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Папуда ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Папуда, (познат како црноок грав од англиски black-eyed pea или козји грашок) — едногодишно мешункасто растение од семејството на бобовите со зрнест плод со ситно бело зрно со црна точка во средината, која е подвид на кравји грашак, одгледувана низ целиот свет за средни јадења како гравот. По големината е налик помеѓу гравот и леќата.

Видови и сорти

Заедничката комерцијална сорта се нарекува Калифорниско Црно око; тоа е бледо обоено со истакната црна точка. На Американскиот југ има безброј сорти, многу од нив преданија, кои се разликуваат во големина од малиот грашок до многу големи, како што може да се види на пазарите на државните и општинските фармери. Бојата на окото може да биде црна, кафеава, црвена, розова или зелена. Сите грашаци се зелени кога се свежи гранатирани и кафеави или бифенирани кога се сушат. Популарна варијација на црните очи е "пурпурниот сируп"; обично е зелен со истакнато виолетова или розова точка. Тековно прифатеното ботаничко име за папудата е Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, иако претходно било класифицирано во родот на гравови (Phaseolus). Папудата има повеќе подвидови меѓу кои: dekindtiana е дивиот роднина и папудовиот подвид sesquipedalis кој е поврзан со аспарагусот. Другите гравчиња со нешто сличен изглед, како што е "frijol ojo de cabra" (козјо око) од северниот дел на Мексико, кои понекогаш се погрешно нарекувани и сметани за папуда и обратно.

Одлики и одгледување

Папудата како растение е отпорно на суша и топло време и е добро прилагодлива на суви површини во тропските предели, каде што другите прехранбени зрнести и мешункасти растенија не растат добро. Таа има способност да го впива атмосферскиот азот преку своите коренски јазли и добро се одгледува во сиромашните почви со повеќе од 85% песок и помалку од 0,2% органска материја и ниски нивоа на фосфор. Покрај тоа, растението на папудата е отпорно на сенка, така што може да се одгледува со во плодоредови и меѓуредови со пченка, просо, сорго, шеќерна трска и памук. Ова ја прави папудата важна компонента на традиционалните системи со плодоред во сложените почви на саваните на супсахарска Африка, каде што исушените стебла на папудата се искористуваат како сточна храна. Одлгедувањето папуда е застапено и во Македонија најмногу во Струмичко во Колешино и селата на пределот Подгор под Беласица, како и во јужна и југоисточна Бугарија.

Галерија

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Папуда: Brief Summary ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Папуда, (познат како црноок грав од англиски black-eyed pea или козји грашок) — едногодишно мешункасто растение од семејството на бобовите со зрнест плод со ситно бело зрно со црна точка во средината, која е подвид на кравји грашак, одгледувана низ целиот свет за средни јадења како гравот. По големината е налик помеѓу гравот и леќата.

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Автори и уредници на Википедија
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wikipedia emerging languages

चवळी ( المهاراتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
चवळी-धान्य
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चवळी शेंगा
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चवळी-दाणे-नजिकचे दृष्य, यातील काळा डोळा दिसण्यासाठी

चवळी ही एक शेंग आहे.याची भाजी करतात. त्यातील दाण्यांना चवळीचे दाणे अथवा नुसते 'चवळी' असे म्हणतात. हे एक प्रकारचे द्विदल धान्य आहे. त्याचे दाणे मध्यम आकाराचे असतात. ते दाणे वाळल्यावर त्यावर एक काळ्या डोळ्यासारखी खूण दिसते म्हणून याला इंग्रजीत ब्लॅक-आईड पी (काळा-डोळा असणारे दाणे) असे म्हणतात.

अमेरिकेत याचे वेगवेगळे प्रकार मिळतात. त्याचा रंग व आकारही वेगवेगळा असतो. त्याच्या डोळ्याचा रंगही काळा, कथ्था, लाल, गुलाबी अथवा हिरवाही असू शकतो. या शेंगेतील दाणे ताजी असतांना हिरवेच असतात, पण वाळल्यावर त्याचा रंग बदलतो.

याच्या बीया एक कडधान्य असल्यामुळे वाळलेल्या त्या भिजवून, त्यास अंकूर फुटल्यावर, त्याची उसळ करतात.

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ಅಲಸಂಡೆ ( الكانادا )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
BlackEyedPeas.JPG
Black-eyed pea pods on plant in Hong Kong.jpg

ಅಲಸಂದೆಯ ಎಳೆಯ ಕಾಯಿಗಳನ್ನು ತರಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಸಾರಜನಕ, ಅನ್ನಾಂಗ `ಬಿ' ಮತ್ತು ಲವಣಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ.[೧]

ಮಣ್ಣು

ಇದನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನೀರು ಬಸಿದು ಹೋಗುವಂತಹ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ತರಹದ ಮಣ್ಣುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು.

ಕಾಲ

ವರ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಬೆಳೆಯನ್ನು ಎರಡು ಸಲ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಈ ಬೆಳೆಯನ್ನು ಮೇ-ಜುಲೈ ಮತ್ತು ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್- ಜನವರಿ ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಬಹುದು. ಗುಡ್ಡಗಾಡು ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಜನವರಿ - ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ಸೂಕ್ತ ಕಾಲ. ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬತ್ತದ ಕಟಾವಿನ ಅನಂತರ ಗದ್ದೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಬೆಳೆಯನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸಬಹುದು.

ತಳಿಗಳು

ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಒಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ

