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Smyrnium olusatrum ye una especie perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae (o Umbelliferae).[1]
Les plantes son fuertes y algamen un tamañu de 150 cm d'altor, con un tarmu sólidu que s'acovana cola edá. Les fueyes son dentaes, los segmentos ternaos estremen los segmentos de planu, nun ye carnosa.[2]
Smyrnium olusatrum ye nativa del Mediterraneu, pero ye capaz d'espolletar más al norte.[1] Les flores son de color mariellu-verde y los sos frutos son de color negru. Smyrnium olusatrum ye entemediu nel sabor ente l'apiu y el perexil.[1] Una vegada foi utilizada en munchos platos, pero yá se perdió'l so usu,[3] o non, pero foi sustituyíu pol apiu. Tamién foi utilizáu como una melecina de yerbes. Nes condiciones fayadices, algama un tamañu d'hasta 120 a 150 cm d'altor.
Na actualidá casi s'escaeció como alimentu, anque inda crez montés en munches partes d'Europa, incluyida Gran Bretaña.[1] Ye común ente los sitios de xardinos de los monesterios medievales.
Esta planta d'altor alcuéntrase en senderos polos cantiles, siendo la primer vexetación costera del añu. Los romanos traer con ellos pa comer les fueyes, los tarmos, los raigaños, y les yemes.[4]
L'usu melecinal de la smyrnium ye vieyu, como lo demuestra la so presencia na Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, una orde emitida por Carlomagno que reclama a los sos campos por que cultiven una serie de yerbes y condimentos incluyendo "olisatum" identificada anguaño como Smyrnium olusatrum.
Smyrnium olusatrum describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 262. 1753.[5]
Smyrnium: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu σμυρνα = "mirra", en referencia al arume de les granes.
olusatrum: epítetu específicu que remanez del llatín olus atrum = "yerba negro", en referencia a'l color de la fruta nel maduror.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Smyrnium olusatrum ye una especie perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae (o Umbelliferae).
L'aleixandri, api de cavall, cugul, julivert de moro o angèlica de Montjuïc, aleixandri (Smyrnium olusatrum) és una planta amb flor de la família de les apiàcies.
Com a planta cultivada en temps antics va ser mencionada per Teofrast i Plini. Les flors són blanques i les llavors negres.
És una planta comestible, un dels àpats de l'antiga Roma. Els romans menjaven les fulles, les tiges i les rels. L'olor i el gust recorden a l'api. Antigament es feia servir per condimentar plats i com a planta medicinal però ha caigut en desús.[1]
L'aleixandri, api de cavall, cugul, julivert de moro o angèlica de Montjuïc, aleixandri (Smyrnium olusatrum) és una planta amb flor de la família de les apiàcies.
Planhigyn blodeuol ydy Dulys sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Apiaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Smyrnium olusatrum a'r enw Saesneg yw Alexanders. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Alisantr, Alisantr y Ddulys, Alisantri, Bwydlys y Mynachod, Dulys Cyffredin, Elisandyr, Gauhelogan a Llysiau Crochan Ddu.
Tyf yn dalsyth i uchder o tua metr a hanner, gyda bonyn soled, sy'n troi'n wag gydag amser. Ceir dannedd ar y dail.[1] Arferid ei fwyta, nes y daeth seleri yn fwy poblogaidd.
Planhigyn blodeuol ydy Dulys sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Apiaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Smyrnium olusatrum a'r enw Saesneg yw Alexanders. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Alisantr, Alisantr y Ddulys, Alisantri, Bwydlys y Mynachod, Dulys Cyffredin, Elisandyr, Gauhelogan a Llysiau Crochan Ddu.
Tyf yn dalsyth i uchder o tua metr a hanner, gyda bonyn soled, sy'n troi'n wag gydag amser. Ceir dannedd ar y dail. Arferid ei fwyta, nes y daeth seleri yn fwy poblogaidd.
Der Pferdeeppich (Smyrnium olusatrum), auch Gespenst-Gelbdolde oder Alisander,[1] Smyrnerkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Gelbdolden (Smyrnium) innerhalb der Familie der Doldenblütler (Apiaceae).[2]
Der Pferdeeppich wächst als zweijährige krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 50 bis 150,[2] selten bis zu 180 Zentimetern. Die stark riechende Hauptwurzel ist verdickt und reicht 50 bis 60 Zentimeter in die Tiefe, dünnere Seitenwurzeln verlaufen knapp unter der Erdoberfläche. Die rippigen Stängel sind kahl und im alter oft hohl.
Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind meist in Blattscheide, -stiel und -spreite gegliedert. Im oberen Bereich sind die Blattstiele teils mit einer Blattscheide. Die Blattspreite ist zwei- bis dreifach dreizählig gefiedert oder seltener dreizählig, im oberen Teil manchmal einfach und stängelumfassend bis durchwachsen, dunkelgrün glänzend und kahl. Die einzelnen Fiederblättchen oder Blattspreiten sind eiförmig bis rundlich und kerbig spitzig-gesägt bis gelappt.
