Postfire establishment patterns:
Success of postfire germination and
establishment of pointleaf manzanita varies greatly across sites and is believed
to be the result of fire severity (see "Fire severity and postfire
establishment" below) and postfire site conditions.
For example, in central Arizona Lindenmuth and Glendening [62] found pointleaf manzanita produced "many"
seedlings during the 1st spring after a wildfire. However, seedling mortality rates
were high, with only 10% of seedlings surviving after the 1st dry season.
Mortality was attributed to drought and rooting and trampling by collared peccaries.
In a Madrean oak woodland near
Tucson, Arizona, postfire establishment was monitored after wildfire in July.
Pointleaf manzanita establishment rates were "very low" 1 to 2 years following
burning. In some areas it showed no postfire establishment, while
other areas showed "minimal" recruitment after burning. From these observations
the authors categorized pointleaf manzanita as intolerant to fire [16].
In contrast, studies have shown successful postfire establishment of
pointleaf manzanita. In La MichilÃa Biosphere
Reserve, Durango, Mexico, pointleaf manzanita showed "strong" seedling
emergence following an "intense" wildfire. Pointleaf manzanita stem densities were
491 stems per hectare on unburned plots compared to 4625 stems per
hectare on adjacent burned plots 11 months after burning [34]. In a central Arizona
shrub live oak-skunkbush sumac community, Pase and Pond [86] found that pointleaf manzanita
density was 486 seedlings/acre 1 year after a wildfire. At postfire year 4, pointleaf manzanita had
declined to 335 seedlings/acre but showed signs of "vigorous growth."
Also in central Arizona, Pase and Lindenmuth [85] found "abundant"
regeneration and "vigorous growth" of pointleaf manzanita seedlings 1 to 5 years
following prescribed fire in a shrub live oak-mountain-mahogany
community. However, mortality of pointleaf manzanita seedlings was high
following emergence during the summer dry seasons
(see Fire Case Studies).
Fire severity and postfire establishment:
During the mid-20th century, stand conversion of pointleaf manzanita and other
chaparral species to grasslands was rationalized by grazing needs, potential
wildlife habitat improvement, and aesthetics. A common tactic during chaparral
conversions involved the use of low-severity prescribed fire. Lathrop and Martin
[59] found that prescribed fire conducted in southern California Jeffrey pine-California black oak
woodlands during the winter killed pointleaf manzanita plants but was not severe
enough to break dormancy of belowground banked pointleaf manzanita seeds.
Burning resulted in a significant reduction (93%, p<0.01) in density and basal area of pointleaf
manzanita in burned areas compared to adjacent unburned stands 2 years following fire.
Fire frequency and postfire establishment:
Research conducted during the mid-20th century focused on the timing and frequency of burning as means of
reducing stands of pointleaf manzanita (see Fire severity and postfire
establishment above). Pointleaf manzanita can be eliminated in areas where fires are frequent
enough to kill young plants that have not matured enough to produce
a seed crop [13,17]. One experimental burn in montane chaparral in California, conducted 3 years after a fire on a
young stand of pointleaf manzanita, resulted in 100% mortality of all plants. No new seedlings established [13].
The Research Project Summary
Response of vegetation to prescribed burning in a Jeffrey pine-California
black oak woodland and a deergrass meadow at Cuyamaca State Park, California,
provides information on prescribed fire and postfire responses of many plant community species including
pointleaf manzanita.
Pointleaf manzanita provides food and cover for wildlife and livestock
[10,26,51,64,66,68,80,107]. Many frugivorous animals eat the berries, including
blue grouse, Montezuma quail, wild turkeys, Gambel's quail, white-tailed deer, mule deer,
American black bears, coyotes, hooded skunks, and collared peccaries
[10,26,51,66,68,80,107]. Domestic goats prefer pointleaf manzanita browse.
One of only several populations of pointleaf manzanita in Texas is reported to
be decreasing due to browsing pressure by domestic goats [37,51].
Palatability/nutritional value:
Palatability of pointleaf manzanita is considered "low" for deer species [81].
