dcsimg

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
loosely gregarious, immersed, papillate, raising and piercing the epidermis, amber brown with darker pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta symphoricarpi is saprobic on dead stem of Symphoricarpos albus
Remarks: season: 6

Foodplant / spot causer
pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta vulgaris var. symphoricarpi causes spots on live leaf of Symphoricarpos albus
Remarks: season: 6-8

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Aulagromyza cornigera may be found on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Aulagromyza hendeliana may be found on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia lonicerae may be found in leaf-mine of Symphoricarpos albus

Plant / resting place / within
loosely attached puparium of Chromatomyia periclymeni may be found in leaf-mine of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / saprobe
usually tufted colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora pruni is saprobic on Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, covered, slightly raising the epidermis, soon erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora symphoricarpi is saprobic on dead branch of Symphoricarpos albus
Remarks: season: 9

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on wood of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / feeds on
gregarious, subepidermal pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe ryckholtii feeds on branch of Symphoricarpos albus
Remarks: season: 6-8

Foodplant / parasite
Erysiphe symphoricarpi parasitises Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, but raising and splitting the epidermis pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Hendersonia fiedleri var. symphoricarpi is saprobic on dead twig of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed or erumpent perithecium of Melomastia mastoidea is saprobic on dead branch of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo vespa grazes on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Zaraea aenea grazes on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Zaraea fasciata grazes on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Zaraea lonicerae grazes on leaf of Symphoricarpos albus
Other: major host/prey

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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
common snowberry
snowberry
white coralberry
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts [72] lists common snowberry as an endangered species.

Virginia classifies common snowberry as very rare within the state [112].

Delaware [34] has common snowberry on their watchlist of rare native plants.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Cover Value ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: cover, habitat type

Common snowberry provides cover for several species of birds and mammals. White-tailed deer in western Montana show a marked preference for the Douglas-fir/common snowberry habitat type in winter. It is speculated that this preference is for structure of the habitat type [12]. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Merriam's turkeys prefer common snowberry for cover [93]. Ruffed, blue and sharp-tailed grouse use common snowberry extensively as thermal cover [27,93,94]. In Palouse prairie habitat, common snowberry provides cover for small mammals [29]. In northern Idaho and eastern Washington, common snowberry is considered important cover for small mammals in several habitat types [90]. Pocket gophers dig large numbers of shallow burrows underneath common snowberry in winter in northeast Oregon [13] and desert cottontails use it in Nebraska [25].

In western Montana, common snowberry is rated for cover value as follows [52,53]:Elk poor (rarely or never utilized when available) Mule deer fair (moderately utilized) White-tailed deer good (readily utilized when available) Upland game birds good Waterfowl good Nongame birds good Small mammals good
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Description ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: drupe, seed, shrub

Common snowberry is a native, deciduous, shrub that is densely branched. Plants vary in height from 3 to 4.5 feet (1-1.5 m) [50,70,104]. In riparian habitats, common snowberry can reach a height of 6 feet (2 m) [70]. It has a rhizomatous growth habit with rhizomes 2 to 5 inches (5-12.5 cm) deep in mineral soil and commonly forms dense thickets. Flowers are borne in small clusters that produce white drupes. Each drupe contains 2 nutlets with 1 seed per nutlet [50,70,104].

One source [11] reports common snowberry to have a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal relationship in British Columbia. In western Washington, common snowberry has been found to contain allelopathic chemicals [33].

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Common snowberry occurs from Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to California and east to North Carolina. Symphoricarpos albus var. albus, the Atlantic slope variety, has the same general distribution described above for common snowberry. Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus, Pacific slope variety, is found from southern Alaska south to California, Montana and Colorado [38,65].

Common snowberry was introduced into England in 1817 and is now well naturalized [47]. Delaware [34] lists it as an introduced species (see other status). In Utah it is classified as a cultivated ornamental shrub introduced from elsewhere in North America [116].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Ecology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, seed, severity

Common snowberry is classified as a "survivor" [71,103] and has high resistance to fire [26,73,84]. It is a rhizomatous species with rhizomes buried 2 to 5 inches (5-12.5 cm) deep in mineral soil [50,70,104]. After fire has killed the top of the plant, new growth sprouts from these rhizomes [77,83,118]. This rhizomatous growth response is highly variable and depends on conditions at specific sites [23,77,84]. Regeneration from buried seed is favored by fires of low severity and short duration that remove little of the soil organic level [23,55].

FIRE REGIMES:
Common snowberry occurs in a wide variety of community/habitat types and plant associations (see DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE) [15,31,41,42], which have various FIRE REGIMES. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES". Fire-return intervals in communities where common snowberry is most common are provided below.

Community or Ecosystem Scientific name of dominant species Fire return interval in years Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [19] Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-10 [19] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 40-140 [79,107] coastal Douglas-fir* P. menziesii var. menziesii 95-242 [82,91] *Fire-return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the Species Review.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, cover, fruit, fuel, rhizome, seed, shrubs, tree

Common snowberry is one of the first species to recolonize a postfire site. New growth provides forage and often bears increased fruit crops. Cover is provided for small wildlife species and lush vegetation can protect soil surfaces from splash erosion, but can also offer severe competition to new tree seedlings. The living rhizome systems can be important in retaining nutrients released by fire [77]. One study [5] found that planting grass seed to control erosion reduced coverage of common snowberry and other native shrubs on several burned sites in Oregon.

In Saskatchewan, to burn common snowberry it is recommended waiting 4 days after heavy rains. In addition, if spring burning, a minimum temperature of 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 oC), wind speed of 2-12 mi hr-1 (3-19 km hr-1), and a maximum relative humidity of 50% is suggested. After burning, a 2-year wait is needed to build up enough fuel to burn again [9]. Common snowberry may be susceptible to frequent burning [100]. If planting common snowberry, prompt, early spring planting is required or it may experience moisture stress in the short term [36].

Common snowberry has a low surface to volume ratio and will have a high flammability if there are many dead stems [18]. It is capable of producing firebrand material. When located near fire control lanes, it should be red-flagged as spot fire potential [83].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

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Common snowberry occurs on a wide variety of soil types [50]. It is tolerant of mildly acidic to moderately alkaline conditions and somewhat tolerant of salts. It can also survive under low nutrient conditions [115]. It does well on soils derived from limestone and not well on soils derived from granitic sources [49]. It is often found on disturbed, coarse-textured and rocky soils in Alberta [115]. It does best on well-drained soils [51,52,118].

These well-drained sites can range from warm dry slopes and open forests (where it is used as an indicator species) [51] to warm moist slopes [118] to riparian benches and terraces [52]. It will grow in partial shade, but prefers more open sites [115]

Elevation ranges for some western states include [3]:

 4,200 to 6,700 feet (1,572-2,061 m) in South Dakota
 5,500 to 7,900 feet (1,676-2,408 m) in Colorado
 4,200 to 8,300 feet (1,572-2,553 m) in Wyoming
 2,600 to 6,300 feet (800-1,938 m) in Montana
 7,700 to 9,200 feet (2,389-2,831 m) in Colorado and New Mexico
 2,600 to 5,400 feet (800-1353 m) in Idaho and Washington
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine

16 Aspen

18 Paper birch

42 Bur oak

53 White oak

107 White spruce

205 Mountain hemlock

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

215 Western white pine

216 Blue spruce

217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

222 Black cottonwood-willow

224 Western hemlock

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

233 Oregon white oak

235 Cotton-willow

237 Interior ponderosa pine

239 Pinyon-juniper

243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer

244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir

245 Pacific ponderosa pine

246 California black oak

250 Blue oak-foothills pine

251 White spruce-aspen

255 California coast live oak
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White-red-jack pine

FRES11 Spruce-fir

FRES15 Oak-hickory

FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood

FRES19 Aspen-birch

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES22 Western white pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce

FRES25 Larch

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES28 Western hardwoods

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES36 Mountain grasslands

FRES38 Plains grasslands

FRES39 Prairie
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, shrub, woodland

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest

K004 Fir-hemlock forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K016 Eastern ponderosa forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K022 Great Basin pine forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K024 Juniper steppe woodland

K025 Alder-ash forest

K026 Oregon oakwoods

K028 Mosaic of K002 & K026

K029 California mixed evergreen forest

K030 California oakwoods

K033 Chaparral

K034 Montane chaparral

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K050 Fescue-wheatgrass

K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass

K055 Sagebrush steppe

K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe

K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass

K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

K069 Bluestem-grama prairie

K074 Bluestem prairie

K081 Oak savanna

K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest

K095 Great Lakes pine forest

K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest

K100 Oak-hickory

K101 Elm-ash forest

K104 Appalachian oak forest

K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: shrubland, woodland

102 Idaho fescue

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

201 Blue oak woodland

202 Coast live oak woodland

203 Riparian woodland

411 Aspen woodland

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

416 True mountain-mahogany

421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose

422 Riparian
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Immediate Effect of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fire intensity, rhizome

Common snowberry is top-killed by fire, but belowground parts are very resistant to fire [71,77,83,103,118]. Variable response to fire has been reported [23,77,84] but in general, light- to moderate-severity fires increase stem density [15,23,36], and common snowberry survives even severe fires [15,26,84]. To eliminate rhizomatous sprouting, fire intensity must be severe enough to kill the roots and rhizome system [1].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Common snowberry is considered important browse for many types of wildlife and livestock. It is especially important to domestic sheep and cattle [22,23,53,84,98,108,109,111]. In Oregon, common snowberry was found to be highly palatable to cattle. It plays a critical role in permitting cattle to meet their protein requirements during the latter half of the growing season [60]. It provides summer forage for cattle in Idaho [22,108] and is 1 of 2 major woody plants in cattle diet during fall in South Dakota [111]. However, it is rated as poor forage for cattle in Nebraska [105]. Domestic sheep also utilize common snowberry for browse and it is considered fair to good forage. It is has no forage value for horses [53,84].