Auf einem langen Blütenstandsschaft befindet sich der doppeldoldige Blütenstand. Die Hüllen und Hüllchen fehlen meist oder sind klein. Der Pferdeeppich ist andromonozöisch. Der doppeldoldige Blütenstand enthält männliche und zwittrige Blüten in einem Verhältnis von etwa 4:1. Die sehr kleinen, grünlich-gelb bis gelb gefärbten, fünfzähligen Blüten haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 1,5 Millimetern. Der Kelch fehlt oder ist stark reduziert. Das Griffelpolster ist fleischig und auffällig mit kurzen Griffelästen.
Die seitlich etwas abgeflachte, breit-eiförmige und schwärzliche, kahle Spaltfrucht mit Karpophor weist einen Durchmesser von 7 bis 8 Millimetern auf. Die rippigen und einsamigen Teilfrüchte besitzen einige Ölzellen (Vittae).
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[3][4]
Der Pferdeeppich kommt ursprünglich auf den Azoren, in Marokko, Algerien, Tunesien, Libyen, Portugal, Spanien, Gibraltar, auf den Balearen, in Frankreich, Monaco, Italien, auf Korsika, Sardinien, Sizilien, in Malta, Kroatien, Montenegro, Albanien, Griechenland, auf Kreta, auf Inseln in der Ägäis, auf Zypern, in der europäischen und asiatischen Türkei, im Libanon, in Syrien, Jordanien und Israel vor.[5] In Irland und Großbritannien ist Smyrnium olusatrum ein Neophyt.[5]
Der Pferdeeppich wächst in Mitteleuropa in Gebüschen und Unkrautfluren in Küstennähe. Smyrnium olusatrum stammt wahrscheinlich ursprünglich aus dem Mittelmeerraum, findet sich aber auch entlang der europäischen Atlantikküste bis Dänemark, sowie auf den Britischen Inseln, wahrscheinlich aufgrund der Nutzung und Verbreitung durch den Menschen. In Deutschland kommt der Pferdeeppich in Pflanzengesellschaften des Verbands Alliarion vor.[4]
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Smyrnium olusatrum erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Seite 262.[2][6]
Der Pferdeeppich wird in Südeuropa, Nordafrika und auf den Kanarischen Inseln als Nutzpflanze angebaut. Die nach Sellerie riechenden unterirdischen Pflanzenteile, Laubblätter und junge Sprosse können als Salat oder Gemüse genutzt werden.[7] Im Mittelalter wurde der Pferdeeppich auch im mitteleuropäischen Raum genutzt, er wird unter anderem um das Jahr 800 im Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii erwähnt. Noch um 1600 wurde diese Pflanzenart nach Johann Bauhin viel angepflanzt und diente roh und gekocht als Speise, als Gemüse und Salat.[8]
Die Samen werden als Gewürz verwendet.
Der Pferdeeppich (Smyrnium olusatrum), auch Gespenst-Gelbdolde oder Alisander, Smyrnerkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Gelbdolden (Smyrnium) innerhalb der Familie der Doldenblütler (Apiaceae).
Ixses (Isem usnan: Smyrnium olusatrum) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n wapiaceae 
. Carl Von Linné d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1753.
Ixses (Isem usnan: Smyrnium olusatrum) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n wapiaceae . Carl Von Linné d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1753.
Το Σμύρνιον το μελανοσέλινον (Smyrnium olusatrum), κοινή ονομασία Αγριοσέλινο ή Σμυρνιά, είναι ένα καλλιεργούμενο ανθοφόρο φυτό, που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Απιίδων (Apiaceae) ή Σκιαδοφόρων (Umbelliferae).[1] Επίσης, είναι γνωστό ως Αλεξάντερς, alisanders, μαϊντανός αλόγου και smyrnium. Ήταν γνωστό στον Θεόφραστο (9.1) και τον Πλίνιο τον Πρεσβύτερο (N. H. 19.48).[2]
Αυτά τα σωματώδη φυτά αναπτύσσονται σε ύψος 150 εκ. (59 in), με ένα συμπαγές στέλεχος το οποίο με τα χρόνια γίνεται κοίλο και αυλωτό.[3] Τα φύλλα είναι σκέτα οδοντωτά, τα τρισχιδή διαιρούμενα τμήματα χωρίζουν τα τμήματα επίπεδα, όχι σαρκώδη.[4]
Το Αγριοσέλινο είναι ενδημικό στη Λεκάνη της Μεσογείου, αλλά είναι σε θέση να ευδοκιμήσει βορειότερα.[1] Τα άνθη του είναι χρώματος κίτρινο-πράσινου και σχηματίζουν σκιάδια,[3][Σημ. 1] και οι καρποί του είναι μαύροι. Ανθίζει από τον Απρίλιο έως τον Ιούνιο.[3] Γευστικά, το Αγριοσέλινο βρίσκεται ενδιάμεσα μεταξύ σέλινου και μαϊντανού.[1] Παλαιότερα, χρησιμοποιείτο σε πολλά πιάτα, είτε ζεματισμένο [5] είτε όχι, αλλά τώρα έχει αντικατασταθεί από το σέλινο.