Cover value: The Chauilla
people considered stands of pointleaf manzanita excellent cover for white-tailed and mule
deer and desert bighorn sheep [10]. Hooded skunk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, blue grouse,
Montezuma quail, Gambel's quail, desert kangaroo rats, American black bears, coyote, and numerous bird
species are found in stands of pointleaf manzanita
[10,51,66].
Pointleaf manzanita occurs as a primary understory species in Madrean pine-oak
(Pinus-Quercus spp.) woodlands
in southern Arizona and New Mexico, western Texas, and Mexico.
Associated tree species include shrub live oak (Q. turbinella), Mexican blue oak (Q. oblongifolia),
Emory oak (Q. emoryi), Palmer oak (Q. dunnii), Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica), silverleaf oak
(Q. hypoleucoides), Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides),
Chihuahua pine (P. leiophylla var. chihuahuana),
Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica), Arizona rosewood (Vauquelinia californica),
alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), oneseed juniper (J. monosperma),
and birchleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides).
Important shrubs include Wright silktassel (Garrya wrightii), ashy silktassel (G. flavescens),
Palmer's century plant (Agave palmeri), Schott's century plant (A. schottii),
Pringle manzanita (Arctostaphylos pringlei), desert ceanothus (Ceanothus
greggii), skunkbush sumac (Rhus
trilobata), sugar sumac (R. ovata), Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia mexicana var.
stansburiana), Wilcox's barberry (Berberis wilcoxii), Wheeler
sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri), sacahuista (Nolina microcarpa),
Schott's yucca (Yucca schottii), banana yucca (Y. baccata),
and wait-a-minute (Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera). Grasses include sideoats grama (Bouteloua
curtipendula), bull grass (Muhlenbergia emersleyi), and mutton grass (Poa
fendleriana) [3,16,17,23,28,30,57,67,78,83].
Pointleaf manzanita is found in the understory of pinyon-juniper (Juniperus
spp.) woodlands in southwestern New
Mexico. This cover type is typical of low to mid-slopes on eastern
exposures at elevations from 6,365 to 7,875 feet (1,940-2,400 m) elevation. Dominant trees
in this type include Colorado pinyon (P. edulis), Mexican pinyon, singleleaf pinyon (P.
monophylla), alligator juniper, Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), birchleaf mountain-mahogany,
gray oak (Q. grisea), and shrub live oak.
Graminoid associates include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), pine muhly
(M. dubia), and common wolfstail (Lycurus phleoides)
[47,74,104].
Pointleaf manzanita is a common shrub in Arizona and New Mexico's interior chaparral.
This vegetation type, found along the Mogollon Rim, is dominated by shrubs and
small trees. Shrub associates include Pringle manzanita, sugar sumac, skunkbush
sumac, smooth sumac (R. glabra), deer brush (C. integerrimus),
Mojave ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii var. vestitus), Mohave buckbrush (C. g.
var. perplexans), redberry buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea), Wright
silktassel, wait-a-minute, narrowleaf yerba santa (Eriodictyon
angustifolium), and sacahuista. Shrubby tree associates may include shrub
live oak, Nuttall's scrub oak (Q. dumosa), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius),
and hairy mountain-mahogany (C. montanus var.
paucidentatus). Larger trees such as Chihuahua pine, interior ponderosa pine (P.
ponderosa var. scopulorum), border pinyon (P.
discolor), alligator juniper, Emory oak, silverleaf oak, and Arizona white
oak may have scattered occurrences. Important grasses include lemon grass (Cymbopogon
citratus), Orcutt's threeawn (Aristida
schiedeana var. orcuttiana), and bull muhly (M. emersleyi) [18,24,44,51,63,67,69,84].
The most diverse community where pointleaf manzanita occurs is
the montane chaparral of the higher-elevation Coastal Ranges of northern, central,
and southern California, the Transverse and Peninsular ranges of southern California, and the
Sierra San Pedro Mártir of northern Baja California.