Bighorn sheep use common snowberry regularly during the summer in Montana and Idaho [84] and in fall, winter, and early spring in British Columbia [109]. White-tailed deer utilize it regularly during summer and fall [57,84,108]. In British Columbia, white-tailed deer use it mainly in fall, winter, and early spring [109]. Reports of elk utilization vary. In western Montana, 1 source [37] reports Rocky Mountain elk use common snowberry frequently and heavily during early summer while another [53] states that elk rarely or never use it, even when available. Yet another source [84] reports its forage value to elk as fair. Moose are reported as utilizing common snowberry extensively during winter in the Gallatin River drainage in Montana [102]. However, Pierce [85] found moose utilization of it very light in north-central Idaho and another source [24] states common snowberry is unpalatable to moose. Grizzly bears use common snowberry as food [30].

Common snowberry is important as both cover and food for bird and small mammal populations [25,27]. These include sharp-tailed, ruffed, and blue grouse [27,61,94], wild turkey [59] and, several non-game species of bird including the kingbird, western flycatcher, and western bluebird [109]. Among small mammals that rely on common snowberry are fox squirrels [59], desert cottontails [25], and pocket gophers [13].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: climax, forest, habitat type, hardwood, shrub

Across its distribution, common snowberry is classified as dominant or subdominant in a variety of habitat and community types and vegetation associations. Most of these listings are at the warm/dry end of the habitat scale and include classifications as both climax and seral vegetation.



Examples of climax forest habitat types where common snowberry is a subdominant include ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) [3]. Common snowberry is considered a mid- to late-seral subdominant with ponderosa pine on floodplains in Oregon [68]. Also in Oregon, common snowberry is considered subdominant to Douglas hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) in a climax tall shrub community type [10] and dominant in a community type with Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii) [67].



Species commonly associated with common snowberry include oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor) in California's hardwood rangelands [4], ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) in Oregon [63], bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) in south Dakota and eastern Wyoming [3], and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) in eastern Washington [14].

References describing common snowberry as a community or habitat dominant or subdominant include:



Forest types of the North Cascades National Park Service Complex [2]

Steppe vegetation of Washington Daubenmire 1970 [28]

Ecology of curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) in eastern Oregon and adjacent areas [32]

Riparian dominance types of Montana [52]

Forest vegetation of the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota and Wyoming: a habitat type classification [59]

Riparian reference areas in Idaho: a catalog of plant associations and conservation sites [62]

Ecology and plant communities of the riparian areas associated with Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon [67]

Vegetation of the Bald Hills oak woodlands, Redwood National Park, California [106]

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: cover, severity

Common snowberry is browsed by cattle but is resistant to heavy browsing [23]. However, in a common snowberry-rose (Rosa spp.) community type in Oregon, common snowberry was reportedly browsed to elimination from the site [63]. On grazed sites in Idaho, common snowberry occupies at least 50% less crown space than on ungrazed sites [22]. Grazing capacity guidelines for some western Montana common snowberry community/habitat types are provided by Williams and others [117]. Common snowberry is sensitive to trampling and soil compaction [118].

Common snowberry responds moderately well after logging depending on site characteristics [8,43,46]. Seven years after logging in ponderosa pine in eastern Washington and Oregon, common snowberry had increased its coverage by 30% over its prelogging coverage [44]. It can be expected to increase in cover and form low thickets following logging and may provide shade to conifer seedlings during their early growth [50]. The expected response of common snowberry to clearcutting and low and high severity site preparation by fire or mechanical means is [81]:Mechanical
Fire
low high low high
+++ ++ ++ +
Where + equals increase and ++ equals an even greater increase.




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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: forbs, shrubs

Common snowberry, like other shrubs, contains a higher percentage of crude protein during fall and winter than grasses or forbs, but lesser amounts during spring and summer. Leaves of common snowberry contain a higher percentage of crude protein than stems. Tips of leaves contain higher protein levels than thicker mid and butt sections [35]. Information presented in the following table is from [35] and is based on seasonal nutritional levels for common snowberry
in the Black Hills of South Dakota:






Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter



Leaves
Stems
Leaves
Stems
Leaves
Stems
Leaves

Crude protein1

13.1
6.80
10.7
4.20
5.60
5.10
5.20

Carbohydrate components1
ADF2
18.3
39.1
20.1
47.8
24.4
48.7
50.0

ADL3
7.50
11.0
8.50
---
11.4
17.0
20.5

Cell4
11.5
27.3
11.1
---
14.0
27.3
26.0

Ash1

6.20
5.90
6.20
3.90
6.50
4.40
5.00

Ca1

0.82
0.90
1.21
1.17
1.70
1.31
1.27

P1

0.35
0.22
0.31
0.13
0.35
0.14
0.15

Gross energy5

4,953
4,560
4,770
4,591
5,040
4,687
4,617


1 Percentage of oven-dried weight; 2 ADF = Acid-detergent fiber;
3 ADL = Acid-detergent lignin; 4Cell = Cellulose; 5 Calories/gram

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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants


AK
CA
CO
CT
DE
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
MD
MA
MI
MN
MT
NE
NH
NJ
NM

NY
ND
OH
OR
PA
RI
SD
TN
UT
VT

VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
DC







AB
BC
MB
NB
NF
NT
NS
ON
PE
PQ

SK
YK

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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: fresh, fruit

Common snowberry fruit was eaten fresh but was not favored by Native Americans in Washington and Oregon. The fruits were also dried for winter use. Common snowberry was used on hair as soap, and the fruits and leaves mashed and applied to cuts or skin sores as a poultice and to soothe sore, runny eyes. Tea from the bark was used as a remedy for tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases. A brew made from the entire plant was used as a physic tonic. Arrowshafts and pipestems were made from the stems [51].

One source [47] reports eating the fruit of common snowberry has caused vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and in severe cases, unconsciousness in humans. There are no reports of poisoning in animals and no definite information on the toxic constituent.

Because of its decorative white fruits, common snowberry has been used extensively as an ornamental [38,47].
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

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Palatability of common snowberry to livestock and wildlife varies, and there are differing reports of palatability within an area (see discussion about forage value of common snowberry for elk in Importance to Livestock and Wildlife above). The degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for common snowberry is rated as follows [10,22,23,37,53,57,60,61,84,85,98,102,108,109,110]:





MT
ID
ND
OR

Cattle
poor-fair
poor-fair
---
good

Domestic sheep
fair-good
fair-good
---
---

Horses
poor
poor
---
---

Moose
poor-good
poor
---
---

Pronghorn
fair
---
---
---

Bighorn sheep
good
good
---
---

Elk
fair-good
fair
---
---

Mule deer
fair
---
fair-good
---

White-tailed deer
fair-good
---
fair
fair

Small mammals
fair
fair-good
---
fair

Small game birds
fair
---
---
---

Upland game birds
fair
good
---
good

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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, phenology, seed, shrub

Common snowberry initiates budding in early May in the northern Rocky Mountains. This budding can be delayed a month in Canada and Alaska or happen a month early in the Southwest depending on elevation and weather conditions. Leaves are full grown about 1 month after emergence. Flowers appear any time from May to August and may be present as late as September. Peak flowering time is June and July. Fruit ripening times are also variable, but typically occur during late August and early September, coinciding closely with leaf fall [50]. The fruits of this shrub commonly remain on the plant over winter [104].

Phenology for common snowberry east of the Continental Divide in Montana and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is [95]: Leaf buds burst Leaves full grown Flowers start Flowers end Fruits ripe Seed fall starts Leaves start to color Leaves start to fall Leaves fallen Average date May 6 June
14 July
4 July
22 Sept. 2 Sept. 14 Aug. 28 Sept. 9 Sept. 30 Earliest Apr. 10 May
17 June
4 June
10 Aug. 7 Aug. 16 July
20 July
23 Aug. 28 Latest June 7 July
10 Aug.
11 Aug.
21 Oct. 9 Oct. 14 Sep. 25 Oct. 15 Oct. 30
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: cover, fire severity, frequency, fruit, rhizome, severity

Common snowberry, as a rhizomatous sprouter, is among the first to recolonize a site after fire [77]. Growth in the 1st postfire year varies, but is generally considered to be good. With light to moderate soil disturbance, sprouting will return common snowberry coverage in a year [36] and common snowberry may produce fruit the 1st year [16]. Sprout height can reach one-half to three-fourths of prefire stem height in the 1st year and equal prefire height in 4 years [84]. Another source [36] states common snowberry will grow 1 foot (0.3 m) the 1st year. Cover and volume measurements consistently exceed prefire values the 2nd year [84] and canopy cover of common snowberry increases rapidly to a maximum in 3 to 5 years after a fire and may maintain this increased coverage [23,80]. Fire severity and soil moisture content at time of burning may determine damage to the rhizome and root system of common snowberry and be responsible for variation in recovery response [52].

On ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir communities in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, common snowberry cover and frequency were higher on sites that had been thinned 6 years previously than on prescribed burned, thinned-and-burned, or control sites. Common snowberry was determined to be an indicator species for thinned sites (P≤0.05). For further information on the effects of thinning and burning treatments on common snowberry and 48 other species, see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [120] study.

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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: rhizome, shrub

Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: fruit, rhizome, seed, shrub

A common snowberry rhizome sprout.

