dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 9.8 years (captivity) Observations: In the wild, these animals appear to live up to 5 years. In captivity, they have been reported to live more than 9 years (http://www.demogr.mpg.de/longevityrecords). One captive specimen lived 8.4 years at Tulsa Zoo (Richard Weigl 2005). There are anecdotal reports, which may be true, of one animal living 9.8 years in captivity (Steven Austad, pers. comm.). Other estimates suggest they may live over 10 years (Chapman et al. 1980), but this is unverified.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Behavior ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Eastern cottontails have excellent vision, hearing, and sense of smell. Eastern cottontails make many sounds. They have cries of worry that are used to startle an enemy and warn others of danger. They grunt if predators approach a nesting female and her litter. They also make squeals during mating.

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Eastern cottontails are common throughout their range.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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Eastern cottontails cause a great deal of damage in their search for food. They are pests to gardeners and farmers in the summer. In the winter, they are a threat to the orchardist, forester and landscaper. In addition, humans may contract the bacterial disease tularemia from handling the carcass of an infected cottontail.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); crop pest

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Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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The eastern cottontail is abundant and edible, therefore making it a prominent game species. It is hunted for sport, meat, and fur.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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The eastern cottontail is a vegetarian, with the majority of its diet made up of complex carbohydrates and cellulose. The digestion of these substances is made possible by caecal fermentation. The cottontail must reingest fecal pellets to reabsorb nutrients from its food after this process. Their diet varies between seasons due to availability. In the summer, green plants are favored. About 50% of the cottontail's intake is grasses, including bluegrass and wild rye. Other summer favorites are wild strawberry, clover and garden vegtables. In the winter, the cottontail subsists on woody plant parts, including the twigs, bark and buds of oak, dogwood, sumac, maple and birch. As the snow accumulates, cottontails have access to the higher trunk and branches. Feeding activity peaks 2-3 hours after dawn and the hour after sunset.

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Lignivore)

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Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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The eastern cottontail has the widest distribution of any Sylvilagus. It is found from southern Manitoba and Quebec to Central and northwestern South America. In the contiguous United States, the eastern cottontail ranges from the east to the Great Plains in the west.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Historically, the eastern cottontail inhabited deserts, swamps and hardwood forests, as well as rainforests and boreal forests. Currently, the eastern cottontail prefers edge environments between woody vegetation and open land. Its range of habitats includes meadows, orchards, farmlands, hedgerows and areas with second growth shrubs, vines and low deciduous trees. The eastern cottontail occurs sympatrically with many other leporids, including six species of Sylvilagus and six species of Lepus.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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Eastern cottontails are short-lived. Most do not survive beyond their third year.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
3.0 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
9.0 years.

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Adult eastern cottontails reach a length of 395 to 477 mm. A dense, buffy brown underfur and longer, coarser gray- and black-tipped guard hairs cover the back of the eastern cottontail. Its rump and flanks are gray, and it has a prominent rufous patch on its nape. The ventral surface is white. The eastern cottontail shows the white underside of its short tail when it is running. This rabbit undergoes two molts per year. The spring molt, lasting from mid-April to mid-July, leaves a short summer coat that is more brown. From mid-September to the end of October, the change to longer, grayer pelage occurs for winter. The eastern cottontail has four pairs of mammary glands. It also has distinctive large eyes for its size.

Range mass: 0.8 to 1.53 kg.

Range length: 395.0 to 477.0 mm.

Average length: 430.0 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Eastern cottontails can escape predators with their fast, jumping form of locomotion. They can run at speeds of up to 18 miles per hour. They will either flush, freeze, or slink to escape danger. Flushing is a fast, zig-zag dash to an area of cover. Slinking is moving low to the ground with the ears laid back to avoid detection. Freezing is simply remaining motionless.

Known Predators:

  • hawks (Accipitridae)
  • owls (Strigiformes)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • weasels (Mustela)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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A mating pair performs an interesting ritual before copulation. This usually occurs after dark. The buck chases the doe until she eventually turns and faces him. She then spars at him with her forepaws. They crouch, facing each other, until one of the pair leaps about 2 feet in the air. This behavior is repeated by both animals before mating.

Mating System: polygynous

The beginning of reproductive activity in the eastern cottontail is related to the onset of the adult molt. Sexual maturity occurs around 2 to 3 months. An average of 25% of young are produced by juveniles (Banfield, 1981). Bucks are in breeding condition by mid-February and are active until September. Does are polyoestrus, with their first heat occurring in late February. The time of initial reproductive activity varies with latitude and elevation, occurring later at higher conditions of both. The onset of breeding is also controlled by temperature, availability of succulent vegetation and the change in photoperiod (Chapman et al., 1980). Does can have anywhere from 1 to 7 litters per year, but average 3 to 4. Gestation is typically between 25 and 28 days. A few days before the birth of her young, the doe prepares a grass and fur-lined nest. The nest is usually in a hollow beneath a shrub or a log or in tall grass. Litter size varies from 1 to 12 neonates with an average of 5. The newborns weigh 25 to 35 g, and are altricial; they are blind and naked. The young grow rapidly, initially about 2.5 g a day. Their eyes open around day 4 or 5, and they can leave the nest after about two weeks. The litter receives minimal care from their mother; they are nursed once or twice daily. Weaning occurs between 16 and 22 days. Litter mates become intolerant of each other and disperse at around seven weeks. The doe mates soon after her first litter, and she is often near the end of gestation as the current litter is leaving the nest.

Breeding interval: Does can have 1 to 7 litters in a year, but average 3 to 4.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from February to September.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 12.

Average number of offspring: 5.

Range gestation period: 25 to 28 days.

Range weaning age: 16 to 22 days.

Range time to independence: 4 to 5 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 40 g.

Average number of offspring: 5.

Eastern cottontail females construct a nest in a protected place a few days before giving birth. They care for their young in the nest and nurse them until they are about 16 days old.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)

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書目引用
Mikita, K. 1999. "Sylvilagus floridanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sylvilagus_floridanus.html
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Kimberly Mikita, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associated Plant Communities ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, hardwood, natural, swamp

The eastern cottontail uses the broadest range of habitats of any
cottontail (Sylvilagus spp.) [48]. Eastern cottontails typically occupy
fields, farms, and woodlands. Historically eastern cottontails were
associated with natural glades and woodlands, prairies, swamps, deserts,
hardwood forests, temperate rainforests, and boreal forests [10,48].

In New York eastern cottontails occur in pitch pine (Pinus rigida)-white
oak (Quercus alba)-scarlet oak (Q. coccinea)-black oak (Q. velutina)
woodlands with black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) and lowbush
blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans) in the understory [49].

Eastern cottontails preferred prairie-eastern redcedar (Juniperus
virginiana) and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica)-post oak (Q.
stellata)-prairie ecotone habitats over other types in the Oklahoma
Cross Timbers. Mature hardwood overstory and mixed-brush habitats were
avoided [41]. In central Arizona eastern cottontails are present in
ponderosa pine (P. ponderoas)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)-white
fir (Abies concolor) communities, with alligator juniper (Juniperus
deppeana) and Gambel oak (Q. gambelii) [13].

In Texas eastern cottontails occur in the Big Bend area in communities
dominated by creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), prickly pear (Opuntia
spp.), tarbush (Flourensia cernua), mesquites (Prosopis spp.), and
ocotillo (Fouqueria splendens) [18].

Eastern cottontails are present in the Great Dismal Swamp, North
Carolina, in mixed hardwood forests dominated by red maple (Acer
rubrum), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), oaks (Quercus spp.), slash pine
(Pinus elliottii), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); and in swamps
dominated by baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and water tupelo (Nyssa
aquatica), or Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) [29].

In Alabama eastern cottontails are found in woodlands dominated by
shortleaf pine (P. echinata), southern red oak (Quercus falcata),
sweetgum, yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and other oaks and
hickories (Carya spp.). Understory species include broomsedge
(Andropogon virginicus), panicums (Panicum spp.), other grasses,
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and seedlings of overstory trees.
Eastern cottontails are also found in fields including alfalfa (Medicago
sativa), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), white clover (Trifolium incana),
and dallisgrass (Paspalus dilatatum) [57].

Southwestern ponderosa pine forest: Cottontails including eastern
cottontail occur in minor populations in southwestern ponderosa pine
forests; this scarcity may be due to lack of surface cover [12].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
eastern cottontail
cottontail rabbit
Florida cottontail
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent
changes in status may not be included.
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Requirements ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, herbaceous, shrubs

Eastern cottontails forage in open areas and use brush piles, stone
walls with shrubs around them, herbaceous and shrubby plants, and
burrows or dens for escape cover, shelter, and resting cover [17].
Woody cover is extremely important for the survival and abundance of
eastern cottontails [1]. Eastern cottontails do not dig their own dens
(other than nest holes) but use burrows dug by other species [27]. In
winter when deciduous plants are bare eastern cottontails forage in less
secure cover and travel greater distances [1]. Eastern cottontails
probably use woody cover more during the winter, particularly in areas
where cover is provided by herbaceous vegetation in summer [9]. In
Florida slash pine flatwoods, eastern cottontails use low saw-palmetto
(Serenoa repens) patches for cover within grassy areas [38].

Most nest holes are constructed in grasslands (including hayfields) [1].
The nest is concealed in grasses or weeds. Nests are also constructed
in thickets, orchards, and scrubby woods [27]. In southeastern Illinois
tallgrass prairie, eastern cottontail nests were more common in
undisturbed prairie grasses than in high-mowed or hayed plots [64]. In
Iowa most nests were within 70 yards (64.2 m) of brush cover in
herbaceous vegetation at least 4.0 inches (10.2 cm) tall. Nests in
hayfields were in vegetation less than 7.8 inches (20.0 cm ) tall [30].
Average depth of nest holes is 4.7 inches (120 mm), average width 5
inches (126 mm), and average length 7 inches (180 mm). The nest is
lined with grass and fur [9,48].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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The eastern cottontail range extends from the Great Plains and
throughout the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada south
through eastern Mexico and central America and west into parts of Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona [17,27]. Transplanted eastern cottontails have
established large breeding populations in Washington and Oregon [48].
The range of eastern cottontail overlaps those of six other cottontails
(Sylvilagus spp.) and six species of hares (Lepus spp.) [10].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Food Habits ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, herbaceous

The diet of eastern cottontails is varied and largely dependent on
availability. Eastern cottontails eat vegetation almost exclusively;
arthropods have occasionally been found in pellets [15]. Some studies
list as many as 70 [15], 100 [16], or 145 plant species [39] in local
diets. Food items include bark, twigs, leaves, fruit, buds, flowers,
grass seeds, sedge fruits, and rush seeds. Numerous studies of local
eastern cottontail diet are summarized by Chapman and others [9]. There
is a preference for small material: branches, twigs, and stems up to
0.25 inch (0.6 cm) [26]. Leporids including eastern cottontails are
coprophagus, producing two types of fecal pellets one of which is
consumed. The redigestion of pellets greatly increases the nutritional
value of dietary items [9,17,48].

Summer Diet: Eastern cottontails consume tender green herbaceous
vegetation when it is available. In many areas Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratense) and Canada bluegrass (P. compressa) are important dietary
components [10,39]. Other favored species include clovers (Trifolium
spp.) and crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.) [34]. In Connecticut important
summer foods include clovers, alfalfa, timothy (Phleum pratense),
bluegrasses (Poa spp.), quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), crabgrasses,
redtop (Agrostis alba), ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), goldenrods
(Solidago spp.), plantains (Plantago spp.), chickweed (Stellaria media),
and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Eastern cottontails also consume
many domestic crops [27].

Fall, Winter, and Early Spring Diet: During the dormant season, or when
green vegetation is covered with snow, eastern cottontails consume
twigs, buds, and bark of woody vegetation [34]. In Connecticut
important winter foods include gray birch (Betula populifolia), red
maple, and smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) [15].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat-related Fire Effects ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, density, fuel, herb, herbaceous, low-severity fire, prescribed fire, shrub, shrubs

Fire's effects on habitat depend on fire characteristics. Soils lose
fewer nutrients in low-severity fire than in severe fire. Severe fire
volatilizes nutrients and occasionally decreases wettability of the soil
surface. Low-severity fire increases herb diversity and stimulates
growth, particularly among native legumes. Improved nutritional levels
in forage species have been reported after fire. Soil fertilization may
increase eastern cottontail ovulation rates [32].

In southeastern Illinois tallgrass prairie eastern cottontails preferred
3-year postfire communities that had not been mowed over unburned plots
and 3-year postfire plots that had been mowed [64]. In south-central
Iowa prescribed fires resulted in declines in eastern cottontail habitat
quality during the first few postfire months, but habitat quality
improved thereafter until it met or exceeded prefire levels [24].

In Oklahoma Cross Timbers habitats, pastures (some in post oak-blackjack
oak stands) were treated with herbicides (two types) in 1983 to control
shrubs, then burned in 1985 to maintain shrub control. There was a
gradual decline in eastern cottontail populations on all treatments
which was attributed to population cyclicity. However, eastern
cottontail density was higher on herbicide-only treated pastures and on
herbicide-burned pastures than on plots that were not treated with
herbicide and not burned. The herbicide treatments reduced shrub height
but increased stem density. Fire encouraged the growth of herbaceous
plants. The authors concluded that herbicide with or without fire has
no adverse impacts on resident eastern cottontail populations, and that
treatment areas had more preferred habitat than control areas [41].

In Alabama shortleaf pine-hardwood woodlands eastern cottontail
populations were similar on annually and biennially burned plots.
Annually burned plots usually had little fuel and thus experienced
low-severity fire that burned less than 50 percent of aboveground
vegetation. On biennially burned plots fuels were plentiful and
supported severe fire that removed all herbaceous vegetation. Eastern
cottontails chose artificial brushpiles more frequently on biennially
burned plots than on annually burned plots in immediate postfire
periods. Eastern cottontails moved off of severe fire plots during the
immediate postfire period [36,57].