Characteristic species that associate with pointleaf manzanita in montane
chaparral include whiteleaf manzanita, bigberry manzanita (A.
glauca), yerba santa (E. californicum), eastern redbud (Cercis
canadensis), wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), California buckthorn (Frangula californica ssp.
cuspidata), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), birchleaf mountain-mahogany, thickleaf yerba santa (E.
crassifolium), flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum), California
coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), and yellowleaf silktassel (G. flavescens) [2,27,40,59,71].
Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii)
may associate in southern California and northern Baja California [25]. Montane chaparral
often succeeds to Jeffrey pine (P.
jeffreyi), Coulter pine (P. coulteri), and Pacific
ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa), and/or California
black oak (Q. kelloggii) [2,27,40,59,71].
Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral is the most common type of chaparral in California,
occurring in the North and Central Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada foothills,
southern California, and northern Baja California. Whiteleaf
manzanita (Arctostaphylos
viscida) may codominate with chamise on some sites. Pointleaf manzanita and
other associated species are infrequently in this type. Associated shrubs
include Nuttall's scrub oak, laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), white
sage, (Salvia mellifera), black sage (S. apiana), sugar sumac, and
eastern Mojave buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). Giant wildrye (Leymus condensatus)
is a common grass associate [43,73].
Pointleaf manzanita is found in the understory of oak woodlands of the
lower-elevation Coastal Ranges of northern, central, and southern California, the Transverse and
Peninsular ranges of southern California, and the
Sierra San Pedro Mártir of northern Baja California.
Oak woodlands vary in structure from open savanna to dense woodland with a
shrubby understory. They merge or form a mosaic with annual
grassland at low elevations and with montane chaparral at higher elevations.
Overstory associates include valley oak (Q. lobata), coast live oak (Q. agrifolia), interior live
oak (Q. wislizenii),
California shrub live oak (Q. turbinella var. californica), leather oak (Q. durata),
canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis), blue oak (Q. douglasii),
California black oak, Coulter pine, gray pine (P. sabiniana),
and California buckeye (Aesculus californica).
Common shrub associates include wedgeleaf ceanothus,
coffeeberry, chamise, poison-oak, and toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia). Some common ground cover
associates are annual bluegrass (Poa annua), annual fescues (Vulpia spp.),
annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae),
ripgut brome (Bromus rubens), wild oat (Avena fatua), and bur clover (Medicago
polymorpha) [9,39].
Classifications describing plant communities in which pointleaf manzanita is
a dominant species are as follows:
Pointleaf manzanita was an important food of the Chauilla. Stands of
pointleaf manzanita
were managed by the Chauilla for production of food, firewood, and construction materials.
The fruits were smashed and used to
make a beverage, eaten raw, or made into a cake. Leaves were occasionally
mixed with tobacco for smoking or used in a tea for several types of remedies
[10]. The Navajo smoked the leaves of pointleaf manzanita for good luck
[101]. A decoction using the leaves of pointleaf manzanita was locally used in
Arizona and New Mexico as a remedy for stomach trouble [51,89].
The fruits of pointleaf manzanita are edible and are commonly used in jelly, and sold in markets
in Mexico [51,89]. The leaves and fruit of pointleaf manzanita are used in
Mexican household remedies for dropsy, bronchitis, venereal diseases, and other
infections [19].
Pointleaf manzanita is sometimes used for fuelwood in Arizona and New Mexico,
although it is considered "nondesirable" fuel [11].
Pointleaf manzanita regenerates from seed or through layering [19,102].
Breeding system:
Pointleaf manzanita is monoecious [49].
Pollination is insect mediated [49].
Seed production:
Pointleaf manzanita produces "prolific" or "many" seeds
[62,84]. Quantitative measurements of seed crops are not available as of this
writing (2005).
Seed dispersal:
No information is available on this topic.
Seed banking:
Pointleaf manzanita seeds remain viable in the soil for decades [18,84,86].
Germination of pointleaf
manzanita is stimulated by scarification of seed by fire [18,23,34,85].