Common snowberry can regenerate by seeds, but rhizomes are the primary method of reproduction [50,104]. Rhizomes are occasionally connected in a mass of woody tissue from which multiple stems can regenerate; however, separate rhizomes are usually produced from which single stems arise [17]. Rhizomes sprout after fire or other disturbance kills the top of the plant [64,77,103] and can vary from site to site depending on conditions [64,77,84]. Plants sprouting from rhizomes are among the first to recolonize a site after a fire [64,103] and will often produce fruit the 1st growing season [16]. The rhizome sprout pictured above came from a 3-year-old common snowberry in a garden at the Fire Sciences Laboratory. The rhizome was 6.5-foot (2.0 m) long, and the sprout was 2 feet (0.6 m) tall (Fryer 2011, personal observation).

Seed banks of common snowberry were analyzed in a postfire study [80], but the literature contains very little about postfire regeneration from seed. One study in an east-central Washington ponderosa pine/common snowberry community found common snowberry sprouted from roots, rhizomes, underground organs, or other perennial plant parts, but did not establish from seeds [87]. The seeds of this shrub are commonly dispersed by birds after they eat the fruit [104].

Common snowberry seeds will sprout in a nursery setting [54,78,96]. However, nutlets of common snowberry are extremely difficult to germinate because they have a hard, tough, impermeable covering and only a partially developed embryo [38].

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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border

2 Cascade Mountains

3 Southern Pacific Border

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

14 Great Plains

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, habitat type, shrub, succession

Common snowberry occurs in early, mid-, and late successional stages and as a climax species. It is considered part of the climax community in the ponderosa pine/common snowberry habitat type in Idaho [101] and with Douglas-fir in warm dry habitat types [7]. It is late seral in ponderosa pine/ninebark habitat type in Idaho [101]. In thinleaf alder (Alnus incana)/common snowberry plant associations in Oregon, it is considered mid-seral [68]. It is included in early seral stages of 2 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) habitat types in Idaho [119].

In general, common snowberry is a shrub characterized by survival through rhizomes. If it is on a site prior to disturbance, it will be become established in the initial postdisturbance year and may dominate early succession [71].
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of common snowberry is Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake (Caprifoliaceae) [58,66]. The 2 recognized varieties are [56,58,66,116]:


Symphoricarpos albus var. albus

Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: fruit, reclamation, stratification

Common snowberry has large ecological amplitude. Because of this amplitude, it has been widely used in rehabilitation of disturbed sites. Common snowberry does best when large 1-0 or 2-0 stock is planted [86]. It is not recommended for use on sites that have been "extremely" disturbed [52,53,82].

Seeds of common snowberry, held within nutlets, should be collected during the fall or winter by stripping the fruit [38] and then separated from the fruit by using a rubbing board when the fruit has dried [54]. Once separated from the fruit, seeds will remain viable for 7-10 years if stored properly [96]. Highest germination rates (74 to 87%) have been obtained by a 20- to 91-day warm stratification period followed by a cold stratification period of 60 to 300 days [38,96].

Common snowberry has fair seedling establishment rates [86,99] and good survival rates once established [40,86,99]. It has been used extensively in rehabilitation of riparian sites and has excellent bank stability properties [20,21,52,53,86]. Properties that make it a good choice for bank stabilization also provide good soil stability for erosion control [74,86,99]. Common snowberry has been used for reclamation of tailings sand after extraction of oil [40] and on mining sites with acidic, steep tailings [89,113].
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McWilliams, Jack. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html
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Symphoricarpos albus ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST

Symphoricarpos albus ye una especie fanerógama maderiza na familia Caprifoliaceae. Ye nativa de Norteamérica.

 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Detalle
 src=
Detalle de la flor

Distribución y hábitat

Alcuéntrase en gran parte de Canadá y el norte d'Estaos Xuníos, onde crez nel monte con solombra y mugor y nel hábitat forestal en montes y nes llanures d'hinchente y riberes. Puede crecer nuna amplia variedá de tipos d'hábitat.[1] Naturalizóse en partes de Gran Bretaña, onde se llantó como planta ornamental y una cubierta pa la caza.[2]

Descripción

Trátase d'un parrotal erecto de fueya caduca, con un ríxidu tarmu principal ramificáu, y de cutiu dellos más pequeños biltos a partir d'un rizoma. Puede estendese y colonizar una área pa formar una trupa carba.[1] Algama 2,1 m d'altor máximu. Les fueyes son dispuestos de forma opuesta nes cañes. Son xeneralmente ovalaes, y difieren en tamañu y forma, miden hasta 5 cm de llargu, o llixeramente más grande nos biltos. La inflorescencia ye un recímanu d'hasta 16 flores. Cada flor tien una pequeña mota, de sépalos los en forma de campana, arredondiáu la corola que ye d'aprosimao 0,5 cm de llargu y de color rosa brillante. El frutu ye una baga carnosa de color blancu -como una drupa- d'un centímetru d'anchu que contién dos granes. La planta reproducir por granes dacuando pero ye principalmente vexetativa, cola reproducción brotando del so espardimientu rizoma.[1]

Ecoloxía

Les aves esvalixen les granes acabante comer la fruta.[1] Esti parrotal ye una fonte importante d'alimentu pa dellos animales, incluyendo'l borregu cimarrón, el venáu de cola blanca y los osos grizzly.[1] y la ganadería, tales como'l ganáu y les oveyes.[1] Munches aves y mamíferos pequeños utilizar pa comida y cobertoria.[1] Los tuces escaven llurigues debaxo d'ella mientres el iviernu.[1]

Usos

Los nativos americanos usaben la planta como una medicina y un xabón, y dacuando pola comida, y la madera yera bona pa la la fabricación de fleches.[1]

Esti parrotal utilizar pa la erosión de control nes zones riberanes, y llántase en proyeutos de restauración ecolóxica en sitios alteriaos como les mines abandonaes.[1] Los sos frutos blancos faen popular como planta ornamental.[1]

Taxonomía

Symphoricarpos albus describióse por (Carl Linnaeus) S.F.Blake y espublizóse en Rhodora 16(187): 118. 1914.[3]

Etimoloxía

Symphoricarpos: nome xenéricu que deriva de les pallabres griegues: συμφορειν ( symphorein ), que significa "llevar xuntos", y καρπος ( karpos ), que significa "fruta." Referir a les bagues apertaes que producen les especies.[4]

albus: epítetu llatín que significa "de color blancu"[5]

Sinonimia
  • Lonicera alba (L.) Druce
  • Vaccinium album L. basónimu
  • Xylosteon album (L.) Moldenke [6]
var. pauciflorus (J.W.Robbins) S.F.Blake
  • Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (J.W. Robbins) Britton

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 US Forest Service Fire Ecology
  2. Gilbert, O. L. (1995). Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosus Michaux). Journal of Ecology 83:1 159-66.
  3. «Symphoricarpos albus». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 14 d'avientu de 2012.
  4. Everett, Thomas H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Taylor & Francis.
  5. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  6. Symphoricarpos albus en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  2. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  3. Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  4. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  5. Hitchcock, C. H., A. J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1984. Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. PartIV: 1–510. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  6. Moss, Y. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  7. Porsild, A. Y. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  9. Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
  10. Voss, Y. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
  11. Welsh, S. L. 1974. Anderson's Fl. Alaska Adj. Parts Canada i–xvi, 1–724. Brigham Young University Press, Provo.
  12. Zuloaga, F. O., O. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & Y. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogu de les Plantes Vasculares del Conu Sur (Arxentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguái). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107(1): i–xcvi, 1–983; 107(2): i–xx, 985–2286; 107(3): i–xxi, 2287–3348.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Symphoricarpos albus

Symphoricarpos albus ye una especie fanerógama maderiza na familia Caprifoliaceae. Ye nativa de Norteamérica.

 src= Vista de la planta  src= Detalle  src= Detalle de la flor
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Symphoricarpos albus ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ


Ağ qargiləmeyvə (lat. Symphoricarpos albus) - doqquzdonkimilər fəsiləsinin qargiləmeyvə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

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Ağ qargiləmeyvə (lat. Symphoricarpos albus) - doqquzdonkimilər fəsiləsinin qargiləmeyvə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Llusen eira llus eira ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd a dyfir yn aml mewn gerddi yw Llusen eira llus eira sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Caprifoliaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Symphoricarpos albus a'r enw Saesneg yw Snowberry.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llus Eira, Llys Eira, Pêl-eira'r Perthi.

Deugotyledon yw'r planhigyn hwn, ac mae'r blodau'n gasgliad o flodau unigol, gydag arogl da. Mae ganddo euron a gall ddringo cloddiau.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
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Llusen eira llus eira: Brief Summary ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd a dyfir yn aml mewn gerddi yw Llusen eira llus eira sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Caprifoliaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Symphoricarpos albus a'r enw Saesneg yw Snowberry. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llus Eira, Llys Eira, Pêl-eira'r Perthi.

Deugotyledon yw'r planhigyn hwn, ac mae'r blodau'n gasgliad o flodau unigol, gydag arogl da. Mae ganddo euron a gall ddringo cloddiau.

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Pámelník bílý ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Pámelník bílý (Symphoricarpos albus) je hustě větvený, robustní, opadavý keř z čeledi zimolezovitých (Caprifoliaceae). Vyznačuje se tenkými, vzpřímenými, jemně chlupatými výhony a typickými bílými plody. Pámelník bílý je původem ze Severní Ameriky. V České republice zdomácněl jako hojně vysazovaná okrasná dřevina.

Popis

Pámelník bílý dorůstá výšky až dvou metrů a má tenké, hustě rostoucí větve. Borka je šedohnědá, podélně v pruzích se uvolňující. Listy má vstřícné, uspořádané ve dvou řadách, na vodorovně rostoucích větvičkách celokrajné, na výmladcích laločnaté, dlouhé výjimečně až 7 cm, tmavozelené, vejčitého tvaru.