1. ಪುಸಾ ಫಲ್ಗುಣಿ : ಗಿಡಗಳು ಗಿಡ್ಡವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಪೊದೆಯಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ಈ ತಳಿಯು ಚಳಿಗಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಉತ್ತಮವಾದ ತಳಿ. ಕಾಯಿಗಳು 12.5 ಸೆಂಮೀ ಉದ್ದವಿದ್ದು ದಟ್ಟ ಕಡುಹಸುರು ಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿವೆ. ಬಿತ್ತನೆ ಮಾಡಿದ 60 ದಿವಸಗಳ ನಂತರ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಕೊಯ್ಲಿಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ. 2. ಪುಸಾ ಬರಸಾತಿ : ಇದು ಬೇಗನೆ ಕಟಾವಿಗೆ ಬರುವ ತಳಿಯಾಗಿದೆ (45 ದಿನಗಳು) ಮತ್ತು ಮಳೆಗಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಸೂಕ್ತವಾಗಿದೆ. 3. ಪುಸಾ ದೋ ಫಸಲಿ : ಇದು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಇಳುವರಿ ಕೊಡುವ ತಳಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಮಳೆಗಾಲ ಚಳಿಗಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಯೋಗ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. 4. ಎಸ್. -288 : ಇದು ಶೀಘ್ರ ಕಟಾವಿಗೆ ಬರುವ ತಳಿಯಾಗಿದೆ (55 ದಿನಗಳು). ಈ ತಳಿಯನ್ನು ವರ್ಷದ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. 5. ಅರ್ಕಾ ಗರಿಮೆ : ಈ ತಳಿಯನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯ ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕಾ ಸಂಶೋಧನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದೆ. ಗಿಡಗಳು ಎತ್ತರವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಪೊದೆಯಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ವರ್ಷದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾಲಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಎಲೆಗಳು ತಿಳಿ ಹಸುರು ಬಣ್ಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೂವಿನ ಬಣ್ಣ ನೇರಳೆ, ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಉದ್ದವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಗುಂಡಾಗಿದ್ದು, ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ತಿಳಿ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ರಸಭರಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಹಾಗೂ ನಾರು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ತರಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲು ಸೂಕ್ತ. ಈ ತಳಿಗೆ ಅತಿ ಉಷ್ಣತೆ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರಿನ ಕೊರತೆಯನ್ನು ತಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಶಕ್ತಿ ಇದೆ. ಬೆಳೆಯ ಅವಧಿ 90 ದಿವಸಗಳು. ಒಂದು ಹೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಗೆ 18 ಟನ್ ಇಳುವರಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು. 6. ಅರ್ಕಾ ಸುಮನ್ : ಈ ತಳಿಯನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯ ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕಾ ಸಂಶೋಧ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದೆ. ಗಿಡಗಳು ಪೊದೆಯಾಕಾರವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ವರ್ಷದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಇದು ಅಲ್ಪಾವಧಿ ತಳಿ (70-75 ದಿವಸಗಳು) ಹಾಗೂ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಗಿಡದ ಮೇಲ್ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಮಧ್ಯಮ ಉದ್ದವಿದ್ದು, ಮೃದುವಾಗಿ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ ಮತ್ತು ರಸಭರಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ನಾರಿನ ಅಂಶ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಅಡುಗೆ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಒಂದು ಹೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಗೆ 18 ಟನ್ ಇಳುವರಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು. 7. ಅರ್ಕಾ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿ : ಈ ತಳಿಯನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯ ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕಾ ಸಂಶೋಧನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದೆ. ಗಿಡಗಳು ಪೊದೆಯಾಕಾರವಾಗಿದ್ದು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ವರ್ಷದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾಲಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಹುದು. ಇದು ಅಲ್ಪಾವಧಿ ತಳಿ (70-75 ದಿವಸಗಳು). ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಗಿಡದ ಮೇಲ್ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಹಸುರಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಮಧ್ಯಮ ಉದ್ದವಿದ್ದು ಗುಂಡಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಮೃದುವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ರಸಭರಿತವಾಗಿದ್ದು ನಾರಿನ ಅಂಶ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಅಡುಗೆ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಒಂದು ಹೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಗೆ 19 ಟನ್ ಇಳುವರಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು.

ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ

ಪುಸಾ ಬರಸಾತಿ, ಪುಸಾ ದೋ ಫಸ್ಲಿ, ಎಸ್- 288

ಗುಡ್ಡಗಾಡು ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ

ಎಸ್-288

ಬೇಸಾಯ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳು

ಪ್ರತಿ ಹೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಗೆ: ಬೀಜ 15 ಕಿಗ್ರಾಂ; ಕೊಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಗೊಬ್ಬರ 25 ಟನ್; ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಗೊಬ್ಬರಗಳು ಸಾರಜನಕ 25 ಕಿಗ್ರಾಂ; ರಂಜಕ 75 ಕಿಗ್ರಾಂ; ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಷ್ 60 ಕಿಗ್ರಾಂ; ರೈಜೋಬಿಯಂ 375 ಗ್ರಾಂ.

ಬಿತ್ತನೆ

ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಹದಮಾಡಿದ ನಂತರ 40 ಸೆಂಮೀ ಅಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ, ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಮಾಡಿದ ಪುರ್ಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಗೊಬ್ಬರ, ಸಾರಜನಕ, ರಂಜಕ ಹಾಗೂ ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಷ್ ರಸಗೊಬ್ಬರಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಕಿ ಮಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸಿ. ಮಳೆಗಾಲದ ಬೆಳೆಗೆ ಕರಾವಳಿ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇ. 50 ರಷ್ಟು ಸಾರಜನಕ, ಪುರ್ಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ರಂಜಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಷ್ ಮಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸಿ. ಬಿತ್ತನೆಗಿಂತ ಮೊದಲು ಬೀಜಗಳನ್ನು ರೈಜೋಬಿಯಂ ಅಣುಜೀವಿ ಗೊಬ್ಬರದಿಂದ ಬೀಜೋಪಚಾರ ಮಾಡಿ ಬಿತ್ತಿ ನೀರು ಹಾಯಿಸಬೇಕು.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

  1. "ಅಲಸಂದೆ". www.sakala.gov.in.
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ಅಲಸಂಡೆ: Brief Summary ( الكانادا )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
BlackEyedPeas.JPG Black-eyed pea pods on plant in Hong Kong.jpg

ಅಲಸಂದೆಯ ಎಳೆಯ ಕಾಯಿಗಳನ್ನು ತರಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಕಾಯಿಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಸಾರಜನಕ, ಅನ್ನಾಂಗ `ಬಿ' ಮತ್ತು ಲವಣಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

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Mbuengimbwengi ezalí lidɛ́su mɔkɛ́.

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Black-eyed pea ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Ripe, opened black-eyed pea in pod and developing pods
Black-eyed peas, in and out of the shell

The black-eyed pea or black-eyed bean[2] is a legume grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean. It is a subspecies of the cowpea, an Old World plant domesticated in Africa, and is sometimes simply called a cowpea.

The common commercial variety is called the California Blackeye; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The American South has countless varieties, many of them heirloom, that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink, or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or buff when dried. A popular variation[3][4] of the black-eyed pea is the purple hull pea or mud-in-your-eye pea; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot. The currently accepted botanical name for the black-eyed pea is Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata,[5] although previously it was classified in the genus Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana is the wild relative and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis is the related asparagus bean. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the frijol ojo de cabra (goat's-eye bean) of northern Mexico, are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa.

History

The Black eyed pea originates from West Africa and has been cultivated in China and India since prehistoric times.[6] It was grown[7] in Virginia since the 17th century by African slaves[8] who were brought to America along with the indigenous plants from their homelands.[9] The crop would also eventually [10] prove popular in Texas. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient today[11] in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States.[12] The black eye pea is cultivated throughout the world.[1]

Cultivation

This heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.[13]

The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.

