia. Its favoured habitat is open plains and woodlands, where it stalks slowly at night in search of invertebrates such as insects. Its grey-brown coloration is distinguished by dark streaks, its eyes are large and legs are long. It is capable of flight, but relies on the camouflage of its plumage to evade detection during the day; the bush curlew adopts a rigid posture when it becomes aware of an observer. Both sexes care for two eggs laid on the bare ground, usually sited near bush in a shaded position or next to a fallen branch.

Taxonomy

The bush stone-curlew was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Charadius grallarius.[2] Latham published three names simultaneously; however, the seniority of C. grallarius follows the publication of the names in John Gould's Birds of Australia in 1845.[3][4]

Until a revision determining the priority of names assigned to this species, ornithologists cited the description under the epithet B. magnirostris. Descriptions of subspecies were published by Gregory Mathews in 1912, B. m. rufescens and B. m. broomei describing specimens collected in western Australia and B. m. ramsayi collected in the east at Queensland. These descriptions are recognised as synonymous with B. grallarius.[4]

A species of the widely distributed family Burhinidae, also represented in Australia by the beach stone-curlew Esacus magnirostris, it is terrestrial forager of semiarid inland environments related to the shorebirds and waders of the order Charadriiformes.

Common names for this species are southern, bush, and scrub stone-curlew, the bush thick-knee, and southern stone plover.[5] A name used by the indigenous peoples of Western Australia, wee-lo, was reported by John Gilbert and published by Gould in 1845. Later authorities included this name as current at the Northwest Cape and Southwest Australia, the similar wee-loo at Pallinup River, and welojabbin, also in the southwest, and windoo at a district in the western interior.[6]

Description

A species of Burhinus, a genus of large-eyed and long-legged terrestrial foragers known as thick-knees, it is slender in form and a grey and brown colour with distinctive markings. The bird has conspicuous dark streaks over the buff and greyish white feathers of the upperparts and spotted markings on the wings. The plumage at lower side of the bird is also strongly streaked with dark brown over white and buff feathers.[6] The total length of the species, including a bill around 45 mm and tail 180 mm, is 550 mm; the wingspan approaches 1 m across. Black flight feathers on the wing reveal a light buff patch when extended, and the plumage has a light area at the shoulder. The head is distinguished by a band of dark feathers over the eye and down the neck, and a buff colour at the forehead and brow over the eye. The iris is bright yellow; bare skin near the eye is black. The long legs of the species are an olive-green colour, and the bill is darkish in tone.[5][6]

The sexes are similar, with juveniles displaying a paler plumage that otherwise resembles the adults.[6]

This stone-curlew's voice is loud and can be heard at a great distance. The call of "weeloo" has an eerie and plaintive tone and is a familiar sound of the night in the Australian bush.[6] The frequency of calls increases when weather conditions are changing, especially when rain is approaching an area. Several individuals may join their voices in chorus, greatly intensifying the extraordinary quality of their nocturnal calling.[5]

The coloration of the eggshell is generally a stone grey with brownish blotching, although this is variable and often matches the environment to provide camouflage. Size of the egg is also variable, on average it is 53 × 39 mm, yet differences in nearby nests or between the two eggs of the same brood are recorded.[6]

No other Australian bird resembles the bush curlew. Another species of the family, the beach stone-curlew also known as a wee-lo, is distinguished by its plumage and larger bill and is only found at the coast. Confusion with the nightjars is possible, but the species of Caprimulgus are smaller and fly in a different manner.[1]

Behaviour

Like most stone-curlews, it is mainly nocturnal and specialises in hunting small grassland animals; frogs, spiders, insects, molluscs, crustaceans, snakes, lizards, and small mammals are all taken, mostly gleaned or probed from soft soil or rotting wood; a few seeds or tubers are also consumed, particularly in drought years. Birds usually forage individually or in pairs over a large home range, particularly on moonlit nights.