Seedling establishment/growth:
Pointleaf manzanita is widely considered an "obligate seeder" or
"fire-recruiter." Regeneration depends almost entirely on germination from seed
after fire [19,84,85,103]. During the spring after burning,
varying numbers of pointleaf manzanita seedlings appear. High mortality rates are common
the 1st year after seedling establishment, possibly because of summer
drought [62]. Pointleaf manzanita seedlings reach heights
of 14 to 16 inches (35-40 cm) 2 years after fire [17].
Asexual regeneration:
Pointleaf manzanita regenerates by layering when branches that lie on
the ground for extended periods (>2 years) take root [17,102].
Succession in stands where pointleaf manzanita
occurs is not easily predicted and depends on a number of variables including plant association,
community type, proximity to boundaries with other communities, geographic and topographic
location, climate, fire severity, and time since last fire [41].
Pointleaf manzanita occurs in a "fire-induced climax association." This
is defined as species that must have fires at regular intervals to maintain dominance. Stand-level
regeneration of pointleaf manzanita occurs
after fire that scarifies long-lived, soil-stored seed. Depending on geographic location,
moisture availability, and time since last fire, fire exclusion results in the
successional replacement of pointleaf manzanita [18]. This is especially
apparent at the upper elevational limits of pointleaf manzanita, where chaparral or oak woodlands
transition to higher, more mesic pine forests. In these areas, very old stands of pointleaf manzanita
are susceptible to encroachment by
conifers [16,76,79,84].
Stands where pointleaf manzanita occurs change rapidly during the first 1 to 4
postfire years. In areas
where pointleaf manzanita associates with sprouting shrub species, postfire
succession can typically be described in 3 stages: (1) During the 1st postfire
year, grasses and forbs form the dominant cover, while chaparral
shrub seedlings and sprouts emerge. (2) During the 2nd postfire year, mortality of shrub and subshrub seedlings
is high. (3) In subsequent years, the remaining
shrub seedlings and sprouts become well established while herbaceous vegetation
gradually decreases. After 8 to 10 postfire years, a relatively mature chaparral cover
with little understory exists [23,41,98].
Between fires vegetative regeneration by layering occurs on the perimeters of parent shrubs and
creates a discrete age and size "aggregate" from the center of the parent shrub to
the outside of the aggregate. This assemblage may resemble one large
individual shrub. As the parent shrub ages, it often senesces and dies while the aggregates continue growth leaving
a "fairy ring" growth pattern [17].
Arctostaphylos pungens, ye una especie de parrotal perteneciente a la familia Ericaceae.
Arctostaphylos pungens ye un parrotal erecto que crez hasta un altor d'ente unu y tres metros. Tien la corteza lliso y colorao. Les sos cañes pequeñes y fueyes nueves son llixeramente llanudes. Les fueyes madures son coriacees, brilloses y verdes, ovales a llargamente llanceolaes, y d'hasta 4 centímetros. La inflorescencia ye un recímanu esféricu de flores. El frutu ye una drupa de 5 a 8 milímetros d'anchu.
Ye orixinaria del suroeste d'Estaos Xuníos y el norte y centru de Méxicu, onde crez en chaparrales y hábitats de montes , y en cordales del desiertu. Arctostaphylos pungens puede trate creciendo a Tent Rocks National Monument en Nuevu Méxicu, a un altor d'unos 6000 metros.
Esti parrotal crez en suelos secos, poco fondos, ácidos cargaos de grava y arena, y establez rellaciones con micorrices pa llograr más nutrientes y agua.[1] Les granes riquen escarificación poles quemes forestales primero que puedan granar.
Trátase d'una fonte d'alimentu pa munchos tipos de vida montesa, y colléchase pola xente y conviértese en mermelada , en munches partes de Méxicu.[1]
Nel Estáu de Méxicu, la pingüica encamiéntase principalmente pal tratamientu de les afecciones renales como'l dolor de reñón, que ye causáu por escesu de trabayu; pa sollivialo utilízase la fueya, el raigañu o tola planta, en fervinchu, adulzada al gustu y tomada como enagua de tiempu y n'ayunes. Col mesmu fin, emplegar n'Hidalgo y Sonora.
Tamién se menta'l so usu nel tratamientu de: foria, dolor d'estómagu, empache, tos, gonorrea, leucorrea, prostatitis, reumatismu, hidropesía ya inflamación.