The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.

After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2–5 days.

Lucky New Year food

New Year's Day in Alabama: black-eyed peas, ham hock, and pepper sauce

Southern United States

In the Southern United States, eating black-eyed peas or Hoppin' John (a traditional soul food) on New Year's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.[14] The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, fatback, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes cabbage, collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.[15] Cornbread, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.[16]

Several legends exist as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South's association with peas and good luck date back to the American Civil War. The first is associated with General William T. Sherman's march of the Union Army to the sea, during which they pillaged the Confederates' food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed[17] and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28.[18] As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black-eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas were a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Years Day.[19][20]

Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations eating the peas.[21]

Culinary uses worldwide

Several cups of chè đậu trắng, a Vietnamese dessert made with black-eyed peas
Lobia curry, a black-eyed peas dish from India

Black-eyed peas contain calcium (41 mg), folate (356 μg), protein (13.22 g), fiber (11.1 g) and vitamin A (26 IU), among other nutrients, with less than 840 kilojoules (200 kilocalories) of food energy in a 171-gram (6 oz) serving.[22]

Africa and Middle East

In Egypt, black-eyed peas called lobia,[23] when cooked with onions, garlic, meat, and tomato juice and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in, make the most famous rice dish in Egypt.

In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, lobya or green black-eyed-beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.

In Nigeria and Ghana within West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called akara or koose comprises mashed black-eyed peas with added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried. In Nigeria a pudding called 'moin-moin' is made from ground and mixed peas with seasoning as well as some plant proteins before it is steamed. This is served with various carbohydrate-rich foods such as pap, rice or garri.[24]

Asia and the Pacific

In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called kacang tunggak or kacang tolo in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as sambal goreng, a hot and spicy red curry dish, sayur brongkos, or sayur lodeh.

The bean is commonly used across India. In North India, black-eyed peas are called lobia or rongi and cooked like daal, served with boiled rice.[25] In Maharashtra, they are called chawli and made into a curry called chawli amti[26] or chawli usal. In Karnataka they are called alsande kalu and used in the preparation of huli, a popular type of curry.[27] In South Kanara district they are called as lathanay dha beeja and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. In Tamil Nadu, they are called karamani or thattapayaru and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like sundal (often during the Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivals).[28] In Andhra Pradesh they are known by the name alasandalu and are used for variety of recipes, most popularly for Vada. In Kerala, they are a part of the Sadhya dish, Olan.

In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called chè đậu trắng (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).

Europe

In Cyprus (φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi)), Greece (μαυρομάτικα) and Turkey (börülce salatası), blanched black-eyed peas are eaten as salad with a dressing of olive oil, salt, lemon juice, onions and garlic.[29]

In Portugal, black-eyed peas are served with boiled cod and potatoes, with tuna, and in salads.

The Americas

North America

"Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas or field peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish of parts of the Southern United States.

Texas caviar, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in vinaigrette-style dressing and chopped garlic.[30]

South America

In Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, especially in the city of Salvador, black-eyed peas (named "feijão fradinho" there) are used in a traditional street food of West African cuisine origin called acarajé. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep fried in dendê. Acarajé is typically served split in half and stuffed with vatapá, caruru, diced green and red tomatoes, fried sun-dried shrimp and homemade hot sauce.

In the northern part of Colombia, they are used to prepare a fritter called buñuelo. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.

In Guyana, South America, and Trinidad and Tobago, it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being red kidney beans, also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and Suriname), families cook a traditional dish called cook-up rice. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish.

Nutritional benefits

This vegetable is a decent source of complex starches, fiber, and numerous fundamental nutrients and minerals. One cup or 165 grams (g) of cooked black-eyed peas contains:

  • 160 calories
  • 0.6 g fat
  • 33.5 g carbs
  • 5.2 g protein
  • 8.3 g fiber
  • 5.3 g of sugar
  • 10% of the daily value (DV) for iron
  • 16% of the DV for calcium
  • 15% of the DV for potassium
  • 20% of the DV for magnesium
  • 24% of the DV for copper
  • 15% of the DV for zinc
  • 52% of the DV for folate
  • 44% of the DV for vitamin A
  • 37% of the DV for vitamin K
  • 41% of the DV for manganese

Black-eyed pea contains some important source of nutritional benefits and also have the following health benefits listed below:

Supporting Digestion

Black-eyed peas can assist with further developing absorption for certain individuals because of their fiber content, which can assist with advancing customary solid discharges. They also contain prebiotic fiber, which takes care of the useful microscopic organisms in the intestinal system.[31]

It may help maintain a healthy weight

They are a rich source of complex carbohydrates, which require more effort to process than basic carbohydrates. Therefore, individuals who eat them may feel more full, which can help maintain a healthy weight.[32]

Lower cholesterol

There is evidence that consistently eating vegetables can assist with bringing down LDL cholesterol.[33] Bringing down elevated cholesterol can diminish the danger of coronary artery disease.[34]