Bělorůžové květy jsou drobné, trubkovitě zvonkovité, 4-5cípé, v koncových hroznech. Vyrůstají v úžlabí horních listů a jsou velmi bohaté na nektar. Kvetou od června do srpna.

Plody jsou charakteristické kulaté bobule bílé barvy, velké kolem 1 cm. Obsahují dvě semena. Na keři vydrží až do zimy. Obsahují houbovitou dužninu, která je oblíbenou potravou ptáků. Pro člověka jsou však jedovaté – obsahují saponiny a alkaloid chelidonin.

Rozšíření

Pámelník bílý pochází ze Severní Ameriky. Je rozšířen na většině území od Aljašky a kanadské provincie Severozápadní teritoria na jih po Kalifornii, Nové Mexiko a Severní Karolínu.[1][2]

Pěstování

Doporučuje se do podrostů nebo pro osazení svahů, je vhodný pro krajinářské úpravy i živé ploty.

Je nenáročný, snáší i znečištěné ovzduší. Daří se mu i na chudých půdách, nevadí mu půdy mírně suché ani vlhké. Stanoviště slunné až polostinné.

Primárně se rozmnožuje vegetativně, odnožemi nebo dřevitými i bylinnými řízky. Zároveň se jedná o dřevinu silně samovolně odnožující.

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Keřík pámelníku v srpnu

Odkazy

Reference

  1. HASSLER, M. Catalogue of life. Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World [online]. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2016. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  2. Plants Database [online]. USDA. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Literatura

  • REMEŠOVÁ, Dáša, OSVALD, Zdeněk. Všechno o listnatých keřích. Vyd.2. Praha: Slovart, 2004.
  • HURYCH, Václav. Okrasné dřeviny pro zahrady a parky. Vyd. 2. Praha: Květ, nakladatelství ČZS, 2003
  • ŠTĚPÁNKOVÁ, Jitka, CHRTEK, Jindřich, KAPLAN, Zdeněk a BATOUŠEK, Petr. Květena České republiky. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 2010.
  • VĚTVIČKA, Václav. Stromy a keře. Praha: Aventinum, 2005.
  • BÄRTELS, Andreas. Dřeviny od A do Z. Vyd.1. Praha: Euromedia Group, k.s. - Knižní klub, 2009

Externí odkazy

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Pámelník bílý: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Pámelník bílý (Symphoricarpos albus) je hustě větvený, robustní, opadavý keř z čeledi zimolezovitých (Caprifoliaceae). Vyznačuje se tenkými, vzpřímenými, jemně chlupatými výhony a typickými bílými plody. Pámelník bílý je původem ze Severní Ameriky. V České republice zdomácněl jako hojně vysazovaná okrasná dřevina.

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Gewöhnliche Schneebeere ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere (Symphoricarpos albus) ist ein in Nordamerika heimischer Strauch, der in Europa als Ziergehölz weit verbreitet ist. Die weißen Früchte verbleiben bis in den Winter hinein an den Sträuchern. Wegen des Geräuschs, das die Früchte beim Zerdrücken erzeugen, werden sie auch Knallerbsen genannt.

Merkmale

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere ist ein sommergrüner Strauch und wird 0,3 bis 2 m hoch. Er bildet eine größere Anzahl von schlanken, zwei bis 2,5 cm dicken, leicht überhängenden Zweigen. Die Verzweigung erfolgt basiton (an der Basis des Strauchs). Die Pflanzen bilden unterirdische Spross-Ausläufer, die wenige Zentimeter unter der Erdoberfläche verlaufen und bis 60 cm lang werden. An den Enden wachsen die Schösslinge empor. Neue Ausläufer werden erst gebildet, wenn sich der Schössling etabliert hat. Die Stämme besitzen bis in eine Höhe von 100 cm Adventivwurzeln, die an stehenden Ästen funktionslos sind, bei abgebrochenen, liegenden Ästen jedoch zu einer Bewurzelung und somit zur Etablierung neuer Pflanzen führen. Die Winterknospen haben zwei Paar äußere Knospenschuppen.

Die Rinde von jungen Ästen ist glatt und gelblich-grau, später wird sie dunkler und schuppig. Im Bastparenchym kommen Calciumoxalat-Drusen vor. Das Holz ist ringporig, das Holzparenchym ist unregelmäßig zwischen den Fasern verteilt. Die Fasern selbst besitzen spiralige Wandverdickungen.

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Zweige mit Blütenständen

Die Blätter stehen gegenständig, ihre Stellung erscheint durch eine Drehung der Blattstiele jedoch zweizeilig. Sie haben einen kurzen Blattstiel, sind einfach, ganzrandig und stumpf grün. Die Länge beträgt 4 bis 6 cm, die Blattform ist eiförmig bis rundlich, am Ende sind die Blätter leicht zugespitzt, an der Basis rundlich. Der Blattstiel ist an der Oberseite rinnig, am Grund verdickt. An den jungen Schösslingen haben die Blätter ein anderes Aussehen: hier werden zunächst farblose Niederblätter, dann kleine, ganzrandige, gestielte Laubblätter, in der Mittelregion dann große, gelappte, manchmal auch grob gezähnte Blätter, am Ende des Triebes dann wieder kleine und ganzrandige.

Blüten und Früchte

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Einzelblüte

Der Blütenstand ist eine vielblütige, dichte Ähre. Jeder Blütenstand hat mehrere kleine, dreieckige Vorblätter.

Die Blüten sind radiärsymmetrisch, glockenförmig und fünfzählig. Der Kelch ist schalenförmig und fünfzähnig. Die verwachsenblättrige Krone ist rötlich. Die fünf Staubblätter setzen an der Wand der Krone an und stehen hier in einem Haarkranz. An der Innenseite der Kronröhre befinden sich mehrere gekrümmte Nektarien. Der Fruchtknoten ist unterständig, hat vier Fächer und enthält zwei fertile Samenanlagen. Blütezeit ist Juni bis September.

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Unterschiedlich reife Früchte
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Aufgeschnittene Frucht

Die Früchte sind weiß, fast kugelrund, saftig und haben einen Durchmesser von 10 bis 15 mm. Die Frucht ist eine Steinfrucht mit zwei Kernen, wird jedoch manchmal als Beere[1] bezeichnet. Sie reifen zwischen Juli und Oktober und bleiben bis in den Winter hinein am Strauch. In einer Beere befinden sich zwei Samen, die rund 5 mm lang, elliptisch, leicht zusammengedrückt sind und eine harte Samenschale besitzen. Das Fruchtfleisch ist schwammig.

Chromosomenzahl

Zu den Chromosomenzahlen gibt es Angaben über 2n = 36, 54 und 72, was bedeuten würde, dass es tetraploide, hexaploide und octoploide Sippen gibt.

Ökologie

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere ist ein winterkahler Strauch. Seine Blätter stehen zwar kreuzgegenständig, jedoch sind ihre Spreiten an waagerechten und herabhängenden Zweigen zu besseren Lichtnutzung waagerecht gestellt.

Die Blüten sind homogame „Glockenblumen mit klebrigem Pollen“. Der Nektar wird von ziemlich großen Papillen auf der Innenseite der Kronröhre reichlich abgesondert. Außerdem ist ein anbohrbares Gewebe vorhanden. Die Blüten werden von kurz- bis mittelrüsseligen Insekten (Bienen, Wespen, Schwebfliegen) besucht. Die Blüten sind eine Bienenweide, aber auch Selbstbestäubung ist möglich. Blütezeit ist Juni bis September.

Die Früchte sind weiße, beerenartige Steinfrüchte mit meist 2 einsamigen Steinkernen. Das Fruchtfleisch ist großzellig und schwammig; seine Weißfärbung kommt durch Totalreflexion des Lichtes an den luftgefüllten Interzellularen zustande. Es findet eine Verdauungsverbreitung u. a. durch Drosseln und Finken statt. Obwohl die Früchte Wintersteher sind, werden sie als Futter nur wenig angenommen.

Die Vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt durch unterirdische Kriechsprosse, dadurch kann der Strauch schnell dichte Bestände bilden.

Inhaltsstoffe

Die Beeren enthalten Saponine und einen unbekannten, stark reizend wirkenden Wirkstoff.[2] Daneben enthalten sie auch das Isochinolin-Alkaloid Chelidonin sowie weitere Alkaloide[3].

Herbivore

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere ist in Amerika eine bedeutende Futterpflanze für verschiedene Tierarten, darunter Dickhornschaf (Ovis canadensis) und Weißwedelhirsch (Odocoileus virginianus). Die Früchte werden von verschiedenen Vögeln und Kleinsäugern gefressen, darunter dem Kragenhuhn und Tympanuchus phasianellus, Truthühner (Meleagris gallopavo), Tyrannus, Blaukehl-Hüttensänger (Sialia mexicana) und die Säuger Fuchshörnchen (Sciurus niger), das Baumwollschwanzkaninchen Sylvilagus audubonii und Taschenratten (Geomyidae).[4]

Giftigkeit

Über die Giftigkeit der Beeren für den Menschen gibt es in der Literatur unterschiedliche Angaben. Die Giftzentrale der Universität Bonn stuft die Art als giftig ein und gibt als Symptom Brechdurchfall an.[5] Bei kleinen Mengen (drei bis vier Beeren) kommt es meist zu keinen Symptomen, bei größeren Mengen kommen Darmbeschwerden, Fieber und Müdigkeit vor. Es gibt auch Berichte über eine Schädigung der Mund- und Magenschleimhaut.[2]

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Gewöhnliche Schneebeere (Symphoricarpos albus) mit Früchten

Systematik

Es werden innerhalb der Art zwei Varietäten unterschieden:

  • Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake ist im Westen der USA heimisch, ihr Areal reicht von Süd-Alaska bis Kalifornien, Montana und Colorado. Sie ist die in Europa verbreitete Varietät. Ihre Merkmale sind die oben beschriebenen.
  • Symphoricarpos albus var. albus ist eher im Osten Nordamerikas heimisch, mit rund einem Meter kleiner als laevigatus, hat auch mit 10 mm kleinere Früchte, die Zweige und Äste sind behaart.

