الأسماء في صفحات التنقل
Fire can, but will not always, cause an increase in population growth of
nonnative invasive plants in semiarid regions. "The vagaries of climate will
likely play a major role in determining whether prescribed fire will do more harm
than good" [53]. Season of burning and timing of burning within the season also
appear to affect response of sulfur cinquefoil to fire in the
fescue-wheatgrass-needlegrass grasslands at Dancing Prairie Preserve in
northwestern Montana [53].
Response of sulfur cinquefoil to fire differed between spring and fall
burns at Dancing Prairie Preserve. Density of small plants increased more in
fall-burn plots the 1st year after burning. However, density of small plants was
greater in spring-burn plots by the final year of the study (5 years after fire).
Observations of postfire residual litter indicate that fire severity was greater
for fall burns, possibly resulting in 'better' physical conditions for seedling establishment (less
litter, more light, less competition). Plant response to season of fire may depend on
germination requirements. Sulfur cinquefoil seeds germinate without stratification, suggesting
that many seeds may germinate in fall if conditions are suitable. In this study, sulfur cinquefoil had a more
positive response to fall burning than to spring burning [53].
Timing of fire within the season is also important to plant response.
"Relatively cool" fire prior to germination may stimulate seeds to germinate (by
breaking physical dormancy or providing important nutrients) while fire after
germination could cause high mortality of seedlings [53]. A large proportion of
sulfur cinquefoil seeds will germinate in fall without cold treatment [52], so a fall burn could
cause high mortality of young seedlings. At Dancing Prairie, it appears that a large number
of sulfur cinquefoil seeds had not germinated by mid-October in 1996 when the
fall burn was conducted. Further research on the relationship between
germination requirements and timing of burns could lead to fire prescriptions
that minimize the increase of invasive plants [53].
Effects of season of burning on sulfur cinquefoil may also depend on composition
of the plant community. In C3-dominated grasslands such as those at
Dancing Prairie, dormant season and late fall burns are more likely to harm
nonnative, invasive plant populations without damaging native species, while
late-spring and early-fall burns are more detrimental to native species. However,
early and late spring burns in C4 dominated grasslands, such as those of
central North America, result in high mortality of early-germinating C3
nonnative plants with little damage to the native flora [78] and may therefore be
preferable to growing- or late-season burns [53].
The Research Project Summary
Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species including
sulfur cinquefoil.
Correct identification of sulfur cinquefoil is important if control strategies are planned, because sulfur cinquefoil may be confused with native cinquefoils, particularly slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis). Seven varieties of slender cinquefoil have been identified [35], further complicating identification. The following contrasting characteristics are suggested to help separate sulfur cinquefoil from slender cinquefoil [70]:
Slender cinquefoil Sulfur cinquefoil short, spreading hairs on leafstalk and stem longer hairs perpendicular to leafstalk and stem few stem leaves; mostly basal leaves numerous stem leaves; fewer basal leaves smooth seed coat net-like pattern on seed coat most have a dense, woolly underleaf sparse, stiff hairs; both sides of leaf are similar short rhizomes woody taproot with short branch roots flowers brighter yellow flowers paler yellow leaves are green to gray leaves more yellowish about 20 stamens 25 or more stamens leaflet serrations sometimes deep leaflet serrations halfway to mid-vein
The following description of sulfur cinquefoil presents characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is based on descriptions from several sources [6,20,28,47,91], unless otherwise cited. It is not meant for identification. Identification guidelines, line drawings, and color photos are available (e.g. [66]). Keys for identification are also available (e.g. [28,47]).
Sulfur cinquefoil is a perennial forb with a short caudex attached to a woody taproot. Sulfur cinquefoil roots are persistent and may have some lateral growth, but have no rhizomes [68]. Sulfur cinquefoil has 1 to several slender, erect, hairy stems that are 8 to 30 inches (20-80 cm) tall. The upper portion of the stem may be branched. Sulfur cinquefoil stems bear many palmately compound leaves with 5 to 9 leaflets that are 1 to 3 inches (3-8 cm) long and 0.2 to 1 inch (0.5-2.5 cm) wide, and covered on both sides with sparse, stiff hairs. Lower leaves have long petioles and upper leaves have shorter or no petioles and fewer leaflets. Sulfur cinquefoil flowers are many, and are borne in open, branched, flat-topped inflorescences above the principal foliage. Flowers are 0.6 to 1 inch (1.5-2.5 cm) wide with 5 petals. Sulfur cinquefoil fruits are achenes, about1 mm long, with a slightly winged margin [6,20,28,47,91].
There are no reports in the literature of sulfur cinquefoil growing in monospecific stands. It has been recorded at densities up to 39 flowering plants per m2 at a site in Michigan [91], and up to 75% canopy cover on a site in Montana [69]. Density of sulfur cinquefoil in a field left fallow for 10 years in Michigan was 2.67 flowering stems per m2 [91].
Sulfur cinquefoil forms relatively clear annual growth rings in the root xylem that can be used to estimate plant age [17].
According to Werner and Soule [91], aging of sulfur cinquefoil by counting rings in the taproot is not possible after about 6 years because the central core of the root decomposes. Estimates based, instead, on total diameter of the root ring of plants in Michigan indicate that 20-year-old plants are not unusual [91]. Using this method to estimate the age of herbaria specimens, it appears most sulfur cinquefoil plants collected in British Columbia in the last 20 years are less than 6 years old [60].
Sulfur cinquefoil has no known mycorrhizal associations [60].
The following information on the origin, North American introduction, and spread of sulfur cinquefoil is based on reviews [60,70,91], unless otherwise cited.
Sulfur cinquefoil is native to the eastern Mediterranean region of Eurasia. It occurs sparsely in England, and occurs in central and southern Europe from central France and Germany to central Spain, Sicily and the Middle East. It is found in western and central Asia to approximately 100 E longitude, and south to Asia Minor and northern Iran. Sulfur cinquefoil also occurs in the mountains of North Africa [91]. More recent field surveys of western, central, and southeastern Europe did not locate sulfur cinquefoil in the upper Rhine valley, Alsace, the Swiss Jura; the alpine regions of Switzerland, Italy, and France; or in eastern Austria, southern Hungary, and northern Romania, although these areas have been listed as within its distribution. The surveys did locate sulfur cinquefoil in Macedonia, northern Greece, western Turkey and Bulgaria [39].
The exact time and place of the original introduction of sulfur cinquefoil to North America is not known. The 1st collection of sulfur cinquefoil in North America was made sometime before 1900 in Ontario. In 1950 its reported distribution was from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario, with scattered populations in southern British Columbia, and rapidly spreading. By this time, sulfur cinquefoil was also established in the northeastern U.S. and the Great Lakes region [91]. The first known collection in western North America was on western Vancouver Island in 1914. The earliest record of sulfur cinquefoil in the Columbia River Basin was in Idaho in 1934 [70]. By 1940 sulfur cinquefoil had also been identified in Washington [22].
In North America, sulfur cinquefoil occurs from the eastern coast of Canada and the northeastern seaboard of the U.S. to the Pacific coast of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. It is not found north of 53 N latitude. Heavy infestations occur in southern Ontario, Quebec, southern interior British Columbia, the Great Lake states, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Many federal wilderness areas surveyed in the Rocky Mountain region report the presence of sulfur cinquefoil [55]. Scattered populations of sulfur cinquefoil occur in Manitoba, along the Pacific coast from British Columbia south into California [34,60,91], and west into northwestern Nevada [41] and Colorado [90]. In the Great Plains, sulfur cinquefoil is infrequent to locally common in disturbed areas and less frequent in prairies [28]. It extends south into Florida [94] and Texas [18]. The Plants Database provides a distribution map for sulfur cinquefoil.
Powell [60] describes the need for an accurate, comprehensive inventory of sulfur cinquefoil in British Columbia. He suggests inventories at a scale relevant to ultimate management units, that include geographic location, plant community type, seral stage, site characteristics, and size, density, and canopy cover of sulfur cinquefoil infestations. Inventories of this nature would help to establish ecological limits and to define potential distributions of sulfur cinquefoil and other nonnative, invasive species in North America. This information could provide objective direction for the nature, degree, and location of management activities. Inventory information can also serve as a baseline for monitoring population dynamics, and the effectiveness of various management activities [60].
The ecological amplitude of sulfur cinquefoil must be determined to confirm which ecosystems and habitat types are suitable to its establishment and persistence, and to define its distribution and potential areas of impact [60].
The following lists are meant to provide some idea of where sulfur cinquefoil might occur or be invasive, but provide no certainty without the aforementioned inventory information.
Fire adaptations: There is little information available regarding sulfur cinquefoil's adaptations to fire. The survival of plant parts after fire depends on depth of burial and fire severity. Perennating buds in the caudex of sulfur cinquefoil can survive fire if they are not exposed to lethal temperatures. The available literature does not specify the location of sulfur cinquefoil's perennating buds in relation to the soil surface.
Sulfur cinquefoil is likely to resprout from the caudex following fire, and/or plants may respond by developing heavier rootstocks, as was observed with plants whose topgrowth was removed by mowing in Michigan [91]. Heat tolerance of sulfur cinquefoil's perennating tissues is unknown.
Heat tolerance of sulfur cinquefoil seeds is also unknown; buried seeds may survive fires of low severity. Postfire conditions including decreased aboveground competition, increased light at the soil surface, and enhanced nutrient availability are favorable for sulfur cinquefoil establishment from seed. Plants may re-establish either from on-site seed or from seed dispersed into a burned area following fire.