In Florida cattle ranges in slash pine-palmetto flatwoods are maintained
in open condition by frequent prescribed fire. Eastern cottontails use
saw-palmetto patches for cover and saw-palmetto is encouraged by
frequent fire [38].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch-red maple
20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine-hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock-yellow birch
25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch
26 Sugar maple-basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry-maple
35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir
40 Post oak-blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
50 Black locust
51 White pine-chestnut oak
52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak
60 Beech-sugar maple
61 River birch-sycamore
62 Silver maple-American elm
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras-persimmon
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
68 Mesquite
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak
72 Southern scrub oak
74 Cabbage palmetto
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine-oak
80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine-hardwood
83 Longleaf pine-slash pine
84 Slash pine
87 Sweetgum-yellow-poplar
88 Willow oak-water oak-diamondleaf oak
89 Live oak
97 Atlantic white-cedar
101 Baldcypress
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
111 South Florida slash pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest, shrub, woodland

K005 Mixed conifer forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K027 Mesquite bosque
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush-bursage
K044 Creosotebush-tarbush
K045 Ceniza shrub
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalograss
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K083 Cedar glades
K086 Juniper-oak savanna
K088 Fayette prairie
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce-fir forest
K099 Maple-basswood forest
K102 Beech-maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K105 Mangrove
K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest
K111 Oak-hickory-pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
K115 Sand pine scrub
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: association, forb, hardwood, shrub, shrubland, woodland

107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
203 Riparian woodland
210 Bitterbrush
211 Creosotebush scrub
409 Tall forb
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
422 Riparian
502 Grama-galleta
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma
732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
733 Juniper-oak
801 Savanna
804 Tall fescue
805 Riparian
810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills
811 South Florida flatwoods
812 North Florida flatwoods
813 Cutthroat seeps
814 Cabbage palm flatwoods
815 Upland hardwood hammocks
816 Cabbage palm hammocks
817 Oak hammocks
820 Everglades flatwoods
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, herbaceous, natural, prescribed fire, presence, shrub, tree

The eastern cottontail has major economic importance as a game species
for both meat and fur production; it is also of economic importance as
prey of furbearers (bobcat, coyote, foxes etc.) [25,34]. Since eastern
populations remain relatively stable they are an important prey item for
the endangered red wolf (Canis rufus) breeding population at Gulf
Islands National Seashore [55]. Eastern cottontails are potential prey
for the endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), particularly
in prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies [31]. The eastern cottontail is
common in suburban to urban areas and is an economically important pest
there as well as in in farmlands and tree plantations [26,48].
Transplantation of eastern cottontail populations has had impacts on
other species; in New England the decline of the New England cottontail
(Sylvilagus transitionalis) has been attributed at least in part to
eastern cottontail introduction [9,48].

Population Status: In Illinois eastern cottontails increased in
abundance with agricultural development in the early postsettlement
period [42]. However, more recent changes in intensity of agriculture,
which have reduced the amount and size of areas of suitable habitat,
have contributed to a decline in eastern cottontail populations [1,25].
Reduced eastern cottontail numbers are associated with the decrease in
the number and size of individual farms and the amount of land devoted
to hay and oats because of increased emphasis on more valuable grains
[19]. Other changes include reductions in grasslands, reductions in
stream and river bottom forests and woodlots, and plowing of weedy and
brushy pastures [1,25]. In Illnois population indices for the period
1956 to 1978 indicate declines of at least 70 percent statewide, and 90
to 95 percent in intensively farmed areas [19]. In Ohio eastern
cottontail abundance declined by 70 percent from 1956 to 1983 in spite
of efforts to maintain populations [7]. In Kentucky conversion of
pastures to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) has reduced eastern
cottontail reproductive rates because of the presence of an unpalatable
endophytic fungus (Acremonium ceonophialum) associated with the tall
fescue [25]. Boyd [7] reviewed causes of eastern cottontail population
declines.

Pest Control: Lethal control methods (trapping, shooting) are expensive
and effective only in the short term. Nonlethal control methods are
also expensive but often effective. Exclosures and repellants are the
most effective methods to reduce damage by rabbits. Silvicultural
practices that reduce cover in and around plantations, particularly on
roadsides, are the most effective way to reduce rabbit damage [26].

Habitat management: In most areas eastern cottontail habitat can be
improved by the interspersion of old fields with briar thickets and
creation of edge by breaking up large areas of monocultures. Artificial
cover in the form of brush piles 13 to 20 feet (4-6 m) in diameter and 3
to 7 feet (1-2 m) high is effective for up to 5 years. Shrub plantings
should include thorny species that maintain a low, dense cover
resembling multiflora rose (multiflora rose is not recommended because
of its propensity to spread into other areas [10]). Prescribed fire can
be used to improve cover (see FIRE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT) [1,9]. Any
activity that reduces cover, such as burning followed by grazing,
decreases habitat quality [1,10].

In southwestern ponderosa pine forests cottontail numbers can be
increased by management that encourages dense natural or artificial
regeneration, by the retention of piled slash, or by encouragement of
herbaceous and shrub growth after timber harvest [12,13]. In central
Louisiana eastern cottontails were present in longleaf pine (Pinus
palustris)-slash pine woodlands in slightly greater numbers in
regeneration stands than in sapling, sawtimber, or pole-size stands
[47]. In northern Georgia, forage biomass was greater on all
site-preparation treatments after timber harvest than on unlogged
control sites; harvested sites are potentially better habitat for
eastern cottontails, but eastern cottontails were not plentiful enough
on the site to distinguish between treatments [22]. Increased
cottontail numbers have been noted where clearcuts have increased cover
in the form of slash piles, increased production of herbaceous plants,
and Gambel oak sprouts. Numbers also increased in areas with dense
ponderosa pine reproduction around 4 to 5 feet tall (1.2-1.5 m) [12].
Only agricultural land that was within 300 feet (91.4 m) of a woodlot
was used by eastern cottontails in southwestern Wisconsin [61].

Food availability is typically not the most important consideration in
eastern cottontail management since it is not usually considered a
limiting factor. Eastern cottontails select suitable cover over
abundant food supply if cover and abundant food are not found together
[1]. Korschgen [39] asserted that placement of preferred food plants
near permanent cover improves eastern cottontail habitat and
productivity.
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供

AL
AZ
AR
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
IL
IN

IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS

MO
MT
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH

OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
VT
VA

WA
WV
WI
WY

MB
ON
PQ
SK
YT

書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Predators ( 英語 )

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Major predators of eastern cottontail include domestic dog (Canis
familiaris), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), coyote (C. latrans),
bobcat (Lynx rufus), domestic cat (Felis cattus), weasels (Mustela
spp.), raccoon (Procyon lotor), mink (M. vison), great horned owl (Bubo
virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), hawks (Falconiformes), corvids
(Corvidae), and snakes [26,27]. In the Southwest cottontails including
eastern cottontail comprise 7 to 25 percent of the diets of northern
goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) [50]. In Texas eastern cottontails are
preyed on by coyotes more heavily in early spring and in fall than in
summer or winter [2]. In southwestern North Dakota cottontails (both
eastern and desert cottontail [Sylvilagus auduboni]) were major prey
items in the diets of bobcats [62].

Predators that take nestlings include raccoon, badger (Taxidea taxus),
skunks (Mephitis and Spilogale spp.), and Virginia opossum (Didelphis
marsupialis) [52]. In central Missouri eastern cottontails comprised
the majority of biomass in the diet of red-tailed hawks (Buteo
jamaicensis) during the nesting season [60]. In Pennsylvania the chief
predator of eastern cottontails is the great horned owl [52].

Juvenile eastern cottontails are rare in the diet of short-eared owls
(Asio flammeus) [33]. Trace amounts of eastern cottontail remains have
been detected in black bear (Ursus americanus) scat [29].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Preferred Habitat ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, forest, herbaceous, presence, shrubs, succession, vine

Optimal eastern cottontail habitat includes open grassy areas,
clearings, and old fields supporting abundant green grasses and herbs,
with shrubs in the area or edges for cover [34]. The essential
components of eastern cottontail habitat are an abundance of
well-distributed escape cover (dense shrubs) interspersed with more open
foraging areas such as grasslands and pastures [1]. Habitat parameters
important for eastern cottontails in ponderosa pine, mixed species, and
pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands include woody
debris, herbaceous and shrubby understories, and patchiness [50].
Typically eastern cottontails occupy habitats in and around farms
including fields, pastures, open woods, thickets associated with
fencerows, wooded thickets, forest edges, and suburban areas with
adequate food and cover. They are also found in swamps and marshes and
usually avoid dense woods [17,27]. They are seldom found in deep woods
[27].

In Maryland eastern cottontails use forest edges and strip vegetation;
rose (usually multiflora rose [Rosa multiflora]) hedgerows are most
heavily used [46]. In Ohio preferred habitats include patches of
briars, vine entanglements, brush piles, and small conifers [7].

In Michigan abandoned farmlands in various stages of succession were
assessed for eastern cottontail habitat. Eastern cottontails were
present in all stages, but were most abundant from the fourth to the
sixth years after the last crop. Most use occurred in grass/perennials
and mixed herbaceous perennials. Hayfields were preferred as nesting
sites. Eastern cottontail numbers decreased through succession as
tolerant trees and canopy cover increased and shrubby ground cover
decreased [4].

In fragmented farmland habitats in southern Minnesota eastern cottontail
use is associated with dense woody vegetation and artificial cover
(brush piles), particularly in shelterbelts, strip vegetation
(uncultivated areas between fields), fencerows, and roadsides [58].

In western South Dakota eastern cottontails are associated with
black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies due to the
presence of higher vegetative diversity around black-tailed prairie dog
colonies than in the surrounding prairie [53].

In Colorado cottontails, including eastern cottontail, were present in
greater numbers in ungrazed bottomlands than on grazed areas. Within
the grazed areas eastern cottontails were present only where shrubs had
been moderately (instead of heavily) browsed [14].

In the Southeast eastern cottontails were most abundant in cultivated
areas, broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) fields, and pine-hardwoods [44].

Home Range: The eastern cottontail home range is roughly circular in
uniform habitats. Eastern cottontails typically inhabit one home range
throughout their lifetime, but home range shifts in response to
vegetation changes and weather are common [1]. In New England eastern
cottontail home ranges average 1.4 acres (0.57 ha) for adult males and
1.2 acres (0.48 ha) for adult females [43] but vary in size from 0.5
acre to 40 acres (0.2-16.2 ha), depending on season, habitat quality,
and individual [17]. The largest ranges are occupied by adult males
during the breeding season. In southwestern Wisconsin adult male home
ranges averaged 6.9 acres (2.8 ha) in spring, increased to 10 acres (4.0
ha) in early summer, and decreased to 3.7 acres (1.5 ha) by late summer
[61]. Daily activity is usually restricted to 10 to 20 percent of the
overall home range [1].

In southeastern Wisconsin home ranges of males overlapped by up to 50
percent, but female home ranges did not overlap by more than 25 percent
and actual defense of range by females occurred only in the immediate
area of the nest. Males fight each other to establish dominance
hierarchy and mating priority [61].

Population Density: Local concentrations of up to eight eastern
cottontails per acre (20/ha) have been recorded, but densities are
usually lower [9]. In Kansas peak population density was 2.59 rabbits
per acre (6.4/ha) [3]. Density is regulated by mortality and dispersal
[9,25].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

5 Columbia Plateau
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name for eastern cottontail is
Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen) [9,10,28,48]. Chapman and others
[10] listed 35 accepted subspecies, the majority of which occur in
Mexico. It has been remarked that extensive transplantation of eastern
cottontails throughout this century has rendered subspecific
designations somewhat meaningless, particularly in eastern North
America. The type subspecies locale is Florida [11].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Timing of Major Life History Events ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, crepuscular, litter

Diurnal Activity: Eastern cottontails are crepuscular to nocturnal
feeders; although they usually spend most of the daylight hours resting
in shallow depressions under vegetative cover or other shelter; they
can be seen at any time of day [17,48]. Eastern cottontails are most
active when visibility is limited, such as rainy or foggy nights [27].
Eastern cottontails usually move only short distances, and they may
remain sitting very still for up to 15 minutes at a time [48].

Eastern cottontails are active year-round [48].

Breeding Season: The onset of breeding varies between populations and
within populations from year to year. The eastern cottontail breeding
season begins later with higher latitudes and elevations. Temperature
rather than diet has been suggested as a primary factor controlling
onset of breeding; many studies correlate severe weather with delays in
the onset of breeding [10]. In New England breeding occurs from March
to September [17]. In New York the breeding season occurs from February
to September, in Connecticut from mid-March to mid-September. In
Alabama the breeding season begins in January. In Georgia the breeding
season lasts 9 months and in Texas breeding occurs year-round [10,48].
Populations in western Oregon breed from late January to early September
[10]. Mating is promiscuous [27].

Gestation and Development of Young: The nest is a slanting hole dug in
soft soil and lined with vegetation and fur. The average measurements
are: length 7.09 inches (18.03 cm), width 4.9 inches (12.57 cm), and
depth 4.71 inches (11.94 cm) [9]. The average period of gestation is
28 days, ranging from 25 to 35 days [48]. Eastern cottontail young are
born with a very fine coat of hair and are blind. Their eyes begin to
open by 4 to 7 days. Young begin to move out of the nest for short
trips by 12 to 16 days and are completely weaned and independent by 4
to 5 weeks [9,48,63]. Litters disperse at about 7 weeks [17]. Females
do not stay in the nest with the young but return to the opening of the
nest to nurse, usually twice a day [48,63].

Reproductive Potential: Reproductive maturity occurs at about 2 to 3
months of age. A majority of females first breed the spring following
birth [17]; but 10 to 36 percent of females breed as juveniles (i.e.,
summer of the year they were born) [52]. A typical litter in New
England is four or five young, ranging from three to eight [17]. In
Maryland the average litter size is 5.01 young, and ranges from 1 to 12.
In the South female eastern cottontails have more litters per year (up
to 7) but fewer young per litter [10,48]. In New England female eastern
cottontails have three or four litters per year [17]. The annual
productivity of females may be as high as 35 young [48]. Mammalian life
tables were compiled by Millar and Zammuto [45] and include eastern
cottontail data. Wainright [63] reviewed the literature on eastern
cottontail reproduction.

Mortality/Survivorship: In Kansas the largest cause of mortality of
radiotracked eastern cottontails was predation (43%), followed by
research mortalities (19%), and tularemia (18%) [3]. A major cause of
eastern cottontail mortality is collision with automobiles. In Missouri
it was estimated that 10 eastern cottontails are killed annually per
mile of road. The peak period of highway mortality is in spring (March
through May); roadside vegetation greens up before adjacent fields and
is highly attractive to eastern cottontails [52].

Annual adult survival is estimated at 20 percent. Average longevity is
15 months in the wild; the longest lived wild individual on record was 5
years old. Captive eastern cottontails have lived to at least 9 years
of age [48].

Diseases and Pests: Eastern cottontails are hosts to fleas, ticks, lice,
cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, gray flesh fly larvae, botfly larvae,
tularemia, shopes fibroma, torticollis, and streptothricosis cutaneous
[27]. Further summary of diseases and pests is available [9].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Use of Fire in Population Management ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, fire regime, frequency, prescribed fire, shrub, top-kill

Prescribed fire is the most useful tool for enhancing eastern cottontail
habitat since it can be used to control the amount of brushy cover and
available forage [9]. In New York prescribed fire every third year in
shrub stands within pitch pine-oak woodlands maintains shrub cover
adequate for eastern cottontails [49].

In Pennsylvania manipulation of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and alder
(Alnus spp.) can be achieved with prescribed fire. Hawthorns are an
important food for eastern cottontails in the area, and can be
encouraged by periodic application of fire, since hawthorns sprout after
top-kill by fire [8].