Ältere, teilweise selten noch verwendete Synonyme für Symphoricarpos albus sind Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. und Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf.

Verbreitung und Standorte

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere ist in Nordamerika heimisch. Sie kommt von der Hudson Bay bis nach Alaska vor, im Süden bis Kalifornien und in östlicher Richtung bis North Carolina. Hier wächst sie in einer Vielzahl von Pflanzengesellschaften, vorwiegend auf warmen und/oder trockenen Standorten. Beispiele für Klimax-Vegetationen, in denen die Art codominant ist, sind Wälder von Gelb-Kiefer (Pinus ponderosa), Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) und Felsengebirgs-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa).[4] Sie wächst bevorzugt an Waldrändern, auch an Flussufern.

In Europa ist die Art als Zierpflanze weit verbreitet und ist in weiten Teilen auch eingebürgert, fehlt jedoch im Mittelmeergebiet. In Großbritannien ist sie praktisch landesweit vertreten. In Deutschland kommt sie häufig im Umfeld von Siedlungen und Städten verwildert vor und bildet eine eigene Pflanzengesellschaft, das Symphoricarpetum albi innerhalb des Verbandes Sambuco-Salicion capreae, eine Gesellschaft, die auch in Großbritannien weit verbreitet ist. Die Art wächst am besten auf feuchten, jedoch nicht staunassen, fruchtbaren Böden im vollen Sonnenlicht.[6]

Nutzung

Die Indianer in Washington und Oregon aßen die Früchte frisch oder getrocknet und nutzten sie als Haarshampoo. Früchte und Blätter wurden zerstoßen auf Wunden aufgetragen. Ein Tee aus der Rinde wurde zur Behandlung von Tuberkulose und Geschlechtskrankheiten eingesetzt. Aus dem Holz wurden Pfeilschäfte und Pfeifenrohre hergestellt. Heute wird die Art häufig zur Wiederherstellung gestörter Standorte gepflanzt.[4]

In Europa, aber auch Nordamerika, wird die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere häufig als Ziergehölz gepflanzt. In Großbritannien wurde sie als Deckungsgehölz für Vögel und Wild auch außerhalb von Siedlungsräumen angepflanzt.[6]

Geschichte

In Europa wurde die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere erstmals durch den schwedischen Botaniker Pehr Kalm bekannt, der die Art Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in Pennsylvania fand. Durch Kalm erlangte Carl von Linné Kenntnis von der Art, er nannte sie jedoch wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit mit Heidekrautgewächsen (Ericaceae) irrtümlich Vaccinium album. André Michaux stellte sie als Symphoricarpos racemosus in die Gattung Symphoricarpos. 1914 wurde sie von Sidney Fay Blake aus nomenklatorischen Gründen in Symphoricarpos albus umbenannt.[7]

Ab dem 19. Jahrhundert wurde die Art in Europa als Zierstrauch in Gärten gepflanzt. Die als Zierpflanze verwendete Varietät laevigatus wurde von Lewis und Clarke im Gebiet des Columbia River entdeckt. Aus den von ihnen gesammelten Samen zog Bernard McMahon in Philadelphia Pflanzen. 1817 kamen die ersten Samen nach London und wurden von hier weiter verbreitet. Ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts war der Strauch in Deutschland in Gärten, Parks und Friedhöfen weit verbreitet, besonders, da er auch eine ergiebige Bienenweide darstellt. Von diesen Standorten verwilderte die Pflanze vielfach. Bei Kindern sind die Beeren beliebt, da sie beim Zertreten knallen (von daher der Name Knallerbsenstrauch).[7]

Der „Knallerbsenstrauch“ wurde 1999 durch Stefan Raab thematisiert, als dieser Ausschnitte aus der Show „Richterin Barbara Salesch“ nach einem Nachbarschaftsstreit mit der Beteiligten Regina Zindler zeigte und in seinem Lied Maschen-Draht-Zaun verwendete. In dem Streit ging es darum, dass ein Knallerbsenstrauch in einem Garten in das Nachbargrundstück reicht und entfernt werden sollte.[8]

Belege

Der Artikel beruht, sofern nicht durch Einzelnachweise belegt, auf folgenden Unterlagen:

  • O. L. Gilbert: Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosa Michaux). In: Journal of Ecology. Band 83, 1995, S. 159–166.
  • Peter Schütt, Ulla M. Lang: Symphoricarpos albus. In: Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Enzyklopädie der Sträucher. Nikol, Hamburg 2006, S. 373–378. ISBN 978-3-937872-40-7
  • Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Taschenlexikon der Pflanzen Deutschlands und angrenzender Länder. Die häufigsten mitteleuropäischen Arten im Portrait. 7., korrigierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Peter Schütt, Ulla M. Lang: Symphoricarpos albus. In: Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Enzyklopädie der Sträucher. Nikol, Hamburg 2006, S. 375. ISBN 978-3-937872-40-7
  2. a b L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kormann: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Auflage, ecomed, Landsberg 1994, S. 685f. (Nachdruck ISBN 3-933203-31-7)
  3. Artinformaion des Canadian Poisonous Plant Information System, abgerufen 10. August 2008.
  4. a b c Jack McWilliams: Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2000. Online-Ressource, abgerufen am 10. August 2000.
  5. Artinformation der Giftzentrale der Univ. Bonn, abgerufen 26. September 2010.
  6. a b O. L. Gilbert: Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosa Michaux). In: Journal of Ecology. Band 83, 1995, S. 159–166.
  7. a b Heinz-Dieter Krausch: Kaiserkron und Päonien rot... Von der Entdeckung und Einführung unserer Gartenblumen. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München 2007, S. 452. ISBN 978-3-423-34412-8
  8. mdr.de: Es war einmal ein Knallerbsenstrauch ... (Memento vom 23. Februar 2007 im Internet Archive) vom 5. August 2005.

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Gewöhnliche Schneebeere: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Gewöhnliche Schneebeere (Symphoricarpos albus) ist ein in Nordamerika heimischer Strauch, der in Europa als Ziergehölz weit verbreitet ist. Die weißen Früchte verbleiben bis in den Winter hinein an den Sträuchern. Wegen des Geräuschs, das die Früchte beim Zerdrücken erzeugen, werden sie auch Knallerbsen genannt.

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Symphoricarpos albus ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Symphoricarpos albus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name common snowberry.[2] Native to North America, it is browsed by some animals and planted for ornamental and ecological purposes, but is poisonous to humans.

Description

S. albus is an erect, deciduous shrub, producing a stiff, branching main stem and often several smaller shoots from a rhizome. It can spread and colonize an area to form a dense thicket.[3] It reaches 1–2 metres (3+126+12 feet) in maximum height. The leaves are oppositely arranged on the spreading branches. They are generally oval, differing in size and shape, and up to 5 centimetres (2 inches) long, or slightly larger on the shoots. The inflorescence is a raceme of up to 16 flowers. Each flower has a small, five-toothed calyx of sepals. The bell-shaped, rounded corolla is about 0.5 cm (14 in) long and bright pink in color. It has pointed lobes at the mouth and the inside is filled with white hairs. The fruit is a fleshy white berry-like drupe about 1 cm wide which contains two seeds. The plant sometimes reproduces via seed but it is primarily vegetative, reproducing by sprouting from its spreading rhizome.[3] Birds disperse the seeds after they eat the fruit.[3]

Varieties

There are two varieties:

  • S. albus var. albus, native to eastern North America
  • S. albus var. laevigatus, native to the Pacific coast. It is a larger shrub, up to 2 m (6+12 ft) tall, with slightly larger fruit. Some botanists treat it as a distinct species, Symphoricarpos rivularis.

Distribution and habitat

S. albus occurs across much of Canada and the northern and western United States.[4][5]

It grows in shady and moist mountain and forest habitat, in woodlands and on floodplains and riverbanks. It can grow in a wide variety of habitat types.[3] It is naturalized in parts of Britain, where it has been planted as an ornamental and cover for game animals.[6]

Ecology

This shrub is an important food source for a number of animals, including bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, and grizzly bears.[3] Livestock such as cattle and sheep readily browse it.[3] Many birds and small mammals use it for food and cover.[3] Pocket gophers dig burrows underneath it during the winter.[3]

Toxicity

The fruit and shrub are poisonous to humans, causing vomiting.[7]

Uses

Native Americans used the plant as medicine, soap, sometimes for food, and the wood was good for arrow shafts.[3] In Russia, the berries are crushed in the hands and rubbed about for a soothing folk-remedy hand lotion.

This shrub is used for erosion control in riparian areas, and it is planted in ecological restoration projects on disturbed sites such as abandoned mines.[3] Its white fruits and blue-green foliage made it popular as an ornamental plant[3] planted around old houses of the 1890s through the 1920s like with the Vanhoutte Spirea or Bridalwreath. It is still sold by some large diverse conventional nurseries and native plant nurseries, and occasionally found in modern landscapes. It grows in full sun to full light shade and a well-drained soil that is slightly acid to well alkaline, pH range of about 6.0 to 8.5. it is easy to transplant with its fibrous, shallow root system. It fares well in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones of 2 to 7.