FIRE REGIMES: Sulfur cinquefoil occurs in ecosystems with historic FIRE REGIMES of varied frequency and severity, from frequent, low-severity fires in ponderosa pine ecosystems, to less frequent and more severe fires in bunchgrass ecosystems, to frequent and severe fires in plains and prairie grassland ecosystems. Many of these historic FIRE REGIMES have been dramatically altered. Sulfur cinquefoil did not occur or was not widespread in these communities when historic FIRE REGIMES were functioning, but established after habitat alteration and fire exclusion began. It is unclear how historic FIRE REGIMES might affect sulfur cinquefoil populations in many situations, and it is unclear how the presence of sulfur cinquefoil in native ecosystems might affect FIRE REGIMES.
On fescue-wheatgrass-needlegrass (Festuca spp.-Agropyron spp.-Hesperostipa spp.) habitats of the Tobacco Plains in northwestern Montana, fires caused by lightning and ignited by Native Americans played an important role in structuring vegetation [42]. Most presettlement fires occurred during the summer and early fall [31]. In this area, on The Nature Conservancy's Dancing Prairie Preserve, sulfur cinquefoil has become a major component in portions of the grassland. Experiments with prescribed fire indicate that sulfur cinquefoil had a more positive response to fall burning than to spring burning. In this case, fall fires may favor sulfur cinquefoil and damage desirable native species. This may be especially true after a long period of fire exclusion leading to a build-up of fuels and increased fire severity [53]. In other ecosystems, such as the C4-dominated grasslands of North America, early- and late-spring burns can result in high mortality of early-germinating, nonnative species, with little damage to native flora [78].
There is no evidence in the literature that sulfur cinquefoil alters historic FIRE REGIMES in ecosystems it invades. In general, in ecosystems where sulfur cinquefoil replaces plants similar to itself (in terms of fuel characteristics), it may alter fire intensity or slightly modify an existing fire regime. However, if sulfur cinquefoil is qualitatively unique to the invaded ecosystem, it may have the potential to alter the fire regime [16].
The following table provides fire return intervals for important plant communities and ecosystems in which sulfur cinquefoil may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [2] bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 43,59] Nebraska sandhills prairie A. g. var. paucipilus-S. s. < 10 sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [59] plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. 59,93] blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass B. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii 59,74,93] blue grama-buffalo grass B. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides 59,93] California steppe Festuca-Danthonia spp. 59,81] western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 Rocky Mountain juniper J. scopulorum < 35 cedar glades J. virginiana 3-7 [59] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-100 [2] wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii 59,61,93] Great Lakes spruce-fir Picea-Abies spp. 35 to > 200 [19] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir P. engelmannii-A. lasiocarpa 35 to > 200 [2] jack pine Pinus banksiana 19] western white pine* P. monticola 50-200 Pacific ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [2] interior ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [2,5,49] red pine (Great Lakes region) P. resinosa 10-200 (10**) [19,23] red-white-jack pine* P. resinosa-P. strobus-P. banksiana 10-300 [19,33] eastern white pine P. strobus 35-200 Virginia pine P. virginiana 10 to < 35 Virginia pine-oak P. virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to 89] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [2,30,56] mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (10**) [1,2] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [2,3,4] coastal Douglas-fir* P. menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [2,58,71] oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. 89] oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) Quercus-Juniperus spp. 59] northeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. 10 to < 35 northern pin oak Q. ellipsoidalis < 35 bur oak Q. macrocarpa 89] oak savanna Q. macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [59,89] northern red oak Q. rubra 10 to 89] little bluestem-grama prairie S. scoparium-Bouteloua spp. 59] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla > 200 [2] elm-ash-cottonwood Ulmus-Fraxinus-Populus spp. 19,89] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species summaryFire as a control agent: Burning may not be recommended for control of sulfur cinquefoil, because perennial roots are likely to survive and resprout following fire.
Prescribed fire may be used as a management tool on some sites to control woody plants, restore historic FIRE REGIMES, and promote desirable species [53]. The disturbance created by fire can, however, favor invasive perennial forbs (e.g. [15,36,54]). Season of burning and other management activities (e.g. herbicide treatments, livestock and wildlife use) are important factors to consider when prescribing fire for natural area restoration where nonnative invasive plants are present [53].
Understanding the regeneration niche of invasive and desirable plants and selecting the best season for burning can help reduce the chance of problems. Practices that reduce the target plant's seed bank can reduce the chance of increased recruitment following fire. In some cases prescribed fire should be delayed until nonnative invasive plants have been controlled [53].
On The Nature Conservancy's Dancing Prairie Preserve in northwestern Montana, dormant-season fire can inhibit ponderosa pine invasion, reduce litter, invigorate native bunchgrasses, and enhance recruitment of native forbs including the federally-listed, threatened Spalding's silene (Silene spaldingii) [51]. Spalding's silene has a more positive response to spring burns compared to fall burns, while sulfur cinquefoil had a more positive response to fall burns. Additionally, more severe fall burns can be detrimental to rough fescue, the dominant native grass at the preserve, especially if there have been many years of fire exclusion leading to build-up of fuels and more severe fire effects. Prescribed burning conducted in the spring would be more beneficial than fall burning at this site [53].
When herbicide (e.g. picloram) is applied prior to prescribed burning, its residual activity may be reduced as a result of soil heating during and following fire. Sulfur cinquefoil seeds began germinating 1 to 3 years earlier in herbicide/burn plots compared to plots with only herbicide. There may be little benefit from residual activity of such herbicides where annual or biennial burning is practiced, as on many tallgrass prairies [53]. Alternatively, efficacy of herbicide on mature target plants may be enhanced by burning prior to herbicide application. Further research is needed on effects of combining herbicide treatments and prescribed fire.
Postfire colonization potential: Sulfur cinquefoil may establish after fire either by seed imported to the site or by soil-stored seed. More information is needed regarding sulfur cinquefoil seedling establishment and growth with and without fire.
Preventing postfire establishment and spread: The USDA Forest Service's "Guide to Noxious Weed Prevention Practices" [85] provides several fire management considerations for weed prevention in general that apply to sulfur cinquefoil.
Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This can be accomplished through early detection and eradication by careful monitoring, and by limiting invasive plant seed dispersal into burned areas by [26,85]:
re-establishing vegetation on bare ground as soon as possible
using only certified weed-free seed mixes when revegetation is necessary
cleaning equipment and vehicles prior to entering burned areas
regulating or preventing human and livestock entry into burned areas until desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist invasion by undesirable vegetation
detecting weeds early and eradicating before vegetative spread and/or seed dispersal
eradicating small patches and containing or controlling large infestations within or adjacent to the burned area
In general, early detection is critical for preventing establishment of large populations of invasive plants. Monitoring in spring, summer, and fall is imperative. Managers should eradicate established sulfur cinquefoil plants and small patches adjacent to burned areas to prevent or limit seed dispersal into the site [26,85].
The need for revegetation after fire can be based on the degree of desirable vegetation displaced by invasive plants prior to burning and on postfire survival of desirable vegetation. Revegetation necessity can also be related to invasive plant survival as viable seeds, root crowns, or rhizomes capable of reproduction. In general, postfire revegetation should be considered when desirable vegetation cover is less than about 30% [26].
When prefire cover of sulfur cinquefoil is absent to low, and prefire cover of desirable vegetation is high, revegetation is probably not necessary after low- and medium-severity burns. After a high-severity burn on a site in this condition, revegetation may be necessary (depending on postfire survival of desirable species), and intensive monitoring for invasive plant establishment is necessary to detect and eradicate newly established invasives before they spread [26].
When prefire cover of sulfur cinquefoil is moderate (20-79%) to high (80-100%), revegetation may be necessary after fire of any severity if cover of desired vegetation is less than about 30%. Intensive weed management is also recommended, especially after fires of moderate to high severity [26].
Fall dormant broadcast seeding into ash will cover and retain seeds. If there is insufficient ash, seedbed preparation may be necessary. A seed mix should contain quick-establishing grasses and forbs (exclude forbs if broadleaf herbicides are anticipated) that can effectively occupy available niches. Managers can enhance the success of revegetation (natural or artificial) by excluding livestock until vegetation is well established (at least 2 growing seasons) [26].
When planning a prescribed burn, managers should preinventory the project area and evaluate cover and phenology of any sulfur cinquefoil and other invasive plants present on or adjacent to the site, and avoid ignition and burning in areas at high risk for sulfur cinquefoil establishment or spread due to fire effects. Managers should also avoid creating soil conditions that promote weed germination and establishment. Weed status and risks must be discussed in burn rehabilitation plans. Also, wildfire managers might consider including weed prevention education and providing weed identification aids during fire training; avoiding known weed infestations when locating fire lines; monitoring camps, staging areas, helibases, etc., to be sure they are kept weed free; taking care that equipment is weed free; incorporating weed prevention into fire rehabilitation plans; and acquiring restoration funding. Additional guidelines and specific recommendations and requirements are available [85].
Little information is available regarding site characteristics that are suitable to sulfur cinquefoil's establishment and persistence. A detailed inventory could facilitate determination of the ecological amplitude of sulfur cinquefoil and identify potential areas of impact in North America [60]. According to Rice [69,70], sulfur cinquefoil has a wide ecological amplitude, occurring in a wide range of habitat types, soil textures, aspects, and elevations.
General climate: In its native habitats in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, sulfur cinquefoil grows in areas with a Mediterranean climate (Schaffner and Tosevski 1994, as cited by Powell [60]). In Canada, sulfur cinquefoil is found where less than 1% of the minimum daily temperatures fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 °C) in May and less than 5% fall below 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C) in July [91]. Sulfur cinquefoil flourishes in Montana's semiarid climate in areas similar to those inhabited by spotted knapweed [68,69].