Τώρα έχει σχεδόν ξεχαστεί ως πηγή τροφής αν και εξακολουθεί να φύεται άγριο, σε πολλά μέρη της Ευρώπης συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Βρετανίας.[1] Είναι σύνηθες μεταξύ των τοποθεσιών των Μεσαιωνικών κήπων των μονών.
Αυτό το υψηλό φυτό, φύεται στα μονοπάτια των γκρεμών και είναι το πρώτο πράσινο παραθαλάσσιο τοπίο του έτους. Οι Ρωμαίοι το έφεραν μαζί τους για τρώνε τα φύλλα, τους μίσχους, τις ρίζες και τους ανθοφόρους οφθαλμούς του.[6]
Τα Αγριοσέλινο είναι μια πηγή τροφής η οποία εκτιμάται πολύ από τα άλογα.[7]
Ευρέως διασκορπισμένο στην Αγγλία και την Ιρλανδία. Συνηθισμένο σε εδάφη αποβλήτων και τις άκρες των αγρών, ειδικά πλησίον των ακτών.[8][9]
Στις Κομητείες Down, Antrim, Londonderry και σε ολόκληρη την Ιρλανδία.[8][10]
Το Σμύρνιον το μελανοσέλινον (Smyrnium olusatrum), κοινή ονομασία Αγριοσέλινο ή Σμυρνιά, είναι ένα καλλιεργούμενο ανθοφόρο φυτό, που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Απιίδων (Apiaceae) ή Σκιαδοφόρων (Umbelliferae). Επίσης, είναι γνωστό ως Αλεξάντερς, alisanders, μαϊντανός αλόγου και smyrnium. Ήταν γνωστό στον Θεόφραστο (9.1) και τον Πλίνιο τον Πρεσβύτερο (N. H. 19.48).
Smyrnium olusatrum, common name alexanders (or alisander) is an edible flowering plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), which grows on waste ground and in hedges around the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions of Europe. It was formerly widely grown as a pot herb, but is now appreciated mostly by foragers.
Alexanders is a stout, glabrous (hairless) biennial growing to 150 (sometimes 180) cm tall, with a solid stem up to 22 mm in diameter, which becomes hollow and grooved with age. It has a tuberous tap-root which can be 60 cm long, as well as fibrous lateral roots.[1]
The stem leaves are arranged in a spiral (although the upper cauline ones are often opposite and sometimes in whorls of 3), with an inflated, purple-striped, fleshy petiole that has papery margins towards the base. The compound leaves are broadly diamond-shaped, 2- or 3-times ternately (sometimes pinnately) divided. Sometimes they are slightly hairy towards the base. The individual leaflets are dark green above, pale green below, flat, lobed and serrated with obtuse teeth that have a tiny white hydathode at the tip.[2][3]
Inflorescences are terminal or in the leaf axils and consist of an umbel of umbels, 6-7 cm in diameter, with 5-25 rays which are glabrous, ridged and 2-4 cm long. There are 3-4 bracts which are small, pale and inconspicuous (or absent), and the peduncle is usually longer than the rays. The individual umblets are 10-20 mm across with 10-20 flowers and 1-5 tiny bracteoles. The actinomorphic flowers are small, with 5 yellowish petals and 5 tiny, green sepals, 5 stamens and (if present) 2 styles.