During the day, bush stone-curlews tend to remain inactive, sheltering amongst tall grass or the shade of shrubs and trees, relying on their cryptic plumage to protect them from predators.[5] When disturbed, they freeze motionless, often in odd-looking postures. For visual predators such as raptors and humans, this works well, but it serves little purpose with animals that hunt by scent such as foxes, dingoes, or goannas. Approaching the camouflaged individual does not dissuade it from this behaviour, maintaining the rigid posture even if handled.[7] If moving from a disturbance, they crouch and walk stealthily into vegetation, only attempting to fly if vigorously pursued.[5]

A cryptic motionless adult

Despite their ungainly appearance and habit of freezing motionless, they are sure-footed, fast, and agile on the ground, and although they seldom fly during daylight hours, they are far from clumsy in the air; flight is rapid and direct on long, broad wings.

The bush stone-curlew is probably heard more than it is seen. Its call sounds like a wail or a scream in the night. When scared, it screeches – a sound similar to the screech of a possum.[8] A field report from Brookton, Western Australia, noted that their call was heard in response to the cry of possums shot by hunters.[9] When threatened (presumably in the presence of a nest), they may raise their wings wide and high in an impressive threat posture and emit a loud, hoarse hissing noise.

Chicks in cryptic pose

The bush curlew is sometimes recorded in flocks, but when the breeding season occurs, the number of birds in a locality is the usually just a mating pair.[5] Like other ground-nesting birds, the females only select a site to lay the eggs and provide no other adornment to the nest; care of the site is performed by both parents. The brooding parent discreetly moves from the site if disturbed in the first few days of incubation but remains to defend an egg at a later stage of development. The parent adopts its frozen posture and lays over the eggs in an attempt to hide them. An egg that has been discovered by an intruder may be moved a short distance away.[6]

Threat posture against a carpet python

Distribution and habitat

The bush stone-curlew has a broad habitat preference, but is rarely seen in rainforest, arid desert, or urban or agricultural regions. The species is found in open forest, eucalyptus woodland, rainforest edges, grassy plains, arid scrubland, and along inland watercourses. They are not a migratory species, although weather conditions may cause them to relocate to another site in a local area.[5] It is a common species around the cities of Brisbane, Cairns, and Townsville of Australia's northeast, but is not found around urban areas in the south of its range. It can be found throughout Australia apart from the West Australian coast and Tasmania. It is still abundant in the tropical and subtropical north, but has become very rare in the less fertile south where it was once common.

Historical records of the species' occurrence in southwest Australia indicate it was common, sometimes abundant, but the population greatly declined in this region during the 20th century. The cause of its extirpation is largely attributed to the introduction of the red fox Vulpes vulpes. The threat from predation by cats is noted as sometimes absent where the fox had already established itself. Attempts to control another exotic pest, the European rabbit, were also a threatening factor to this species succumbing to control methods of water poisoning and inadvertent capture in rabbit traps.[7] Bush curlew's distribution range included most of the mainland of the Australian continent, although this has become reduced by around 90%, and is also found on offshore and nearby islands. A very small population is recorded breeding at a site in southern New Guinea.[1] The curlew was reported to sometimes find protection from foxes by residing near rural properties, receiving the consideration of farmers and defended by their dogs. Young birds have been known to become partially domesticated at rural properties.[7]

Agricultural activity sometimes favoured the local populations; Frederick Whitlock noted in 1903 that the weelo gained access to open water and favoured the partial clearing of forest where remnant shrubland remained. However, the dramatic decline in former strongholds that were converted to European farming practices was recorded in the mid-20th century.[7][5]

Conservation status

Adult and young, Rush Creek, SE Queensland

Bush stone-curlews remain reasonably common in the north of Australia, but have become rare in the less fertile south. Many experts believe that fox predation is a prime factor in their decline, although some areas remain where foxes are common, yet the bush stone-curlew population remains healthy, so the true causes remain uncertain. Large-scale habitat destruction and fragmentation has undoubtedly been important, and may well be the major factor, although some evidence suggests that the species favours agricultural land [10] and some urban areas[11] with patches of remnant native vegetation over intact areas of vegetation.