References

  1. ^ "Symphoricarpos albus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Symphoricarpos albus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McWilliams, Jack (2000). "Symphoricarpos albus". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  4. ^ "Symphoricarpos albus". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  5. ^ Jones, George Neville (1940). "A monograph of the genus Symphoricarpos". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 21 (2): 214–218.
  6. ^ Gilbert, O. L. (1995). "Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosus Michaux)". Journal of Ecology. 83 (1): 159–66. doi:10.2307/2261160. JSTOR 2261160.
  7. ^ Lewis, Walter H. (1979-12-14). "Snowberry (Symphoricarpos) Poisoning in Children". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 242 (24): 2663. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03300240009006. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 501855.

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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Symphoricarpos albus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name common snowberry. Native to North America, it is browsed by some animals and planted for ornamental and ecological purposes, but is poisonous to humans.

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Symphoricarpos albus ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Detalle
 src=
Detalle de la flor

Symphoricarpos albus es una especie de planta fanerógama leñosa en la familia Caprifoliaceae. Es nativa de Norteamérica.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en gran parte de Canadá y el norte de Estados Unidos, donde crece en la montaña con sombra y humedad y en el hábitat forestal en montes y en las llanuras de inundación y riberas. Puede crecer en una amplia variedad de tipos de hábitat.[1]​ Se ha naturalizado en partes de Gran Bretaña, donde se ha plantado como planta ornamental y una cubierta para la caza.[2]

Descripción

Se trata de un arbusto erecto de hoja caduca, con un rígido tallo principal ramificado, y a menudo varios más pequeños brotes a partir de un rizoma. Puede extenderse y colonizar un área para formar un denso matorral.[1]​ Alcanza 2,1 m de altura máxima. Las hojas son dispuestos de forma opuesta en las ramas. Son generalmente ovaladas, y difieren en tamaño y forma, miden hasta 5 cm de largo, o ligeramente más grande en los brotes. La inflorescencia es un racimo de hasta 16 flores. Cada flor tiene un pequeño cáliz, de sépalos en forma de campana, redondeado la corola que es de aproximadamente 0,5 cm de largo y de color rosa brillante. El fruto es una baya carnosa de color blanco -como una drupa- de un centímetro de ancho que contiene dos semillas. La planta se reproduce por semillas a veces pero es principalmente vegetativa, con la reproducción brotando de su difusión rizoma.[1]

Ecología

Las aves dispersan las semillas después de comer la fruta.[1]​ Este arbusto es una fuente importante de alimento para algunos animales, incluyendo el borrego cimarrón, el venado de cola blanca y los osos grizzly.[1]​ y la ganadería, tales como el ganado y las ovejas.[1]​ Muchas aves y mamíferos pequeños lo utilizan para comida y cobertura.[1]​ Los tuzas excavan madrigueras debajo de ella durante el invierno.[1]

Usos

Los nativos americanos usaban la planta como una medicina y un jabón, y a veces para comida, y la madera era buena para la fabricación de flechas.[1]

Este arbusto se utiliza para la erosión de control en las zonas ribereñas, y se planta en proyectos de restauración ecológica en sitios perturbados como las minas abandonadas.[1]​ Sus frutos blancos hacen popular como planta ornamental.[1]

Taxonomía

Symphoricarpos albus fue descrita por (Carl Linnaeus) S.F.Blake y publicado en Rhodora 16(187): 118. 1914.[3]

Etimología

Symphoricarpos: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: συμφορειν ( symphorein ), que significa "llevar juntos", y καρπος ( karpos ), que significa "fruta." Se refiere a las bayas apretadas que producen las especies.[4]

albus: epíteto latíno que significa "de color blanco"[5]

Sinonimia
  • Lonicera alba (L.) Druce
  • Vaccinium album L.basónimo
  • Xylosteon album (L.) Moldenke[6]
var. pauciflorus (J.W.Robbins) S.F.Blake
  • Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (J.W. Robbins) Britton

Referencias

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k US Forest Service Fire Ecology
  2. Gilbert, O. L. (1995). Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosus Michaux). Journal of Ecology 83:1 159-66.
  3. «Symphoricarpos albus». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2012.
  4. Everett, Thomas H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Taylor & Francis. p. 3271. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7.
  5. En Epítetos Botánicos
  6. Symphoricarpos albus en PlantList

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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES
 src= Vista de la planta  src= Detalle  src= Detalle de la flor

Symphoricarpos albus es una especie de planta fanerógama leñosa en la familia Caprifoliaceae. Es nativa de Norteamérica.

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Harilik lumimari ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Symphoricarpos albus11.JPG

Harilik lumimari (Symphoricarpos albus) on taimeliik kuslapuuliste sugukonnast lumimarja perekonnast.[1]

Taim kasvab Eestis ilupõõsana aedades ja parkides. Mõnikord taim metsistub.[1]

Viited

  1. 1,0 1,1 Eesti taimede määraja. Tartu, Eesti Loodusfoto, 1999. Lk 258

Välislingid

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Harilik lumimari: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET
Symphoricarpos albus11.JPG

Harilik lumimari (Symphoricarpos albus) on taimeliik kuslapuuliste sugukonnast lumimarja perekonnast.

Taim kasvab Eestis ilupõõsana aedades ja parkides. Mõnikord taim metsistub.

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Symphorine blanche ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Symphoricarpos albus

La symphorine blanche est un arbuste caduc appartenant au genre Symphoricarpos et à la famille des Caprifoliacées, dont font aussi partie les chèvrefeuilles.

Taxonomie

Nom scientifique : Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.T. Blake (1914), Rhodora 16 :119 ;

Basionyme : Vaccinium album L. (1753), Species plantarum p.350 ;

Synonymes taxinomiques : Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd. (1927), Werdenda 1 :41; Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. (1803) sensu Coste (1906) in Fl. Fr. 3 :720, sensu Fournier (1938) in Quatre Fl. Fr. :886 ;

Noms vernaculaires : Symphorine à fruits blancs, Chèvrefeuille de Caroline, Boule de cire. Canada : Symphorine à grappes.

Répartition

La symphorine est originaire d'Amérique du Nord[1].

Elle fut introduite en 1817[1], puis largement naturalisée en Europe occidentale, dans les climats tempérés à froids.

Habitats

Elle affectionne les sols calcaires, les rocailles et les bords des rivières, le long des chemins et des voies ferrées, souvent à proximité des habitations où elle forme des haies naturelles, ou plantées à des fins ornementales.

Description

 src=
Symphorine (fruits)

L'arbuste se développe très rapidement par ses drageons et peut même être envahissant, remarquable par ses fins rameaux qui portent à l'automne de grosses baies d'un blanc de neige (d'où ses noms allemand et anglais de Schneebeere et Snowberry, « baies de neige »), particulièrement décoratives. Les fleurs, riches en nectar, sont très appréciées des abeilles en fin d'été. Arbuste de 1 à 3 m, à rameaux grêles de couleur brune, érigés et arqués. Les feuilles, vert grisâtre à vert bleuâtre, sont ovales, opposées, à limbe entier, presque sans pétiole, glabres ou à revers glauque et légèrement velu à la face inférieure. Floraison de juin à septembre. Les fleurs, roses, sont groupées par 3-7 en petites grappes terminales assez denses. Corolle en clochette à 5 lobes (5 mm environ), très velues à l'intérieur. 5 étamines, ovaire infère. Le fruit (1 à 2 cm) est une baie globuleuse de couleur blanche, considérée comme toxique (ingestion des fruits, irritation de la peau par contact de la substance qu'ils renferment).

Utilisation

Les jeunes rameaux et la racine (réduits en poudre) ont été utilisés comme fébrifuge et diurétique en Amérique du Nord.

Les baies blanches sont prisées des enfants et adolescents comme munitions pour sarbacane. En pressant délicatement leurs doigts dessus, la pulpe est rendue liquide. La peau fine de ces fruits leur donne la capacité à se désintégrer d'un bruit sec lors de l'impact (par exemple sur le front ou sur une pare-brise) en laissant une trace visible mais sans tacher ni occasionner de douleur réelle.

Toxicité

Les baies blanches sont légèrement toxiques par les alcaloïdes d'isoquinoline qu'elles renferment, particulièrement la chélidonine. Leur ingestion produit des vomissements précoces, des vertiges et une hypersudation, surtout chez les enfants. Le risque d'intoxication grave semble peu important[2].

Notes et références

  1. a et b Michel Botineau, Guide des plantes toxiques et allergisantes, Éditions Belin, coll. « L'indispensable guide des fous de nature ! », 2011 (ISBN 978-2-701-18840-9, lire en ligne), p. 218
  2. « Symphorine à grappes (Nom commun). Informations générales sur l'intoxication », sur cbif.gc.ca (consulté le 23 novembre 2017)

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Symphorine blanche: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Symphoricarpos albus

La symphorine blanche est un arbuste caduc appartenant au genre Symphoricarpos et à la famille des Caprifoliacées, dont font aussi partie les chèvrefeuilles.

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Běły sněženc ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Běły sněženc (Symphoricarpos albus) je kerk ze swójby kozylistowych rostlinow (Caprifoliaceae).

Wopis

Běły sněženc je kerk, kotryž docpěwa wysokosć wot 1 hač 2 m.

Jara rozhałuzowane stołpiki njesu přećiwostejne, jejkojte, cyłokromne łopjena.

Kćěje wot julija hač awgusta. Kćenja docpěwaja dołhosć wot 5 hač 6 mm a steja w kłosach.

Jahody su běłe, kulowate, nabubnjene a docpěwaja wulkosć wot 0,5 hač 1,5 cm. Wone so hodźa lochko roztłóčić.

Stejnišćo

Rosće w parkach, zahrodach, za přikrućenje na skłoninach a brjohach, hdys a hdys wodrjewjene w chłódkojtych wudolinach, lěsach, na rěčnych brjohach. Pochadźa ze sewjerneje Ameriki.

Rozšěrjenje

  • (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) ma róžojte, 5 mm wulke jahody a mjeńše łopjena. Wón je robustny pyšny kerk.