Nel sieglu XVI, Francisco Hernández de Toledo señala que'l cocimientu de los raigaños aprovecha enforma a los asmáticos.
Nel sieglu XX, Alfonso Herrera Fernández menta que s'emplega como diuréticu nes afecciones mucoses cróniques de la vexiga; cicatrizante en diverses mancadures de les víes urinaries; na cistitis, pielitis y metritis. Darréu, Maximino Martínez refier los usos siguientes: albuminaria, antiblenorrágica, anticatarral, antidiarreica, diuréticu, enfermedaes genitourinarias, gravela, ingurgitación de la próstata, enfermedaes de la vexiga. Luis Cabrera de Córdoba, indicar como albuminaria y antiinflamatoria. Finalmente, la Sociedá Farmacéutica de Méxicu señalar como diurética.[2]
Arctostaphylos pungens describióse por Carl Sigismund Kunth y espublizóse en Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 278–279, pl. 259. 1818[1819].[3]
Arctostaphylos: nome xenéricu que deriva de les pallabres griegues arktos = "osu", y staphule = "recímanu d'uves", en referencia al nome común de les especies conocíes y seique tamién n'alusión a los osos que s'alimenten de los frutos d'uva.[4]
pungens: epítetu llatín que significa "espinosu".[5]
Arctostaphylos pungens, ye una especie de parrotal perteneciente a la familia Ericaceae.
Detalle de les flores Frutos Vista de la planta Fueyes
Arctostaphylos pungens (lat. Arctostaphylos pungens) - erikakimilər fəsiləsinin ayıqulağı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Arctostaphylos pungens (lat. Arctostaphylos pungens) - erikakimilər fəsiləsinin ayıqulağı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Arctostaphylos pungens, with the common name pointleaf manzanita, is a species of manzanita. It is native to the Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico, where it grows in chaparral and woodland habitats, and on desert ridges. Arctostaphylos pungens can be seen growing at Tent Rocks National Monument in New Mexico at an elevation of about 6000 feet.
Arctostaphylos pungens is an erect, spreading, evergreen shrub growing to heights between one and three meters. It has smooth red bark. Its smaller twigs and new leaves are lightly woolly. Mature leaves are leathery, shiny and green, oval to widely lance-shaped, and up to 4 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a spherical cluster of urn-shaped manzanita flowers. The fruit is a drupe 5 to 8 millimeters wide.[2]
It is a food source for many kinds of wildlife, and it is harvested by people and made into jam in many parts of Mexico.[2][3]
This shrub thrives in dry, shallow, acidic soils heavy with gravel and sand, and forms relationships with mycorrhizae to obtain extra nutrients and water.[2] The seeds require scarification by wildfire before they are able to germinate.
Arctostaphylos pungens, with the common name pointleaf manzanita, is a species of manzanita. It is native to the Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico, where it grows in chaparral and woodland habitats, and on desert ridges. Arctostaphylos pungens can be seen growing at Tent Rocks National Monument in New Mexico at an elevation of about 6000 feet.
Pingüica (Arctostaphylos pungens) también conocida como gayuba de México o pindicua[1] es una especie de arbusto nativo de México[2] perteneciente a la familia Ericaceae. Puede ser un arbusto erecto o rastrero con una altura de hasta 3 m. Se distribuye en México en el noreste y en los Estados Unidos hacia el sureste. Habita desde bosques templados a semisecos. En México se utiliza para fines alimentarios y medicinales.
Arctostaphylos pungens es un arbusto erecto o rastrero de una altura de 0.5 a 3 m. Los tallos son leñosos, lisos y rojos o grises, con corteza caediza. Sus ramas pequeñas y hojas nuevas son ligeramente lanosas. Las hojas maduras son coriáceas, brillantes y verdes, ovaladas a ampliamente lanceoladas, de hasta 4 cm. La inflorescencia es un racimo esférico de flores. El fruto es una drupa de 5 a 8 milímetros de ancho.