Support eye and Skin Health

Black-eyed peas contain a large measure of beta carotene, which the body converts to Vitamin A. In a single serving, it meets a fourth of a typical adults daily Vitamin A requirement. Vitamin A is important for healthy eyes and skin.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Vigna ungiculata Factsheet". CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSIRO), Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F Queensland), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). June 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  2. ^ West, Michael O. (2019-03-01), "Afterword Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea", To Turn the Whole World Over, University of Illinois Press, pp. 257–272, doi:10.5622/illinois/9780252042317.003.0013, ISBN 9780252042317, S2CID 204728150, retrieved 2022-03-31
  3. ^ "variation | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  4. ^ Stephanie (2015-08-06). "Measures of Variation: Definition, Types and Examples". Statistics How To. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  5. ^ "Showing Food Black-eyed pea - FooDB". foodb.ca. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  6. ^ "Are black-eyed peas really peas?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  7. ^ "Cultivation - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  8. ^ "Area - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  9. ^ Joseph E. Holloway. "African Crops and Slave Cuisine". California State University Northridge. Archived from the original on 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  10. ^ "Eventually - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  11. ^ "Ingredient - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  12. ^ "soul food | Description, History, & Ingredients". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  13. ^ Avery, Dennis T. "Drought-tolerant Black-eyed Peas at Center Stage - by Dennis T. Avery". www.hudson.org. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  14. ^ Ellner, Rachel (December 31, 2008). "Celebrate New Year's with black-eyed peas". Nashua Telegraph. "On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional soul food consisting of black-eyed peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity"
  15. ^ Greene, Teri (2009-01-02). "A Tasty Tradition: New Year's meal means good luck, good eats". Montgomery Advertiser: 2, 3A. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  16. ^ Patillo, Dennis (2019-01-01). "Black-eyed peas, collards, cornbread ring in a prosperous new year". Victoria Advocate, The (TX). Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  17. ^ "Sherman's March To The Sea | HistoryNet". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  18. ^ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "First Fall Freeze Dates in Georgia". www.crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  19. ^ Garrett, Tammy (27 December 2015). "Black-eyed peas are New Year's tradition for Southerners". Three Rivers Edition. Arkansas Online. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  20. ^ Ruth. "Hoppin John". Awesome Cookery. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  21. ^ Rosen, Robert. "The Provincials". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Show Foods". Ndb.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  23. ^ Noha (2020-01-27). "Loubiya (Egyptian Black Eyed Pea Stew)". Sugar & Garlic. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  24. ^ Compare: Houston, Lynn Marie (2005). Food Culture in the Caribbean. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-313-32764-3. Fritters [...] are common [...]. Made from peas in the Dutch Caribbean, they are called cala, and in the French and English Caribbean they are called by their Yoruban name, akkra (or accras). They are most often made from mashed black-eyed peas, spiced with hot peppers, and then deep fried.
  25. ^ "Black Eye Bean Curry - Punjab Chawli, Rongi Masala - Recipes Shop, Buy Online". Store.indianfoodsco.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  26. ^ "Black eyed beans curry". Chakali. 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  27. ^ "Alasande Kalu Huli /Curried Black eyed Peas And Soppina Palya/Stirfried Amaranth". Taste of Mysore. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  28. ^ "Karamani Sundal/Lobia Sundal Recipe - Ganesha Chaturthi Naivedyam Recipes". Indian Khana. 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  29. ^ "Swiss Chard and Black Eyed Beans". Thursdayfordinner.com. 2008-12-19. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  30. ^ Joyce Sáenz Harris. "Try Some Texas Caviar". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  31. ^ "Black-eyed peas: Nutrition, benefits, and how to eat them". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  32. ^ "Health Benefits of Black Eyed Peas". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  33. ^ "Heart Healthy Eating to Help Lower Cholesterol Levels". Cleveland Clinic. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  34. ^ "Cholesterol and Heart Disease". WebMD. Retrieved 2022-05-15.

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Black-eyed pea: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Ripe, opened black-eyed pea in pod and developing pods Black-eyed peas, in and out of the shell

The black-eyed pea or black-eyed bean is a legume grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean. It is a subspecies of the cowpea, an Old World plant domesticated in Africa, and is sometimes simply called a cowpea.

The common commercial variety is called the California Blackeye; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The American South has countless varieties, many of them heirloom, that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink, or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or buff when dried. A popular variation of the black-eyed pea is the purple hull pea or mud-in-your-eye pea; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot. The currently accepted botanical name for the black-eyed pea is Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, although previously it was classified in the genus Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana is the wild relative and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis is the related asparagus bean. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the frijol ojo de cabra (goat's-eye bean) of northern Mexico, are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa.

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Alubia carilla ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
 src=
Frijol Black-eyed ya maduro, abierto de ojos negros en vaina asociada con vainas en desarrollo
 src=
Frijoles Black-eyed, en vainas y desenvainados.

La variedad del frijol o alubia Black-eyed (en inglés, black-eyed pea o black-eyed bean «alubia negro-punteada»), alubia carilla, ojo de liebre, ojo negro o en el Perú llamada como frejol Castilla[1]​ es una subespecie de la especie Vigna unguiculata (carilla, chíchare, alubia o caupí), cultivado en todo el mundo por su frijol comestible de tamaño mediano. La variedad comercial común se llama California Blackeye, que es de color pálido con una mancha negra prominente.

El sur de Estados Unidos tiene innumerables variedades, muchas de ellas vestigios vegetales, que varían en tamaño y color (puede ser negro, marrón, rojo, rosa o verde). Todas las variedades de alubia son verdes cuando están recién peladas y marrones o tostadas cuando se secan.

Este tipo de alubia es el único que ya existía en la península ibérica antes del Descubrimiento de América, y consta que fue alimento para los antiguos griegos y romanos y para los árabes de Al-Ándalus. Se consume principalmente en el interior, como en Extremadura, y en Cataluña, donde se le llama fesolets.

El nombre botánico actualmente aceptado para el guisante de ojos negros es Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, aunque anteriormente se clasificó en el género Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana es el pariente salvaje y Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis es el frijol serpiente o espárrago relacionado. El frijol ojo de cabra del norte de México, a veces se lo confunde con el Black-eyed, pero son diferentes.

Historia

La alubia Black-eyed se cultiva en todo el mundo.[2]​ La mayor parte de su cultivo se encuentra en el sur de los Estados Unidos, ya desde el siglo XVII en Virginia.[3]​ También se hizo popular su cultivo en Texas. La alubia Black-eyed es un ingrediente importante en la gastronomía del sur de Estados Unidos. Su plantación fue promovida por el botánico y agricólogo George Washington Carver porque, como leguminosa, agrega nitrógeno al suelo y tiene un alto valor nutricional. La alubia Black-eyed contiene calcio (41 mg), ácido fólico (356 mcg), proteínas (13.22 g), fibra (11.1 g) y vitamina A (26 UI) entre otros nutrientes, y tiene menos de 200 calorías en el contenido de una taza (171 g).[4]

Cultivo

Este cultivo amante del clima cálido debe sembrarse después de que haya pasado la última helada y el suelo esté más caliente. Las semillas sembradas demasiado temprano se pudrirán antes de la germinación. Las alubias Black-eyed son extremadamente tolerantes a la sequía, por lo que se debe evitar el riego excesivo.

El cultivo está relativamente libre de plagas y enfermedades. Los nemátodos raiceros pueden ser un problema, especialmente si los cultivos no se rotan. Como leguminosa fijadora de nitrógeno, la fertilización puede excluir el nitrógeno tres semanas después de la germinación.

La flor produce abundante néctar, y grandes áreas pueden ser una fuente de miel. Debido a que la floración atrae a una variedad de polinizadores, se debe tener cuidado en la aplicación de insecticidas para evitar el abuso de pesticida (ilegal en algunos países).

Comenzará a crecer 2 a 5 días más tarde de haberla plantado.

Año nuevo

 src=
El día de Año Nuevo en Alabama: alubias, codillo de cerdo y chiles picantes encurtidos.