Starting in 2014, bush stone-curlews have been reintroduced to a protected area in Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary in Canberra using a combination of hard- and soft-release strategies.[12]

The assessment noted in the IUCN Red List is not threatened, revising an earlier listing of near threatened with extinction. The population is declining and estimated at 10,000 to 15,000 individuals in 2016. Historical declines recorded during colonisation of Australia are thought to have abated in the 32 years (three generations) prior to the IUCN's 2016 assessment.[1]

The bush stone-curlew is not listed as threatened on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is common in Queensland, and not considered to be regionally threatened there. In New South Wales, it is considered endangered under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. It is listed as "vulnerable" in South Australia on the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972,[13] and listed as "threatened" on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.[14] Under this act, an action statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.[15] On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as endangered.[16]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burhinus grallarius.
Wikispecies has information related to Burhinus grallarius.
  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2016). "Burhinus grallarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693600A93415183. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693600A93415183.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. lxvi.
  3. ^ Gould, Elizabeth; Gould, John; Richter, Henry Constantine (1845). The birds of Australia. Vol. 6. pp. Plate 5, et seq.
  4. ^ a b "Species Burhinus (Burhinus) grallarius (Latham, 1801)". Australian Faunal Directory. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Reader's digest complete book of Australian birds (2nd rev. 1st ed.). Reader's Digest Services. 1982. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0909486638.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Serventy, D. L.; Whittell, H. M. (1951). A handbook of the birds of Western Australia (with the exception of the Kimberley division) (2nd ed.). Perth: Paterson Brokensha. pp. 170–171.
  7. ^ a b c d Abbott, I. (2008). "Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia" (PDF). Conservation Science W. Aust. 6 (3): 15–17.
  8. ^ Denise Lawungkurr Goodfellow (2005). Birds of Australia's Top End. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Reed New Holland. p. 68. ISBN 1-877069-19-1.
  9. ^ Hill, H.E. (1903). "Some Notes from Brookton, W.A." The Emu. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. 3 (2): 104–107. doi:10.1071/MU903104.
  10. ^ Gates, J.A.; Paton, D.C. (2005). "The distribution of Bush Stone-curlews (Burhinus grallarius) in South Australia, with particular reference to Kangaroo Island". Emu. 105 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1071/MU02029. S2CID 83958453.
  11. ^ Murialdo, G.R.; Kleisner, K.; Wolfenden, J.; Old, J.M. (2015). "Habitat preferences of an endangered species in developing landscapes: the Bush Stone-curlew on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia". Australian Zoologist. 37 (3): 294–301. doi:10.7882/AZ.2015.002.
  12. ^ "Bush Stone-Curlew Fact Sheet – Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary". Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  13. ^ Kirkwood J 2005, "Bush-stone Curlew (Burhinus grallarius)", Threatened Species Day fact sheet, Department of the Environment and Heritage
  14. ^ "Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria". Archived from the original on 2005-07-18. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  15. ^ "Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria". Archived from the original on 2006-09-11. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  16. ^ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.
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Bush stone-curlew: Brief Summary

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The bush stone-curlew or bush thick-knee, also known as the Iben bird (Burhinus grallarius, obsolete name Burhinus magnirostris) is a large, ground-dwelling bird endemic to Australia. Its favoured habitat is open plains and woodlands, where it stalks slowly at night in search of invertebrates such as insects. Its grey-brown coloration is distinguished by dark streaks, its eyes are large and legs are long. It is capable of flight, but relies on the camouflage of its plumage to evade detection during the day; the bush curlew adopts a rigid posture when it becomes aware of an observer. Both sexes care for two eggs laid on the bare ground, usually sited near bush in a shaded position or next to a fallen branch.

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Aŭstralia trielo ( Esperanto )

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La Aŭstralia trielo (Burhinus grallarius) estas aŭstralia birdo kiu reprezentas en nordo kaj oriento de tiu kontinento la genron Burhinus, vadbirdoj de la familio Burinedoj. Ĝi estas endemismo.

Aspekto

Kvankam ĝi ŝajnas vadbirdo rilatanta hematopojn, avocetojn kaj pluviojn, ĝi estas sekeja predanto kaj surtera karnovorulo.

Tiu specio estas alta, maldika. Ili estas mezgrandaj birdoj -ĉirkaŭ 55 cm kaj pezo de ĉirkaŭ 450 g- kun fortikaj kapoj kaj nigraj etaj bekoj, larĝaj flavaj okuloj kaj kamufla bruna plumaro. Diferenco kun aliaj trieloj estas, ke la plumaro estas pli griza dorse, iom ruĝbruna ĉebruste. Kiel en aliaj trieloj la flava okulo estas en la centro de de hela cirklo, kiu en tiu ĉi specio okupas la tutan vizaĝon fendita de malhela larĝa strio kiu komencas subokule kaj subigas la kolon. Dumfluge en flugiloj estas videblaj nigraj pintoj. La kruroj estas dikaj, longaj kaj grizhelaj.