Arctostaphylos pungens es originaria del Suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte y centro-sur de México, donde crece en bosques templados a semisecos, chaparrales y matorrales xerófilos. Prefiere los suelos secos, poco profundos, ácidos y cargados de grava y arena. Establece relaciones con micorrizas para obtener más nutrientes y agua.[3] Las semillas requieren escarificación por incendio forestal antes de poder germinar.
Actualmente no está considerada como especie sujeta a protección especial por SEMARNAT.[2]
Se trata de una fuente de alimento para muchos tipos de vida silvestre. En México, los frutos se cosechan para hacer mermelada.[3] También se reporta el uso de la planta para remedios caseros contra enfermedades renales, estomacales y venéreas, entre otras, aunque la efectividad de estos remedios no está comprobada.[4]
Arctostaphylos pungens fue descrita en 1818 por Carl Sigismund Kunth en Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 278–279, pl. 259.[5]
Pingüica (Arctostaphylos pungens) también conocida como gayuba de México o pindicua es una especie de arbusto nativo de México perteneciente a la familia Ericaceae. Puede ser un arbusto erecto o rastrero con una altura de hasta 3 m. Se distribuye en México en el noreste y en los Estados Unidos hacia el sureste. Habita desde bosques templados a semisecos. En México se utiliza para fines alimentarios y medicinales.
Frutos Vista de la planta HojasArctostaphylos pungens est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Éricacées, sous-famille des Arbutoideae, originaire du Sud-Ouest des États-Unis et du Nord du Mexique. Cette espèce croît dans des habitats de forêts tempérées à semi-sèches et des formations de type chaparral. Elle produit des fruits comestibles en forme de petites pommes, d'où son nom anglais de « manzanita », terme espagnol signifiant « petite pomme »[2].
Arctostaphylos pungens est un arbuste à port dressé pouvant atteindre 3 mètres de haut. L'écorce des tiges âgées, persistante, est lisse et rougeâtre. Les rameaux sont couverts de poils courts clairsemés. Les feuilles, portées par un pétiole de 4 à 8 mm de long, ont un limbe vert clair ou vert foncé, luisant, de forme elliptique à lancéolé-elliptique, de 1,5 à 4 cm de long sur 1 à 1,8 cm de large. Ce limbe, à base obtuse à cunéiforme, parfois arrondie, à bords entiers, présente des faces lisses, finement tomenteuses à glabrescentes[3].
Les inflorescences sont des grappes, simples ou à un niveau de ramification. Les fleurs présentent une corolle blanche, conique à urcéolée, et un ovaire glabre.
Les fruits sont des baies de forme globuleuse-déprimée, glabres, de 5 à 8 mm de diamètre[3].
C'est une espèce diploïde à 26 chromosomes (2n = 2x =26)[3].
Arctostaphylos pungens est une espèce qui se reproduit presque exclusivement par les graines. Celles-ci, tombées au sol, peuvent y rester à l'état de dormance pendant plusieurs décennies jusqu'au prochain incendie suivi de pluie. Elles ne germent que dans des conditions très spécifiques liées aux cycles des incendies dans les formations de chaparral. En effet la chaleur des incendies échauffe les graines, les scarifie et permet ainsi qu'elles soient exposées à l'humidité disponible dans le sol après le feu. Lorsque cette humidité est suffisante, les graines germent et s'engage alors le processus de remplacement par les jeunes semis des plantes plus âgées, éliminées par le feu. Le chaparral peut se reconstituer dans les 10 ans suivant l'incendie. Dans les intervalles entre les incendies, la plante peut se reproduire de manière végétative grâce à un processus de marcottage, les branches de plantes adultes s'enracinant à partir de points de croissance en contact avec le sol. Ce cycle d'arrêt par le feu suivi d'une phase de croissance se répète tous les 40 à 70 ans[2].