En el sur de los Estados Unidos, se cree que comer alubias Black-eyed o Hoppin' John (tradicional de la cocina soul) en el día de Año Nuevo traerá prosperidad en el nuevo año.[5]​ Las alubias generalmente se cocinan con un producto de cerdo para dar sabor (como tocino, grasa, huesos de jamón o papada de cerdo) y cebolla picada, y se sirven con salsa picante o vinagre con sabor a chile picante. La comida tradicional también incluye col, berza, nabo o hojas de mostaza y jamón. Las alubias que se hinchan cuando se cocinan, simbolizan la prosperidad; la verdura verde simboliza el dinero; la carne de cerdo, porque los cerdos remueven la tierra hacia adelante cuando buscan alimento, representa un movimiento positivo.[6]​ El pan de maíz, que representa el oro, también suele acompañar esta comida.[7]

Existen varias leyendas sobre el origen de esta costumbre. Dos explicaciones populares para la asociación del sur estadounidense con las alubias y la buena suerte se remontan a la Guerra de Secesión. La primera está asociada con la Marcha hacia el mar del general William T. Sherman del Ejército de la Unión, durante la cual saquearon los depósitos de alimentos de los confederados. Las historias dicen que las alubias y el cerdo en salazón no se habían tocado, debido a la creencia de que eran alimentos para animales y no eran aptos para el consumo humano. Los sureños se consideraron afortunados de tener algunos suministros para ayudarlos a sobrevivir el invierno, y las alubias Black-eyed se convirtieron en una representación de buena suerte. Un desafío a esta leyenda es que el general Sherman trajo suministros de respaldo con él, inclusive piensos para tres días, y era poco probable que hubiese dejado intactos incluso los alimentos para animales.[8]​ Además, las fechas promedio de la primera helada para Atlanta y Savannah, respectivamente, son el 13 y el 28 de noviembre.[9]​ Como la marcha de Sherman fue del 15 de noviembre al 21 de diciembre de 1864, es improbable, aunque posible, que el Ejército de la Unión hubiese encontrado campos de alubias Black-eyed como se narra en la mayoría de las versiones de la leyenda. En otra tradición sureña, la alubia Black-eyed era un símbolo de emancipación para los afroamericanos que habían sido esclavizados previamente y que después de la Guerra de Secesión fueron liberados oficialmente el día de Año Nuevo.[10][11]​ Otras tradiciones del sur de Estados Unidos apuntan a judíos de ascendencia asquenazí y sefardí en ciudades y plantaciones del sur.[12]

Usos culinarios en todo el mundo

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Tarro de judías del ojo negro en Barcelona, España (mongetes de l'ull negre en catalán)
 src=
Varias tazas de chè đậu trắng, un postre vietnamita hecho con alubias Black-eyed.
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Lobia Curry, un plato con alubias Black-eyed de la gastronomía india.

África y Oriente Medio

En Egipto y otros países árabes se les llama al-lubíyah (لوبية lúbiyā' de aquí procede «alubia»). Se cocina con cebolla, ajo, carne y jugo de tomate, y se sirve con arroz árabe (ruz bil shareyah), que es arroz con una pastina (shareyah), siendo el plato de arroz más famoso de Egipto.

En Jordania, Líbano y Siria, la lubíeh' son de tipo Black-eyed pero verdes en vez de blancas, y se cocinan con cebolla, ajo, tomates, pelados y picados, aceite de oliva, sal y pimienta negra.

En África occidental y el Caribe, una preparación culinaria tradicional llamada àkàrà (o acarajé en Brasil), que es un puré de alubias Black-eyed con sal, cebolla y/o pimientos, que luego se fríen como croqueta.[13]

Asia y el Pacífico

En Indonesia, las alubias Black-eyed se llaman kacang tunggak o kacang tolo en el idioma local. Se usan comúnmente en platos de curry como sambal goreng, una especie de plato de curry rojo picante y caliente, sayur brongkos o sayur lodeh.

La alubia se usa comúnmente en toda la India. En el norte, las alubias Black-eyed se llaman lobia o rongi y se cocinan como el Daal, servidos con arroz.[14]​ En Maharashtra, se llaman chawli y se usa en un curry llamado chawli amti[15]​ o chawli usal. En Karnataka se llaman alsande kalu y se usan en la preparación de huli, un tipo popular de curry.[16]​ En el distrito de Kanara del Sur se les llama lathanay dha beeja y se cocinan en pasta de coco con especias para hacer un curry picante o un curry de coco seco. En Tamil Nadu, se les llama karamani o thattapayaru y se usan en varias recetas, como hervirlas y convertirlas en un sundal similar a una ensalada (a menudo durante los festivales Ganesh Chaturthi y Navratri).[17]​ En Andhra Pradesh se les conoce con el nombre de alasandalu y se utilizan para la variedad de recetas más populares para vadas. En Kerala, se usan para preparar la sopa olan, que es parte de un combinado llamado sadhya.

En Vietnam, las alubias Black-eyed se usan en un postre dulce llamado chè đậu trắng (alubias y arroz glutinoso con leche de coco).

Europa

En Chipre y Turquía se consume börülce salatasıensalada de alubias»), que son alubias Black-eyed blanqueadas con un aderezo de aceite de oliva, sal, jugo de limón y ajo.[18]

En Portugal, las alubias Black-eyed se sirven con bacalao hervido y patata, con atún y en ensaladas.

En España, de donde se extendió al resto del mundo, se sirve con patata y chorizo, siendo un plato clave en la alimentación labriega del interior de la península.

En la Vega Baja del Segura se cocina, principalmente, como parte del "arroz clarico de Vigilia". Plato que consiste en cocinar los frisuelos ( que así se denominan aquí) con verduras de temporada como cardos, alcachofa, acelgas, nabo, patata, etc. También aceite de oliva y pimentón dulce además de azafrán. Es delicioso y de gran arraigo en toda la comarca de la Vega Baja del Segura

América

América del Norte

El plato Hoppin' John, hecho de alubias Black-eyed, arroz y carne de cerdo, es un plato tradicional de partes del sur de los Estados Unidos.

El caviar de Texas, otro plato tradicional en el sur de Estados Unidos, está hecho de alubias Black-eyed marinadas en vinagreta y ajo picado.[19]

América del Sur

En el estado de Bahía, en el noreste de Brasil, especialmente en la ciudad de Salvador, los frijoles Black-eyed se usan en una plato de calle de origen nigeriano llamado acarajé. Los frijoles se pelan y trituran, y la pasta resultante se convierte en bolas y se fríe en dendê. El acarajé generalmente se sirve dividido por la mitad y relleno con Vatapá, caruru, tomates verdes y rojos cortados en cubitos, gambas secadas al sol y fritas, y salsa picante casera.

En el norte de Colombia, los frijoles Black-eyed son un ingrediente popular para los buñuelos. Los frijoles se sumergen en agua durante unas horas para aflojar la piel y suavizarlos. Las pieles se eliminan a mano o con la ayuda de un molinillo. Una vez que se quitan las pieles, el frijol se muele o se mezcla, y se agregan los huevos, lo que produce una mezcla suave. La mezcla se fríe en aceite caliente. Es una comida nutritiva para el desayuno.