Sometimes there are 4 or 5 peduncles branching from the top of the stem, giving the impression of an umbel of umbels of umbels. Generally, it is only the terminal umbel that has 100% bisexual flowers; the lateral ones having both bisexual and male-only flowers (typically the male umbellules are in the centre); while the tertiary umbels often have only male flowers. This is best seen at maturity, when the male-only flowers wither without producing fruit.[1]
The mature fruit is a black schizocarp 6.5-8 mm long, which splits into two single-seeded mericarps, revealing a stalk (the carpophore) that runs between them. Each mericarp has 3 ridges and numerous vittae (oil tubes), which exude a pungent oil which smells of capsicum or diesel.[2] A single plant may produce between 3,000 and 9,000 seeds in a single year.[4][1]
Smyrnium olusatrum is in one of the numerous genera that are assigned to the subfamily Apoideae within the carrot family. The Apoideae are characterised by highly divided leaves, a lack of stipules, the compound umbels, the presence of a stylopodium, and fruit with a membranous endocarp and vittae.[4]
It was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum (p. 262). Its name has remained unchanged since then, although the same plant has subsequently been given two other names (synonyms) which, as they came later, do not stand: Smyrnium maritimum Salisb. (1796) and Smyrnium vulgare Gray (1821). The plant was of course well known before Linnaeus's time but names pre-dating this are not used in botany (Linnaeus himself gave Hipposelinum theophrasti and Smyrnium dioscoridis as synonyms, citing Gaspard Bauhin's Pinax theatri botanici (1623)). A type specimen has subsequently been designated (lectotype), which is at the Natural History Museum in London.[5]
There are no named subspecies or varieties and it is not known to hybridise with any other species.[6]
Its chromosome number is 2n = 22.[4]
The generic name Smyrnium is derived from the Greek word for myrrh and the epithet olusatrum was the Roman name of a plant, from the Latin, olus = herb, and ater = black. The English name, alexanders, is a corruption of the Latin (olus ater ⇒ alisander) and does not have anything to do with Alexander the Great. There are numerous other vernacular names for it, including allsander, alshinder, alick, skit, skeet, hellroot (a corruption of "heal root"[7]), megweed, wild parsley, Macedonian parsley, wild celery, horse celery, stanmarch and black lovage.[8][1][9]
In Italy it is commonly known as macerone or maceronous corinol[10] (because it grows on rubble) and in Greece it is widely known as agrioselino (wild celery).[11]
In older botanical works, the planet symbol for Mars (♂) sometimes appears by the name.[12] This is simply a code to show that the plant is a biennial.[9]
There are few difficulties in recognising alexanders in northern Europe. Its compound ternate leaves are very distinctive, as are the yellow flowers. Amongst wild plants, it could possibly be confused with hemlock water-dropwort or wild celery but those species have white flowers. A commonly cultivated herb which does resemble it in its dark, shiny foliage is Lovage, but that has more sharply toothed leaves, no latex in the petiole, and a more erect habit.[3][13]
Alexanders is widespread in Britain, where it is frequent in coastal areas in the south, becoming progressively rarer towards the north of Scotland.
It does not occur in Orkney or Shetland.[14] It is a lowland plant, being recorded no higher than 290 m (in Cornwall).[15] Inland, it is often found close to the sites of medieval monastery gardens and other historical places such as castles.[16][17] In Ireland it is common around the south and east coasts, but rare inland and to the west.[18][1]
In Europe it occurs throughout the Mediterranean, where it is recorded in all coastal areas, including the islands, and it extends as far as Crimea and the Black Sea. It is also found along the Atlantic coast of the continent from the Iberian Peninsula northwards through France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and (recently) into Norway; and westwards to the Azores. In north Africa it is restricted to the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions, including the Canary Islands.
It is recorded as an introduction in New Zealand, Australia and Bermuda.[5][1]
The conservation status of alexanders in Britain is Least Concern,[19] and it is not considered to be threatened in any region, although it is rare in some countries, such as Belgium.[20]
In Britain and the more northerly parts of Europe, the main habitat for alexanders is tall grassland, typically on road verges and woodland edges. It favours some soil disturbance initially, but once established it can be so dominant as to suppress most other plants. In the British National Vegetation Classification this habitat is described as a herb-rich type of MG1 false oat-grass community which, under other circumstances, would likely be dominated by cow parsley. A similar habitat occurs on the edges of scrub communities such as W21 hawthorn, W22 blackthorn or W24 bramble scrub.[21] It is common on waste ground and field margins, especially near the sea, where it may also be found on cliff paths and near the shore.[22]
It occurs on neutral to slightly calcareous damp soils which are moderately fertile, often in light shade. Although it is more common around the coast than inland, it has little tolerance for salt and its occurrence there may have more to do with milder temperatures found near the sea.[1]
Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 7, F = 5, R = 7, N = 7, and S = 0.[23]
It is a strictly lowland plant in northern Europe. In Britain, it is recorded no higher than 290 m, at Davidstow Airfield in Cornwall.[24]
In the Mediterranean, its habitat is similarly associated with patches of bare ground, but it is also likely to be found in phrygana, olive groves and orchards.[25]