L'aire de répartition d'Arctostaphylos pungens s'étend en Amérique du Nord, d'une part dans le Sud-Ouest des États-Unis, de la Californie au Texas et d'autre part dans une grande partie du Nord et du centre du Mexique jusqu'à l'État d'Oaxaca vers le sud[3]. Aux États-Unis, l'espèce est présente de manière discontinue dans les régions montagneuses de l'Arizona, du Nouveau-Mexique, du sud de la Californie, de l'extrême sud du Nevada et de l'Utah, de l'ouest du Texas[4]. Au Mexique, la plante est abondante dans les États de Chihuahua, Coahuila et Nuevo León jusqu'à la ville de Mexico vers le sud. On la rencontre également dans les monts de la Sierra Juárez et de la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir en Basse-Californie[4].
L'espèce se rencontre généralement dans les forêts de pins ouvertes et les forêts de pins pignons et genévriers, généralement à des altitudes plus élevées. En Californie, il s'agit d'une espèce « chaparrale » qui est présente dans les chaînes désertiques et péninsulaires des montagnes du sud de la Californie. On a recensé trois populations disjointes dans le centre de la Californie dans les comtés de San Benito et de Monterey, initialement décrites sous d'autres noms (A. benitoensis et A. pseudopungens)[3].
Cette espèce a été décrite par le botaniste allemand Karl Sigismund Kunth et publiée en 1819 dans Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 3(qto): 278 (-279); 3(fol.): 218; t. 259[1].
Selon Plants of the World online (POWO) (26 janvier 2022)[5] :
Selon Tropicos (26 janvier 2022)[6] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Cette plante était largement utilisée par les Amérindiens du sud-ouest des États-Unis, en particulier par les Cahuillas. Les baies récoltées à maturité étaient consommées crues. Elles étaient également cuites pour produire des boissons ou des gelées en vue d'une utilisation ultérieure. La pulpe des baies, sucrée et sèche à maturité, pouvait être trempée dans de l'eau chaude et brassée pour produire une sorte de cidre[7].
Arctostaphylos pungens est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Éricacées, sous-famille des Arbutoideae, originaire du Sud-Ouest des États-Unis et du Nord du Mexique. Cette espèce croît dans des habitats de forêts tempérées à semi-sèches et des formations de type chaparral. Elle produit des fruits comestibles en forme de petites pommes, d'où son nom anglais de « manzanita », terme espagnol signifiant « petite pomme ».
Arctostaphylos pungens is een plant uit de heidefamilie (Ericaceae). Zoals de andere manzanitasoorten komt deze soort in de chaparralgebieden in het westen van Noord-Amerika voor, maar ook in bossen en woestijnen. De soort is inheems in het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en in noorden en centrum van Mexico. A. pungens is een van de meest wijdverspreide soorten in het westen van de VS.
In het Engels wordt de plant doorgaans Pointleaf manzanita of Mexican manzanita genoemd.
A. pungens is een uitwaaierende struik die tot drie meter hoog kan worden. De schors is zacht en roodkleurig. De kleinere twijgjes en jonge bladjes zijn licht wollig. Volgroeide bladeren zijn lederachtig, blinkend en groen. Ze zijn meestal ovaal of breed lancetvormig en kunnen tot 4 cm lang worden. Het bloemgestel bestaat uit een cluster van witte bloempjes die de vorm van een urne hebben. De vruchten zijn kleine steenvruchten van enkele millimeters breed. De vruchten van de A. pungens worden gegeten door verschillende wilde dieren. In Mexico worden de bessen ook door mensen geplukt om er jam van te maken.
De plant leeft in droge, ondiepe en zure grind- en zandbodems. De zaden van A. pungens kunnen pas kiemen nadat ze door natuurbrand aangetast zijn (scarificeren).
Arctostaphylos pungens is een plant uit de heidefamilie (Ericaceae). Zoals de andere manzanitasoorten komt deze soort in de chaparralgebieden in het westen van Noord-Amerika voor, maar ook in bossen en woestijnen. De soort is inheems in het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en in noorden en centrum van Mexico. A. pungens is een van de meest wijdverspreide soorten in het westen van de VS.
In het Engels wordt de plant doorgaans Pointleaf manzanita of Mexican manzanita genoemd.
Arctostaphylos pungens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được Kunth mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1819.[1]
Arctostaphylos pungens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được Kunth mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1819.