En otras zonas de Sudamérica, como Guyana o Trinidad y Tobago, es uno de los tipos de frijoles más populares cocinados con arroz, el principal es el frijol rojo. También se cocina solo como aperitivo. Durante la víspera de Año Nuevo en las Guayanas, las familias cocinan un plato tradicional llamado cook-up rice («arroz cocido»). El plato incluye arroz, frijoles Black-eyed y otros guisantes y una variedad de carnes cocinadas con leche de coco y condimentos. Según la tradición, el arroz cocido debería ser lo primero que se consume en el Año Nuevo para la buena suerte. El arroz cocido también se prepara como un plato cotidiano.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. El Mundo: Metropoli. «ALUBIA CARILLA o BLACK EYE PEA.».
  2. «Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Vigna ungiculata Factsheet». CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSIRO), Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F Queensland), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). June 2005. Archivado desde el original el 14 de diciembre de 2010. Consultado el 12 de julio de 2010.
  3. Joseph E. Holloway. «African Crops and Slave Cuisine». California State University Northridge. Archivado desde el original el 19 de septiembre de 2009. Consultado el 31 de enero de 2010.
  4. «Show Foods». Ndb.nal.usda.gov. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2014.
  5. Ellner, Rachel (31 de diciembre de 2008). «Celebrate New Year's with black-eyed peas». "On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional soul food consisting of black-eyed peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity"
  6. Greene, Teri (2 de enero de 2009). «A Tasty Tradition: New Year's meal means good luck, good eats». Montgomery Advertiser: 2, 3A. Archivado desde el original el 24 de octubre de 2014. Consultado el 2 de enero de 2009.
  7. Patillo, Dennis (1 de enero de 2019). «Black-eyed peas, collards, cornbread ring in a prosperous new year». Consultado el 2 de diciembre de 2019.
  8. «Sherman's March To The Sea | HistoryNet» (en inglés estadounidense). Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2017.
  9. Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. «First Fall Freeze Dates in Georgia». www.crh.noaa.gov (en inglés estadounidense). Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2017.
  10. Garrett, Tammy. «Black-eyed peas are New Year's tradition for Southerners». Three Rivers Edition. Arkansas Online. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2016.
  11. Ruth. «Hoppin John». Awesome Cookery. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2016.
  12. Rosen, Robert. «The Provincials». The New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 26 de agosto de 2017. Consultado el 7 de enero de 2016.
  13. Houston, Lynn Marie (2005). Food Culture in the Caribbean. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-313-32764-3.
  14. «Black Eye Bean Curry - Punjab Chawli, Rongi Masala - Recipes Shop, Buy Online». Store.indianfoodsco.com. Archivado desde el original el 6 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2014.
  15. «Black eyed beans curry». Chakali. 3 de septiembre de 2014. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2014.
  16. «Alasande Kalu Huli /Curried Black eyed Peas And Soppina Palya/Stirfried Amaranth». Taste of Mysore. 11 de septiembre de 2008. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2014.
  17. «Karamani Sundal/Lobia Sundal Recipe - Ganesha Chaturthi Naivedyam Recipes». Indian Khana. 6 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de septiembre de 2016.
  18. «Swiss Chard and Black Eyed Beans». Thursdayfordinner.com. 19 de diciembre de 2008. Archivado desde el original el 25 de diciembre de 2014. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2014.
  19. Joyce Sáenz Harris. «Try Some Texas Caviar». The Dallas Morning News. Consultado el 19 de octubre de 2008.

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Alubia carilla: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
 src= Frijol Black-eyed ya maduro, abierto de ojos negros en vaina asociada con vainas en desarrollo  src= Frijoles Black-eyed, en vainas y desenvainados.

La variedad del frijol o alubia Black-eyed (en inglés, black-eyed pea o black-eyed bean «alubia negro-punteada»), alubia carilla, ojo de liebre, ojo negro o en el Perú llamada como frejol Castilla​ es una subespecie de la especie Vigna unguiculata (carilla, chíchare, alubia o caupí), cultivado en todo el mundo por su frijol comestible de tamaño mediano. La variedad comercial común se llama California Blackeye, que es de color pálido con una mancha negra prominente.

El sur de Estados Unidos tiene innumerables variedades, muchas de ellas vestigios vegetales, que varían en tamaño y color (puede ser negro, marrón, rojo, rosa o verde). Todas las variedades de alubia son verdes cuando están recién peladas y marrones o tostadas cuando se secan.

Este tipo de alubia es el único que ya existía en la península ibérica antes del Descubrimiento de América, y consta que fue alimento para los antiguos griegos y romanos y para los árabes de Al-Ándalus. Se consume principalmente en el interior, como en Extremadura, y en Cataluña, donde se le llama fesolets.

El nombre botánico actualmente aceptado para el guisante de ojos negros es Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, aunque anteriormente se clasificó en el género Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana es el pariente salvaje y Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis es el frijol serpiente o espárrago relacionado. El frijol ojo de cabra del norte de México, a veces se lo confunde con el Black-eyed, pero son diferentes.

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Cornille ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculatadolique à œil noir, niébé

La cornille, le dolique à œil noir, le pois à vache ou le niébé (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) est une sous-espèce végétale de Vigna unguiculata, originaire d’Afrique[1]. Probablement introduit en Amérique tropicale au XVIIe siècle par les Espagnols, le niébé est aujourd'hui largement cultivé dans le Sud des États-Unis, aux Caraïbes et au Brésil.

Le nom anglais du niébé, The Black Eyed Peas, a donné son nom au célèbre groupe de musique.

Il en existe de nombreux cultivars.

Histoire

Le niébé fut probablement introduit en Europe vers 300 av. J.-C. et en Inde vers 200 av. J.-C. À la suite de sa sélection en Chine, en Inde et en Asie du Sud-Est, le niébé a connu une diversification qui a abouti à deux groupes de cultivars :

  • le Groupe Sesquipedalis : Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis aux longues gousses utilisées comme légume : dolique asperge ou haricot-kilomètre ;
  • et le Groupe Biflora : Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata cultivé pour ses gousses, ses graines sèches et son fourrage : niébé proprement dit, cornille ou dolique mongette.

Noms vernaculaires

  • Français : niébé, haricot à l’œil noir, pois yeux noirs, cornille, voème, haricot dolique, dolique mongette (à ne pas confondre avec la mogette, cultivars de phaseolus vulgaris populaires comme haricots secs dans le centre-ouest de la France) ;
  • Anglais : cowpea, black-eye bean, black-eye pea (pois à yeux noirs), China pea, marble pea ;
  • Portugais : caupi, feijão frade, feijão da China, feijão miúdo, feijão macundi, makunde ;
  • Swahili : Mkunde.