The unspecialised flowers of alexanders are fragrant and are visited by a wide variety of insects. This is facilitated by the stylopodium, the bulbous base of umbellifer flowers, which secretes copious amounts of nectar that is easily available. In Britain, over 150 species have been recorded at the flowers, including many flies and bees, several beetles, butterflies and moths, and several other types of insect.[1]
Plants are often infected with "alexanders rust", Puccinia smyrnii Biv.-Bernh., which produces orange/yellow galls on both sides of the leaves and thickening of the stems, followed by dark brown telia on the undersides of the leaves only.[26]
There are at least nine species of insect which are found on alexanders in Britain and western Europe. Three produce leaf mines: the celery fly, Euleia heraclei (L., 1758), which creates dark patches on the leaf surface; a beetle, Orthochaetes insignis (Aube, 1863), whose larvae produce irregular tunnels; and another fly, Phytomyza smyrnii Spencer, 1954 (which has not been found in Britain but is known in Portugal), that creates linear mines.[27]
Other phytophages include the obscure beetle Liophloeus tessulatus (Müller, 1776), which apparently eats the roots and leaves. Three are aphids, Dysaphis apiifolia (Theobald), D. crataegi (Kaltenbach) (the hawthorn-carrot aphid) and D. lauberti (Borner, C.), which all suck the sap. The remaining two are micro-moths, Agonopterix heracliana (L.), whose larvae spin the leaves, and Udea prunalis (Denis & Schiffermüller), whose caterpillars feed on the leaves.[28]
Alexanders is commonly supposed to be the herb described by Dioscorides as Hipposelinum, which the Romans called olusatrum. William Turner, writing in the late 16th century, explained how this was the accepted wisdom of his "masters", Antonius Musa, Fuchsius and Ruellius (referring to their herbals). However, after reading Dioscorides's De Materia Medica he realised that "our [i.e. English] Alexander is not Smyrniū in Dioscorides," because that species had paler leaves than parsley, a purplish colour, and a white root. Dioscorides himself had said as much, writing "Hipposelinum is different to that which is properly called smyrnium".[29][30] It therefore appears as if smyrnium and olusatrum were originally different plants which were confused, or conflated, by European herbalists.
This confusion only deepened in the following years. In the mid-17th century Nicholas Culpeper explained that "alisander... is sold in apothecaries' shops as Macedonian parsley-seed." However, he acknowledged that it was grown in "all the gardens in Europe, and so well known, that it needs no farther description."[31] John Ray explained in 1660 that alexanders was so called because in Italy and Germany it was known as herba alexandrina, having been supposed to have been brought from Alexandria.[1]
Alexanders (i.e. modern Smyrnium olusatrum) is often described as being native to the Mediterranean and only introduced further north,[16] but Randall points out that this is not based on any real evidence.[1] The earliest find of alexanders in Britain is a seed found at a Roman site at Caerwent.[32] This may be only because the pollen (which would normally provide palaeobotanical evidence) is difficult to identify. For this reason, and from the reading of Dioscorides, it is commonly said to have been introduced by the Romans.[33] Some authors, however, treat it as native.[34]
In Britain, the first record of alexanders as a living plant was by Turner in 1562. He wrote "Our Alexander groweth... in ilands compassed about the se between the far parte of Sommerset shere and Wales."[35] The site mentioned may have been Steep Holm, where John Lightfoot also saw it in 1773.[36][1]
Alexanders was once highly valued in northern Europe as an early vegetable: one of the few fresh plants that can be eaten in February or March. In the west of Britain, it had a reputation amongst sailors of "clearing the blood" and curing scurvy, and in Dorset it was known as "helrut", which is possibly a corruption of "heal root".[7] The seeds have also been used as a cure for scurvy.[37]
One 17th century text describes young shoots used in salads or a "vernal pottage" and an early 18th century recipe recorded by Caleb Threlkeld for Irish Lenten Potage includes alexanders, watercress and nettles.[16][38] In Turkey, where it is known as Baldiran or Göret, the young shoots and leaves are cooked and eaten with yoghurt, or eaten fresh as a salad, while the roots are also eaten, either cooked or fresh.[39] These are considered to be the best part, and are dug up during the winter, when the tubers are most fleshy, although foragers in Britain often overlook them, as it is illegal to uproot wild plants.[40] The young foliage is intermediate in flavor between celery and parsley and the seeds have an acrid, peppery taste.[41] It fell out of favour in the 18th century after celery started being mass produced to replace wild herbs and vegetables. It is not commonly used as a food product in the modern era,[16] but has found some renewed use in exotic "foraged" food recipes and restaurants.[42] It is also fed to livestock.[37]
Rev. John Skinner reported that bundles of alexanders stalks from Steep Holm were used for fuel in the 19th century.[43][1]
Although many authors claim that alexanders seeds smell of myrrh (presumably because of the name, Smyrnium) there are no documented reports of it being used as that. Studies have identified numerous aromatic compounds in various parts of the plant, but none is currently extracted for commercial purposes.[1]
A typical petiole (photographed in Morocco) Smyrnium olusatrum, common name alexanders (or alisander) is an edible flowering plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), which grows on waste ground and in hedges around the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions of Europe. It was formerly widely grown as a pot herb, but is now appreciated mostly by foragers.