Soil characteristics, soil moisture, precipitation: Sulfur cinquefoil does not seem to be limited by soil texture. In Montana, it is found on sites with all soil textures except pure silt, but grows mainly on sandy-clay loam soils [69], with dense growth reported on clay soils [68]. Sulfur cinquefoil occurred on a seasonal wetland site in Montana that had coarse textured, cobbly soils [69]. In Kansas, sulfur cinquefoil is often found in rocky or sandy soil [6]. Sulfur cinquefoil is usually found in dry soil in the northeastern U.S. [25], and along the eastern coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina [20]. According to a review by Werner and Soule [91], sulfur cinquefoil is most common on limey and stony soils in eastern North America.
In Canada, the distribution of sulfur cinquefoil corresponds to those areas with 30 to 50 inches (750-1,250 mm) mean annual precipitation [91]. In Nevada, sulfur cinquefoil occurs only in the northwestern part of the state on wet or damp soil around lakes, ponds, streams, and ditches [41]. At Dancing Prairie Preserve in northwestern Montana, where mean annual precipitation is 17 inches (438 mm), sulfur cinquefoil populations appear to be more variable and more likely to dramatically increase under favorable conditions on more xeric sites, while mesic-site populations are smaller, yet more stable [52].
Aspect, elevation, latitude/longitude: Sulfur cinquefoil is found from sea level to over 7,500 feet (2,300 m) in its native habitats in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Schaffner and Tosevski 1994, as cited by Powell [60]). In Montana, sulfur cinquefoil infestations are found at all aspects and at low to mid-elevations, up to 6,580 feet (2,000 m) [70]. In California, sulfur cinquefoil is found between 500 and 5000 feet (150-1500 m) [34]. In Nevada it is found between 4,800 and 6,000 feet (1,400-1,800 m) [41]. Sulfur cinquefoil is found mainly below 50° N in Canada [91].
Evidence of disturbance: Disturbed sites are particularly susceptible to early colonization and rapid dominance by sulfur cinquefoil [70]. Sulfur cinquefoil is reported to occur in disturbed areas in California [34], Nova Scotia [72], the Great Plains [6,28], Texas [18], Montana [47], the northeastern U.S. [25], Illinois [57], the Carolinas [62], along the coast from North Carolina to Newfoundland [20], West Virginia [82], and Michigan [88]. Disturbed areas are typically described as "weedy areas," "waste places," roadsides, railroads, clearings, pastures, old fields, and gravel pits.
Sulfur cinquefoil populations in the northwestern U.S. and British Columbia are often associated with roadsides, abandoned agricultural fields, logged areas, areas with heavy livestock grazing, "waste places," and other sites associated with vegetation and/or soil disturbance [60,66,68,91]. An exclosure designed to illustrate effects of livestock and wildlife grazing by excluding elk, deer, and cattle was built in southeastern British Columbia in 1951. No sulfur cinquefoil was recorded in the area until 1991, and then it occurred only in the grazed area outside the exclosure [73]. Sulfur cinquefoil is, however, reported to rapidly invade bluebunch wheatgrass rangeland "that is in good condition and properly grazed" [37,66]; and, while it is most common and spreads more rapidly on disturbed sites on the Dancing Prairie Preserve in northwestern Montana, it is also capable of invading relatively undisturbed sites [52].
On another grassland site in western Montana, dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue on warm slopes and rough fescue on cool slopes, a study to monitor changes in species composition under the influence of cattle grazing was initiated in 1985. Canopy cover of sulfur cinquefoil increased on 2 of 3 warm slope plots and on 2 of 3 cool slope plots between 1985 and 1996. Canopy cover of sulfur cinquefoil is negatively associated with canopy cover of rough fescue and total grass. This relationship reflects the fact that sulfur cinquefoil is generally more common on more xeric sites where grass cover is less abundant. Abundance of sulfur cinquefoil also appeared to be associated with pocket gopher burrowing on 2 transects. The author suggests that, because little of the variation in sulfur cinquefoil abundance at the microplot level was explained by grass cover, other unmeasured factors, such as proximity and productivity of seed sources, may have more effect on sulfur cinquefoil cover than competition with grass. It is also not possible to determine whether the decline in grass cover is caused by grazing or by an increase in sulfur cinquefoil at this site [50].
There is little published information available regarding effects of fire on sulfur cinquefoil. The survival of plant parts after fire depends on their depth of burial and fire severity. Large sulfur cinquefoil plants are top-killed by fire, and perennating buds in the caudex can survive fire if they are not exposed to lethal temperatures [53]. The available literature does not specify the location of sulfur cinquefoil's perennating buds in relation to the soil surface.
At Dancing Prairie Preserve in northwestern Montana, neither fall nor spring burning resulted in mortality of large (>5 leaves and a woody caudex) sulfur cinquefoil plants. Fire had a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on density of small (1-4 leaves without a well-developed caudex) sulfur cinquefoil plants immediately after burning; however this effect was detectable for only 1 year after fire [53].
Heat tolerance of sulfur cinquefoil seeds is unknown. Results from Dancing Prairie Preserve indicate recruitment of sulfur cinquefoil occurred in burn plots the 1st year following both spring and fall burning. More recruitment was observed in fall burn plots, which had higher fire severity [53]. If no sulfur cinquefoil seed was dispersed into the burned area from offsite sources, it may be assumed that sulfur cinquefoil seeds can survive this type of grassland fire.
Impacts: Explicit in the definition of sulfur cinquefoil as a problem species is the assumption that it displaces other plant species and the myriad organisms that depend on these plant communities, as well as the negative economic consequences for industries based on these natural resources. Sulfur cinquefoil may have harmful impacts on native flora and fauna, however more research is needed to clarify the extent of these impacts [60]. Untested hypotheses and unsubstantiated claims can be perpetuated in the literature until they become widely accepted, without the benefit of experimental analysis or peer review. A well-documented example of this occurred with purple loosestrife [32].
The following information on impacts of sulfur cinquefoil, its ability to outcompete native and other nonnative plants, and its rapid rate of expansion are commonly found in agricultural extension and gray literature though they are largely untested. To better define its potential impacts, research is needed on the competitiveness of sulfur cinquefoil relative to other plant species, its rate of expansion, its persistence at various seral stages in different ecosystems, its ecological amplitude, and its influence on the dynamics of various ecosystems [60].
There are no specific data on the relative competitiveness of sulfur cinquefoil. Its perennial nature and large root reserves likely give it a competitive advantage in open-canopied situations, but the relative advantage of these attributes remain unquantified [60]. According to Rice and others [66,68] sulfur cinquefoil displaces native plant species in undisturbed habitats, reduces grass production, and may alter the functioning of ecosystems by lowering biodiversity, although this is not documented quantitatively.
Based on canopy cover estimates of sulfur cinquefoil at 85 sites in western Montana, Rice [70] concludes that "sulfur cinquefoil often becomes a significant component of the plant community, and has proceeded to dominance on many sites" [69]. At 75% of the 85 sampled sites, sulfur cinquefoil canopy cover exceeded 5% of the plant cover; on 50% of the sites, sulfur cinquefoil canopy cover exceeded 15%; on 14% of the sites, sulfur cinquefoil canopy cover was 50% or more; and on 1 site, sulfur cinquefoil canopy cover was 75%. On most sites sulfur cinquefoil canopy cover ranged from 5 to 15% [69]. While Rice [69] suggests that canopy cover is a useful measure of the severity of a weed infestation and the competitive ability a particular plant, Lesica [50] indicates that canopy cover estimates are subjective and can be dependent on yearly climatic fluctuations, and not, therefore, very useful for monitoring trends in plant communities.
Rice also suggests that sulfur cinquefoil competes well with other nonnative, invasive species such as yellow starthistle, leafy spurge, and spotted knapweed, although no quantitative evidence is given [69,70]. Land managers in Montana indicate that sulfur cinquefoil displaces spotted knapweed on several sites [37,69]. The management history of these sites is unknown, and may influence the relationship between sulfur cinquefoil and spotted knapweed. For example, if clopyralid is used to control spotted knapweed, sulfur cinquefoil would be favored since sulfur cinquefoil is not sensitive to clopyralid [46,70]. Similarly, sulfur cinquefoil may be displacing diffuse knapweed on sites in British Columbia where knapweed vigor is reduced by introduced biological control agents [60].
In 1981, Forcella and Harvey [22] plotted the number of counties reporting the presence of each of 100 nonnative plant species in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming over time and described 3 patterns of infestation. They described infestation by sulfur cinquefoil as following an "exponential pattern." The distribution of sulfur cinquefoil was rapidly increasing as of 1980, and they predicted that it would become a problem in western Montana, eastern Washington and central Idaho "at some later date" [22]. According to Rice [70] "sulfur cinquefoil is rapidly increasing its geographic distribution. The number of new colonies is increasing exponentially. Many of these infestations are reaching environmentally severe sizes and densities." These assessments, however, remain neither confirmed nor denied by experimental data [60].
While it has been suggested that sulfur cinquefoil infestations can expand rapidly, and large infestations are not uncommon, the majority of colonies of sulfur cinquefoil observed in western Montana were small, with half of them less than 10 acres (4ha) [69,70].
The influence and interaction of sulfur cinquefoil with chemical and biological soil processes are also largely unknown. As a pioneer species on disturbed soil, it may help to bind soil and prevent erosion [60,91]. The breakdown of annual growth and root exudates likely releases tannins into the soil, but their influence on soil ecology and water quality have not been examined. Sulfur cinquefoil is not known to be allelopathic, and its interactions with soil biota also remain unquantified [60].
Control: Correct identification is an important first step in controlling sulfur cinquefoil, as it may be easily mistaken for native cinquefoils (see General Botanical Characteristics).