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 468.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Schneebeere

Žórła

  • Spohn, Aichele, Golte-Bechtle, Spohn: Was blüht denn da? Kosmos Naturführer (2008), ISBN 978-3-440-11379-0, strona 434 (němsce)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

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Běły sněženc: Brief Summary ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Běły sněženc (Symphoricarpos albus) je kerk ze swójby kozylistowych rostlinow (Caprifoliaceae).

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Symphoricarpos albus ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake, 1914 è una specie di pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Caprifoliaceae.

Distribuzione e habitat

La Symphoricarpos albus è originaria dell'America settentrionale occidentale, oggi è diffusa e naturalizzata anche in Europa occidentale, dalla fascia a clima freddo a quella a clima temperato.

Proprietà

La pianta ha alcune proprietà officinali, le bacche bianche in particolare sono tossiche.

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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake, 1914 è una specie di pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Caprifoliaceae.

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Baltauogė meškytė ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT

Baltauogė meškytė (lot. Symphoricarpos albus) – sausmedinių (Caprifoliaceae) šeimos daugiametis augalas. Kilęs iš Šiaurės Amerikos, bet plačiai įveistas kaip dekoratyvinis augalas ir Europoje (taip pat ir Lietuvoje).

Tai iki 1,5 m aukščio krūmas. Lapai ovalūs, priešiniai. Žiedai rausvai balti, žydi nuo birželio iki rugsėjo. Rudenį sunokina skaisčiai baltos spalvos ir puriu minkštimu dvisėkles uogas. Jos nuodingos. Augalas pakelia stiprų apkarpymą, atsparus šalčiams ir sausroms, greitai auga.

 src=
Baltauogės meškytės uogos
 src=
Baltauogės meškytės žiedai

Vikiteka

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Sneeuwbes ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De sneeuwbes (Symphoricarpos albus) is een struik, die behoort tot de kamperfoeliefamilie (Caprifoliaceae). Het is een stinsenplant en wordt veel aangeplant in plantsoenen en tuinen. De plant komt van nature voor in Noord-Amerika. De bessen zijn giftig doordat ze saponinen bevatten.

De struik wordt tot 1,5 m hoog en vormt wortel-uitlopers. De aan de onderkant blauwgroene ronde tot elliptische bladeren zijn 3-7 cm lang.

De sneeuwbes bloeit in juli en augustus met roze bloemen. De bloeiwijze is een aar.

De vrucht is een witte, 1-1,5 cm grote bes.

De plant komt in het wild voor op vochtige, voedselrijke grond in loofbossen.

Externe link

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Symphoricarpos albus op Wikimedia Commons.
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Sneeuwbes: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De sneeuwbes (Symphoricarpos albus) is een struik, die behoort tot de kamperfoeliefamilie (Caprifoliaceae). Het is een stinsenplant en wordt veel aangeplant in plantsoenen en tuinen. De plant komt van nature voor in Noord-Amerika. De bessen zijn giftig doordat ze saponinen bevatten.

De struik wordt tot 1,5 m hoog en vormt wortel-uitlopers. De aan de onderkant blauwgroene ronde tot elliptische bladeren zijn 3-7 cm lang.

De sneeuwbes bloeit in juli en augustus met roze bloemen. De bloeiwijze is een aar.

De vrucht is een witte, 1-1,5 cm grote bes.

De plant komt in het wild voor op vochtige, voedselrijke grond in loofbossen.

 src=

Vruchten

 src=

Bloeiwijze

 src=

Zaden

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Snøbær ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NN

Snøbær (Symphoricarpos albus), òg kjent som vanleg snøbær, kvitsnøbær eller krattsnøbær, er ein busk i snøbærslekta i kaprifolfamilien. Han høyrer naturleg heime i Nord-Amerika der ein finn han i store delar av Canada og det nordlege USA.

 src=
Snøbær i blomstring.

Snøbærbusken veks i skuggefulle og fuktige fjell- og skogshabitat, i skogsmark og på flaumjorde og elvebankar. Han trivst på ei rekkje typar habitat.[1] Planta er naturalisert i delar av Storbritannia, der ho har blitt planta som hageplante og som dekke for vilt.[2] Det er ein opprett, bladfellande busk, med ein stivgreina hovudstamme og ofte med fleire skot frå ein jordstengel (rhizoma). Han kan spreie seg og kolonisere eit område og danne tette kratt.[1] Maksimumhøgda er 2 meter. Blada sit motsette på spreiande greiner. Dei er generalt ovale, men varierer i storleik og form kan vere opp til 5 cm lange, eller litt større på årsskota. Blomsterstanden er ein klase med opptil 16 blomstrar. Kvar blome har ein liten, fem-tanna calyx (beger) av begerblad. Dei bjølleforma, runde kronblada er om lag 0.5 cm lange, med kraftig lilla farge. Dei har spisse faldar ved munnen og er fylt med kvite hår. Frukta er kjøtaktig kvit, bærliknande steinfrukt om lag ein centimeter brei. Kvar frukt inneheld to frø. Planta kan reprodusere via frø, men hovudsakleg via vegetativ fomering, reproduksjon ved å spire frå si spreiande rhizom.[1] Fuglar spreier frøa etter at dei har ete frukta.[1]

Busken er ei viktig matkjelde for ei rekke dyr som tjukkhornsau, kvithalehjort og grizzlybjørn.[1] Husdyr som storfe og sau kan ete av busken.[1] Mange fuglar og små pattedyr nyttar busken for mat og skjul.[1] Kinnposerotter kan grave holer under snøbærbusken om vinteren.[1]

Indianarane nytta planta som medisin og til såpe, og nokre gonger til mat. Sjølve treet vart nytta som pilskaft.[1]

Busken blir nytta for å hindre erosjon på flaummarkområde, og ho er planta i økologiske restaureringsprosjekt på forstyrra område som nedlagde gruver.[1] Den kvite frukta gjer henne populær som prydplante.[1]

Variantar

Det er to variantar:

  • S. albus var. albus, naturleg i den austlege delen av Nord-Amerika
  • S. albus var. laevigatus, naturleg på Stillehavskysten. Dette er ein større busk, opp til 2 m høg og med litt større frukter. Somme botanikarar ser på dette som ein eigen art, Symphoricarpos rivularis.

Referansar

  1. 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 US Forest Service Fire Ecology
  2. Gilbert, O. L. (1995). Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake (S. rivularis Suksd., S. racemosus Michaux). Journal of Ecology 83:1 159-66.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Snøbær
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Snøbær: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NN

Snøbær (Symphoricarpos albus), òg kjent som vanleg snøbær, kvitsnøbær eller krattsnøbær, er ein busk i snøbærslekta i kaprifolfamilien. Han høyrer naturleg heime i Nord-Amerika der ein finn han i store delar av Canada og det nordlege USA.

 src= Snøbær i blomstring.

Snøbærbusken veks i skuggefulle og fuktige fjell- og skogshabitat, i skogsmark og på flaumjorde og elvebankar. Han trivst på ei rekkje typar habitat. Planta er naturalisert i delar av Storbritannia, der ho har blitt planta som hageplante og som dekke for vilt. Det er ein opprett, bladfellande busk, med ein stivgreina hovudstamme og ofte med fleire skot frå ein jordstengel (rhizoma). Han kan spreie seg og kolonisere eit område og danne tette kratt. Maksimumhøgda er 2 meter. Blada sit motsette på spreiande greiner. Dei er generalt ovale, men varierer i storleik og form kan vere opp til 5 cm lange, eller litt større på årsskota. Blomsterstanden er ein klase med opptil 16 blomstrar. Kvar blome har ein liten, fem-tanna calyx (beger) av begerblad. Dei bjølleforma, runde kronblada er om lag 0.5 cm lange, med kraftig lilla farge. Dei har spisse faldar ved munnen og er fylt med kvite hår. Frukta er kjøtaktig kvit, bærliknande steinfrukt om lag ein centimeter brei. Kvar frukt inneheld to frø. Planta kan reprodusere via frø, men hovudsakleg via vegetativ fomering, reproduksjon ved å spire frå si spreiande rhizom. Fuglar spreier frøa etter at dei har ete frukta.

Busken er ei viktig matkjelde for ei rekke dyr som tjukkhornsau, kvithalehjort og grizzlybjørn. Husdyr som storfe og sau kan ete av busken. Mange fuglar og små pattedyr nyttar busken for mat og skjul. Kinnposerotter kan grave holer under snøbærbusken om vinteren.

Indianarane nytta planta som medisin og til såpe, og nokre gonger til mat. Sjølve treet vart nytta som pilskaft.

Busken blir nytta for å hindre erosjon på flaummarkområde, og ho er planta i økologiske restaureringsprosjekt på forstyrra område som nedlagde gruver. Den kvite frukta gjer henne populær som prydplante.

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Snøbær ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Snøbær Snøbær Vitenskapelig(e)
navn
: Symphoricarpos albus Norsk(e) navn: — Hører til:

Snøbær eller vanlig snøbær (latin: Symphoricarpos albus) er en busk i snøbærslekta i kaprifolfamilien. Den vokser vilt i Nord-Amerika der den finnes i store deler av Canada og det nordlige USA. Den har vært registrert som hageplante i Norge fra i perioden 1790–1850.[1] Den brukes både som prydbusk og som hekkplante.[2]

Referanser

  1. ^ «Tusenårshagen: Artsdatabase». www.consideratecandidum.com. Besøkt 29. april 2017.
  2. ^ «Fakta om hekkplanter». www.hekkplanter.com (norsk). Besøkt 29. april 2017.
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Snøbær: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Snøbær eller vanlig snøbær (latin: Symphoricarpos albus) er en busk i snøbærslekta i kaprifolfamilien. Den vokser vilt i Nord-Amerika der den finnes i store deler av Canada og det nordlige USA. Den har vært registrert som hageplante i Norge fra i perioden 1790–1850. Den brukes både som prydbusk og som hekkplante.