El apio caballar[1] (Smyrnium olusatrum) es una especie perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae (o Umbelliferae).[2]
Las plantas son fuertes y alcanzan un tamaño de 150 cm de altura, con un tallo sólido que se ahueca con la edad. Las hojas son dentadas, los segmentos ternados dividen los segmentos de plano, no es carnosa.[3]
Smyrnium olusatrum es nativa del Mediterráneo, pero es capaz de prosperar más al norte.[2] Las flores son de color amarillo-verde y sus frutos son de color negro. Smyrnium olusatrum es intermedio en el sabor entre el apio y el perejil.[2] Tiempo atrás fue utilizada en muchos platos, pero ya no se come,[4] porque ha sido sustituida por el apio. También fue utilizado como un medicamento de hierbas.
En la actualidad casi se ha olvidado como alimento, aunque todavía crece silvestre en muchas partes de Europa, incluida Gran Bretaña.[2] Es común entre los sitios de jardines de los monasterios medievales.
Esta planta de altura se encuentra en senderos por los acantilados, siendo la primera vegetación costera del año. Los romanos la trajeron con ellos para comer las hojas, los tallos, las raíces, y las yemas.[5]
El uso medicinal de la smyrnium es viejo, como lo demuestra su presencia en la Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, una orden emitida por Carlomagno que reclama a sus campesinos que cultiven una serie de hierbas y condimentos, incluyendo "olisatum" identificada actualmente como Smyrnium olusatrum.
Smyrnium olusatrum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 262. 1753.[6]
Smyrnium: nombre genérico que deriva del griego σμύρνα = "mirra", en referencia al aroma de las semillas.
olusatrum: epíteto específico que deriva del latín olus atrum ‘hierba negra’, en referencia al color del fruto en la madurez.
El apio caballar (Smyrnium olusatrum) es una especie perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae (o Umbelliferae).
Smyrnium olusatrum
Le maceron (Smyrnium olusatrum) est une plante herbacée bisannuelle de la famille des Apiacées (Ombellifères). Ce « légume oublié » est parfois encore cultivée comme plante potagère pour ses feuilles et ses jeunes pousses consommées comme légume ou utilisées pour aromatiser les mets. Il est aussi apprécié pour sa racine tubérisée.
Noms communs : maceron potager, grande ache, persil de cheval, gros persil de Macédoine, de : Brustwurzel, Smyrnenkraut, en : black-lovage, horse-parsley, it : macerone, smirnio.
C'est une plante herbacée bisannuelle, à tige ramifiée vigoureuse, creuse à l'intérieur, cannelée longitudinalement, qui peut atteindre 1,5 m de haut. La racine, charnue, est du type pivotant[1].
Les feuilles, alternes, de couleur vert clair, de relativement grande taille, sont composées, à folioles larges et dentelées. Celles de la base sont complètement divisées trois fois. Les feuilles supérieures n'ont que trois folioles[1].
La floraison a lieu d'avril à juillet. Les petites fleurs hermaphrodites, vert-jaunâtre, sont groupées en ombelles d'ombellules, à involucre peu développé. La pollinisation est entomogame. Les akènes ont 4-5 mm de long à maturité et sont noirs[1].
Les graines sont dispersées par barochorie
Inflorescence
Fruits, encore verts (comestibles)
Smyrnium olusatrum - Muséum de Toulouse
Feuillage (comestible)
Dans la zone relativement restreinte où pousse le maceron, il pourrait être possible de le confondre avec l'Angélique des bois, la Berce commune ou l'Impératoire mais ces plantes possèdent des fleurs blanches ou rosées. Ses larges folioles empêcheront la confusion avec les Apiacées toxiques, telle la ciguë vireuse qui croît dans les terrains humides[1].
Cette espèce est originaire des régions méditerranéneenes :
En France, cette plante est spontanée dans les haies et les friches du midi méditerranéen et du littoral atlantique. Elle s'est naturalisée par la culture un peu partout.
Le maceron figurait parmi les plantes potagères recommandées dans le capitulaire De Villis au Moyen Âge.
Le maceron préfère un sol frais et riche en matière organique, et une exposition ensoleillée.
Le semis se fait en tout début du printemps (mars-avril) ou en fin d'été (août-septembre).
La récolte des feuilles intervient trois à quatre mois après le semis.
L'ensemble de la plante est comestible[1] : les racines tubérisées sont consommables crues ou cuites, les jeunes pousses peuvent se consommer crues en salade on confites dans du sucre. Les feuilles, au goût un peu plus relevé que le céleri aromatisent des soupes et plats de viandes. Les inflorescences, les boutons floraux et jeunes fruits, confits dans le vinaigre, peuvent servir à parfumer certains plats, potages et salades notamment. Les graines sèches (à maturité) peuvent être utilisées comme condiment (saveur poivrée, légèrement amère, appelé « poivre des marais » en Poitou-Charentes, à ne pas confondre avec le poivre d'eau). Toutes ces parties ont une saveur aromatique et sucrée très agréable, surtout après cuisson[1].