Prevention of sulfur cinquefoil establishment by maintaining native plant communities in an undisturbed condition is the most effective control strategy. Monitoring, early detection and eradication of newly established plants before seeds are produced and populations expand is more efficient and effective than laboring to control established infestations. Individual plants and small patches of sulfur cinquefoil can be eliminated by hand-pulling or digging, or by spot spraying of herbicides. The root crown (upper portion of the root system) must be removed or killed so that plants cannot resprout.
Because sulfur cinquefoil seeds may remain viable in the soil for 3 years or more [66], treated sites must be monitored annually for newly established sulfur cinquefoil plants [70].
Because sulfur cinquefoil occurs and is competitive with several other invasive species [69], management to control it and/or other species must consider the possibility of succession to other undesirable species when plants are removed.
Prevention: Preventing sulfur cinquefoil infestations is the most time- and cost-effective management approach. This is accomplished by maintaining desirable plant communities (by limiting livestock grazing, minimizing soil disturbance, and seeding disturbed sites with desirable species), preventing sulfur cinquefoil seeds from entering uninfested areas, and careful monitoring for and early eradication of newly established sulfur cinquefoil plants. This is especially important where sulfur cinquefoil is common in areas around the management site, especially along roads, trails, and rivers.
Prevent sulfur cinquefoil seeds from entering uninfested areas as follows:
Check and clean equipment before moving it into infested areas or before bringing it from infested areas.
When moving livestock from infested to uninfested areas, hold them in corrals or small pastures until viable seeds have had time to pass through the digestive tract (6 days for cattle, 11 days for sheep).
Monitor for sulfur cinquefoil seedling establishment in livestock holding areas and areas where dirt has been imported [48].
Avoid purchasing feed or seed that could be contaminated with weed seeds. Viable sulfur cinquefoil seeds may even be present in feed pellets.
Treat road construction projects as 10- to 20-year biological projects rather than 1- to 2-year engineering projects, with biologists and resource managers overseeing road construction and restoration. Projects should not be considered complete until native vegetation is fully established. Topsoil removed during construction can be redeposited in roadside ditches, and roadsides reseeded with native species. Roadsides should then be regularly monitored and actively managed for control and eradication of nonnative species [84].
Integrated management: While there is no specific information on integrated management of sulfur cinquefoil, a combination of control methods is often necessary to eradicate or successfully contain infestations of nonnative invasive plants. Managers are encouraged to integrate different control methods that can complement one another in a given situation. Integrated management includes considerations of not only killing the target plant, but also of establishing desirable species and discouraging nonnative, invasive species over the long-term.
Physical/mechanical: Hand-digging or hand-pulling sulfur cinquefoil plants can be effective in small infestations, but may be impractical for large infestations, since the entire root crown must be removed in order to kill the plant [60,70]. Annual monitoring must be conducted to locate new plants that may establish from the soil seed bank or from seed dispersed from off-site sources.
Mowing is not effective for controlling sulfur cinquefoil. It responds by developing heavier, horizontally spreading roots and increasing vegetation near ground level [70,91]. In Michigan, the mean dry weight of roots was much greater in plants growing in a mown strip (4.2 g per plant) than from plants in the adjacent undisturbed field (2.0 g per plant) [91].
Sulfur cinquefoil can be controlled by plowing and planting to a clean-cultivated crop [91]. In a sulfur cinquefoil-infested field in Michigan plowed in May, seedlings of sulfur cinquefoil were numerous by mid-June, as well as plants emerging from old rootstock [91]. Discing and reseeding to grass at a site in British Columbia resulted in complete control of sulfur cinquefoil. This, of course, cannot be applied over grassland and forest ecosystems that are managed in their natural state [60].
Fire: See Fire Management Considerations.
Biological: Biological control of invasive species has a long history, and there are many important considerations to be made before the implementation of a biological control program. The reader is referred to other sources (e.g. [65,92]) and the Weed Control Methods Handbook [83] for background information on biological control. Additionally, Cornell University, Texas A & M University, and NAPIS websites offer information on biological control.
There are currently no biological control agents available for sulfur cinquefoil, although a number of insects and fungi are associated with sulfur cinquefoil. A field survey in Eurasia identified 26 phytophagous insect species associated with sulfur cinquefoil in its native range [76]. A survey in the northeastern U.S. identified 47 species of phytophagous insects and pollinators on sulfur cinquefoil; among them are the strawberry root weevil and the strawberry aphid [8]. A rust fungus was found on sulfur cinquefoil at 79% of sampled sites in Montana. Root and crown boring insects were also collected from sulfur cinquefoil plants on numerous sites, and 6 species were isolated from these collections. Three of the identified species are known to be pests on strawberry (Fragaria spp.) [69]. The rust fungus is also known to occur on several of the sulfur cinquefoil populations in British Columbia. Three plant diseases have also been associated with sulfur cinquefoil populations in British Columbia [60].
A biological control program using insects against sulfur cinquefoil would be difficult due to the close genetic relationship between strawberries and cinquefoils, and probable attractiveness of strawberry to phytophagous insects that attack Potentilla [8]. Based on this close relationship, Batra [8] concludes that initiation of a biological control program for sulfur cinquefoil is not highly recommended. Additionally, a potential biocontrol agent must also be benign to (or incapable of occupying the habitats of) about 70 species of Potentilla with more than 80 subspecies and varieties that are found in North America [60]. Given the close relationship between sulfur cinquefoil and other Potentilla and Fragaria species, and the large number of native and introduced plants that must be screened, the search for a suitable biological control could be the longest and most costly in the history of North America [60].
Nonetheless, by 1996, 2 potential biological control agents were targeted for screening, a root moth (Tinthia myrmosaeformis) and a seed head weevil (Anthonomus rubripes) [67]. Field releases of any such insects would occur a decade or more in the future [70].
Sulfur cinquefoil is unpalatable to most livestock. Goats are the only animals that have been reported to select for sulfur cinquefoil [70]. Intensive grazing systems can increase sulfur cinquefoil utilization to about 5%, but sulfur cinquefoil appears to be one of the last plants selected [69,70].
Chemical: Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion (of small size) or a severe infestation, but are rarely a complete or long-term solution to invasive species management [12]. Herbicides are more effective on large infestations when incorporated into long-term management plans that include replacement of weeds with desirable species, careful land use management, and prevention of new infestations. Control with herbicides is temporary, as it does not change conditions that allow infestations to occur (e.g. [95]). See the Weed Control Methods Handbook [83] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.
Dicamba and clopyralid do not effectively control sulfur cinquefoil [66,70]. Picloram (applied in fall or spring), 2,4-D ester (applied in spring at rosette through bud stage), or a mix of dicamba and 2,4-D amine (applied at the rosette stage), are each effective at controlling sulfur cinquefoil. 2,4-D ester is suggested where potential water contamination is a consideration. On dryland sites, picloram may be preferred because its residual activity can suppress re-establishment from seeds in the soil seed bank [70], but it is still necessary to conduct appraisal surveys of treated sites in subsequent years, and plan systematic retreatments if eradication is the management goal [69].
Because sulfur cinquefoil is not sensitive to clopyralid [46], application of clopyralid to mixed stands of sulfur cinquefoil and spotted knapweed will depress the spotted knapweed without harming sulfur cinquefoil, thereby giving sulfur cinquefoil the competitive advantage [70].
Cultural: Because sulfur cinquefoil is intolerant of complete shade, land management practices that allow other vegetation to increase in cover, and therefore contribute to a concomitant decline in sulfur cinquefoil, should be promoted. Grazing should be managed with appropriate timing, intensity, frequency, and duration to leave adequate desirable vegetation. Soils disturbed by logging, construction, or other management activities should be revegetated as soon as possible with desirable species [60].
There is little information on use of sulfur cinquefoil by grazing animals, although it is thought to be avoided by most grazing animals [70]. Utilization of sulfur cinquefoil by cattle was less than 1% on 98% of 85 sites studied in Montana; and 1-5% on the remaining 2% of these sites. This trace grazing usually consisted of removal of buds and flower tops from a small number of plants. Intensive grazing systems can increase utilization to above 5%, but sulfur cinquefoil appears to be one of the last plants selected [69,70].
Other studies indicate that cinquefoil species generally make up a very small percentage of the diets of grazing animals. In the lower Rocky Mountain Trench of British Columbia, cattle, elk and mule deer diets averaged 0.4, 0.2, and 0.3%, respectively, cinquefoil species (of which sulfur cinquefoil was a constituent) [91]. Campbell and Johnson [14] found that cinquefoil species comprised 2.5, 0.3, 1.3, and 0.2% of winter, spring, summer, and fall diets, respectively, of mule deer in Washington. Winter elk diets in New Mexico contained 1.1% cinquefoil species [75].
Feeding by small mammals or birds on sulfur cinquefoil plants or seeds is unknown [60].
Palatability/nutritional value: According to reviews by Powell [60] and Werner and Soule [91], sulfur cinquefoil has a tannin content of 17-22% dry weight that likely lowers its palatability relative to many other forage and browse species. Even when forage and browse choice is limited, cattle have been reported to graze the bitter-flavored spotted knapweed preferentially over sulfur cinquefoil [66]. There are no reports of sulfur cinquefoil toxicity to animals that consume it.
Cover value: No information
A review by Powell [60] indicates that sulfur cinquefoil may have been used as a folk medicine in eastern Europe. The possible medicinal value, however, has not been thoroughly studied [60].
Because of its perennial nature and showy flowers, sulfur cinquefoil is also used in horticulture [60].
Research is needed on the phenology of sulfur cinquefoil in different areas in which it occurs.