Kutimoj

Kiel plej granda parto de trieloj, tiu ĉi estas ĉefe nokta kaj specialiĝas en ĉasado de etaj herbejaj bestoj: ranoj, araneoj, insektoj, moluskoj, krustuloj, serpentoj, lacertoj kaj etaj mamuloj estas plukitaj el grundo aŭ putra ligno; ankaŭ semoj aŭ tuberoj, ĉefe en sekaj jaroj. Birdoj kutime manĝas solece aŭ laŭ paroj en ampleksa teritorio, ĉefe en lunbrilaj noktoj.

Dumtage tiuj aŭstraliaj trieloj kutime restas senagaj, kaŝitaj inter alta herbaro aŭ malalta arbustaro kaj fidante je sia kamufla plumaro kontraŭ siaj nuraj naturaj predantoj: rabobirdoj. Kiam ili estas ĝenataj, ili ŝtoniĝas senmovaj, ofte laŭ strangaj korposintenoj. Kontraŭ pervidaj predantoj kiel rabobirdoj (kaj homoj), tio funkcias bone, sed ĝi malfunkcias kontraŭ aliaj bestoj kiuj ĉasas perflare, nome vulpoj kaj katoj.

Spite ties ŝajna pigreco kaj ŝtoniĝokutimo, tiu specio povas rapide kuri kaj kvankam ili ne kutimas flugi dumtage, ili ne estas mallertaj flugantoj, ĉar ties flugmaniero estas rapida kaj akurata per longaj kaj mallarĝaj flugiloj.

Reproduktado

Unue okazas rimarkindaj ceremonioj. Ili paradas per koloj, vostoj kaj flugiloj streĉitaj. La ino demetas 1 ĝis 3 ovojn en surgrunda truo kaj ambaŭ gepatroj kovas dum monato kaj duono kaj zorgas la idojn.

Disvastiĝo

Tiu aŭstralazia birdo restas sufiĉe komuna norde de Aŭstralio kaj iome oriente kaj malpli okcidente -malmultege centre-, sed rariĝis en pli fruktodona sudo, nome ViktorioNovsudkimrio kaj estas klasita de tiu ŝtato kiel minacata. Multaj spertuloj opinias, ke predo farita de vulpoj estas plej grava faktoro por ties malpliiĝo, kvankam estas zonoj kie kaj vulpoj kaj trieloj estas komunaj. Malpliigo de medio kaj parceligo ankaŭ endanĝerigis la specion en tiuj regionoj sudaj.

Vidu ankaŭ

Referencoj

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Aŭstralia trielo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Aŭstralia trielo (Burhinus grallarius) estas aŭstralia birdo kiu reprezentas en nordo kaj oriento de tiu kontinento la genron Burhinus, vadbirdoj de la familio Burinedoj. Ĝi estas endemismo.

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Burhinus grallarius ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El alcaraván colilargo (Burhinus grallarius)[2][3]​ es una especie de ave charadriforme de la familia Burhinidae nativa de Australia.

Comportamiento

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Adulto en el zoológico de Perth

A pesar de que se parece bastante a un ave limícola y se relaciona con los ostreros, avocetas y chorlitos, es un depredador terrestre que llena un nicho ecológico similar a la de los correcaminos de América del Norte.

Como la mayoría de burínidos, es principalmente nocturno y está especializado en la caza de pequeños animales de pastizales como ranas, arañas, insectos, moluscos, crustáceos, serpientes, lagartos y pequeños mamíferos. Durante el día tiende a permanecer inactivo, refugiado entre la hierba alta o en pequeños arbustos y confiando en su plumaje críptico para protegerlos de los depredadores. Cuando se les molesta, se congelan inmóviles, a menudo en posturas de extraño aspecto. Para los depredadores visuales como las rapaces (y humanos), esto funciona bien, pero sirve de poco con los animales que cazan por el olor, como zorros, dingos o varanos.

A pesar de su aspecto torpe y el hábito de quedarse inmóvil, son de andar seguro, rápido y ágil en el suelo, y aunque rara vez vuelan durante las horas del día, están lejos de ser torpes en el aire, su vuelo es rápido y directo con sus alas largas y anchas.