In the Southeast pine woodlands are managed with frequent fire; eastern
cottontail habitat is usually at least adequate in managed pine stands.
Additional benefits of fire include reduction of eastern cottontail
parasites. Pine plantations are good eastern cottontail habitat for the
first five growing seasons after site preparation. They deteriorate
with increased canopy closure and do not improve until prescribed fire
(usually initiated in the ninth season) and/or thinning (usually
initiated in the fifteenth season) are implemented. To benefit eastern
cottontails, fire should be used at a frequency sufficient to maintain
open conditions and discourage broomsedge, but at long enough intervals
to retain some shrub cover and winter browse. There is a need to
balance annual fire, which increases summer forage, and longer-interval
fires to maintain shrubby areas. Prescribed fire for eastern cottontail
management therefore needs to be planned so as to leave patches of areas
in different postfire stages, with sufficient annual burn plots to
provide summer forage [32].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Sylvilagus floridanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由INBio提供
Viven en bosques secos, bosques de galería, charrales, y bordes de bosques.

許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
INBio, Costa Rica
作者
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
編輯者
The Nature Conservancy
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Diagnostic Description ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由INBio提供
Localidad del tipo: Río Sebastian, Brevard Co., Florida, USA.
Depositario del tipo: AMNH 1890/1155, piel, craneo.
Recolector del tipo:
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INBio, Costa Rica
作者
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Benefits ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由INBio提供
Su carne es utilizada para consumo humano.

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版權
INBio, Costa Rica
作者
Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
編輯者
The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Diagnostic Description ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由INBio提供
Longitud de la cabeza y cuerpo 337- 423mm, longitud de la cola 47-66mm, longitud del pie 87-102mm, longitud de la oreja 50-71mm, peso 0.63-1.4kg.

Tamaño mediano con una cola corta y algodonosa. La parte dorsal es café amarillenta pálida salpicada con negro, los costados son más pálidos. La nuca y las patas son anaranjadas. La parte inferior de ellas es blancuzca. La garganta es café amarillento pálido y la del vientre es blancuzca. Las orejas y las patas son moderadamente largas. La cola es café por arriba y blanca por abajo. Los ojos son brillantes y presentan un color rojizo, ante el reflejo de la luz.

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Reproduction ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Tienen de dos a siete crías por camada, las cuales nacen ciegas, desnudas y desvalidas.

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Associations ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Son depredados por "coyotes" (Canis latrans), gavilanes, lechuzas y serpientes.

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Trophic Strategy ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Son herbívoros y se alimentan casi de cualquier material vegetal.

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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Tierras bajas y secas de Guanacaste, noroeste del país, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 400m., aproximadamente.


Distribucion General: Desde Canadá y E.E.U.U. hasta el noroeste de Costa Rica; norte de Colombia y Venezuela. Se localiza desde las tierras bajas hasta los 3.300m.s.n.m.

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Behavior ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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La madriguera se construye con hierbas secas y se reviste con pelos de la hembra.

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Konikl Florida ( 布列塔尼語 )

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Konikl Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus) a zo ur bronneg geotdebrer a-orin eus reter Norzhamerika, Kreiz ha Suamerika.

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Conill de Florida ( 加泰隆語 )

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El conill de Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus) és un conill del gènere Sylvilagus. És una de les espècies de conill més comunes de Nord-amèrica. És d'un color tacat marró-vermell o marró-gris, té unes grans potes posteriors, orelles llargues i una curta cua estufada i blanca. La part ventral és blanca. Té una taca de color rovellat a la cua.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Conill de Florida Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Conill de Florida: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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El conill de Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus) és un conill del gènere Sylvilagus. És una de les espècies de conill més comunes de Nord-amèrica. És d'un color tacat marró-vermell o marró-gris, té unes grans potes posteriors, orelles llargues i una curta cua estufada i blanca. La part ventral és blanca. Té una taca de color rovellat a la cua.

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Králík východoamerický ( 捷克語 )

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Králík východoamerický (Sylvilagus floridanus) je druh králíka vyskytující se v Severní Americe. Jeho areál sahá od oblasti Velkých kanadských jezer až po Venezuelu, začíná se šířit také v Nové Anglii, kde vytlačuje původního králíka rezavého.

Králík východoamerický má šedě zbarvenou srst, která místy přechází do rezavé. Dosahuje délky 36 až 48 cm a váhy okolo 1200 gramů. Délka ocasu činí 4-6 cm, délka ušního boltce 5-7 cm. Charakteristickým znakem je bílé chmýří na spodní straně ocasu, které mu dalo anglický název cottontail (bavlněný ocas).

Živí se výhradně rostlinnou potravou, spásá především lipnici luční. Vyhledává otevřené krajiny, v hlubokých lesích se nevyskytuje. Odvažuje se do blízkosti lidských sídel, je dosti hojný. Ačkoli čtyři pětiny mláďat zahynou v prvním roce života (hlavními predátory jsou liška šedá, kojot prérijní a výr virginský, mnoho králíků také hyne pod koly automobilů nebo jsou zadáveni domácími psy), tento úbytek vyvažuje vysoká natalita: samice vrhne třikrát do roka čtyři až pět mláďat, která dosáhnou pohlavní dospělosti už ve dvou měsících.

Tento druh žije nočním způsobem života, je to výrazně teritoriální zvíře. Nevyhrabává nory, skrývá se v houštinách nebo mělkých dolících. V zimě dokáže přežívat i pod sněhem.

Seznam geografických poddruhů

  • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
  • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
  • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
  • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
  • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
  • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
  • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Králík východoamerický: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Králík východoamerický (Sylvilagus floridanus) je druh králíka vyskytující se v Severní Americe. Jeho areál sahá od oblasti Velkých kanadských jezer až po Venezuelu, začíná se šířit také v Nové Anglii, kde vytlačuje původního králíka rezavého.

Králík východoamerický má šedě zbarvenou srst, která místy přechází do rezavé. Dosahuje délky 36 až 48 cm a váhy okolo 1200 gramů. Délka ocasu činí 4-6 cm, délka ušního boltce 5-7 cm. Charakteristickým znakem je bílé chmýří na spodní straně ocasu, které mu dalo anglický název cottontail (bavlněný ocas).

Živí se výhradně rostlinnou potravou, spásá především lipnici luční. Vyhledává otevřené krajiny, v hlubokých lesích se nevyskytuje. Odvažuje se do blízkosti lidských sídel, je dosti hojný. Ačkoli čtyři pětiny mláďat zahynou v prvním roce života (hlavními predátory jsou liška šedá, kojot prérijní a výr virginský, mnoho králíků také hyne pod koly automobilů nebo jsou zadáveni domácími psy), tento úbytek vyvažuje vysoká natalita: samice vrhne třikrát do roka čtyři až pět mláďat, která dosáhnou pohlavní dospělosti už ve dvou měsících.

Tento druh žije nočním způsobem života, je to výrazně teritoriální zvíře. Nevyhrabává nory, skrývá se v houštinách nebo mělkých dolících. V zimě dokáže přežívat i pod sněhem.

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Florida-Waldkaninchen ( 德語 )

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Das Florida-Waldkaninchen (Sylvilagus floridanus), auch Östliches Baumwollschwanzkaninchen genannt, ist die in Nordamerika am weitesten verbreitete Art der Baumwollschwanzkaninchen. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Kanada (Süden Québecs und Manitobas) über die gesamten östlichen und zentralen Vereinigten Staaten und über Mexiko und Mittelamerika bis nach Kolumbien und Venezuela.

Merkmale

Wie alle Baumwollschwanzkaninchen haben auch Florida-Waldkaninchen ihren Namen wegen des weichen, weißen Fells an der Unterseite ihres Schwanzes. Wenn sie laufen, zeigen sie sie. Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge beträgt zwischen 40 und 49 cm, im Gegensatz zu den meisten Säugetieren sind die Weibchen größer als die Männchen. Ihr Gewicht beträgt 800 bis 1500 g. Ihr weiches Fell ist grau-schwarz meliert, während ihr dichtes Unterfell braun durchscheint. Der Rücken und die Seiten sind grau, der Bauch ist weiß und das Nackenfell rötlich-braun. Zweimal im Jahr wechseln sie ihr Fell, das Sommerkleid (Wechsel zwischen Mitte April und Mitte Juli) ist kurz und kräftig braun, das Winterkleid (Wechsel Mitte September bis Ende Oktober) ist länger und grau. Sie haben für ihre Körpergröße auffallend große, seitlich liegende Augen, mit denen sie einen sehr guten Rundblick haben. Die dunkelgrau-gelbbraunen, schwarz eingefassten, länglichen Ohren werden zwischen 50 und 70 mm lang, und der Schwanz weist eine Länge bis etwa 50 mm auf. Ihre etwa 90 bis 100 mm langen, gut entwickelten Hinterläufe ermöglichen den Florida-Waldkaninchen Sprünge von bis zu drei Metern und Geschwindigkeiten von 40 km/h. An den Vorderfüßen befinden sich fünf, an den Hinterfüßen vier Zehen. Am Bauch befinden sich vier Paar Gesäuge.

Florida-Waldkaninchen geben verschiedene Töne von sich:

  • Warnschreie: um einen Feind zu erschrecken oder andere vor Gefahren zu warnen
  • Kreischen: während der Kopulation
  • Grunzlaute: wenn sich ein Feind dem Nest oder dem Nachwuchs nähert

Unterscheidung

Da die Baumwollschwanzkaninchen sich sehr ähneln, ist die sichere Unterscheidung oft schwierig. So ist das Audubon-Baumwollschwanzkaninchen (Sylvilagus audubonii) geringfügig kleiner und langohriger als das Florida-Waldkaninchen, während das Berg-Baumwollschwanzkaninchen (Sylvilagus nuttallii) heller und deutlich kleiner ist.

Verhalten

 src=
Florida-Waldkaninchen

Florida-Waldkaninchen sind überwiegend nachtaktiv, jedoch kann man auch am frühen Vormittag und Abend einzelne Exemplare beobachten. Tagsüber liegen sie in ihrer flachen Sasse am Boden zwischen hohen Gräsern oder im Wald. Im Gegensatz zu vielen europäischen Kaninchenarten bauen sie sich keine Höhlen, aber bei Gefahr oder Kälte verkriechen sie sich in Bauten anderer Tiere, beispielsweise des Waldmurmeltiers (Marmota monax). Bei tiefem Schnee graben sich Florida-Waldkaninchen große Gangsysteme, vergleichbar mit denen von Feldmäusen und Schneehasen.

Florida-Waldkaninchen sind einzelgängerische Tiere, die aggressiv auf Artgenossen reagieren. Ihre Reviere variieren in der Größe, je nachdem, wie die Oberfläche beschaffen ist und was sie an Nahrung zu bieten haben. Somit beträgt die Revierfläche etwa zwei bis vier ha, zunehmend in der Fortpflanzungszeit. Männchen haben ein größeres Revier als Weibchen.

Florida-Waldkaninchen können sehr gut sehen, riechen und hören. Sie sind nachtaktiv und halten keinen Winterschlaf. Zur Beobachtung der Umgebung stellen sie sich auf die Hinterbeine und legen ihre Vorderpfoten an die Brust. Zur Fluchtmethodik zählen das plötzliche bewegungslose Hockenbleiben, das Hakenschlagen und das geduckte Kriechen mit angelegten Ohren. Florida-Waldkaninchen gehen nicht gern ins Wasser, es sei denn, sie werden von einem Feind dazu gedrängt.

Vorkommen

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Florida-Waldkaninchens
 src=
Das Florida-Waldkaninchen ist durch sein Fell optimal an seine Umgebung angepasst

Florida-Waldkaninchen kommen in Kanada vom Süden Québecs und Manitobas über das Gebiet der Rocky Mountains bis zum Atlantik und bis nach Kolumbien und Venezuela vor. Von allen Baumwollschwanzkaninchenarten besiedeln sie die größte Vielfalt an Lebensräumen, so findet man sie in Wüsten und Steppen, in Wäldern, Sümpfen und in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen. Früher kamen sie auch in Nadel- und Regenwäldern vor, heute bevorzugen sie jedoch Waldlichtungen, Waldränder und Moore. Ihr Habitat schließt Wiesen, Obstplantagen, Farmland, Flächen mit Hecken, halbwüchsigen Büschen und jungen Laubbäumen ein. Besonders die Weibchen, aber auch die Männchen, bleiben standorttreu in einem Gebiet, das sich meist mit dem anderer Artgenossen überschneidet. Man kann sie sehr häufig mit anderen Arten der Familie Hasen (Leporidae) entdecken.

Ernährung

Florida-Waldkaninchen nehmen zwei bis drei Stunden im Morgengrauen und eine Stunde nach Sonnenuntergang ihre Nahrung zu sich. Wie alle Kaninchen und Hasen ernähren sie sich vor allem von Gras und Kräutern, sie sind in ihrer Kost nicht wählerisch. Auch Früchte nehmen sie zu sich. Im Winter, wenn Nahrungsmangel herrscht, fressen sie aber auch die Rinde von Bäumen, Zweige und Samen.

Ihr Verdauungssystem ist sehr gut an ihre Nahrung angepasst, was dazu führt, dass sie zwei Formen von Kot absetzen: harte Kotpillen und weichen Kot. Letzteren nehmen sie wieder auf, da er durch mikrobielle Zersetzung mehr Vitamin B1 enthält, als sie selbst produzieren können.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Acht neugeborene Junge

Florida-Waldkaninchen pflanzen sich in der Zeit von Februar bis September fort. Bevor sie kopulieren, führen sie miteinander ein interessantes Ritual vor, und zwar kurz nach Sonnenuntergang. Das Männchen jagt dem Weibchen solange hinterher, bis es sich zu ihm umdreht und ihn anblickt. Dann boxt sie ihn mit den Vorderpfoten. Anschließend bleiben sie voreinander hocken, bis einer des Paars einen bis zu 60 cm hohen Freudensprung vollführt. Dieser wird von beiden so lange wiederholt, bis das Weibchen zur Paarung bereit ist.

Nach einer Tragzeit von 25 bis 30 Tagen werden bis zu sieben Junge (im Durchschnitt drei bis vier Junge) in einer unter Büschen oder in hohem Gras befindlichen Bodenmulde, weich mit Gras und Bauchfell ausgelegt, geworfen. Sie sind zu diesem Zeitpunkt völlig nackt, die Augen sind noch geschlossen. Sie haben eine Wurfgröße von etwa 10 cm und wiegen nur etwa 30 g. Doch sie entwickeln sich sehr schnell (2,5 g pro Tag), nach etwa vier bis fünf Tagen öffnen sie ihre Augen, und nach einer Woche machen sie bereits erste Laufversuche und haben schon ein vollständiges Fell. Das Weibchen kümmert sich kaum um den Nachwuchs, sie werden nur ein- bis zweimal am Tag (morgens und abends) gesäugt, bis sie etwa 16 Tage alt sind. In etwa zwei bis drei Wochen sind sie schon von den Alttieren unabhängig. Mit einem Alter von etwa zwei bis drei Monaten sind Florida-Waldkaninchen geschlechtsreif und können sich fortpflanzen. Ab sieben Wochen dann gehen die Wurfgeschwister ihre eigenen Wege.

Ein Weibchen kann vier bis fünf Würfe im Jahr zur Welt bringen. Meist wirft sie schon, nachdem der letzte Wurf gerade das Nest verlassen hat. Jedoch liegt die Sterblichkeitsrate der Jungen bei etwa 90 %.