Flowering dates given for sulfur cinquefoil by region are:
State/region Flowering dates References Adirondacks June 19 through July; immature fruit August 4 [45] Carolinas April-July [62] eastern seaboard, from Newfoundland to North Carolina April to September [20] Great Plains May to July [28] Illinois May to July [57] Kansas May -June (July) [6] Nevada June to July [41] Northeast June thru August [25] West Virginia May-August [82] Nova Scotia June 20 to July [72]
Sulfur cinquefoil plants germinating in the spring establish woody taproots in their 1st growing season [60,91]. In Montana, sulfur cinquefoil is one of the 1st plants to emerge in spring. It begins flowering in May and will continue to flower throughout the summer if conditions are favorable [66]. It is one of the fastest plants to green up in fall in response to late summer/early fall rains, and continues to grow until freezing temperatures are sustained [69]. The following table provides timing of growth stages observed for sulfur cinquefoil in Montana [69]:
Date
Growth stage early/mid March first basal leaves emerge April basal rosettes fully formed May bolt late May/early June bud stage June bloom July seed set late July/early August seed dispersal begins August leaf senescence September/October fall greenup with new basal leaves late October growth stops after extended freezeIn Michigan in 1975, sulfur cinquefoil began flowering about 1 June, with the majority of the buds in anthesis about 21 June. On any individual plant, flowers were produced for many weeks, the earliest forming mature seed heads at the same time the later buds are coming into flower. Flowering continued until about 7 August, at which time 59.8% of the flower heads had produced mature seeds [91].
There is little information available regarding sulfur cinquefoil's response to fire. Sulfur cinquefoil's response to fire probably depends on fire severity, plant phenological stage at the time of burning, depth of burial of perennating tissues and seeds, and the composition of the prefire plant community. Postfire conditions including decreased aboveground competition, increased light at the soil surface, and enhanced nutrient availability favor growth of surviving sulfur cinquefoil plants and establishment of sulfur cinquefoil from seed. Plants may re-establish either from on-site seed or from seed dispersed into a burned area following fire. Sulfur cinquefoil resprouts from the caudex and develops heavier rootstocks when topgrowth is removed by mowing [91]. Sulfur cinquefoil plants may react in a similar way when topgrowth is removed by fire as long as perennating tissues survive.
At Dancing Prairie Preserve, density of small sulfur cinquefoil plants declined less in burn plots compared to control plots during the year following burn treatments, indicating that fire enhanced survival of new recruits. During the 2nd year following burn treatments, the number of small plants continued to decline, while the number of large plants increased, probably indicating growth into the larger size classes rather than attrition. There was a tendency for the number of large plants to increase in burn plots, although the difference was not statistically significant (p<0.05) [53].
Results from Dancing Prairie [53] also suggest that prescribed fire can enhance germination of sulfur cinquefoil. However, survival of seedlings depends on sufficient moisture. In semiarid grasslands, moisture is often lacking, and may not, therefore, result in population growth of sulfur cinquefoil. Burning will lead to an increase in mature plants only if the climate in subsequent years is conducive to survival [53].
Sulfur cinquefoil reproduces by seed and vegetatively by sprouting from a caudex.
Soule and Werner [79] studied reproductive effort (the proportion of aboveground biomass allocated to reproductive parts) in sulfur cinquefoil in 3 old fields in Michigan and found it to be variable among years and habitats. The average reproductive effort ranged from 16 to 28%. The 1st year of sampling indicated reproductive effort declined from the least successionally mature population to the most mature population. However, this relationship was not observed in the 2nd year of sampling [79].
Breeding system: Cross-fertilization is the most common means of fertilization in sulfur cinquefoil, but some seeds are produced by self-pollination. Sulfur cinquefoil is cross-pollinated by wind or insects [8,91].
Seed production: Werner and Soule [91] report an average of 61.5 + 28.0 seeds per flower, 25.0 + 10.7 flowers per stem, and 1.1 + 0.4 stems per plant from sulfur cinquefoil studied in old fields in Michigan. From these data they calculate that a single sulfur cinquefoil plant might produce about 1,650 seeds under the site conditions of their study. In a population with 2.7 plants per m2, about 4,400 seeds per m2 may be produced each year [91]. On a grassland site in northwestern Montana, the proportion of sulfur cinquefoil plants producing fruit ranged from 3 to 86%, was highly variable, and was highest during years with highest precipitation. These plants produced an average of 123 seeds per fruit, when averaged over 3 years. Number of seeds per fruit was highest in the 2 wettest years, and lowest on the most xeric plot in the study [52].
Seed dispersal: When mature, most sulfur cinquefoil seed is dispersed by falling passively to the ground [91]. The importance of seed-dispersal mechanisms has not been specifically documented in sulfur cinquefoil. While grazing animals rarely eat sulfur cinquefoil, and feeding by small mammals or birds on sulfur cinquefoil plants or seeds is unknown, more research is needed to determine whether seed could be distributed by birds, small mammals, ungulates, and other grazing animals in the following ways [60]:
In small mammal caches;
in plant material used for nests and burrows;
in soil trapped in ungulate hooves; and
ingested seeds which pass through the digestive tract.
Human activities also provide several potential seed dispersal vectors [60]:
in topsoil, gravel, and other quarried materials;
in plant material caught in the undercarriage, doors, and wheel spokes of all-terrain vehicles, trucks, and cars;
in soil stuck to earth-moving equipment, etc;
in plants collected for fresh and dried floral arrangements;
through cultivation of sulfur cinquefoil as an ornamental species; and
in plant material cut for hay or bedding for livestock
Seed banking: In a laboratory experiment, some viable sulfur cinquefoil seeds remained after 28 months of burial at 3 inches (7 cm), suggesting the potential for forming a persistent seed bank. Several other cinquefoil species form persistent seed banks [7]. According to Rice and others [66], "sulfur cinquefoil re-establishes within 3 or 4 years following herbicide treatment. This suggests that cinquefoil seeds remain viable in the soil for more than 4 years." They do not indicate what herbicide was used or the site conditions under which this observation was made; nor do they address the possibility of sulfur cinquefoil seed dispersal from offsite sources.
The ultimate longevity of sulfur cinquefoil seeds in soil, and the relationship between soil conditions and rate of sulfur cinquefoil seed decay is yet unknown [60]. More research in this area is needed.
Germination: Baskin and Baskin [7] conducted a laboratory experiment to study germination ecology of sulfur cinquefoil. Fresh, mature sulfur cinquefoil seeds were buried and exposed to natural yearly temperature cycles. Seeds were exhumed at monthly intervals and tested in light and darkness at various 12/12 hour alternating temperature regimes. At maturity, a high percentage of sulfur cinquefoil seeds was dormant (i.e. did not germinate at any thermoperiod in either light or darkness). Some of the fresh, mature seed was conditionally dormant (2-38% germinated in light only at 59/43 and 68/50 degrees Fahrenheit (15/6 and 20/10 °C)). During summer, sulfur cinquefoil seeds after-ripened, and germination percentages and the maximum temperature at which germination occurred increased. All sulfur cinquefoil seeds were nondormant by autumn. Once dormancy is broken, seeds do no re-enter dormancy if they fail to germinate. Sulfur cinquefoil seeds did not exhibit a seasonal cycle in their germination responses. No sulfur cinquefoil germination occurred in darkness. The upper temperature limit for germination of sulfur cinquefoil seeds is around 95/68 degrees Fahrenheit (35/20 °C). Thus, buried seeds can potentially germinate during any month of the growing season, if a disturbance brings the seeds to the soil surface and moisture is not limiting [7]. In northwestern Montana, seeds collected in August germinated readily in October with warm/dark-light (55% germination) and warm-cold/dark-light (70% germination) treatments. About 5% germinated in the dark [52].
Werner and Soule [91] cite a study in which a maximum germination rate of 17.5% occurred for sulfur cinquefoil seeds after 1 month of storage in sand or 2 months in peat, under moist conditions. Germination was very low in seeds stored under dry conditions [91].
A study by Bosy and Aarssen [11] demonstrates that physical orientation of sulfur cinquefoil seed in the soil can affect germination rates. They conclude that the effects of the environment on an individual seed can depend entirely on its orientation (which may occur by chance), even within a substrate that is completely homogeneous [11].
Seedling establishment/growth: Very little information is available on seedling establishment and growth of sulfur cinquefoil. Research regarding its growth characteristics in various environments with varying degrees of plant competition is necessary to understand its potential impacts.
Recruitment of sulfur cinquefoil was low during 4 years of a study in grassland sites in northwestern Montana. Two plots averaged less than 0.5 recruits per fruiting plant, and the plot with the highest recruitment rate averaged 2 recruits per fruiting plant. The majority of plants remained in the same size class or became smaller during the study in all 4 sample populations. Mortality rates of sulfur cinquefoil in these plots ranged from 6 to 48%, and density of small sulfur cinquefoil plants remained low during the 4 years of this study. This time period coincided with 15-30% below average precipitation. Mortality rates were highest in 1999, because most of the small plants (probably recruited in 1998, a year with above average precipitation and high seedling recruitment) died. The author suggests drought combined with competition from established vegetation caused high mortality of seedlings [52].
Asexual regeneration: The usual pattern of yearly regeneration of sulfur cinquefoil is by new shoots appearing near edges of the caudex, while the old central part slowly rots away during successive growing seasons. The result is that long-lived plants are in the form of a circle of upright stems, sometimes with other plants growing in this central area. Through this means of asexual regeneration, a sulfur cinquefoil plant eventually becomes several independent closely spaced plants. Sprouting from the caudex also allows sulfur cinquefoil to survive along roadsides and other areas that are disturbed periodically, as new shoots sprout soon after established shoots are cut off [91]. This method of vegetative reproduction does not result in broad dispersal of sulfur cinquefoil plants, as the offspring grow close to the former root system of the parent plant. The importance of vegetative reproduction relative to reproduction by seed is unknown [60].