Distribución y hábitat

Tiene una amplia variedad de hábitats, puede ser encontrado en bosques abiertos, bosques de eucalipto, en los bordes de bosques tropicales, praderas, matorrales áridos y a lo largo de los cursos aguas interiores. Se puede encontrar a través de Australia, desde la costa de Australia Occidental hasta Tasmania. Es una especie común en las ciudades de Brisbane, Cairns y Townsville, sin embargo, no se encuentra en las zonas urbanas en el sur de su área de distribución. Todavía es abundante en el norte tropical y subtropical, sin embargo se ha vuelto muy raro en las tierras menos fértiles del sur donde antes era común.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Burhinus grallarius». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1996). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Tercera parte: Opisthocomiformes, Gruiformes y Charadriiformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 43 (2): 231-238. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2015.
  3. «Alcaraván Colilargo (Burhinus grallarius) (Latham, 1802)». en Avibase. Consultado el 9 de febrero de 2015.

Bibliografía

  • Morcombe, Michael (2000). Field Guide to Australian Birds. Box 1058, Archerfield, Qld: Steve Parish Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 174021417X.
  • Denise Lawungkurr Goodfellow (2005). Birds of Australia's Top End. Frenchs Forest, Nueva Gales del Sur: Reed New Holland. p. 68. ISBN 1-877069-19-1.
  • Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.

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Burhinus grallarius: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El alcaraván colilargo (Burhinus grallarius)​ ​ es una especie de ave charadriforme de la familia Burhinidae nativa de Australia.

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Burhinus grallarius ( Basque )

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Burhinus grallarius Burhinus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Burhinidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Burhinus grallarius: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Burhinus grallarius Burhinus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Burhinidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Australianpaksujalka ( Finnish )

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Australianpaksujalka (Burhinus grallarius) on australialainen kahlaajalintu. Sen esiintymisalue ulottuu Länsi-Australian pohjois- ja eteläosista Pohjoisterritorion halki Queenslandiin ja sieltä etelään Victoriaan. Se elää myös Papua-Uuden-Guinean Trans-Fly-alueella. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili John Latham Uudesta Etelä-Walesista vuonna 1802.[2]

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Burhinus grallarius IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.5.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. IBC (englanniksi)
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Häirittynä australianpaksujalka naamioituu ja tekeytyy mahdollisimman ohueksi.
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Australianpaksujalka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Australianpaksujalka (Burhinus grallarius) on australialainen kahlaajalintu. Sen esiintymisalue ulottuu Länsi-Australian pohjois- ja eteläosista Pohjoisterritorion halki Queenslandiin ja sieltä etelään Victoriaan. Se elää myös Papua-Uuden-Guinean Trans-Fly-alueella. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili John Latham Uudesta Etelä-Walesista vuonna 1802.

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Œdicnème bridé ( French )

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Burhinus grallarius

L'Œdicnème bridé (Burhinus grallarius) est une espèce d'oiseaux limicoles terrestres endémique de l'Australie.

Description

L'œdicnème bridé mesure 54 à 59 cm pour une masse de 625 à 670 g. Cette espèce est polymorphe avec deux formes grise et rousse.

Il s'agit d'un œdicnème particulièrement haut sur pattes muni d'une queue relativement longue pour ce groupe.

Habitat

L'œdicnème bridé peuple notamment les forêts claires ou clairiérées.

Alimentation

Son régime alimentaire est carnivore.

Comme beaucoup d'œdicnèmes, c'est un animal nocturne spécialisé dans la chasse aux petits animaux : grenouilles, myriapodes, araignées, insectes, mollusques, crustacés, serpents, lézards qu'il trouve sur le sol, déterre d'un sol meuble ou déniche dans un morceau de bois pourri. Il peut se nourrir aussi de graines ou de tubercules en période de disette. Il chasse seul ou en couple, surtout la nuit, à la lueur de la lune.