Florida-Waldkaninchen werden in der Wildnis etwa drei Jahre alt, jedoch erreichen viele nicht dieses Alter.

Gefährdung und Schutz

Das Florida-Waldkaninchen wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund der Bestandsgröße und des großen Verbreitungsgebietes als nicht gefährdet (least concern) eingestuft. Es ist sowohl in seiner Ernährung als auch bei den besiedelten Habitaten Generalist und ein Rückgang der Populationen ist nicht bekannt.[1]

Die natürlichen Feinde der Florida-Waldkaninchen sind Schlangen, Greifvögel, Raubkatzen, Wildhunde, Wiesel und Waschbären. Florida-Waldkaninchen haben die größten Bestände ihrer Gattung und werden daher nicht als bedroht angesehen. In den USA gibt es viele Sportschützen, die sich auf Florida-Waldkaninchen spezialisiert haben. Sie sind leichte Beute, da sie oft in der Nähe von Siedlungen und in Grünanlagen von Großstädten leben.

Ökonomie

Florida-Waldkaninchen zerstören im Sommer mit ihrer Nahrungssuche Garten- und Farmland, im Winter stellen sie ein Problem für Förster, Obst- und Landschaftsgärtner dar. Außerdem können sich Menschen an Kadavern infizierter Individuen die Hasenpest zuziehen. Andererseits sind Florida-Waldkaninchen sehr häufig und genießbar, aus der Jagd hat sich ein begehrtes Jagdsportspiel entwickelt. Das Fleisch und das Fell werden für den Menschen weiterverarbeitet. Wegen ihrer hohen Nachkommenzahl werden sie auch für Tierversuche verwendet.

Belege

  1. Sylvilagus floridanus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & H. Rangel Cordero, 2008. Abgerufen am 10. Juni 2012.

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 src=Wiktionary: Florida-Waldkaninchen – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen
 title=
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Florida-Waldkaninchen: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Das Florida-Waldkaninchen (Sylvilagus floridanus), auch Östliches Baumwollschwanzkaninchen genannt, ist die in Nordamerika am weitesten verbreitete Art der Baumwollschwanzkaninchen. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Kanada (Süden Québecs und Manitobas) über die gesamten östlichen und zentralen Vereinigten Staaten und über Mexiko und Mittelamerika bis nach Kolumbien und Venezuela.

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Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant ( 馬爾他語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant Sylvilagus floridanus jew kif inhu msejjaħ ukoll Denb qotni tal-Lvant huwa mammiferu plaċentat tad-Dinja l-Ġdida u membru tal-familja Leporidae, fl-ordni Lagomorpha. Dan id-denb qotni huwa wieħed mill-aktar speċi komuni fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq.

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant jista' jkun ta' kulur kannella fil-ħamrani (fis-sajf) jew kannella fil-griż (fix-xitwa) li jiċċara lejn taħt iż-żaqq fejn il-pil jidher ħafn' aktar fin, għandu par saqajn kbar fuq wara, par widnejn twal u weqfin u denb qasir u qotni ta' lewn abjad fuq in-naħa ta' taħt u b'tebgħa ta' kulur is-sadid fuq in-naħa ta' fuq. In-nisa ġeneralment ikunu ftit akbar mill-irġiel.

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant huwa leporidu notturnu li jkun attiv ħafna minn tard wara nżul ix-xemx sa kmieni filgħodu qabel it-tlugħ. Dan huwa denb qotni li jippreferi tip ta' abitat fejn jista' jħaffer il-bejta taħt l-art, ikun jista' jaħrab malajr (kapaċi jiġri b' veloċita ta' 'l fuq minn 30 kilometru fis-siegħa u jaqbeż bejn 3 u 5 metri) iżda dejjem fil-ftuħ.

Riproduzzjoni

 src=
Boton żrameġ ta' Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant

L-irġiel ġeneralment jitgħammru ma' aktar minn fenka waħda minn Frar sa Settembru u dawn jista' jkollhom minn 2 sa 4 btan żrameġ fis-sena. Il-Fenka tipprepara bejta taħt l-art miksijja bil-ħaxix u s-suf tagħha stess ftit qabel ma' twelled u kif twelled din tkun lesta u tista' titgħammar mill-ewwel. Il-boton ikun magħmul minn 1 sa 9 żrameġ li jitwieldu għomja, bla pil u totalment dippendenti fuq l-omm. Iż-żrameġ ta' 3 ġimgħat jieqfu jieħdu l-ħalib u jaqbdu jieklu l-ħaxix, ta' 7 ġimgħat isiru indipendenti u ta' 3 xhur jimmaturaw sesswalment.

Distribuzzjoni

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant għandu firxa fil-Lvant u fil-Lbiċ ta' l-Istati Uniti, fin-Nofs in-nhar tal-Kanada, fil-Lvant tal-Messiku u fl-Amerika Ċentrali. Id-distribuzzjoni ta' dan id-denb qotni kibret u nfirex lejn it-Tramuntana meta l-bniedem beda jaqta' l-foresti. Oriġinarjament il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant ma' kienx mifrux b'mod naturali f'New England, hawn dan id-denb qotni ġie ntrodott mill-bniedem u issa qiegħed jikkompeti għall-abitat mal-Fenek ta' denbu qotni li huwa nativ ta' l-istat ta' New England.

Klassifikazzjoni

Referenzi

  • Lagomorph Specialist Group (1996). Sylvilagus floridanus L-inqas ħsieb. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Informazjoni mniżla fid- 9 ta' Novembru 2006.
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Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant: Brief Summary ( 馬爾他語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant Sylvilagus floridanus jew kif inhu msejjaħ ukoll Denb qotni tal-Lvant huwa mammiferu plaċentat tad-Dinja l-Ġdida u membru tal-familja Leporidae, fl-ordni Lagomorpha. Dan id-denb qotni huwa wieħed mill-aktar speċi komuni fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq.

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant jista' jkun ta' kulur kannella fil-ħamrani (fis-sajf) jew kannella fil-griż (fix-xitwa) li jiċċara lejn taħt iż-żaqq fejn il-pil jidher ħafn' aktar fin, għandu par saqajn kbar fuq wara, par widnejn twal u weqfin u denb qasir u qotni ta' lewn abjad fuq in-naħa ta' taħt u b'tebgħa ta' kulur is-sadid fuq in-naħa ta' fuq. In-nisa ġeneralment ikunu ftit akbar mill-irġiel.

Il-Fenek ta' denbu qotni tal-Lvant huwa leporidu notturnu li jkun attiv ħafna minn tard wara nżul ix-xemx sa kmieni filgħodu qabel it-tlugħ. Dan huwa denb qotni li jippreferi tip ta' abitat fejn jista' jħaffer il-bejta taħt l-art, ikun jista' jaħrab malajr (kapaċi jiġri b' veloċita ta' 'l fuq minn 30 kilometru fis-siegħa u jaqbeż bejn 3 u 5 metri) iżda dejjem fil-ftuħ.

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Floaridaknyn ( 西菲士蘭語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
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It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e Floaridaknyn.

De Floaridaknyn (Latynske namme: Sylvilagus floridanus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e hazze-eftigen (Lagomorpha), de famylje fan 'e hazzen en kninen (Leporidae) en it skaai fan 'e katoensturtkninen (Sylvilagus), dat fan natuere foarkomt yn 'e eastlike Feriene Steaten en dielen fan Kanada, Meksiko, Midden- en Súd-Amearika. Dit bist ferfollet dêr deselde ekologyske nys as de wylde knyn (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yn Jeropa. Troch opsetlike yntroduksje as jachtwyld hat de Floaridaknyn him oant fier bûten syn natuerlike areaal ferspraat.

Fersprieding

De Floaridaknyn is lânseigen yn 'e hiele eastlike helte fan 'e legere 48 Feriene Steaten mei útsûndering fan noardlik Nij-Ingelân en en guon eilannen foar de kusten fan 'e Atlantyske Oseaan en de Golf fan Meksiko. De westgrins fan syn ferspriedingsgebiet rint yn Noard-Amearika fan noard nei súd troch de Amerikaanske steaten Noard- en Súd-Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma en Teksas, mei in westlike útrinner oant yn Nij-Meksiko. Yn Kanada komt dit bist foar yn súdlik Saskatchewan, súdlik Ontario en súdwestlik Kebek.

Meksiko heart foar it grutste part ta it ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e Floaridaknyn, mei útsûndering fan it Kalifornysk Skiereilân, de eastkust fan 'e See fan Cortés, de Meksikaanske Pasifyske súdwestkust en it middennoarden fan it lân. Yn it noardwesten omfiemet it areaal fan 'e Floaridaknyn fanút Meksiko wei ek in grut part fan 'e Amerikaanske steat Arizona. Yn Midden-Amearika komt de Floaridaknyn foar yn súdlik Gûatemala, yn hiel El Salvador, yn westlik en súdlik Hondoeras, yn hiel Nikaragûa útsein in stripe by de Karibyske kust lâns, en yn it uterste noardwesten fan Kosta Rika. Fierders libbet er ek yn noardlike dielen fan Súd-Amearika: yn it noarden fan Kolombia en noardlik en noardwestlik Fenezuëla.

Yn Noard-Amearika wie it areaal fan 'e Floaridaknyn oarspronklik in stik beheinder, mar troch it kapjen fan wâldlân troch de blanke kolonisten krige it bist dêr de kâns om syn fersprieding út te wreidzjen. Yn súdlik Nij-Ingelân is er frij resint yntrodusearre; dêr bekonkurrearret er no de lânseigen Nijingelânske katoensturt (Sylvilagus transitionalis). Ek yn eastlik Washington en westlik Oregon en op Vancouvereilân, yn Britsk-Kolumbia, is de Floaridaknyn troch de minske yntrodusearre. Itselde jildt foar Kuba, Jamaika, de Kaaimaneilannen, de Bahama's, Hispanjoala, Porto Riko, Saint Croix (yn 'e Amerikaanske Famme-eilannen), Gûadelûp, Barbados en Grenada.

Yn noardlik Itaalje en dielen fan Frankryk is de Floaridaknyn yn 'e 1960-er jierren as eksoat útset troch jachtferienings, by wize fan 'kompinsaasje', nei't de lânseigen Jeropeeske wylde knyn (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yn 'e 1950-er jierren swier troffen wie troch de sykte myksomatoaze. De Floardaknyn is better tsjin dy krupsje bestân. Hy wit him goed te hanthavenjen yn noardeastlik Frankryk (departemint Meurthe-et-Moselle), en komt no mooglik ek al yn it suden fan Walloanje en Lúksemboarch foar.

Uterlike skaaimerken

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In Floaridaknyn yn syn winterpels, yn 'e neite fan Ottawa.

De Floaridaknyn hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 31-43 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan trochinoar 5,3 sm en in gewicht fan 800 g oant 2 kg, mei in gemiddelde fan 1,2 kg. Hy liket sterk op 'e wylde knyn (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mar is yn trochsneed wat grutter, wat knûstiger boud, mei in koartere sturt en koartere earen en in smellere kop. Boppedat is de pels meast readbrunich fan kleur, wylst de wylde knyn mear brunich is. Op 'e bealch en de ûnderkant fan 'e sturt binne Floaridakninen wyt, en de boppeside fan 'e sturt is brún (by wylde kninen swart). Wyfkes binne swierder as mantsjes, al skeelt dat net folle. Eksimplaren fan noardliker populaasjes binne dúdlik lichter as dy út súdliker libjende populaasjes.

Biotoop

Floaridakninen jouwe de foarkar oan in biotoop wêryn't iepen gerslân kombinearre wurdt mei begroeiïng troch ticht strewelleguod (om by gefaar yn fuort te dûken) en yn kultuer brochte ikkers. Se komme ek foar yn iepen wâldlân, greiden, beamwâlen, boskiggen en licht ferstedske gebieten mei grutte tunen. Teffens komme se wol foar yn sompen, mar ticht beboske gebieten mije se.

 src=
In Floaridaknyn yn syn leger.

Hâlden en dragen

De Floaridaknyn libbet solitêr, mar nimt wol diel oan sosjale ynteraksje mei soartgenoaten. Dêrby bestiet der in parallelle hierargy tusken de mantsjes en de wyfkes. De mantsjes binne altyd leger yn rang as de wyfkes, behalven yn 'e peartiid. Floaridakninen binne tige territoriaal. Harren territoaria beslane yn unifoarme habitats in rûchwei rûn oerflak, dat yn grutte útinoar rint fan ½ ha oant mear as 16 ha, ôfhinklik fan 'e beskikberens fan gaadlik fretten.

De Floaridaknyn graaft gjin hoalen, mar ûndjippe legers, krekt as de hazze (Lepus europaeus). Dat binne rêstplakken op ferskûle lokaasjes dêr't se oerdeis sliepe kinne. Inkeld foar it smiten fan jongen en by djippe snie nimme se besteande hoalen fan 'e boskmarmot (Marmota monax) oer. Sokke hoalen binne almeast sitewearre yn greidlân, mei yngongen dy't kamûflearre binne mei gers. Soms lizze se ek wol yn strewelleguod, hôven of iepen bosklân. Floaridakninen komme benammen nachts en by twiljocht foar 't ljocht, hoewol't se soms oerdeis ek wol te sjen binne. Se binne it aktyfst as it sicht beheind is, op nachten dat it reint of dat it mistich is. By it foerazjearjen binne se tige wach. Se bewege har mar oer koarte ôfstannen, en kinne oant 15 minuten stilsitte. Se hâlde gjin wintersliep.

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In nêst jonge Floaridakninen.

De peartiid is by Floaridakninen fariabel en hinget fan it klimaat ôf. Yn Nij-Ingelân rint de peartiid fan maart oant septimber, mar yn New York begjint er yn febrewaris en yn Alabama al yn jannewaris. Yn Teksas en súdliker oarden kin der it hiele jier rûn peare wurde. Dêrby binne noch de mantsjes, noch de wyfkes monogaam. Nei in draachtiid fan 25-35 dagen (mar yn 'e regel likernôch 28 dagen) smyt it wyfke yn in nêst dat beklaaid is mei fegetaasje en hier 1-12 (mar meastal 4-5) jongen, dy't blyn te wrâld komme. Sa'n 4-7 dagen nei de berte geane de eachjes iepen, en mei 12-16 dagen ferlitte de jongen foar it earst foar koarte tiid it nêst. Mei 4-5 wiken wurde se ôfwûn, en mei 7 wiken binne se selsstannich en geane se by de mem wei, dy't dan op 'e nij jachtich wurdt.

Jonge Floaridakninen binne mei 2-3 moannen geslachtsryp. De mearderheid fan 'e wyfkes nimt pas nei de earste winter diel oan 'e fuortplanting, mar 10-36% fan docht dat al yn 'e earste simmer. Wyfkes krije ornaris 3-4 nêsten jongen jiers, mar yn útsûnderlike gefallen kin dat oprinne oant wol 7 smeten. Op jierlikse basis kinne Floaridakninen sadwaande wol 35 jongen fuortbringe. Se libje yn it wyld yn trochsneed mar 15 moannen, mar yn finzenskip kinne se wol 9 jier wurde. Predaasje is foar Floaridakninen de wichtichste deadsoarsaak, folge troch it ferkear. As se efterfolge wurde, drave se yn in sigesagepatroan oant se de beskutting fan ticht strewelleguod berikke. Dêrby meitsje se sydlingse sprongen om har geurspoar te trochbrekken. Ek kinne se it wetter yn flechtsje, hoewol't se net fan swimmen hâlde. Se kinne 3-4½ m heech springe.