A Pacific Northwest extension publication suggests that sulfur cinquefoil can "spread by roots when they are transported by tillage or on soil-moving equipment"; and that "stems that are knocked to the ground can produce roots at the nodes" [13]. The source of this information is not specified and reference to sulfur cinquefoil reproduction by this means is not found elsewhere in the literature.
Sulfur cinquefoil is an early successional species in North America, as indicated by its common occurrence in disturbed habitats (see Site Characteristics). Sulfur cinquefoil is often found in association with early seral stages in the Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone in British Columbia [60]. In abandoned fields in Michigan, sulfur cinquefoil is found from the earliest stages of succession until extensive woody cover is present [79,91]. Sulfur cinquefoil was present on old fields in Michigan abandoned from cultivation 5 and 15 years previously but was not a major species on a field abandoned for only 1 year [29]. According to Beckwith [9], sulfur cinquefoil is common in the mixed herbaceous perennial stage of old-field succession which usually predominates 11 to 15 years after abandonment from grain crops and 16 to 20 years after abandonment from cultivated fields and hay fields in Michigan.
According to Rice [69,70] land managers have reported sulfur cinquefoil increases while spotted knapweed declines on numerous sites in Montana. Preferential grazing by cattle of up to 30% of spotted knapweed has also been observed, with only trace utilization of sulfur cinquefoil. This may explain, in part, why succession to sulfur cinquefoil is sometimes observed, although the possibility of species selection through herbicide use cannot be excluded (see Chemical control), since management history of these sites is not described. It is also suggested that sulfur cinquefoil competes successfully with yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and leafy spurge on several sites [70]. However, there is no reference indicating the co-occurrence of sulfur cinquefoil and yellow starthistle, and only 1 example of the co-occurrence of sulfur cinquefoil with leafy spurge on 1 site in Montana [69]. There is no experimental evidence regarding the relative competitiveness of these species in the literature.
Light regime: Sulfur cinquefoil appears to be intolerant of complete shade. Sulfur cinquefoil is never associated with a 100% canopy cover of other vegetation, and is normally found in areas with less than 90% vegetative cover in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Schaffner and Tosevski 1994, as cited by Powell [60]). In Michigan, sulfur cinquefoil is found along wood margins, but not under forest canopy [91]. Sulfur cinquefoil occurred in 3 old fields in Michigan which received 51 to 84% of full sunlight. The lowest light level (51%) was in a shrubby habitat dominated by staghorn sumac [79]. Shading from a dense overstory prevents establishment of sulfur cinquefoil in mature forests in western Montana, but sulfur cinquefoil can successfully occupy areas below natural gaps in the forest canopy [70].
The currently accepted scientific name for sulfur cinquefoil is Potentilla
recta L. (Rosaceae) [25,28,35,38,40,41,47,57,62,72,88,90,94].
Sulfur cinquefoil is closely related to other members of the genus Potentilla. Hybrids of
sulfur cinquefoil and P. hirta are reported to occur naturally and have been produced
under controlled conditions [27].
Potentilla recta ye una especie de planta yerbácea perenne perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.
Hierba perenne bien pelosa, abondo robusta con numberoses flores marielles nuna inflorescencia laxa ramosa bastante palna nel so parte cimeru. Tarmos floríferos erectos de 10-50 (-60) cm de llargor. Tien les fueyes alternes, digitaes verdes palmotiaes y con 5-7 foliolos de serruchaes a pinnatisectas. Flores dispuestes, en visus laxas; sépalos ováu-triangulares; 5 pétalos de 6-12 mm, de color mariellu, iguales o daqué mayores que los sépalos los; estames y carpelos bien numberosos. Segmentos del epicáliz lliniales. Frutu constituyíu por una cabezuela d'aquenios. Floria en primavera y branu.[1]
Praos de les zones montanas. Zones baldías.
Distribuyida per gran parte d'Europa. Introducida en Gran Bretaña, Bélxica, Finlandia, Holanda, Noruega y Suecia.[2]
Potentilla recta describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 497. 1753.[3]
Potentílla: nome xenéricu que remanez del llatín postclásico potentilla, -ae de potens, -entis, potente, poderosu, que tien poder; llatín -illa, -illae, sufixu de diminutivu–. Alude a les poderoses presuntes propiedaes tóniques y astringentes d'esta planta.
recta: epítetu llatín que significa "erecta".[4]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Potentilla recta ye una especie de planta yerbácea perenne perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.
Potentilla recta (lat. Potentilla recta) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin qaytarma cinsinə aid bitki növü.
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Potentilla recta (lat. Potentilla recta) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin qaytarma cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Potentilla recta és una espècie de planta herbàcia perenne de la família de les rosàcies.
És una planta molt pilosa, força robusta amb nombroses flors grogues en una inflorescència laxa ramosa bastant plana a la part superior. Tiges floríferes erectes de 10-50(-60) cm de longitud. Té les fulles alternes, digitades verdes palmades i amb 5-7 folíols, de serrades a pinnatisectes. Floreix a la primavera i estiu. Flors disposades en cimes laxes; sèpals ovado-triangulars; 5 pètals de 6-12 mm, de color groc, iguals o una mica més grans que els sèpals; estams i carpels molt nombrosos. Segments del calicle lineals. Fruit constituït per un conjunt d'aquenis.[1] La planta pot reproduir-se per llavors o vegetativament produint nous brots del càudex.
Distribuïda per gran part de Europa. Introduïda a Gran Bretanya, Bèlgica, Finlàndia, Països Baixos, Noruega i Suècia.[2] Habita a prats de les zones muntanyoses i zones ermes.
Potentilla recta va ser descrita per Linné i publicada a Species Plantarum 1: 497, l'any 1753.[3]
_5712.JPG)
Planhigyn blodeuol sy'n frodorol o Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Pumnalen dalsyth sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Rosaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Potentilla recta a'r enw Saesneg yw Sulphur cinquefoil.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Pumdalen Talsyth.
Mae'r teulu Rosaceae yn perthyn i'r genws Rosa (rhosyn) fel ag y mae'r cotoneaster a'r eirinen. Prif nodwedd y teulu yw ei ffrwythau amrywiol a phwysig i economi gwledydd.[2] Ceir 5 sepal, 5 petal ac mae'r briger wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral sy'n ffurfio llestr tebyg i gwpan o'r enw hypanthiwm.
Planhigyn blodeuol sy'n frodorol o Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Pumnalen dalsyth sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Rosaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Potentilla recta a'r enw Saesneg yw Sulphur cinquefoil. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Pumdalen Talsyth.
Mae'r teulu Rosaceae yn perthyn i'r genws Rosa (rhosyn) fel ag y mae'r cotoneaster a'r eirinen. Prif nodwedd y teulu yw ei ffrwythau amrywiol a phwysig i economi gwledydd. Ceir 5 sepal, 5 petal ac mae'r briger wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral sy'n ffurfio llestr tebyg i gwpan o'r enw hypanthiwm.
Mochna přímá (Potentilla recta) je vyšší vytrvalá bylina s drobnými žlutými kvítky vyrůstající na sušších, světlých místech, jeden z mnoha druhů rodu mochna.
Vyjma dalekého severu roste téměř na všech místech Evropy, dále na africkém kontinentu v oblastech okolo Středozemního moře, v Malé Asii, na území okolo Kavkazu a na jihu Sibiře. Zavlečena byla do Severní Ameriky, Austrálie i na Nový Zéland. Je to rostlina náročná na dostatek světla a tepla, roste na výslunných, suchých kamenitých stráních a loukách, ve stepích, okolo lesních cest a řídce i na místech ovlivněných lidskou prací, je vázána na vápencové podloží.[1][2]
V České republice roste pouze ostrůvkovitě, na nečetných lokalitách v Čechách jen roztroušeně a mnohem častěji v nížinách a pahorkatinách střední a jižní Moravy. "Černým a červeným seznamem cévnatých rostlin České republiky z roku 2000" byla mochna přímá zařazena do kategorie vzácnějších taxonů vyžadujících další pozornost (C4a).[1][2][3]
Podle "Florabase.cz" se mochna přímá v ČR vyskytuje: [1]
Vytrvalá rostlina téměř cela chlupatá, s přímou lodyhou, 30 až 50 cm vysokou, vyrůstající z kuželovitého oddenku. Z lodyhy, v horní části se větvící, střídavě vyrůstají řapíkaté listy dlanitě složené 5 až 7četné, horní obvykle bývají 3četné a přisedlé. Palisty dlouhé až 3 cm jsou blanité, zelenavé nebo nahnědlé. Lístky obvejčitého tvaru dlouhé 2 až 8 cm a široké 1 až 2 cm mívají po okrajích 6 až 12 pilovitých zubů. Na líci i rubu jsou zelené, na rubu mnohem více chlupaté.
Pravidelné, téměř celé jemně chlupaté pětičetné květy vyrůstající na stopkách o délce do 1 cm a mající v průměru 1,5 až 2 cm vytvářejí vrcholičnaté květenství s 10 až 30 květy. Kališní lístky jsou vejčitě podlouhlé se zašpičatělým koncem, stejné jsou i lístky kalíšku. Brzy opadávající korunní lístky jsou žluté až bílé, opakvejčitého tvaru, měří 6 až 12 mm, jsou o něco delší než kališní. Na květním lůžku vyrůstá mnoho semeníků a po vnější straně ve třech kruzích asi 30 tyčinek. Doba kvetení připadá na červen až srpen. Plody jsou vrásčité nažky uzavřené ve ztvrdlém trvalém kalichu.[1][4][5][6][7]
Dlanitě zpeřený 7četný list
Květ před rozvitím
Rozvitý květ
Květ bez koruny, jen s kalichem a kalíškem
Svraštělé nažky
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu mochna přímá ve Wikimedia Commons
Mochna přímá (Potentilla recta) je vyšší vytrvalá bylina s drobnými žlutými kvítky vyrůstající na sušších, světlých místech, jeden z mnoha druhů rodu mochna.