Description

Le niébé est une plante herbacée annuelle diploïde à 2n = 22 chromosomes, à port érigé, rampant ou intermédiaire atteignant 80 cm de haut. Sa graine est un haricot à graines de taille moyenne en forme de rognon.

Les inflorescences sont axillaires, non ramifiées et portant des fleurs. Chaque fleur est portée par un long pédoncule d'environ 2 cm. Elles sont de couleur blanche, bleutée ou violacée au petit matin, vite jaunies à midi, et flétries le soir. Le taux de fécondation croisée varie avec l'importance de l’activité des insectes. Il est compris entre 2 et 4 %. Il faut quand même noter que le niébé est une plante autogame préférentielle.

Les fleurs donnent des gousses de 10–30 cm de long, pendantes, dures et fermes, non renflées à l’état jeune, contenant de nombreuses graines non espacées.

Les feuilles se ramassent de façon traditionnelle dans les champs de niébé cultivé essentiellement pour les graines sèches, et appartiennent aux dix légumes-feuilles les plus prisés dans nombre de pays africains.

Le système racinaire est relativement pivotant et profond. Il peut descendre jusqu'à 1,2 m. Cependant, on trouve le plus grand nombre de racines entre 0,20 et 0,25 m de profondeur, avec un diamètre de 0,5 m autour de la tige.

Le niébé a une saveur légèrement sucrée.

Son temps de cuisson est de 10 minutes frais ou réhydraté par une nuit de trempage, 40 minutes sec.

Cultivars

Des cultivars spéciaux à port érigé ou à tiges prostrées à longues pousses tendres sont cultivés comme légume-feuilles et parfois aussi pour leurs grains immatures ou leurs jeunes gousses. L’utilisation des types à double fin (graines et feuilles) devient très courante dans certains pays, parce que les feuilles sont le principal légume au début de la saison des pluies.

Au Nigeria, on fait pousser des cultivars spéciaux pour leur fibre, extraite des pédoncules ; la fibre solide est particulièrement adaptée aux équipements de pêche et elle produit un papier de bonne qualité.

Le Programme de productivité agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (PPAAO) de la Banque mondiale a soutenu la recherche agricole au service d’une agriculture climato-intelligente, contribuant à la mise au point de 14 nouvelles variétés de millet, de sorgho et de niébé à haut rendement, à maturation précoce et résistantes à la sécheresse.

Culture

Le niébé doit être semé après que tout danger de gelée soit passé. Il a besoin d'un sol chaud et de températures supérieures à 15 degrés pour bien pousser. Les graines semées trop tôt pourrissent avant la germination.

Les niébés sont extrêmement tolérants à la sécheresse, il faut donc éviter les arrosages excessifs.

La culture est relativement exempte de parasites et de maladies. Les nématodes cécidogènes peuvent poser un problème, surtout si les cultures ne subissent pas de rotation. En tant que légumineuse fixant l'azote, la fertilisation peut exclure l'azote trois semaines après la germination. Pour la même raison, on peut asocier le niébé à d'autres cultures (mil, sorgho, maïs) pour les fertiliser.

La fleur produit abondamment du nectar et de grandes surfaces peuvent être une source de miel. Parce que la floraison attire une variété de pollinisateurs, l'application d'insecticides doit faire l'objet d'une attention particulière afin d'éviter tout problème.

Après avoir planté la graine, elle commence à pousser au bout de 2 à 5 jours. Une fois la taille définitive atteinte, les nouvelles graines se forment en 15 à 20 jours. Il faut encore atteindre 20 à 30 jours pour qu'elles mûrissent. Le cycle végétatif complet du niébé peut varier de 70 à 150 jours suivant les cultivars.

Les besoins en eau du niébé sont de 200 mm pour une production moyenne de l'ordre d'une tonne à l'hectare, équivalent à une pluviométrie de 300 a 350 mm[2].

Le bon stockage des récoltes est important. Il doit être hermétique pour protéger les grains des parasites et assurer ainsi une bonne conservation[3].

Distribution et habitat

Le niébé est le légume sec le plus important des zones de savane d’Afrique occidentale et centrale, où il constitue aussi un important légume vert et une précieuse source de fourrage. Il est présent en zone subtropicale et méditerranéenne. En Afrique orientale et australe, il a également de l’importance aussi bien comme légume vert que comme légume sec. Il n’y a qu’en Afrique centrale humide qu’il est moins présent. Il est considéré comme une des solutions au réchauffement climatique en zone séchante[4].

Le niébé exige une saison chaude et des sols sains voire filtrants. Il tolère les sols pauvres, acides et la sécheresse. Il donne une récolte intéressante à partir de 300 mm de pluviométrie. Il se développe jusqu'à 1 500 m d'altitude en zone équatoriale[5].

Utilisation

Alimentation humaine

 src=
Jarret de porc aux patates douces et aux cornilles; Restaurant Cochon, La Nouvelle-Orléans, 2009
 src=
Fèves de cornille

Le niébé joue un rôle important dans l’alimentation humaine en raison de son apport important en protéines (plus du double de la plupart des céréales classiques), mais il apporte aussi beaucoup d’amidon, de l’acide folique très important chez les femmes enceintes pour la lutte contre la malformation du nouveau-né. La graine est également riche en fer, zinc ou calcium.

On fait cuire les graines mûres et on les consomme seules ou avec des légumes, des épices et souvent de l’huile de palme, pour produire une soupe de haricots épaisse, qui accompagne l’aliment de base (manioc, igname, banane plantain). Pour une meilleure digestion, on conseille de peler les graines.

Il est fréquemment utilisé dans le régime méditerranéen, notamment dans la cuisine chypriote et la cuisine portugaise, il se consomme chaud ou en salade.

 src=
Gousses à différents stades sur la plante

Les graines sèches ont jadis été utilisées comme succédané du café.

Fourrage et engrais vert

Le niébé sert de fourrage en Afrique de l’Ouest, en Asie (en Inde surtout) et en Australie ; soit les animaux le broutent directement, soit il est coupé au stade « gousses vertes » et mélangé à des céréales sèches destinées à l’alimentation du bétail. On peut en faire du foin mais le séchage est long. Il peut être cultivé en association avec du maïs, du millet ou du sorgho[5],[7]. En cas de pénurie, il peut donner rapidement du fourrage : en feuilles à partir de 3-4 semaines après la levée.

Aux États-Unis et ailleurs, le niébé se cultive comme engrais vert et plante de couverture.