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In Floaridaknyn fan 3 wiken.

Natuerlike fijannen binne de hûn (Canis lupus familiaris); ferskate soarten foksen wêrûnder de reade foks (Vulpes vulpes); de prêrjewolf (Canis latrans); de reade lynks (Lynx rufus); de waskbear (Procyon lotor); de hûskat (Felis catus); ferskate soarten lytse marters lykas de harmeling (Mustela erminea) en de langsturtwezeling (Mustela frenata); de Amerikaanske nerts (Neovison vison); de Amerikaanske oehoe (Bubo virginianus); de streke boskûle (Strix varia); en ferskate soarten hauken, kraaien en slangen. Sporadysk snipt ek de Amerikaanske swarte bear (Ursus americanus) wolris in knyn. Unfolgroeide Floaridakninen wurde fierders ek wol opfretten troch de sulverdas (Taxidea taxus), de Firginia-opossum (Didelphis virginiana) en ferskate soarten stjonkdieren.

Fretten

It menu fan Floaridakninen is tige ferskaat, en hinget fierhinne ôf fan wat der beskikber is. By guon ûndersiken waarden yn 'e kjitte wol 70 oant 145 ferskillende plantesoarten weromfûn. Dêrby giet it benammen om gerzen en oare krûden. Fierders steane ek skors, tûkjes, blêden, fruchten, beamknoppen, blommen en sieden op it menu. Soms frette Floaridakninen ek lidpoatigen.

Status

De Floaridaknyn hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en om't de populaasje stabyl liket te wêzen.

Undersoarten

  • Yn Noard-Amearika:
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Yn Meksiko en Midden-Amearika:
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Yn Súd-Amearika:
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Floaridaknyn: Brief Summary ( 西菲士蘭語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

De Floaridaknyn (Latynske namme: Sylvilagus floridanus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e hazze-eftigen (Lagomorpha), de famylje fan 'e hazzen en kninen (Leporidae) en it skaai fan 'e katoensturtkninen (Sylvilagus), dat fan natuere foarkomt yn 'e eastlike Feriene Steaten en dielen fan Kanada, Meksiko, Midden- en Súd-Amearika. Dit bist ferfollet dêr deselde ekologyske nys as de wylde knyn (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yn Jeropa. Troch opsetlike yntroduksje as jachtwyld hat de Floaridaknyn him oant fier bûten syn natuerlike areaal ferspraat.

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Америкийн хөвөн сүүлт ( 蒙古語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Америкийн хөвөн сүүлт (Sylvilagus floridanus) нь Хойд Америкт хамгийн өргөн тархсан туулай юм.

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Өвлийн улиралд, Оттава

Тэд хойд Канадаас Өмнөд Америк хүртэлх нутагт, тэр дундаа АНУ-ын зүүн эрэг орчмын их талд элбэг. Улаавтар бороос саарал хүртэлх өнгөтэй байдаг хөвөн сүүлтийн бүх зүйл зориуд бөндийлгөж, тогтоосон мэт бөмбөлөг сүүлтэй. Тал, хөндий, тариалангийн талбай зэрэг нээлттэй, өргөн уудам газарт амьдрахыг илүүд үздэг ч хүний суурингаас эхлээд ямар ч орчинд дасан зохицох чадвартай. Тэд шөнөөр идшээ олдог ба гол хүнс нь элдэв өвс ургамал, жимс ба хүнсний ногоо юм. Өвлийн цагт хүнснийх нь дийлэнхийг ургамлын үндэс, мөчир, модны холтос эзэлнэ. Өдрийн гэрэлтэйд өвс, ургамал дунд нуугддаг эл бяцхан туулай ангуучдаас зугтахдаа хоёр тийш Z хэлбэр гарган хэрж гүйдэг. Хөвөн сүүлтийн дээд хурд 29 км/цаг. Биеийнх нь дундаж хэмжээ 39.5-47.7 см, жин нь 800-1533 грамм.

Үржил

Эм нь газарт ухсан үүрэндээ бүжингээ төрүүлдэг ба өчүүхэн жижиг, бие даах чадваргүй бүжингүүдийнх нь ердөө 15 орчим хувь хоёр дахь жилээ үздэг. Гэхдээ туулай жилд 3-4 удаа төрж, 3-8 бүжингээр бүл нэмдэг тул энэ нь байгалийн ердийн шалгарал. Бүжин 4-5 долоо хоног болоод бие дааж, 2-3 сартайдаа бэлгийн хувьд бүрэн бойжно. Тиймээс ч хөвөн сүүлтийн өсөлт туулайн ихэнх зүйлийн адил хурдан байдаг. Өсч үржихдээ хурдан хөвөн сүүлт тариалангийн талбайг сүйтгэгч амьтны нэг тул хөдөө аж ахуй эрхлэгчдийн гарт эндэх нь бий.

Ангилал

  • Мексикийн хойд зүгт.
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Мексик ба Төв Америк
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Панамын өмнөд хэсэг.
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Галлерей

 src= – Викимедиа дуу дүрсний сан
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wikipedia emerging languages

Америкийн хөвөн сүүлт: Brief Summary ( 蒙古語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Америкийн хөвөн сүүлт (Sylvilagus floridanus) нь Хойд Америкт хамгийн өргөн тархсан туулай юм.

 src= Өвлийн улиралд, Оттава

Тэд хойд Канадаас Өмнөд Америк хүртэлх нутагт, тэр дундаа АНУ-ын зүүн эрэг орчмын их талд элбэг. Улаавтар бороос саарал хүртэлх өнгөтэй байдаг хөвөн сүүлтийн бүх зүйл зориуд бөндийлгөж, тогтоосон мэт бөмбөлөг сүүлтэй. Тал, хөндий, тариалангийн талбай зэрэг нээлттэй, өргөн уудам газарт амьдрахыг илүүд үздэг ч хүний суурингаас эхлээд ямар ч орчинд дасан зохицох чадвартай. Тэд шөнөөр идшээ олдог ба гол хүнс нь элдэв өвс ургамал, жимс ба хүнсний ногоо юм. Өвлийн цагт хүнснийх нь дийлэнхийг ургамлын үндэс, мөчир, модны холтос эзэлнэ. Өдрийн гэрэлтэйд өвс, ургамал дунд нуугддаг эл бяцхан туулай ангуучдаас зугтахдаа хоёр тийш Z хэлбэр гарган хэрж гүйдэг. Хөвөн сүүлтийн дээд хурд 29 км/цаг. Биеийнх нь дундаж хэмжээ 39.5-47.7 см, жин нь 800-1533 грамм.

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Eastern cottontail ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. It is the most common rabbit species in North America.

Distribution

The eastern cottontail can be found in meadows and shrubby areas in the eastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America and northernmost South America. It is also found on the Caribbean island of Margarita. It is abundant in Midwest North America. Its range expanded north as forests were cleared by settlers.[3] Originally, it was not found in New England, but it has been introduced and now competes for habitat there with the native New England cottontail. It has also been introduced into parts of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.[4] In the 1950s and 1960s, the eastern cottontail was introduced to France and northern Italy, where it displayed a rapid territorial expansion and increase in population density.[5]

The population in the mountains of the southwestern United States and western Mexico is now thought to be a distinct species, the robust cottontail (S. holzneri).[6]

Habitat

Optimal eastern cottontail habitat includes open grassy areas, clearings, and old fields supporting abundant green grasses and herbs, with shrubs in the area or edges for cover.[7] The essential components of eastern cottontail habitat are an abundance of well-distributed escape cover (dense shrubs) interspersed with more open foraging areas such as grasslands and pastures.[8] Habitat parameters important for eastern cottontails in ponderosa pine, mixed species, and pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands include woody debris, herbaceous and shrubby understories, and patchiness. Typically eastern cottontails occupy habitats in and around farms including fields, pastures, open woods, thickets associated with fencerows, wooded thickets, forest edges, and suburban areas with adequate food and cover. They are also found in swamps and marshes and usually avoid dense woods.[3]

Home range

The eastern cottontail home range is roughly circular in uniform habitats. Eastern cottontails typically inhabit one home range throughout their lifetime, but home range shifts in response to vegetation changes and weather are common.[8] In New England, eastern cottontail home ranges average 1.4 acres (0.57 hectares) for adult males and 1.2 acres (0.49 hectares) for adult females but vary in size from 0.5 to 40 acres (0.20 to 16.19 hectares), depending on season, habitat quality, and individual. The largest ranges are occupied by adult males during the breeding season. In southwestern Wisconsin adult male home ranges averaged 6.9 acres (2.8 hectares) in spring, increased to 10 acres (4.0 hectares) in early summer, and decreased to 3.7 acres (1.5 hectares) by late summer.[9] Daily activity is usually restricted to 10% to 20% of the overall home range.[8]

In southeastern Wisconsin, home ranges of males overlapped by up to 50%, but female home ranges did not overlap by more than 25% and actual defense of range by females occurred only in the immediate area of the nest. Males fight each other to establish dominance hierarchy and mating priority.[9]

Cover requirements

Winter coat, Ottawa, Ontario

Eastern cottontails forage in open areas and use brush piles, stone walls with shrubs around them, herbaceous and shrubby plants, and burrows or dens for escape cover, shelter, and resting cover. Woody cover is extremely important for the survival and abundance of eastern cottontails.[8] Eastern cottontails do not dig their own dens (other than nest holes) but use burrows dug by other species such as woodchucks.[3] In winter when deciduous plants are bare eastern cottontails forage in less secure cover and travel greater distances.[8] Eastern cottontails probably use woody cover more during the winter, particularly in areas where cover is provided by herbaceous vegetation in summer.[10] In Florida slash pine flat woods, eastern cottontails use low saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens) patches for cover within grassy areas.[11]

In nest, under production

Most nest holes are constructed in grasslands (including hay fields).[8] The nest is concealed in grasses or weeds. Nests are also constructed in thickets, orchards, and scrubby woods.[3] In southeastern Illinois tall-grass prairie, eastern cottontail nests were more common in undisturbed prairie grasses than in high-mowed or hayed plots. In Iowa most nests were within 70 yd (64 m) of brush cover in herbaceous vegetation at least 4 in (10 cm) tall. Nests in hay fields were in vegetation less than 8 in (20 cm) tall. Average depth of nest holes is 5 in (13 cm), average width 5 in (13 cm), and average length 7 in (18 cm). The nest is lined with grass and fur.[10][12]

Description

The eastern cottontail has a white spot on forehead, red-brown or gray-brown fur, with large hind feet, long ears, and a short, fluffy white tail. Its underside fur is white. There is a rusty patch on the tail. Its appearance differs from that of a hare in that it has a brownish-gray coloring around the head and neck. The body is lighter color with a white underside on the tail. It has large brown eyes and large ears to see and listen for danger. In winter the cottontail's pelage is more gray than brown. The kits develop the same coloring after a few weeks, but they also have a white blaze that goes down their forehead; this marking eventually disappears. This rabbit is medium-sized, measuring 36–48 cm (14–19 in) in total length, including a small tail that averages 5.3 cm (2.1 in).[13][14] Weight can range from 1.8 to 4.4 lb (800 to 2,000 g), with an average of around 2.6 lb (1,200 g). The female tends to be heavier, although the sexes broadly overlap in size.[15][16] There may be some slight variation in the body size of eastern cottontails, with weights seeming to increase from south to north, in accordance with Bergmann's rule. Adult specimens from the Florida Museum of Natural History, collected in Florida, have a mean weight of 2.244 lb (1,018 g).[17] Meanwhile, 346 adult cottontails from Michigan were found to have averaged 3.186 lb (1,445 g) in mass.[18] Due to Eastern Cottontails being so small and since they don’t usually fight back they are easy prey for other animals such as coyotes, bobcats, and even foxes.

Behavior

The eastern cottontail is a very territorial animal. When chased, it runs in a zigzag pattern, running up to 18 mph (29 km/h). The cottontail prefers an area where it can be out in the open but hide quickly. Forests, swamps, thickets, bushes, or open areas where shelter is close by are optimal habitation sites for this species. Cottontails do not dig burrows, but rather rest in a form, a shallow, scratched-out depression in a clump of grass or under brush. It may use the dens of groundhogs as a temporary home or during heavy snow.[19]

Eastern cottontails are crepuscular to nocturnal feeders; although they usually spend most of the daylight hours resting in shallow depressions under vegetative cover or other shelter, they can be seen at any time of day.[12] Eastern cottontails are most active when visibility is limited, such as rainy or foggy nights.[3] Eastern cottontails usually move only short distances, and they may remain sitting very still for up to a few hours at a time. Eastern cottontails are active year-round.[12]

Reproduction

Litter and nesting material
Three-week-old kit
Juvenile, unknown age, showing white blaze on forehead

The eastern cottontail can breed as soon as 2-3 months, because that's when they get mature. The onset of breeding varies between populations and within populations from year to year. The eastern cottontail breeding season begins later with higher latitudes and elevations. Temperature rather than diet has been suggested as a primary factor controlling onset of breeding; many studies correlate severe weather with delays in the onset of breeding.[20] In New England breeding occurs from March to September. In New York the breeding season occurs from February to September, in Connecticut from mid-March to mid-September. In Alabama the breeding season begins in January. In Georgia the breeding season lasts nine months and in Texas breeding occurs year-round.[12][20] Populations in western Oregon breed from late January to early September.[20] Mating is promiscuous.[3]

The nest is a slanting hole dug in soft soil and lined with vegetation and white fur from the mother's underside. The average measurements are: length 7.09 in (18 cm), width 4.9 in (12 cm), and depth 4.71 in (12 cm).[10] The average period of gestation is 28 days, ranging from 25 to 35 days.[12] Eastern cottontail young are born with a very fine coat of hair and are blind. Their eyes begin to open by four to seven days. Young begin to move out of the nest for short trips by 12 to 16 days and are completely weaned and independent by four to five weeks.[10][21] Litters disperse at about seven weeks. Females do not stay in the nest with the young but return to the opening of the nest to nurse, usually twice a day.[12][21]

Reproductive maturity occurs at about two to three months of age. A majority of females first breed the spring following birth; but 10% to 36% of females breed as juveniles (i.e., summer of the year they were born).[22] Males will mate with more than one female. Female rabbits can have one to seven litters of one to twelve young, called kits, in a year; however, they average three to four litters per year, and the average number of kits is five.[14] In the southern states of the United States, female eastern cottontails have more litters per year (up to seven) but fewer young per litter.[12][20] In New England female eastern cottontails have three or four litters per year. The annual productivity of females may be as high as 35 young.[12][21]