C'était un légume assez répandu autrefois, mais qui a été oublié pour être remplacé par le céleri.
Les racines et les fruits ont des propriétés médicinales (stomachiques et diurétiques)[1].
Smyrnium olusatrum
Le maceron (Smyrnium olusatrum) est une plante herbacée bisannuelle de la famille des Apiacées (Ombellifères). Ce « légume oublié » est parfois encore cultivée comme plante potagère pour ses feuilles et ses jeunes pousses consommées comme légume ou utilisées pour aromatiser les mets. Il est aussi apprécié pour sa racine tubérisée.
Noms communs : maceron potager, grande ache, persil de cheval, gros persil de Macédoine, de : Brustwurzel, Smyrnenkraut, en : black-lovage, horse-parsley, it : macerone, smirnio.
Il corinoli comune o macerone (Smyrnium olusatrum L., 1753) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Apiaceae.
Il nome del genere deriva dal greco σμυρνα = mirra, in riferimento all'aroma dei semi, mentre l'epiteto specifico deriva dal latino olus atrum = erba nera, in riferimento al colore dei frutti a maturità.
È una pianta erbacea biennale, con fusti eretti, cavi, cilindrici, con striature longitudinali rossastre, alti mediamente 40–80 cm, ma che possono superare i 150 cm. Possiede una radice robusta e ramificata.
Le foglie, opposte, di colore verde lucido, sono composte, a foglioline larghe e dentellate. Le foglie basali, più grandi, presentano tre segmenti ovati distinti, larghi 3–4 cm e lunghi circa 10 cm; le foglie superiori, più piccole, sono composte da tre sole foglioline. I piccioli, con venature di colore rossiccio, sono allargati alla loro base, inguainando il gambo.
Forma infiorescenze a ombrella composta da 6-12 (talora anche più) piccoli ombrelluli, con lunghi peduncoli a molti raggi. I fiori, piccoli, a simmetria pentamera, hanno petali giallo-verdastri e presentano al centro un ovario infero a due carpelli. I sepali sono assenti o molto ridotti e il calice è saldato quasi completamente all'ovario. L'ovario porta due stili che si allargano alla base in un disco nettarifero. I fiori sono ermafroditi, ossia presentano sia organi maschili che femminili, e sono impollinati dagli insetti. La fioritura avviene da febbraio a maggio.
I frutti sono degli schizocarpi globulari, lunghi 4–5 mm, dapprima verdi poi neri; a maturità si scindono in due parti, ognuna delle quali contiene un piccolo seme nero, a forma di mezzaluna.
È una specie nativa del bacino del Mediterraneo:
In tempi remoti è stata introdotta in Europa settentrionale (Gran Bretagna, Irlanda, Paesi Bassi) ove si è naturalizzata.
Cresce in luoghi umidi e ombrosi, ambienti di macchia e incolti, dal livello del mare fino a un'altitudine di 800 m.
Il corinoli comune o macerone (Smyrnium olusatrum L., 1753) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Apiaceae.
Zwartmoeskervel (Smyrnium olusatrum) is een plant uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae oftewel Apiaceae). De tweejarige plant groeit vooral in kustgebieden. In Nederland komt de soort voor op Texel. De stevige, vertakte stengels met glanzende bladeren kunnen een hoogte bereiken van ongeveer 1,5 m. De plant heeft een duidelijke geur en enigszins de smaak van selderij. Alle delen van de plant zijn eetbaar[1]. De soort kan ook als potplant gekweekt worden.
De bloempjes zijn geel en 1–5 mm in doorsnede. Ze vormen schermen met weinig omwindseltjes. Zwartmoeskervel bloeit van april tot juni.
De vrucht is zwart en bolvormig en heeft een lengte van circa 8 mm.
De bladeren zijn lichtgroen als de plant volwassen is. Bij jonge planten zijn ze vaak geelachtig groen. De onderste bladeren zijn 30 cm of langer en zijn driemaal drietallig. De deelblaadjes zijn elliptisch tot rond. De bovenste bladeren zijn drietallig of tweevoudig drietallig.
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Smyrnium olusatrum op Wikimedia Commons. Zwartmoeskervel (Smyrnium olusatrum) is een plant uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae oftewel Apiaceae). De tweejarige plant groeit vooral in kustgebieden. In Nederland komt de soort voor op Texel. De stevige, vertakte stengels met glanzende bladeren kunnen een hoogte bereiken van ongeveer 1,5 m. De plant heeft een duidelijke geur en enigszins de smaak van selderij. Alle delen van de plant zijn eetbaar. De soort kan ook als potplant gekweekt worden.