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Śnieguliczka biała ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
 src=
Owoce

Śnieguliczka biała, syn. ś. białojagodowa (Symphoricarpos albus Duhamel) – gatunek krzewu z rodziny przewiertniowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, gdzie występuje od Kalifornii po Alaskę[2]. W Europie notowana od 1789. Spotyka się ją jako roślinę uprawną lub zdziczałą. W Polsce notowana od 1824; jest powszechnie uprawiana, łatwo dziczeje i jest inwazyjna[3]. Roślina trująca.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Krzew o wysokości 1–3 m, nagi. Gałęzie prosto wzniesione, cienkie, czworokanciaste.
Liście
Niebieskawozielone, okrągławo-eliptyczne, ok. 4 cm długości, pojedyncze lub klapowane.
Kwiaty
Różowo-białe, dzwonkowate, zebrane w szczytowe nibykłosy. Jest rośliną miododajną, kwiaty rozwijają się przez całe lato, dzięki czemu pszczoły mogą zbierać nektar przez długi okres. Mają drobny, 5-ząbkowy kielich, 5-łatkową, beczułkowatą i owłosioną wewnątrz koronę,1 słupek i 5 pręcików.
Owoce
Charakterystyczne, białe, gąbczaste jagody. Odmiana 'White Hedge' charakteryzuje się dużymi, białymi owocami.
Pęd
Młode pędy są owłosione.

Roślina trująca

Owoce zawierają saponiny i alkaloidy powodujące zatrucia po spożyciu ich w dużej ilości. Objawami są początkowo wymioty, przeczyszczenie, podrażnienie przewodu pokarmowego, a po wchłonięciu – porażenie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (majaczenia i śpiączka). Zatrucia leczy się płukaniem żołądka i objawowo[4].

Zastosowanie

  • Roślina ozdobna. Często sadzona w parkach, na skwerach i w ogródkach przydomowych. Szczególnie polecana jest na żywopłoty, bowiem dość dobrze znosi cięcie i po przycięciu się zagęszcza. Jest wytrzymała na mróz oraz suszę i mało wymagająca w stosunku do gleby – rośnie dobrze nawet na glebach bardzo jałowych, suchych i kamienistych. Jest odporna na zanieczyszczenia powietrza. Łatwo rozmnaża się z odrostów korzeniowych. Jej ozdobą są białe, średniej wielkości owoce, które bardzo długo utrzymują się na roślinie i zdobią krzew jesienią i zimą. Ponieważ dosyć dobrze znosi zacienienie, może być sadzona pod drzewami.
  • Roślina miododajna.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-04-27].
  2. a b Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-07-20].
  3. Leokadia Witkowska-Żuk: Rośliny leśne. Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2013. ISBN 978-83-7073-359-9.
  4. Maria Henneberg, Elżbieta Skrzydlewska (red.): Zatrucia roślinami wyższymi i grzybami. Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, 1984, s. 195-196. ISBN 83-200-0419-5.

Bibliografia

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
  2. Maciej Mynett, Magdalena Tomżyńska: Krzewy i drzewa ozdobne. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wyd., 1999. ISBN 83-7073-188-0.
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Śnieguliczka biała: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
 src= Owoce

Śnieguliczka biała, syn. ś. białojagodowa (Symphoricarpos albus Duhamel) – gatunek krzewu z rodziny przewiertniowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, gdzie występuje od Kalifornii po Alaskę. W Europie notowana od 1789. Spotyka się ją jako roślinę uprawną lub zdziczałą. W Polsce notowana od 1824; jest powszechnie uprawiana, łatwo dziczeje i jest inwazyjna. Roślina trująca.

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Symphoricarpus albus ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Symphoricarpus albus é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Caprifoliaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é (L.) S.F.Blake, tendo sido publicada em Rhodora 16: 118 (1914).[1]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.

Em termos de naturalidade é introduzida na região atrás indicada.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

  1. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 7 de Outubro de 2014 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/6000031>

Bibliografia

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Symphoricarpus albus: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Symphoricarpus albus é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Caprifoliaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é (L.) S.F.Blake, tendo sido publicada em Rhodora 16: 118 (1914).

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Snöbär ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV
 src=
Mogna och omogna snöbär.

Snöbär (Symphoricarpos albus) är en prydnadsbuske med vit frukt som tillhör familjen kaprifolväxter (Caprifoliaceae).

Blommorna är små och rosa, bladen milt blågröna. Växten skjuter många nya skott och förvildar sig lätt. Det svenska namnet syftar på fruktens färg. Frukten kallas i dagligt tal även för smällbär på grund av att den spricker med ett puffande ljud om den kläms ihop. När bären mognar kommer de att innehålla alltmer luft och mångdubblar därmed snabbt sin storlek. Det vetenskapliga namnet för släktet, Symphor-i-carpos, betyder "förenad frukt" och syftar på att bären sitter tätt ihop[1]. Bären innehåller ett för huden irriterande ämne och kan även ge upphov till magont och kräkningar[2]. Att leka med bären brukar dock inte vara farligt.

Snöbärsbuskar tenderar ofta att breda ut sig snabbt över stora områden. Botanikern Mora Aronsson räknar snöbär som en av de tio mest "invasiva" trädgårdsarterna.[3] Snöbär är en av de bästa foderväxterna för pollinerande insekter. Många olika arter insekter besöker blommorna. Växten har bra betyg i biodlarnas "Dragväxter".

Referenser

  1. ^ Corneliuson, Jens (1997). Växternas namn. Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 91-46-17102-9
  2. ^ Wigander, Millan (1976). Farliga växter. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Förlag. sid. 64. ISBN 91-20-04445-3
  3. ^ Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 23 maj 2011, På rymmen från våra trädgårdar


Externa länkar

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wikipedia SV

Snöbär: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV
 src= Mogna och omogna snöbär.

Snöbär (Symphoricarpos albus) är en prydnadsbuske med vit frukt som tillhör familjen kaprifolväxter (Caprifoliaceae).

Blommorna är små och rosa, bladen milt blågröna. Växten skjuter många nya skott och förvildar sig lätt. Det svenska namnet syftar på fruktens färg. Frukten kallas i dagligt tal även för smällbär på grund av att den spricker med ett puffande ljud om den kläms ihop. När bären mognar kommer de att innehålla alltmer luft och mångdubblar därmed snabbt sin storlek. Det vetenskapliga namnet för släktet, Symphor-i-carpos, betyder "förenad frukt" och syftar på att bären sitter tätt ihop. Bären innehåller ett för huden irriterande ämne och kan även ge upphov till magont och kräkningar. Att leka med bären brukar dock inte vara farligt.

Snöbärsbuskar tenderar ofta att breda ut sig snabbt över stora områden. Botanikern Mora Aronsson räknar snöbär som en av de tio mest "invasiva" trädgårdsarterna. Snöbär är en av de bästa foderväxterna för pollinerande insekter. Många olika arter insekter besöker blommorna. Växten har bra betyg i biodlarnas "Dragväxter".

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Symphoricarpos albus ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Symphoricarpos albus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Kim ngân. Loài này được (L.) S.F.Blake miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1914.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Symphoricarpos albus. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Tục đoạn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Symphoricarpos albus: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Symphoricarpos albus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Kim ngân. Loài này được (L.) S.F.Blake miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1914.

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Снежноягодник белый ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake

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ITIS 35332 NCBI 13702

Снежноя́годник бе́лый, или Снежноягодник кистистый (лат. Symphoricarpos albus) — кустарник, вид рода Снежноягодник семейства Жимолостные, декоративное растение. Родина — Северная Америка.

Ботаническое описание

Листопадный кустарник высотой до 1,5 метров с тонкими побегами.

Листья супротивные, яйцевидные или овальные, цельнокрайние, длиной до 2—5 см. С верхней стороны зелёные, голые, с нижней — сизые и слегка опушённые.

Цветки мелкие (0,6 см диаметром), с колокольчатым 4—5-лопастным розовым венчиком, собраны в густые кистевидные соцветия в пазухах листьев. Цветёт с мая по сентябрь.

Плоды шаровидные, диаметром до 1 см, белого цвета, с двумя косточками внутри, несъедобные. Созревают в сентябре, долго не опадают.

Применение

Применяется в качестве декоративного растения, в основном в живых изгородях, но хорошо смотрится и в одиночных посадках. Цветёт долго и обильно, на растении можно увидеть и цветки и плоды одновременно. Зимостойкость высокая, неприхотлив, хорошо переносит стрижку.

Размножают снежноягодник отводками, черенками, делением куста и семенами.

  •  src=

    Цветки снежноягодника

  •  src=

    Плод снежноягодника в разрезе

  •  src=

    Куст снежноягодника с плодами

Литература

  • Головкин Б. Н. и др. Декоративные растения СССР. — М.: Мысль, 1986.
  • Гроздова Н. Б. и др. Деревья, кустарники и лианы: Справ. пособие. — М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1986. — С. 125.

Ссылки

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Снежноягодник белый: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию

Снежноя́годник бе́лый, или Снежноягодник кистистый (лат. Symphoricarpos albus) — кустарник, вид рода Снежноягодник семейства Жимолостные, декоративное растение. Родина — Северная Америка.

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인동딸기 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

인동딸기(common snowberry)[1]인동과 인동딸기속에 속하는 현화식물이다. 북아메리카 원산으로 캐나다미국 북부와 서부에 많다.[2][3] 학명은 심포리카르포스 알부스(Symphoricarpos albus).

각주

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