Diet

The diet of eastern cottontails is varied and largely dependent on availability. Eastern cottontails eat vegetation almost exclusively; arthropods have occasionally been found in pellets.[23] Some studies list as many as 70[23] to 145 plant species in local diets. Food items include bark, twigs, leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, grass seeds, sedge fruits, and rush seeds.[10] There is a preference for small material: branches, twigs, and stems up to 0.25 in (0.64 cm). Leporids including eastern cottontails are coprophagous, producing two types of fecal pellets, one of which is consumed. The digestion of pellets greatly increases the nutritional value of dietary items.[10][12]

In summer, eastern cottontails consume tender green herbaceous vegetation when it is available. In many areas Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratense) and Canada bluegrass (P. compressa) are important dietary components.[20] Other favored species include clovers (Trifolium spp.), crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.), and wild rye (Elymus spp.).[7][14] In Connecticut, important summer foods include clovers, alfalfa, timothy (Phleum pratense), bluegrasses (Poa spp.), quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), crabgrasses, redtop (Agrostis alba), ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), goldenrods (Solidago spp.), plantains (Plantago spp.), chickweed (Stellaria media), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and wild strawberries (Fragaria spp.).[14] Eastern cottontails also consume many domestic crops.[3]

During the dormant season, or when green vegetation is covered with snow, eastern cottontails consume twigs, buds, and bark of woody vegetation.[7] As the snow accumulates, cottontails have access to the higher trunk and branches.[14] In Connecticut, important winter foods include gray birch (Betula populifolia), red maple, and smooth sumac (Rhus glabra).[23]

Mortality

In Kansas, the largest cause of mortality of radiotracked eastern cottontails was predation (43%), followed by deaths due to the research process (19%), and tularemia (18%).[24] A major cause of eastern cottontail mortality is collision with automobiles. In Missouri, it was estimated that ten eastern cottontails are killed annually per mile of road. The peak period of highway mortality is in spring (March through May); roadside vegetation greens up before adjacent fields and is highly attractive to eastern cottontails.[22]

Annual adult survival is estimated at 20%. Average longevity is 15 months in the wild; the longest-lived wild individual on record was five years old. Captive eastern cottontails have lived to at least nine years of age.[12]

Eastern cottontails are hosts to fleas, ticks, lice, cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, gray flesh fly larvae, botfly larvae, tularemia, shopes fibroma, torticollis, and cutaneous streptothricosis.[3] Further summary of diseases and pests is available.[10]

Predators

The eastern cottontail has to contend with many predators, both natural and introduced. Due to their often large populations in Eastern North America, they form a major component of several predators' diets. Major predators of eastern cottontail include domestic cats and dogs, foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), coyote (C. latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), weasels (Mustela spp.), raccoon (Procyon lotor), mink (M. vison), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), hawks (principally Buteo spp.), corvids (Corvus spp.), and snakes.[3]

Predators that take nestlings include raccoon, badger (Taxidea taxus), skunks (Mephitis and Spilogale spp.), Crow, and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).[22] In central Missouri, eastern cottontails comprised the majority of biomass in the diet of red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) during the nesting season. In Pennsylvania, the chief predator of eastern cottontails is the great horned owl.[22] In the Southwest cottontails including eastern cottontail comprise 7 to 25% of the diets of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). In Texas, eastern cottontails are preyed on by coyotes more heavily in early spring and in fall than in summer or winter. In southwestern North Dakota, cottontails (both eastern and desert cottontail Sylvilagus auduboni) were major prey items in the diets of bobcats.[25]

Juvenile eastern cottontails are rare in the diet of short-eared owls (Asio flammeus). Trace amounts of eastern cottontail remains have been detected in black bear (Ursus americanus) scat.[26]

Classification

Recognized subspecies of Sylvilagus floridanus[1]

  • North of Mexico
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Mexico and Central America
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • South of Isthmus of Panama
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Sylvilagus floridanus. United States Department of Agriculture.

  1. ^ a b Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Nielsen, C.; Lanier, H.C. (2019). "Sylvilagus floridanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41299A45191626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41299A45191626.en. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Godin, Alfred J. (1977). Wild mammals of New England. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press
  4. ^ Reid, Fiona (2006). A Field Guide to Mammals of North America. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  5. ^ Silvano, Fabrizio; Acquarone, Camilla; Cucco, Marco (2000). "Distribution of the eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in the province of Alessandria" (PDF). Hystrix. 11: 75–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  6. ^ Diersing, Victor E.; Wilson, Don E. (June 2021). "Systematics of the mountain-inhabiting cottontails (Sylvilagus) from southwestern United States and northern Mexico (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 134 (1): 42–79. doi:10.2988/006-324X-134.1.42. S2CID 236295647.
  7. ^ a b c Hon, Tip. (1981). "Effects of prescribed fire on furbearers in the South", pp. 121–128 in: Wood, Gene W. (ed.) Prescribed fire and wildlife in southern forests: Proceedings of a symposium; 1981 April 6–8; Myrtle Beach, SC. Georgetown, SC: Clemson University, Belle W. Baruch Forest Science Institute
  8. ^ a b c d e f Allen, A. W. (1984). "Habitat suitability index models: eastern cottontail". FWS/OBS 0197-6087. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Biological Sciences, Western Energy Land Use Team
  9. ^ a b Trent, Tracey T.; Rongstad, Orrin J (1974). "Home range and survival of cottontail rabbits in southwestern Wisconsin". Journal of Wildlife Management. 38 (3): 459–472. doi:10.2307/3800877. JSTOR 3800877.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Chapman, Joseph A.; Hockman, J. Gregory; Edwards, William R. (1982). "Cottontails: Sylvilagus floridanus and allies". In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A., eds. Wild mammals of North America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 83–123. ISBN 9780801823534
  11. ^ Komarek, Roy. (1963). "Fire and the changing wildlife habitat", pp. 35–43 in: Proceedings of 2nd annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1963 March 14–15; Tallahassee, FL. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowak, Ronald M.; Paradiso, John L. (1983). Walker's mammals of the world. 4th edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press
  13. ^ GAWW: Species Description Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. Naturalhistory.uga.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  14. ^ a b c d e Mikita, K. Sylvilagus floridanus. Animal Diversity Web.
  15. ^ Elder, William H.; Sowls, Lyle K. (1942). "Body Weight and Sex Ratio of Cottontail Rabbits". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 6 (3): 203–207. doi:10.2307/3795902. JSTOR 3795902.
  16. ^ Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus). Nsrl.ttu.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  17. ^ "FLMNH Mammal Master Database- Sylvilagus floridanus". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  18. ^ Craighead, J.J. & Craighead, F.C. (1956) Hawks, Owls and Wildlife. Wildlife Management Institute, ISBN 0-486-22123-7.
  19. ^ Merritt, Joseph E. (1987) Guide to the Mammals of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 123, ISBN 0822953935.
  20. ^ a b c d e Chapman, Joseph A.; Hockman, J. Gregory; Ojeda C.; Magaly M. (1980). "Sylvilagus floridanus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (136): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504055. JSTOR 3504055. S2CID 253938981.
  21. ^ a b c Wainright, Larry C. (1969). "A literature review on cottontail reproduction". Special Report 19. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Game, Fish and Parks
  22. ^ a b c d Rue, Leonard Lee, III. (1965). Cottontail. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company
  23. ^ a b c Dalke, Paul D.; Sime, Palmer R (1941). "Food habits of the eastern and New England cottontails". Journal of Wildlife Management. 5 (2): 216–228. doi:10.2307/3795589. JSTOR 3795589.
  24. ^ Baker, Rhonda J.; Gress, Robert J.; Spencer, Dwight L. (Spring 1983). "Mortality and population density of cottontail rabbits at Ross Natural History Resevation, Lyon County, Kansas". Emporia State Research Studies. 31 (1): 5–46. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  25. ^ Trevor, John T.; Seabloom, Robert W.; Allen, Stephen H. (1989). "Food habits in relation to sex and age of bobcats from southwestern North Dakota". Prairie Naturalist. 21 (3): 163–168.
  26. ^ Hellgren, Eric C.; Vaughan, Michael R. (1988). "Seasonal food habits of black bears in Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia – North Carolina". Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 42: 295–305

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Eastern cottontail: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. It is the most common rabbit species in North America.

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El conejo de Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus)[1]​ también conocido como el conejo castellano, o bien como el conejo serrano,[2]​ es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae.[2]​ Es una de las especies de conejo más comunes de Norteamérica y se extiende hasta Venezuela. Es color marrón-rojizo o marrón-grisáceo. Con grandes patas posteriores, orejas largas y cola blanca, corta y esponjosa. La parte del vientre es blanca. El conejo adulto pesa en promedio 1.2 kg y mide 43 cm de largo. En México se le ha observado en todo el país con excepción de Baja California, Baja California Sur y Guerrero,[2]​.

Habita en distintos ambientes incluyendo bosques, pastizales, desiertos y campos de cultivo, en altitudes desde 0 hasta más de 3,000 msnm. Se alimenta de muchas especies de plantas, hierbas, arbustos y árboles, dependiendo del alimento disponible. En estado natural su vida promedio es de 15 meses aunque en cautiverio puede vivir más de 10 años.[3]

El conejo castellano es uno de los conejos llamados 'conejos cola de algodón'. Tiene una gran importancia ecológica,[4]​ ya que se alimenta de muchas especies de plantas y es alimento para una gran variedad de animales carnívoros,[3]​.

Este conejo se caza con fines de recreación y alimento siendo el animal más cazado en Estados Unidos y México. Puede causar daños económicos porque puede comerse los cultivos. Con potencial como especie invasora y fuera de su hábitat natural podría dañar a los ecosistemas y la agricultura,[5]​.

En México, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 no considera al conejo serrano en sus listas de especies en riesgo; la UICN 2019-1 lo considera como de Preocupación menor,[2]​.

Reproducción

La época reproductiva de S. floridanus varía dependiendo de la región, en lugares con épocas de fríos marcadas se reproducen cuando las condiciones son óptimas (verano) mientras que en las zonas cálidas pueden reproducirse todo el año. Tienen tasas de reproducción muy altas llegando a procrear 35 conejos por hembra anualmente. Pueden tener camadas de 1 a 7 conejos y hasta 7 camadas por año.[3]

Distribución

El conejo tiene una amplia distribución natural abarcando el este de norte América y parte norte de América del Sur,[1]​ es la especie con mayor distribución del género.[3]​ También se ha introducido en el noroeste de Estados Unidos y noroeste de Italia como presa para los cazadores y se ha logrado establecer en estas regiones.[5]​ Habita en distintos ambientes incluyendo bosques, pastizales, desiertos y campos de cultivo en altitudes desde 0 hasta más de 3000 msnm.[3]

Ecología

El conejo castellano tiene una gran importancia ecológica[4]​ ya que se alimenta de muchas especies de plantas y es alimento para una gran variedad de animales carnívoros.[3]​ Debido a que tienen tasas de reproducción muy altas y se adaptan a diferentes ambientes pueden convertirse en especies invasoras. Dentro del área natural de distribución estos animales son muy comunes y es normal encontrar densidades de 8 - 10 conejos por hectárea.[3]

Se ha visto que los depredadores de mayor importancia para los conejos son los mamíferos que son responsables de más del 50% de las muertes. El segundo lugar lo ocupan las aves rapaces que se comen cerca del 25% de los conejos. Gracias a esto el 80% de los conejos no sobrevive más de un año.[6]

Importancia económica

Este conejo se caza con fines de recreación y alimento siendo el animal más cazado en Estados Unidos y México. Puede causar daños económicos porque puede comerse los cultivos (aunque no se han reportado daños graves a la agricultura). También tiene potencial como especie invasora y fuera de su hábitat natural podría dañar los ecosistemas y la agricultura.[5]

Referencias

  1. a b c Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). «Sylvilagus floridanus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de enero de 2013.
  2. a b c d «Enciclovida (consultado el 4 de enero de 2020).».
  3. a b c d e f g Chapman J. A., Hockman J. G., Ojeda C. M. M. 1980. Sylvilagus floridanus. Mammalian Species 136: 1-8.
  4. a b «Reserva ecológica el pedregal de san ángel: Ecología, historia natural y manejo. Ariel Rojo 1994. Capítulo por Zenón Cano-Santana.».
  5. a b c Silvano F., Acquarone C., Cucco M. 2000. Distribution of the eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in the province of alessandria. Hystrix the Italian Journal of Mammalogy. 11 (2): 75-78.
  6. Bond B. T., Wes Burger L., Leopold B. D., Godwin D. K. 2001. Survival of Cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) in Mississippi and an examination of latitudinal variation. The American Midland Naturalist 145 (1): 127-136.

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Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El conejo de Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus)​ también conocido como el conejo castellano, o bien como el conejo serrano,​ es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae.​ Es una de las especies de conejo más comunes de Norteamérica y se extiende hasta Venezuela. Es color marrón-rojizo o marrón-grisáceo. Con grandes patas posteriores, orejas largas y cola blanca, corta y esponjosa. La parte del vientre es blanca. El conejo adulto pesa en promedio 1.2 kg y mide 43 cm de largo. En México se le ha observado en todo el país con excepción de Baja California, Baja California Sur y Guerrero,​.

Habita en distintos ambientes incluyendo bosques, pastizales, desiertos y campos de cultivo, en altitudes desde 0 hasta más de 3,000 msnm. Se alimenta de muchas especies de plantas, hierbas, arbustos y árboles, dependiendo del alimento disponible. En estado natural su vida promedio es de 15 meses aunque en cautiverio puede vivir más de 10 años.​

El conejo castellano es uno de los conejos llamados 'conejos cola de algodón'. Tiene una gran importancia ecológica,​ ya que se alimenta de muchas especies de plantas y es alimento para una gran variedad de animales carnívoros,​.

Este conejo se caza con fines de recreación y alimento siendo el animal más cazado en Estados Unidos y México. Puede causar daños económicos porque puede comerse los cultivos. Con potencial como especie invasora y fuera de su hábitat natural podría dañar a los ecosistemas y la agricultura,​.

En México, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 no considera al conejo serrano en sus listas de especies en riesgo; la UICN 2019-1 lo considera como de Preocupación menor,​.

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 巴斯克語 )

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Sylvilagus floridanus edo Ekialdeko kotoi-isats Ipar Amerikako untxirik arruntena da, Leporidae familiakoa. Kolore arrea edo gris-marroia du. Belarri luzeak eta kotoi itxurako eta ilu askoko buztan txuria. Bere larrua txuria da.

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Kanpo estekak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Sylvilagus floridanus edo Ekialdeko kotoi-isats Ipar Amerikako untxirik arruntena da, Leporidae familiakoa. Kolore arrea edo gris-marroia du. Belarri luzeak eta kotoi itxurako eta ilu askoko buztan txuria. Bere larrua txuria da.

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Pumpulihäntäkaniini ( 芬蘭語 )

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Pumpulihäntäkaniini (Sylvilagus floridanus) on Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa elävä jäniseläin.

Tuntomerkit

Pumpulihäntäkaniini on väriltään harmaanruskea, sen niska on ruosteenruskea ja hännänalus vaalea, Korvien pituus on 5-7 cm, ruumis 37-46 cm, häntä 4-6 cm ja takajalan nilkka 8-10 cm. Eläin painaa 900-1800 g.