Rank potentil (Potentilla recta) er en flerårig, urteagtig plante med en opstigende til opret vækst. Bladene er femfingrede med tandet rand. De lysegule blomster sidder i endestillede stande. Planten er knyttet til varm og tør bund i fuld sol eller let skygge. Den er karakterplante i naturtypen Tidvis våd eng.
Rank potentil er en flerårig, urteagtig plante med en opstigende til opret vækst. Stænglerne er forgrenede fra grunden, og de er dækket af stive hår og kirtelhår. Bladene sidder spredt, og de er 5-7 fingrede med småblade, der er smalt, omvendt ægformede med groft tandet rand. Begge bladsider er tær hårklædte og lyst grågrønne. Blomstringen foregår i juni-august, hvor man finder blomsterne samlet i endestillede stande. De enkelte blomster er 5-tallige og regelmæssige med lysegule kronblade, der er længere end bægerbladene. Frugterne er små, glatte nødder.
Rodsystemet består af en kort, tyk rodstok, der bærer trævlede rødder.
Planten når en højde på ca. 0,50 m og næsten samme bredde.
Rank potentil er naturligt udbredt i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten, Kaukasus, Centralasien, Sibirien og Kina. I Europa findes den naturligt i Syd-, Øst og Centraleuropa[1]. I Danmark anses den for at være indslæbt[2]. Arten er knyttet til lysåbne voksesteder med en veldrænet jord, som er rig på kalk, men fattig på kvælstof.
Pouzdřany steppen og Kolby skovområdet ligger i det nationale naturreservat Pouzdřanská step-Kolby. Reservatet ligger i det sydlige Mähren ovenfor landsbyen Pouzdřany og ca. 25 km syd for Brno. Her findes et af de bedst bevarede skovsteppeområder i Tjekkiet, og her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. aksrapunsel, almindelig fjergræs, almindelig merian, svalerod, bakkejordbær, bjergkløver, bjerglæbeløs, farvevisse, glat lakrids, grenet edderkopurt, gul reseda, gul skabiose, gul snerre, havemalurt, hvid diktam, håret flitteraks, jordstar, knoldet mjødurt, lav iris, lille voksurt, nikkende limurt, pilealant, prikbladet perikon, smalbladet klokke, småblomstret salvie, sommeranemone, sort fladbælg, tysk poppelrose, vild løg, virgilasters, våradonis og ædelkortlæbe[3]
Rank potentil (Potentilla recta) er en flerårig, urteagtig plante med en opstigende til opret vækst. Bladene er femfingrede med tandet rand. De lysegule blomster sidder i endestillede stande. Planten er knyttet til varm og tør bund i fuld sol eller let skygge. Den er karakterplante i naturtypen Tidvis våd eng.
Das Hohe Fingerkraut (Potentilla recta), auch Aufrechtes Fingerkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Fingerkräuter (Potentilla) innerhalb der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Sie ist in Eurasien und im nordwestlichen Afrika weitverbreitet.
Das Hohe Fingerkraut wächst als ausdauernden krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 80 Zentimetern. Der meist steif aufrechte Stängel ist beblättert und verzweigt sich im oberen Bereich. Der Stängel ist locker bis dicht abstehend langhaarig, dazwischen mit sehr kurzen Borstenhaaren sowie im oberen Teil drüsig behaart.
Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die gefingerte Blattspreite besitzt fünf bis sieben Blättchen. Die Blättchen sind bei einer Länge von 3 bis 8 Zentimetern verkehrt-lanzettlich bis eiförmig und kräftig gesägte bis fast fiederspaltig. Die Blättchen sind mehr oder weniger dicht und lang behaart, aber nie filzig. Es sind Nebenblätter vorhanden.
Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis September. Es wird ein endständiger, reich- und lockerblütiger, rispiger Blütenstand gebildet.
Die zwittrigen Blüten sind bei einem Durchmesser von 20 bis 25 Millimetern radiärsymmetrisch und fünfzählig. Die fünf Außenkelchblätter sind lanzettlich und 7 bis 8 Millimeter lang; sie vergrößern sich später auf 10 bis 12 Millimeter und sind etwas länger als die Kelchblätter. Die fünf Kelchblätter sind dreieckig-eiförmig und spitz. Die fünf blassgelben bis goldgelben Kronblätter sind herzförmig.
Meist werden mehr als 100 runzelige Früchtchen gebildet.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 28, 35 oder 42.[1]
Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Potentilla recta ist wohl Südosteuropa, Südwest- bis Zentralasien. Das aktuelle Verbreitungsgebiet reicht in Europa nach Westen bis Spanien, nach Norden bis ins südliche Skandinavien, im Süden im ganzen Mittelmeerraum, einschließlich des nordwestlichen Afrikas, Anatoliens und des Iran. Das Hohe Fingerkraut ist ein ostmediterran-kontinentales Florenelement und befindet sich offenbar noch in weiterer Ausbreitung in West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Das Hohe Fingerkraut kommt in Mitteleuropa zerstreut vor.
Das Hohe Fingerkraut kommt in ganz Deutschland sehr zerstreut vor; vielfach ist es eine ziemlich seltene Adventivpflanze. In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt es im Tiroler Teil unterhalb der Talstation der Jöchelspitze-Seilbahn bei Bach bis zu einer Höhenlage von 1220 Metern auf.[2]
Das Hohe Fingerkraut breitet sich anscheinend immer noch weiter aus, wobei auch die Verschleppung der Früchtchen mit Saatgut und Forst- und Zierpflanzen, sowie die Verwilderung aus Gärten eine Rolle spielen. Die Früchtchen werden entweder vom Wind oder durch Tiere ausgebreitet.
Das Hohe Fingerkraut wächst auf trockenen, basenreichen Standorten, beispielsweise in ruderalen Grasflächen, in Pionierfluren an Hochwasser- und Bahndämmen, Ufer- und Straßenböschungen, in Parkanlagen, Kiesgruben. Es gedeiht in Mitteleuropa vor allem in Gesellschaften der Klasse Sedo-Scleranthetea, aber auch in denen der Klasse Festuco-Brometea oder des Verbands Arction.[1]
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Potentilla recta erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné.
Die Art Potentilla recta ist formenreich hinsichtlich der Zähnung der Blättchen, der Dichte der Behaarung und der Blütenfarbe. Insgesamt ist die Untergliederung der Art noch nicht befriedigend bearbeitet. Meist wird das Hohe Fingerkraut (Potentilla recta) in vier Unterarten eingeteilt, von denen die Potentilla recta subsp. recta und die Potentilla recta subsp. obscura erwähnt sein sollen. Diese unterscheiden sich unter anderem durch die Blütenfarbe (blassgelb bei der Potentilla recta ssp. recta, intensiv gelb bei der Potentilla recta subsp. obscura), sowie durch die Form der Blättchen (in der Mitte am breitesten bei der Potentilla recta subsp. recta, im vorderen Drittel am breitesten bei der Potentilla recta subsp. obscura).
In Europa und im Mittelmeerraum werden insgesamt folgende Unterarten anerkannt:[3]
Das Hohe Fingerkraut (Potentilla recta), auch Aufrechtes Fingerkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Fingerkräuter (Potentilla) innerhalb der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Sie ist in Eurasien und im nordwestlichen Afrika weitverbreitet.
Potentilla recta, the sulphur cinquefoil[1] or rough-fruited cinquefoil, is a species of cinquefoil. It is native to Eurasia but it is present in North America as an introduced species, ranging through almost the entire continent except the northernmost part of Canada and Alaska.
The plant probably originated in the Mediterranean Basin, and it was first collected in the 19th century in Ontario and in 1914 in British Columbia.[2] It is known as a minor noxious weed in some areas.[2] It occurs in many types of habitat, including disturbed, weedy places.
Sulphur cinquefoil is a perennial herb and is a tufted plant growing from a woody taproot or caudex. It produces upright to erect leafy stems up to 80 cm (31 in) tall. The upper part of the stem is branched and densely hairy, and it also bears some glandular hairs. The lower leaves have long stalks and the stem leaves are arranged alternately and have short stalks. All the leaves are palmate, divided into usually six or seven leaflets, sometimes up to nine, with the uppermost ones just having three leaflets. The green to yellow-green leaves may be up to 15 cm (6 in) long, with the central leaflet reaching 8 cm (3.1 in) in length. The leaflets are linear-lanceolate, hairy in texture and toothed along the edges. The inflorescence is a cyme of several flowers which are generally light to pale yellow in color, with white to gold-flowered individuals occurring at times. Each flower has five calyx lobes, five broad, shallowly-notched petals, thirty stamens, many pistils and a separate gynoecium. The fruit is a receptacle containing several glossy, pale brown achenes. The plant may reproduce by seed or vegetatively by sprouting new shoots from its caudex. Sulphur cinquefoil flowers from June to August.[2][3]
Sulphur cinquefoil is native to much of Europe, Asia, and parts of North America, and it can be found in other parts of the world as an introduced species.[2] Its natural habitat is arable fields, gardens, banks, hedgerows, wasteland, logging clearings, loading areas and occasionally shores.[3]
Leaf
White-flowering individual
flower
field
Potentilla recta. (Rosaceae) is traditionally used for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effects and as a tonic in Turkey.[4]
Potentilla recta, the sulphur cinquefoil or rough-fruited cinquefoil, is a species of cinquefoil. It is native to Eurasia but it is present in North America as an introduced species, ranging through almost the entire continent except the northernmost part of Canada and Alaska.
The plant probably originated in the Mediterranean Basin, and it was first collected in the 19th century in Ontario and in 1914 in British Columbia. It is known as a minor noxious weed in some areas. It occurs in many types of habitat, including disturbed, weedy places.