Comportement

Pendant la journée, il reste inactif, se cachant dans les grandes herbes et les buissons en utilisant sa tenue de camouflage pour se protéger de ses principaux prédateurs: les rapaces. Quand il se sent repéré, il se tient immobile, souvent dans une posture bizarre. Pour les prédateurs visuels, comme les rapaces ou l'homme, cela suffit mais pour les nouveaux prédateurs, notamment les renards et les chiens (dingos) qui chassent à l'odorat, cela est inefficace

C'est un bon marcheur, rapide et agile au sol et il n'est pas ridicule en vol dans la journée. Son vol est rapide et droit avec ses longues et larges ailes.

Reproduction

Cet oiseau se reproduit généralement plus tôt dans le nord que dans le sud : la ponte se déroule entre juin et décembre dans le Queensland et entre août et janvier dans l'État de Victoria.

Il est monogame.

Statut de conservation

Bien qu'il reste relativement commun dans le Nord de l'Australie, il est devenu rare dans les régions fertiles du Sud, notamment dans l'État de Victoria où il est considéré comme menacé. Beaucoup attribuent cette disparition aux renards. L'espèce serait également menacée par la compétition avec les herbivores d'élevage (moutons) et la transformation qu'occasionne le pastoralisme sur son milieu.

La population australienne est estimée à 15 000 oiseaux.

Galerie

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Œdicnème bridé: Brief Summary ( French )

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Burhinus grallarius

L'Œdicnème bridé (Burhinus grallarius) est une espèce d'oiseaux limicoles terrestres endémique de l'Australie.

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Burhinus grallarius ( Italian )

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L'occhione Willaroo o occhione del bush (Burhinus grallarius, Latham 1802), è un uccello della famiglia dei Burhinidae.

Sistematica

Burhinus grallarius non ha sottospecie, è monotipico.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questo uccello vive in Australia, su molte isole al largo delle sue coste, e una piccola popolazione anche sull'isola di Nuova Guinea. In Australia la popolazione è in calo a sud e a est della Grande Catena Divisoria.

Bibliografia

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Burhinus grallarius: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'occhione Willaroo o occhione del bush (Burhinus grallarius, Latham 1802), è un uccello della famiglia dei Burhinidae.

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Australische griel ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Australische griel (Burhinus grallarius) is een vogel die behoort tot de familie van grielen (Burhinidae). Het is een endemische vogelsoort van Australië.

Deze vogelsoort moet niet verward worden met de rifgriel (Esacus magnirostris) die ook wel de Nederlandse naam Australische griel wordt gegeven en onder meer aan de kust van Australië voorkomt.

Beschrijving

De Australische griel is een typische griel die zowel op de borst als op de rug bruingrijs met een donker streepjespatroon. Hiermee verschilt hij van de rifgriel die daar egaal is. Verder heeft de Australische griel een minder zware snavel en is de zwart-wittekening op de kop minder uitgesproken. De Australische griel heeft een lengte van 55 tot 58 cm, zo groot als de rifgriel, maar de poten zijn slanker.

Voorkomen

Deze griel komt verspreid door heel Australië voor in half open bosgebieden waar de bodem met bladeren en takken is bedekt, kustgebieden met struikgewas, mangrove, aangeplante bossen, boomgaarden en golfbanen. De Australische griel wordt ook gezien in het zuiden van Nieuw-Guinea.[2][3]

Status

De Australische griel is in het zuiden van Australië sterk in aantal afgenomen, maar komt in het noorden nog vrij algemeen voor. De populatie werd in 2011 geschat op meer dan 10.000 volwassen vogels. Dit aantal neemt mogelijk nog af. Echter, het tempo ligt onder de 30% in tien jaar (minder dan 3,5% per jaar), daarom kwalificeert de Australische griel zich als niet bedreigde vogelsoort.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Australische griel op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Beehler, B.M., T.K. Pratt & D.A.Zimmerman 1986. Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02394-8.
  3. (en) Pizzey, G & R. Doyle, 1980. A field guide to the birds of Australia. Collins, Sydney.
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Australische griel: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Australische griel (Burhinus grallarius) is een vogel die behoort tot de familie van grielen (Burhinidae). Het is een endemische vogelsoort van Australië.

Deze vogelsoort moet niet verward worden met de rifgriel (Esacus magnirostris) die ook wel de Nederlandse naam Australische griel wordt gegeven en onder meer aan de kust van Australië voorkomt.