Levinneisyys

Lajin levinneisyys ulottuu Yhdysvaltain itäosista Uutta Englantia lukuun ottamatta länteen Pohjois-Dakotaan, Kansasiin, Teksasiin, Uuteen Meksikoon ja Arizonaan.

Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H.: Sylvilagus floridanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS (englanniksi)
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Pumpulihäntäkaniini: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

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Pumpulihäntäkaniini (Sylvilagus floridanus) on Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa elävä jäniseläin.

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Lapin à queue blanche ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Sylvilagus floridanus

Le Lapin à queue blanche ou Lapin de Floride (Sylvilagus floridanus) est une espèce de la famille des léporidés. Sa distribution correspond à l'est de l'Amérique du Nord à partir du Canada jusqu'au nord de l'Amérique du Sud. Il est un brun grisâtre.

Caractéristiques

 src=
Le Lapin à queue blanche a un pelage brun grisâtre

Le Lapin à queue blanche a un pelage grisâtre au niveau du corps et brun cannelle au niveau de la nuque[1]. Son pelage ne devient pas blanc durant la saison hivernale au contraire du Lièvre d'Amérique[1]. Pour le différencier du Lapin de Nouvelle-Angleterre (Sylvilagus transitionalis), il faut regarder le pelage. En effet, le Lapin de la Nouvelle-Angleterre n'a pas la nuque couleur cannelle et a une tache noire entre les deux oreilles[1].

Il a une longueur totale de 37,5 à 49 cm incluant une queue de 3,9 à 7 cm de long[1]. Ses pieds mesurent entre 8 et 10,8 cm et ses oreilles entre 5,3 et 6,6 cm[1]. Les individus adultes ont un poids compris entre 1,1 et 1,5 kg tandis que les nouveau-nés pèsent entre 25 et 35 g[1]. Les mâles ont une taille légèrement supérieure à celle des femelles[1]. Le Lapin à queue blanche jouit d'une ouïe très sensible, d'un odorat fin et d'une vue très développée[1]. Les matières fécales du Lapin à queue blanche ont la forme de petites sphères[1].

Sa longévité est de trois ans en milieu naturel et elle peut atteindre dix ans en captivité[1].

Comportement

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Lapin à queue blanche en hiver

Il demeure actif durant l'hiver sous les nuits où il fait tempête[1]. D'ailleurs, il lui arrive de se creuser des tunnels dans la neige[1]. Il est un animal nocturne qui vit surtout à l'aube et au crépuscule[1]. Il utilise souvent les mêmes sentiers afin de se déplacer[1]. Il vit de manière solitaire sauf durant la période de reproduction et la période où les petits sont élevés[1].

Alimentation

Le régime alimentaire du Lapin à queue blanche est composé de plusieurs espèces végétales herbacées comme le pissenlit, le plantain, le solidago et le trèfle[1]. Durant la saison hivernale, il broute l'écorce, les ramilles ainsi que les bourgeons des arbustes et d'arbrisseaux tels que l'aulne, le bouleau, le chêne, l'érable, le framboisier, le peuplier et le pommier pour se nourrir[1].

Prédation

Le Lapin à queue blanche a plusieurs prédateurs différents dont les oiseaux de proie, la belette, le coyote, le lynx roux, la martre d'Amérique, le pékan, le raton laveur et le renard roux[1]. Les chats et les chiens domestiques font aussi partie de la liste de ses prédateurs[1]. Sous la menace, le Lapin à queue blanche peut partir à la course en zigzaguant jusqu'à ce qu'il soit sous couvert à une vitesse pouvant atteindre 30 km/h[1]. Il peut aussi s'écraser sur le sol pour tenter de ne pas être aperçu[1].

Reproduction

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Petits Lapins à queue blanche

Le Lapin à queue blanche peut avoir jusqu'à quatre portées annuellement de deux à huit petits, mais généralement cinq ou six, au cours de la période de reproduction qui s'étire de février à septembre après une gestation de 26 à 32 jours[1]. Avant de mettre bas, les femelles gravides se fabriquent un nid en creusant un trou tapissé d'herbes et de poils arrachés à même leur corps souvent situé à l'abri dans un buisson ou les herbes hautes[1]. À la naissance, les lapereaux sont aveugles et presque totalement dénudés[1]. Ils n'ouvrent les yeux qu'après une semaine et sont sevrés à l'âge de 26 à 32 jours[1]. Certains atteignent la maturité sexuelle aussi tôt qu'à l'âge de trois à six mois, mais la majorité ne se reproduit pas avant le second été[1].

Durant la période de reproduction, les mâles et les femelles se font la cour de manière spectaculaire en faisant des bonds et en se poursuivant dans toutes les directions[1].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Lapin à queue blanche dans un pré

On retrouve des Lapins à queue blanche dans tout l'est du l'Amérique du Nord et au nord de l'Amérique du Sud en passant par l'Amérique centrale[1]. Au Québec, son aire de répartition est en expansion ; en effet, on trouve des lapins à queue blanche jusqu'à Mont-Joli dans la région du Bas-Saint-Laurent[1].

Il a été introduit dans plusieurs pays européens dont la France dès 1953 pour compenser la raréfaction des lapins de garenne (Oryctolagus cuniculus) victimes de la myxomatose. En France, son adaptation est difficile et sa densité demeure faible.[réf. nécessaire]

Il habite dans des champs, des prés et des vergers[1]. On le trouve aussi dans certains parcs urbains[1]. Durant le jour, il se creuse une cachette sous une souche ou dans un bosquet[1]. Il lui arrive aussi d'utiliser un terrier de marmotte lorsqu'il doit s'abriter[1].

Systématique

Le Sylvilagus floridanus a treize sous-espèces[2] :

  • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
  • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
  • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
  • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
  • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
  • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
  • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Relations avec l'être humain

Le Lapin à queue blanche peut être nuisible aux potagers et plantes d'ornement des humains, étant donné qu'il lui arrive de grignoter les légumes des potagers et de ronger l'écorce des arbres d'ornement[1]. Il est possible de l'éviter en entourant ces éléments d'un grillage de 1,6 m de haut enfoui à 12 cm dans le sol[1].

Conservation

Le statut du Lapin à queue blanche est de préoccupation mineure selon l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature[3].

Notes et références

Annexes

Article connexe

Ouvrage
  • (en) Jacques Prescott et Pierre Richard, Mammifères du Québec et de l'est du Canada, Waterloo (Québec), Éditions Michel Quintin, 2004, 2e éd., 400 p. (ISBN 978-2-89435-270-0) Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article

Références taxinomiques

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wikipedia FR

Lapin à queue blanche: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Sylvilagus floridanus

Le Lapin à queue blanche ou Lapin de Floride (Sylvilagus floridanus) est une espèce de la famille des léporidés. Sa distribution correspond à l'est de l'Amérique du Nord à partir du Canada jusqu'au nord de l'Amérique du Sud. Il est un brun grisâtre.

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wikipedia FR

Sylvilagus floridanus ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Il silvilago orientale (Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890) è una specie di coniglio dalla coda di cotone dell'America appartenente alla famiglia dei Leporidi.

È una delle specie di coniglio più comuni del Nordamerica e in tempi recenti è stato anche introdotto, per la caccia, in Francia e Italia, dove è conosciuto col nome di minilepre.

Descrizione

Il silvilago orientale è rosso-bruno o grigio-bruno brizzolato, con grandi piedi posteriori, lunghe orecchie ed un breve batuffolo di coda bianca. La parte inferiore è bianca. Sulla coda è presente una macchia color ruggine.

Il suo aspetto differisce da quello di una lepre per via del colore grigio-brunastro intorno alla testa e sul collo. Il corpo è di colore più chiaro e la parte inferiore della coda è bianca. Ha grandi occhi bruni e grandi orecchie per vedere ed udire meglio i pericoli. D'inverno il pelo della coda è più grigio che bruno.

I leprotti sviluppano la stessa colorazione dopo poche settimane, ma hanno anche una chiazza bianca a forma di fiamma che scende giù dalla fronte; questa macchia alla fine scompare. Il peso medio di un adulto è di 900-1800 grammi; la femmina tende ad essere più pesante.[3]

Areale

Vive nei prati e nelle aree con cespugli degli Stati Uniti orientali e sudoccidentali, del Canada meridionale, del Messico orientale, dell'America Centrale e dell'estremità settentrionale del Sudamerica. È numerosissima nel Nordamerica centroccidentale ed è stata trovata nel Nuovo Messico e in Arizona.

Il suo areale si è allargato verso nord dopo l'abbattimento delle foreste da parte dei coloni. Originariamente, non viveva nella Nuova Inghilterra, ma vi è stata introdotta ed ora compete per l'habitat con l'originario silvilago del New England. La sua presenza in Italia è considerata alloctona (cioè estranea) e dovuta ad immissioni. Quindi, secondo le linee guida Istituto superiore per la protezione e la ricerca ambientale, ed onde evitare una competizione territoriale con altri selvatici autoctoni italiani, tra cui la lepre europea, si è deciso di favorirne la caccia.

Dieta

Il silvilago orientale si nutre di vegetali verdi, come erba e trifoglio, in estate e di corteccia, germogli e ramoscelli d'inverno. Quest'animale è attivo di notte; non va in ibernazione in inverno. Tra i suoi predatori ci sono falchi, gufi, coyote, volpi, lupi, mustelidi e linci. Anche l'uomo lo caccia per la carne in molte parti del suo areale; la sua pelliccia viene inoltre usata in abbigliamento.

Nelle fattorie e nei giardini, il silvilago orientale viene solitamente considerato nocivo e viene spesso intrappolato o ucciso per proteggere le piante.

Riproduzione

L'accoppiamento avviene tra febbraio e settembre. I maschi si accoppiano con più di una femmina. Le femmine di coniglio partoriscono da 2 a 4 cucciolate all'anno formate anche da 9 piccoli . La femmina costruisce un nido sul suolo ricoperto con erba e pelo. Dopo che la femmina ha partorito, può accoppiarsi di nuovo subito dopo. I coniglietti smettono di essere allattati dopo 3 settimane e lasciano il nido dopo sette settimane. Raggiungono l'età dell'accoppiamento dopo tre mesi.

La caccia e la predazione impediscono alla popolazione di conigli di crescere a dismisura. Solo il 20-25% circa dei conigli raggiunge un anno di vita e l'85% degli adulti o dei piccoli vengono uccisi ogni anno dai predatori.

Comportamento

Il silvilago orientale è un animale molto territoriale. È soprattutto notturno, ma è anche attivo dall'alba al crepuscolo. Quando corre, può compiere salti di 3-4 metri, che gli consentono di sfuggire ai predatori. Corre a zig-zag, per disperdere le tracce. Può arrivare a 24 km/h.

Preferisce un'area dove possa nascondersi velocemente. Foreste, paludi, cespugli o aree aperte dove possa scavare una tana sono zone ottimali per questa specie.

Classificazione

Sottospecie riconosciute di Sylvilagus floridanus[4]:

  • A nord del Messico
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Messico e America Centrale
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • A sud dell'istmo di Panama
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Note

  1. ^ Scheda in (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F. (Lagomorph Red List Authority) 2008, Sylvilagus floridanus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ Elder W.H., Lyle K.S. Body Weight and Sex Ratio of Cottontail Rabbits. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1942; Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 203-207
  4. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

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wikipedia IT

Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Il silvilago orientale (Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890) è una specie di coniglio dalla coda di cotone dell'America appartenente alla famiglia dei Leporidi.

È una delle specie di coniglio più comuni del Nordamerica e in tempi recenti è stato anche introdotto, per la caccia, in Francia e Italia, dove è conosciuto col nome di minilepre.

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wikipedia IT

Austrumu baltastes trusis ( 拉脫維亞語 )

由wikipedia LV提供

Austrumu baltastes trusis jeb Floridas trusis (Sylvilagus floridanus) ir zaķu dzimtas (Leporidae) baltastes trušu ģints (Sylvilagus) zīdītājs, kas ir ne tikai visizplatītākā trušu suga Amerikas Savienotajās Valstīs, bet visā Ziemeļamerikā. Astes apakšpusi klāj balts, smalks apmatojums, tādēļ Floridas trusi ASV dēvē par cottontail (kokvilnas aste).[1]

Izplatība

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Austrumu baltastes trusis Kanādā

Austrumu baltastes trusis sastopams ASV austrumos un dienvidos, rietumos izplatības areāls stiepjas līdz Ziemeļdakotai, Kanzasai un Teksasai. Austrumu baltastes trusis mājo arī Kanādas dienvidos, Meksikas austrumos, Centrālamerikā un Dienvidamerikas pašos ziemeļos.[2] Tas mīt atklātās ainavās, zāļainos līdzenumos un krūmājos. Kad Ziemeļamerikas apguvēji izcirta mežus ziemeļu virzienā, truši izplatījās līdz ar viņiem uz ziemeļiem.[3] Austrumu baltastes trusis vēsturiski nav dzīvojis Jaunanglijā, bet ir ticis introducēts šajā reģionā. Mūsdienās tas konkurē par dzīves telpu ar vietējo Jaunanglijas baltastes trusi (Sylvilagus transitionalis). Austrumu baltastes trusis ir ticis introducēts arī Oregonā, Vašingtonā un Britu Kolumbijā.[4] Ārpus ASV tas ticis introducēts Kubā, Jamaikā, Kaimanu Salās, Puertoriko, Dominikānā, Barbadosā, Bahamās, Haiti, Grenāda, Gvadelupā un Itālijas ziemeļos.[5]

Izskats

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Barošanās laikā trusis ik pa laikam paceļas pakaļkājās un pārbauda apkārtni
 src=
Trusēni dzimst mīkstā migā, kur tos māte ik pa laikam apciemo, lai pazīdītu

Austrumu baltastes truši ir vidēji lieli zaķveidīgie zīdītāji, kuru ķermeņa garums 36—48 cm.[6][7] Vairākumam zīdītāju tēviņu ir lielāki par mātītēm, bet zaķiem un trušiem novērojams pretējais — ievērojami lielāka ir mātīte. Austrumu baltastes trusim ir proporcionāli garas ausis (5—8 cm[8]) un īsa aste (2,5—7,6 cm[8]), kuras apakša ir balta. To svars ir 800—200 grami.[8] Tam ir garas pakaļkājas, bet priekškājas ir īsākas par tām. Trusim ir arī lielas acis, kuras izvietotas galvas sānos. Pateicoties garajām un muskuļotajām pakaļkājām, trusis var sasniegt ātrumu apmēram 30 km/h[7] un aizlēkt 3 m tālumā. Tā kažoks ir dzeltenbrūns vai pelēkbrūns. Ziemā tas kļūst pelēcīgāks, salīdzinot ar vasaras kažoku. Pakausis sarkanbrūns. Ausis no aizmugures parasti ir tumšākas kā mugura, bieži tām ir melna maliņa.[8] Mazuļiem jau dažu nedēļu vecumā ir tāds pats kažoks kā pieaugušajiem trušiem, vienīgi uz to pieres ir balta zvaigznīte. Ar laiku baltā zīme izzūd.