Usages médicinaux

Plusieurs usages médicinaux du niébé ont été signalés : les feuilles et les graines s’emploient en cataplasme pour traiter les enflures et les infections de la peau, les feuilles sont mâchées pour traiter les maladies dentaires, des graines carbonisées réduites en poudre sont appliquées sur les piqûres d’insectes.

Production

D’après la FAO, en 2003, 3,3 millions de t/an étaient produites en Afrique subsaharienne sur 9,3 millions d’ha, principalement en Afrique de l’Ouest (3 millions de t/an sur 8,8 millions d’ha), les principaux pays producteurs étant le Nigeria (2,2 millions de t/an sur 5,1 millions d’ha) et le Niger (400 000 t/an sur 3,3 millions d’ha).

Références

  1. Jean Guillaume, Ils ont domestiqué plantes et animaux : Prélude à la civilisation, Versailles, Éditions Quæ, 2010, 456 p. (ISBN 978-2-7592-0892-0, lire en ligne), « Annexes ».
  2. FRETEAUD, 1983
  3. Ferme Ainoma, « Le stockage des graines de niébé » (consulté le 8 février 2019)
  4. « « Il n’y a plus d’avenir ici » : en Afrique australe, les ravages du changement climatique », sur le monde, février 2020 (consulté le 5 mai 2020)
  5. a et b Suttie, J. M., Conservation du foin et de la paille : pour les petits paysans et les pasteurs, Rome, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, 2004, 301 p. (ISBN 92-5-204458-2 et 9789252044581, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  6. « Etude légumineuses »
  7. Les légumineuses alimentaires en Afrique.

Voir aussi

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Cornille: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata • dolique à œil noir, niébé

La cornille, le dolique à œil noir, le pois à vache ou le niébé (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) est une sous-espèce végétale de Vigna unguiculata, originaire d’Afrique. Probablement introduit en Amérique tropicale au XVIIe siècle par les Espagnols, le niébé est aujourd'hui largement cultivé dans le Sud des États-Unis, aux Caraïbes et au Brésil.

Le nom anglais du niébé, The Black Eyed Peas, a donné son nom au célèbre groupe de musique.

Il en existe de nombreux cultivars.

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Kacang tunggak ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) adalah sejenis tanaman legum yang polong muda dan bijinya biasa disayur, seperti sayur lodeh atau brongkos. Tumbuhan ini relatif tahan kering[3] dan biasa ditanam di pekarangan sebagai cadangan pangan keluarga.

Kacang tunggak banyak variasi bentuknya. Di Jawa, kacang-kacang ini dikenal dengan beberapa nama seperti kacang dadap, kacang landes, kacang tunggak[4], dan juga kacang otok serta kacang tolo.

Kacang tunggak masih satu jenis dengan kacang panjang namun berbeda subspesies atau kelompok kultivar[5]. Selain di Asia, biji kacang tunggak juga dimanfaatkan di Afrika, Eropa bagian selatan, dan kawasan Amerika Latin.

Pemerian

 src=
Pelat botani menurut Blanco

Kacang tunggak merupakan tanaman semusim yang tumbuh melebar, tegak atau hampir tegak, tinggi 15-80 cm. Kacang ini dibedakan dari subspesies lainnya dengan melihat polongnya yang sepanjang 10–30 cm, menggantung, keras dan kaku, tidak menggembung ketika muda. Bijinya biasanya agak besar, panjangnya antara 6-10 mm.[5] Ciri-ciri lainnya serupa dengan Vigna unguiculata pada umumnya.

Asal usul dan pemanfaatan

 src=
Daun-daun dan bunga
 src=
Polong muda dijadikan sayur

Pusat keanekaragaman kacang tunggak (kelompok kv. Unguiculata) diperkirakan berada di Afrika Barat, tetapi kemudian tersebar luas di seluruh wilayah tropis dan ugahari. Kacang ini dimanfaatkan bijinya (kering atau basah) sebagai kacang-kacangan. Polongnya yang muda, dan daun-daun mudanya dipetik sebagai bahan sayuran atau lalapan. Bijinya dapat ditumbuk menjadi tepung atau diolah lebih lanjut menjadi kue-kue.[5]

Kacang tunggak juga baik untuk ditanam sebagai penutup tanah, karena dapat tumbuh di berbagai jenis tanah dan dalam waktu pendek dapat menghasilkan banyak humus. Sebagai pupuk hijau, kacang tunggak mengandung kadar nitrogen yang cukup tinggi, yakni sebesar 4,4% berat kering hijauan. Daun dan ranting-ranting ini juga bagus sebagai pakan ternak karena mengandung kadar protein dan kapur yang tinggi, sementara serat kasarnya rendah.[4]

Kerabat dekat

 src=
Close up bunga

Vigna unguiculata memiliki tiga kelompok kultivar, yakni[5]:

  • Kelompok kv. Unguiculata (atau juga disebut Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata) adalah kelompok kacang tunggak yang umum.
  • Kelompok kv. Biflora (Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica) adalah kelompok kacang merah (kacang tunggak merah) atau kacang tunggak kecil.
  • Kelompok kv. Sesquipedalis (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis) adalah kelompok kacang panjang.

Referensi

 src=
Polong masak
  1. ^ Walpers, W.G. 1843. Repertorium botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers ... 1: 779. Lipsiae: Sumtibus Friderici Hofmeister, 1842-48.
  2. ^ Linne, C. von. 1753. Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ... 2: 725. Holmiae : Impensis Laurentii Salvii
  3. ^ Fery R. 2002. New opportunities in Vigna. In: Jannick and A. Whipkey (eds.). Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
  4. ^ a b Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia 2: 1060-63. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. (sebagai V. sinensis. Edisi 1916: 342)
  5. ^ a b c d Pandey, R.K. & E. Westphal. 1989. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. In: L.J.G. van der Maesen & S. Somaatmadja (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 1: Pulses. [Internet] Record from Proseabase, PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Diakses pada: 19-Aug-2013

Pranala luar

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Kacang tunggak: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata) adalah sejenis tanaman legum yang polong muda dan bijinya biasa disayur, seperti sayur lodeh atau brongkos. Tumbuhan ini relatif tahan kering dan biasa ditanam di pekarangan sebagai cadangan pangan keluarga.

Kacang tunggak banyak variasi bentuknya. Di Jawa, kacang-kacang ini dikenal dengan beberapa nama seperti kacang dadap, kacang landes, kacang tunggak, dan juga kacang otok serta kacang tolo.

Kacang tunggak masih satu jenis dengan kacang panjang namun berbeda subspesies atau kelompok kultivar. Selain di Asia, biji kacang tunggak juga dimanfaatkan di Afrika, Eropa bagian selatan, dan kawasan Amerika Latin.

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