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Stylttjockfot ( Swedish )

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Stylttjockfot[2] (Burhinus grallarius) är en fågel i familjen tjockfotar inom ordningen vadarfåglar.[3]

Utbredning

Stylttjockfoten förekommer i Australien (förutom torra områden), södra Nya Guinea och tillfälligt till Tasmanien.[3] Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen är ganska liten och uppskattas till mellan 10.000 och 15.000 vuxna individer.[1]

Bilder

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Burhinus grallarius Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

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Stylttjockfot: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Stylttjockfot (Burhinus grallarius) är en fågel i familjen tjockfotar inom ordningen vadarfåglar.

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Burhinus grallarius ( Vietnamese )

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Burhinus grallarius là một loài chim trong họ Burhinidae.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Burhinus grallarius. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Choi choi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Burhinus grallarius: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Burhinus grallarius là một loài chim trong họ Burhinidae.

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Австралийская авдотка ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Подотряд: Chionidi
Семейство: Авдотковые
Род: Авдотки
Вид: Австралийская авдотка
Международное научное название

Burhinus grallarius Latham, 1802

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ITIS 558950NCBI 585466EOL 1049048

Австралийская авдотка[1] (лат. Burhinus grallarius) — птица семейства авдотковых отряда ржанкообразных.

Описание

Длина тела австралийской авдотки 54—59 см, размах крыльев 82—105 см, длина хвоста 17,2—19,1 см, длина клюва 4—5 см, длина плюсны 12,0—13,7 см, высота стоящей взрослой птицы 50—60 см. Масса самцов до 670 г, самок до 625 г. Полиморфный вид, имеющий рыжую и серую цветовые формы. Рыжая форма преобладает на севере Австралии, серая встречается главным образом у восточного и западного побережий материка. Окраска серой формы светлая серо-бурая с черными полосами, от глаза к спине проходит темная полоса. Передняя часть, бока и низ головы, нижние кроющие крыла и низ брюшка белые. У рыжей формы оперение рыже-коричневое с черными полосами вокруг глаз, на лбу, шее, груди и верхней части брюшка.

Громкоголосые птицы, кричат в основном ночью.

Ареал и места обитания

Австралийская авдотка широко распространена по всей Австралии, но особенно многочисленна в засушливых регионах континента. Встречается также на многих прибрежных островах. Небольшая гнездящаяся популяция обитает на юге Новой Гвинеи. Обитает в редколесьях, предпочитая заросли казуарин, эвкалиптов и акаций. Держится в местах с поваленными деревьями и опавшей листвой. Населяет также сухие луга и поля.

Австралийская авдотка достаточно обычна в Северной и Северо-Восточной Австралии и на близлежащих островах, даже в пределах городов, однако на юге материка ареал вида сокращается, вероятно из-за интенсивной вырубки лесов, и она стала редкой. Восточнее и южнее Большого Водораздельного хребта эта птица в настоящее время практически исчезла. Общая численность австралийских авдоток составляет 10 000 — 20 000 половозрелых особей.

Образ жизни

Наиболее активны в сумерках и ночью, особенно в лунные ночи. Днём неподвижно сидят среди поваленных деревьев. Питаются насекомыми, моллюсками, многоножками, ракообразными, пауками, лягушками, ящерицами, змеями, а также растительной пищей. Корм собирают с земли. Пара птиц занимает постоянную территорию. Вне периода размножения птицы могут собираться в небольшие стаи.

Размножение

Размножаются весной, с конца августа до средины декабря, хотя на севере Австралии могут и раньше. Гнездо строят на земле, обычно возле сухих деревьев в траве или среди кустарников. В кладке обычно 2 яйца, которые насиживают оба родителя в течение 25 дней. Родители энергично защищают птенцов и заботятся о них.

Продолжительность жизни больше 20 лет.

Фото

  • Bush Stone-curlew pair.jpg
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    Пара взрослых птиц

  • Wilhelma Vogel 3.jpg
  • Burhinus grallarius Cleland.jpg
  • Burhinus grallarius -Alice Springs Desert Park, Northern Territory, Australia-8a (1).jpg
  • Bush Stone-curlew 2.jpg
  •  src=

    Птенцы

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    Защитная поза авдотки

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 78. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Австралийская авдотка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Австралийская авдотка (лат. Burhinus grallarius) — птица семейства авдотковых отряда ржанкообразных.

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