De bloempjes zijn geel en 1–5 mm in doorsnede. Ze vormen schermen met weinig omwindseltjes. Zwartmoeskervel bloeit van april tot juni.
De vrucht is zwart en bolvormig en heeft een lengte van circa 8 mm.
De bladeren zijn lichtgroen als de plant volwassen is. Bij jonge planten zijn ze vaak geelachtig groen. De onderste bladeren zijn 30 cm of langer en zijn driemaal drietallig. De deelblaadjes zijn elliptisch tot rond. De bovenste bladeren zijn drietallig of tweevoudig drietallig.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Przewłoka czarna, pietruszka aleksandryjska (Smyrnium olusatrum L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny selerowatych. Pochodzi z regionu Morza Śródziemnego. Obecnie występuje w stanie dzikim na wilgotnych terenach całej Europy.
Roślina dwuletnia. Kwitnie od końca maja do lipca. Siedlisko: rośnie w miejscach wilgotnych, na glebach żyznych, głębokich próchnicznych, przepuszczalnych – czarnoziemy, lessy, mady. Preferuje stanowiska słoneczne i półcienie.
Jadana przez Rzymian jako jedna z pierwszych wiosennych roślin zielonych. Jadane były młode liście, łodygi, nasiona i korzenie. Stopniowo zastępowana przez seler.
Jest uprawiana ze względu na ładny pokrój przypominający palmę, mocną strukturę i przyjemny zapach.
Rozmnaża się z nasion wysiewanych na rozsadniku lub wprost do gruntu. Na rozsadnik wysiewa się nasiona pod koniec lipca lub na początku sierpnia. Wprost do gruntu nasiona wysiewa się w sierpniu. Roślinę uprawia się na glebie średnio żyznej, przepuszczalnej.
Nazwa łacińska pochodzi od miasta Smyrna w Azji Mniejszej. Wymieniana już przez Teofrasta i Pliniusza Starszego.
Przewłoka czarna, pietruszka aleksandryjska (Smyrnium olusatrum L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny selerowatych. Pochodzi z regionu Morza Śródziemnego. Obecnie występuje w stanie dzikim na wilgotnych terenach całej Europy.
Smyrnium olusatrum é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Apiaceae. É comestível e já é conhecida desde a antiguidade.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 262. 1753.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental e no Arquipélago dos Açores.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da primeira região e é introduzida na segunda.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Smyrnium olusatrum é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Apiaceae. É comestível e já é conhecida desde a antiguidade.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 262. 1753.
Рослини кремезні, з сильним стеблом, що стає порожнистим з віком. При правильних умовах, досягає розмірів до 120—150 см у висоту. Головний корінь потовщується і досягає 50–60 см завдовжки, тонкі бічні корені йдуть трохи нижче поверхні. Листя тричі-перисте, темно-зелене блискуче, голе, зубчасте. Суцвіття несуть чоловічі й двостатеві квітки в співвідношенні приблизно 4:1. Квітки від зеленувато-жовтого до жовтого кольору, завширшки 1,5 мм. Плоди чорні, кулясті, завширшки 7–8 мм.
Північна Африка: Алжир; Марокко; Туніс. Західна Азія: Кіпр; Ізраїль; Йорданія; Ліван; Сирія; Туреччина. Південна Європа: Албанія; Хорватія; Греція [вкл. Крит]; Італія [вкл. Сардинія, Сицилія]; Чорногорія; Франція [вкл. Корсика]; Португалія; Гібралтар; Іспанія [вкл. Балеарські острови, Канарські острови]. Натуралізований і культивується в деяких інших країнах. Росте на висотах 0-800 (1300) м.
Використовується як лікарські трави. Використовувався в багатьох стравах, але був замінений на селеру. Римляни вживали листя, стебла, коріння, і бутони.
Сми́рния европе́йская, или Смирния овощна́я (лат. Smýrnium olusátrum) (английское название англ. horse parsley- конская петрушка) — двулетнее травянистое растение семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
Высота растения от 50 до 150 см. Корневище утолщенное, яйцевидное. Стебель олиственный, твёрдый с возрастом становится полым. Листья триждырассечённые зубчатые, тёмно-зелёные, блестящие, голые, не мясистые. Зонтичные соцветия на ножках либо сидячие, с 6-10 неодинаковыми по длине, голыми лучами, зеленовато-желтые. Плоды 2,5-3,5 мм длиной, почти черные, блестящие.
Это средиземноморское по происхождению растение ранее широко использовалось в кулинарии. Обладая промежуточным вкусом между сельдереем и петрушкой, оно применяется в тех же блюдах, что и вышеуказанные растения. В пищу используются стебли, почки и листья растения.
Сми́рния европе́йская, или Смирния овощна́я (лат. Smýrnium olusátrum) (английское название англ. horse parsley- конская петрушка) — двулетнее травянистое растение семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
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