Potentilla recta es una especie de planta herbácea perenne perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.
Hierba perenne muy pelosa, bastante robusta con numerosas flores amarillas en una inflorescencia laxa ramosa bastante plana en su parte superior. Tallos floríferos erectos de 10-50 (-60) cm de longitud. Tiene las hojas alternas, digitadas verdes palmeadas y con 5-7 folíolos de aserradas a pinnatisectas. Flores dispuestas, en cimas laxas; sépalos ovado-triangulares; 5 pétalos de 6-12 mm, de color amarillo, iguales o algo mayores que los sépalos; estambres y carpelos muy numerosos. Segmentos del epicáliz lineales. Fruto constituido por una cabezuela de aquenios. Florece en primavera y verano.[1]
Prados de las zonas montanas. Zonas baldías.
Distribuida por gran parte de Europa. Introducida en Gran Bretaña, Bélgica, Finlandia, Holanda, Noruega y Suecia.[2]
Potentilla recta fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 497. 1753.[3]
Potentílla: nombre genérico que deriva del latín postclásico potentilla, -ae de potens, -entis, potente, poderoso, que tiene poder; latín -illa, -illae, sufijo de diminutivo–. Alude a las poderosas presuntas propiedades tónicas y astringentes de esta planta.
recta: epíteto latíno que significa "erecta".[4]
Potentilla recta es una especie de planta herbácea perenne perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.
Potentille droite
La Potentille droite (Potentilla recta L.) est une plante vivace de la famille des Rosacées.
Plante herbacée dressée de 20 à 80 cm, rameuse vers le haut. Les fleurs à cinq pétales sont le plus souvent de couleur jaune pâle, mais peuvent être d'un jaune plus soutenu. Les feuilles ont de 5 à 8 folioles et sont fortement dentées. Des poils nombreux sont présents sur toute la plante, en partie crépus et généralement entremêlés de poils glanduleux au moins dans l'inflorescence.
Pelouses maigres, pelouses sablonneuses. C'est une plante souvent pionnière.
Europe médiane et méridionale, naturalisée en Amérique du Nord.
Potentille droite
La Potentille droite (Potentilla recta L.) est une plante vivace de la famille des Rosacées.
Wysoki porstnik (Potentilla recta) je rostlina ze swójby róžowych rostlinow (Rosaceae).
Wysoki porstnik docpěwa wysokosć wot 30 hač 70 cm.
Stołpik a łopjenowe stołpiki njesu mjechke, krótke, seršćate kosmy.
Spódnje łopjena su pjećličbne hač sydomličbne, na woběmaj bokomaj zelene, často dołho kosmate, hłuboko rězane a sedźa na stołpikach z dołhosć wot 5 hač 20 cm.
Kćěje wot junija hač julija. Kćenja docpěwaja dołhosć wot 20 hač 25 mm a maja žołte keluškowe łopješka.
Rosće na suchich trawnikach, pućach, w šćerkowych jamach a na pěskowych suchich trawnikach.
Rostlina je rozšěrjena w Srjedźnej Europje a Juhowuchodnej Europje.
Jeli eksistuje w druhej rěči hižo bóle wuwity nastawk ze samsnej temu, potom přełožuj a dodawaj z njeho.
Jeli nastawk ma wjace hač jedyn njedostatk, wužiwaj prošu předłohu {{Předźěłuj}}. Nimo toho so awtomatisce kategorija Kategorija:Zarodk wo botanice doda.
Wysoki porstnik (Potentilla recta) je rostlina ze swójby róžowych rostlinow (Rosaceae).
Potentilla recta adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Rosaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Rosales. Spesies Potentilla recta sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Potentilla. [1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh L..
Potentilla recta adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Rosaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Rosales. Spesies Potentilla recta sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Potentilla. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh L..
De rechte ganzerik of zwavelvijfblad (Potentilla recta) is een meerjarige plant in de rozenfamilie (Rosaceae).
Deze plant, die hoogte kan bereiken van 30 tot 70 cm, ontspruit aan een wortelstok. Hij vormt een rozet van 5-7 behaarde handvormig samengestelde bladeren. Uit de rozet groeien stengels op met een pluim van gele bloemen met een zwavelkleurige kroon. De plant is botanisch verkweekt in allerlei variëteiten.
Hij heeft een verspreidingsgebied van het oosten van Europa tot het westen van Azië en heeft een voorliefde voor droge zonrijke plekken.
De rechte ganzerik of zwavelvijfblad (Potentilla recta) is een meerjarige plant in de rozenfamilie (Rosaceae).
Deze plant, die hoogte kan bereiken van 30 tot 70 cm, ontspruit aan een wortelstok. Hij vormt een rozet van 5-7 behaarde handvormig samengestelde bladeren. Uit de rozet groeien stengels op met een pluim van gele bloemen met een zwavelkleurige kroon. De plant is botanisch verkweekt in allerlei variëteiten.
Hij heeft een verspreidingsgebied van het oosten van Europa tot het westen van Azië en heeft een voorliefde voor droge zonrijke plekken.
Pięciornik wyprostowany (Potentilla recta) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny różowatych. Pochodzi z Azji i Europy[2]. W Polsce występuje tylko na południu, przez Polskę przebiega północna granica jego zasięgu (mniej więcej na linii Lublin – Poznań). Poza nią na północy można spotkać na pojedynczych stanowiskach okazy zawleczone.
Bylina, hemikryptofit. Kwitnie od lipca do sierpnia. Rośnie na trawiastych zboczach, w zaroślach, na skałach i w siedliskach ruderalnych. W górach występuje tylko w niższych położeniach. Liczba chromosomów 2n= (28, 35), 42[3].
Gatunek umieszczony na polskiej czerwonej liście w kategorii NT (bliski zagrożenia)[4].
Pięciornik wyprostowany (Potentilla recta) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny różowatych. Pochodzi z Azji i Europy. W Polsce występuje tylko na południu, przez Polskę przebiega północna granica jego zasięgu (mniej więcej na linii Lublin – Poznań). Poza nią na północy można spotkać na pojedynczych stanowiskach okazy zawleczone.
Styv fingerört (Potentilla recta) är en växtart i familjen Rosväxter.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Styv fingerört.
Potentilla recta là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa hồng. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
.jpg)
Potentilla recta là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa hồng. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
Potentilla recta L., 1753
Синонимы
Лапча́тка пряма́я (лат. Potentílla récta) — многолетнее травянистое растение, вид рода Лапчатка (Potentilla) семейства Розовые (Rosaceae).
Корневище мощное, многоглавое, одетое остатками прилистников.
Стебли 30—70 см высотой, толстые, прямостоящие, прямые, хорошо облиственные, в верхней части дихотомически ветвящиеся, одетые, так же как и черешки листьев, цветоножки и чашечки, короткими щетинками и длинными оттопыренными волосками, сидящими на бугорках, по большей части с примесью членистых желёзистых волосков.
Корневые и нижние стеблевые листья крупные, длинночерешатые, пятерные или семерные, верхние стеблевые листья пятерные и тройчатые, короткочерешчатые и сидячие. Прилистники стеблевых листьев яйцевидно-ланцетные, цельнокрайние или надрезанно-зубчатые. Листочки продолговато-обратнояйцевидные или продолговатые, у основания клиновидно суженные и цельнокрание в остальной части равномерно крупно- или надрезанно-зубчатые, с 7—17 яйцевидными или ланцетными тупыми или острыми зубцами с каждой стороны, с обеих сторон зелёные, жёстко-волосистые, снизу морщинистые от выступающих боковых жилок второго и третьего порядка.
Цветки в многоцветковом соцветии, крупные, до 2,5 см в диаметре; чашечка густо-мохнато-волосистая, при плодах с выдающимися жилками; наружные чашелистики почти линейные, одинаковой длины с яйцевидно-ланцетными внутренними или едва длиннее их (реже несколько короче), и те и другие острые; лепестки обратнояйцевидные, глубоковыемчатые, равны или гораздо длиннее чашелистиков, разных оттенков жёлтого цвета. Тычинок 25—30, нити их недлинные, пыльники продолговатые. Цветоложе выдающееся, несколько мясистое. Столбик несколько короче зрелой семянки, при основании несколько утолщённый. Цветёт в июне — июле.
Плод — многочисленные, небольшие, яйцевидные, морщинистые, крыловидно-килеватые, бурые семянки.
Вид описан из Италии (Нарбона).
Центральная Европа: Австрия, Чешская Республика, Германия, Венгрия, Польша, Словакия, Швейцария; Южная Европа: Албания, Босния и Герцеговина, Болгария, Хорватия, Югославия, Греция, Италия (включая Сардинию и Сицилию), Македония, Румыния, Словения, Франция (включая Корсику), Испания; территория бывшего СССР: Белоруссия, Молдавия, Украина (включая Крым), Пензенская, Саратовская, Самарская и Волгоградская области, Кавказ (Предкавказье, Дагестан, Краснодарский край), Алтай, Средняя Азия (Казахстан, Киргизия, Таджикистан, Туркмения, Узбекистан); Западная Азия: Иран, Ирак, Турция; Китай[2].
Растёт в степях, на степных склонах, залежах, краях дорог.
Лапча́тка пряма́я (лат. Potentílla récta) — многолетнее травянистое растение, вид рода Лапчатка (Potentilla) семейства Розовые (Rosaceae).
直立委陵菜（学名：Potentilla recta）为蔷薇科委陵菜属的植物。分布在俄罗斯中亚地区、欧洲经小亚细亚地区以及中国大陆的新疆等地，生长于海拔1,000米至1,200米的地区，一般生长在旱山坡或河谷，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
_5712.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_5712.JPG)