Dzīvesveids

Austrumu baltastes trusis vislabprātāk mājo meža nomalēs gar atklātām vietām un purvu malām, sastopama arī lauksaimniecības teritorijās. Šī truša suga ir aktīva galvenokārt naktī, reizēm iznāk ganīties agrā pievakarē vai vēlai pēcpusdienā. Pārējo dienas daļu trusis pavada, paslēpies seklā bedrītē vai biezā audzē. Austrumu baltastes trusis pats alas nerok, tikai sliktos laika apstākļos meklē patvērumu alā, ko pametis kāds cits dzīvnieks.[8] Kad zemi klāj bieza sniega kārta, trusis tajā izrok sarežģītu eju sistēmu, savienojot atsevišķas barošanās vietas. Austrumu baltastes trusis ir vienpatnis ar savu teritoriju, katrs indivīds ieņem 100—800 kvadrātmetrus lielu iecirkņi, kas bieži vien pārklājas ar kaimiņu teritorijām. Tēviņiem teritorijas ir lielākas nekā mātītēm.[7] Savstarpēji tiek izveidota stingra hierarhija, kas nepieciešamības gadījumā tiek noskaidrota ar savstrapēju cīņu. Jo dominantāks tēviņš, jo ar vairāk mātītēm tas sapārojas.[8]

Austrumu baltastes truša dabīgie ienaidnieki ir lapsas, koijoti, [vanagi]], pūces, kaķi, suņi, caunas un čūskas.[8] Galvenais veids kā trusis glābjas no plēsējiem ir laba paslēpšanās māksla, bet kā pēdējais glābšanās veids tiek izmantota bēgšana skrienot,[8] kas parasti notiek zigzag veidā.[7] Austrumu baltastes trusim ir ļoti laba redze, dzirde un oža.[7] Barošanās laikā trusis ik pa laikam paceļas pakaļkājās un pārbauda apkārtni.[7]

Barība

Austrumu baltastes truša pamatbarība ir dažāda veida zālaugi līdzīgi kā citām zaķu un trušu sugām. Ziemas periodā tas ēd arī koku mizu, zarus, sēklas un saknes.[8] Austrumu baltastes trusis apēd neticami daudz barības. Viņu barības vads ir lieliski piemērots liela barības daudzuma pārstrādei: barība tiek sagremota divas reizes. Pirmajā reizē barība tiek izvadīta mīkstu, zaļganu lodīšu veidā, kuras truši atkal apēd, otrajā reizē tiek izvadīta pilnībā sagremota barība, kas tiek izvadīta kā cietas, brūnas lodītes, kuras šie dzīvnieki vairs neēd.[8] Izsalkuši Floridas truši var radīt ievērojamus postījumus tīrumos.

Vairošanās

 src=
Trusēniem uz pieres ir balta zvaigznīte, kura ar laiku izzūd

Šo dzīvnieku pārošanās periods atkarībā no izplatības reģiona ilgt no februāra līdz septembrim. Grūsnības periods ilgst 25—35 dienas.[8] Austrumu baltastes truša mātīte var dzemdēt 7—8 reizes gadā,[8] bet parasti tas ir 3—4 reizes gadā.[7] Visbiežāk vienā metienā dzimst 4—5 mazuļi, kuri sver 25—35 grami.[7] Visu šo laiku mātīte parasti nepamet savu teritoriju. Atšķirībā no daudzām citām zaķu un trušu sugām austrumu baltastes trušu mātītes ierīko mazuļiem migu. Apmēram nedēļu pirms dzemdībām mātīte labi apslēptā vietā ierīko mazuļu migu, tā var būt zem nogāzta koka stumbra vai garā zālē, vai zem krūma.[7] Zemē tiek izrakta neliela iedobe, kas tiek izklāta ar sausu zāli un lapām, kā arī ar pašās mātītes vilnu, kuru tā izrauj sev no vēdera.[8] Tā kā māte izplūc sev vilnu, mazuļiem ir vieglāk atrast piena dziedzerus. Trušu piens ir ļoti barojošs. Floridas trušu mazuļi piedzimst ar plānu matojumu, kurli un akli, bet tie ļoti ātri attīstās un 5—6 dienu vecumā tiem atveras acis un ausis.[8] Jau dažas stundas pēc dzemdībām mātīte atkal tiek apaugļota. Mazuļus viņa apmeklē agri no rīta un vakarā, lai pabarotu. Tos atstājot, māte migu apslēpj ar dažādiem materiāliem. Trusēni migu pamet apmēram 2 nedēļu vecumā, lai gan pirmās dienas pēc migas pamešas, tie mēdz atgriezties savā bernības slēptuvē.[8] Jaunie trusēni aiziet katrs uz savu pusi apmēram 7 nedēļu vecumā.[7] Jaunie truši dzimumgatavību sasniedz 2—3 mēnešu vecumā,[7] tomēr daudzi nepārojas ātrāk par 2 gadu vecumu.[8] Apmēram 25% jaunās paaudzes piedzimst jaunajiem trušiem.[7] Mūža ilgums savvaļā apmēram 5 gadi.[7]

Floridas trusis un cilvēki

Floridas trusis ir vispopulārākais medījamais dzīvnieks Amerikas Savienotajās Valstīs. Tie bieži uzturas cilvēku mājokļu tuvumā un kļūst par vieglu lomu medniekiem. 20. gadsimta 20. gados dzīvnieku aizsardzības organizācijas, sadarbojoties ar mednieku savienībām, mēģināja Floridas trusi izmitināt Kanzasas, Misūri, Teksasas un Pensilvānijas štatā. Šis eksperiments varēja kļūt par katastrofu vietējām trušu rasēm un sugām. Floridas trusis sāka ar tiem krustoties, un šo dzīvnieku pēcnācēji gandrīz izstūma pirmatnējās populācijas.

Atsauces

  1. Dzīvnieku pasaulē, Izdevējs UAB IMP BALTIC, 79 karte, ISBN 9986-9333-7-4
  2. IUCN: Sylvilagus floridanus
  3. Godin, Alfred J. (1977). Wild mammals of New England. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press
  4. Reid, Fiona (2006). A Field Guide to Mammals of North America. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company
  5. «Distribution of the eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in the province of Alessandria». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2013. gada 29. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2015. gada 4. martā.
  6. «Museum of Natural History: Eastern Cottontail». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2013. gada 30. decembrī. Skatīts: 2012. gada 3. aprīlī.
  7. 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 Animal Diversity Web: Sylvilagus floridanus
  8. 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 «ARKive: Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2014. gada 10. jūlijā. Skatīts: 2014. gada 26. jūnijā.

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Austrumu baltastes trusis: Brief Summary ( 拉脫維亞語 )

由wikipedia LV提供

Austrumu baltastes trusis jeb Floridas trusis (Sylvilagus floridanus) ir zaķu dzimtas (Leporidae) baltastes trušu ģints (Sylvilagus) zīdītājs, kas ir ne tikai visizplatītākā trušu suga Amerikas Savienotajās Valstīs, bet visā Ziemeļamerikā. Astes apakšpusi klāj balts, smalks apmatojums, tādēļ Floridas trusi ASV dēvē par cottontail (kokvilnas aste).

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 馬來語 )

由wikipedia MS提供

Arnab Ekor Kapas Timur (Sylvilagus floridanus) ialah sejenis arnab ekor kapas Dunia Baru yang tergolong dalam famili Leporidae. Ia merupakan salah satu spesies arnab yang paling banyak terdapat di Amerika Utara.

Pengelasan

Subspesies Sylvilagus floridanus yang dikenal pasti:

  • Di utara Mexico
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Mexico dan Amerika Tengah
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Di selatan Segenting Panama
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Rujukan

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Sylvilagus floridanus. Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Sylvilagus floridanus
  1. ^ Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008) Sylvilagus floridanus di: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Diterima pada 01 February 2010.
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Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 馬來語 )

由wikipedia MS提供

Arnab Ekor Kapas Timur (Sylvilagus floridanus) ialah sejenis arnab ekor kapas Dunia Baru yang tergolong dalam famili Leporidae. Ia merupakan salah satu spesies arnab yang paling banyak terdapat di Amerika Utara.

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Floridakonijn ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het Floridakonijn of oostelijke katoenstaart (Sylvilagus floridanus) is een haasachtige uit het geslacht der katoenstaartkonijnen (Sylvilagus). Het is waarschijnlijk het algemeenste konijn van Noord-Amerika.

Beschrijving

Het Floridakonijn heeft een grijsbruine vacht met een roestkleurige nek. Vaak zit er een witte vlek op het voorhoofd. De staart is van onder wit als een dot katoen. De achterpoten zijn boven wit. Het Floridakonijn wordt 375 tot 463 millimeter lang, inclusief de 39 tot 65 millimeter lange staart. Hij weegt 900 tot 1800 gram. De oren zijn 49 tot 68 millimeter lang.

Gedrag

Het Floridakonijn is een nachtdier. Hij laat zich ook regelmatig zien op donkere dagen en in de schemering. Hij graaft geen eigen holen, maar gebruikt holen van de bosmarmot bij slecht weer. 's Winters kunnen ze gangen maken in diepe sneeuw.

Het Floridakonijn eet kruiden en grassen, 's winters ook twijgen, bast en knoppen. Ze eten snel, om daarna een veilige schuilplaats op te zoeken om daar hun keutels op te eten. Dit gedrag komt bij de meeste haasachtigen voor. Ze eten soms ook hoenders.[2]

Soms staan ze op hun achterpoten om de omgeving in de gaten te houden. Ze hebben veel vijanden, waaronder haviken, uilen, marterachtigen en lynxen. Als ze achterna worden gezeten, rennen ze langs de grenzen van hun territorium en maken ze zijwaartse sprongen om het geurspoor te doorbreken. Ook kunnen ze het water in vluchten, alhoewel ze niet van zwemmen houden. Ze kunnen 3 tot 4½ meter hoog springen.

Voortplanting

Het paarseizoen loopt van februari tot september. Mannetjes voeren in die tijd rituelen uit voor de vrouwtjes. Hierbij vechten mannetjes tegen elkaar, en springen vrouwtjes over de mannetjes. Groepjes dieren rennen achter elkaar aan, en soms springt een konijn recht omhoog.

Na een draagtijd van 28 tot 32 dagen komen vier à vijf jongen (soms één tot negen) ter wereld. Een vrouwtje kan drie of vier worpen per jaar krijgen. De jongen worden geboren in een nest, bedekt met planten en vacht uit de borst van de moeder. Het nest ligt verborgen in een hol in de grond, meestal 18 centimeter diep en 12,5 centimeter breed, waarvan de ingang is bedekt door plantaardig materiaal. Vrij snel na de geboorte paart het vrouwtje weer. Na drie maanden zijn de dieren geslachtsrijp.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Het Floridakonijn komt in bijna het gehele oosten van de Verenigde Staten voor. In het westen komt hij voor tot Arizona en het noorden van New Mexico. In Canada komt hij enkel in het zuidoosten, op de grens met de VS voor. Zuidwaarts komt hij voor via Oost-Mexico tot Colombia, Venezuela. In New England kwam de soort niet voor. Sinds de soort daar is ingevoerd, vormt hij een voedselconcurrent voor de inheemse New-Englandkatoenstaart. Hij komt voor in gebieden met voldoende schuilplaatsen als struwelen, bijvoorbeeld bossen, struikgebieden en grasvelden.

In Europa

In Italië, Noord-Spanje en Frankrijk is de soort ingevoerd voor de jacht, nadat de wilde konijnenpopulatie in die streken bijna was uitgeroeid door myxomatose. Floridakonijnen zijn bestand tegen deze ziekte.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Floridakonijn op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Kijk hoe hazen toeslaan als kannibalen op schokkende beelden. National Geographic (16 januari 2019). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2019.
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Sylvilagus floridanus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Floridakonijn: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het Floridakonijn of oostelijke katoenstaart (Sylvilagus floridanus) is een haasachtige uit het geslacht der katoenstaartkonijnen (Sylvilagus). Het is waarschijnlijk het algemeenste konijn van Noord-Amerika.

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Królak florydzki ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Królak florydzki[3], królik florydzki[potrzebny przypis] (Sylvilagus floridanus) - gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae). Charakteryzuje się czerwono-brązową lub szaro-brązową sierścią, spodnia strona ogona porośnięta delikatną, białą sierścią. Najprawdopodobniej najliczniejszy królik na obszarze Ameryki Północnej. Żyje głównie na skrajach lasów lub bagien, czasami również na obszarach uprawnych. Nie jest zwierzęciem terytorialnym.

Dane liczbowe

  • długość ciała: 36–46 cm
  • długość ogona: 4-6,5 cm
  • długość uszu: 5–7 cm
  • masa: 0,9-1,8 kg
  • dojrzałość płciowa: 5-6 miesiąc
  • pora godowa: luty - wrzesień
  • ciąża: 26-29 dni
  • liczba młodych: 3-9
  • liczba miotów: 4-5

Odżywianie

Królik ten jest w 100% roślinożercą. Odżywia się trawą, poziomkami, koniczyną. W zimie, gdy żywność jest uboga, spożywa gałązki, korę i pąki.

Przypisy

  1. Sylvilagus floridanus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. 2008, Sylvilagus floridanus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-29] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 60. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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Królak florydzki: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Królak florydzki, królik florydzki[potrzebny przypis] (Sylvilagus floridanus) - gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae). Charakteryzuje się czerwono-brązową lub szaro-brązową sierścią, spodnia strona ogona porośnięta delikatną, białą sierścią. Najprawdopodobniej najliczniejszy królik na obszarze Ameryki Północnej. Żyje głównie na skrajach lasów lub bagien, czasami również na obszarach uprawnych. Nie jest zwierzęciem terytorialnym.

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O Coelho-da-Flórida (Sylvilagus floridanus) é um dos leporídeos mais comuns na América do Norte.

Bibliografia

  • HOFFMAN, R. S., ANDREW, T. S. (2005). in WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M. (eds). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2.142 pp. 2 vol.
  • Lagomorpha Specialist Group 1996. Sylvilagus floridanus. IUCN 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Acessado em 21 de janeiro de 2008.

São em maioria de cor parda misturada com castanho escuro, tem pelos avermelados na nuca e patas trazeoiras que impulsionam pulos.

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Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O Coelho-da-Flórida (Sylvilagus floridanus) é um dos leporídeos mais comuns na América do Norte.

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Östlig bomullssvanskanin ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Östlig bomullssvanskanin (Sylvilagus floridanus) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar och kaniner. Arten förekommer huvudsakligen i östra Nordamerika, i Centralamerika och i norra Sydamerika.

Utseende

Djuret påminner om vildkaninen (som förekommer i Europa). Pälsens underull är på ovansidan brun och täckhåren har gråa eller svarta spetsar. Undersidan är ljusare och mera grå- till vitaktig. Även vinterpälsen är mer grå istället för brun. Svansen är likaså mörk på ovansidan och vit på undersidan.[2] Östlig bomullssvanskanin når en kroppslängd av 40 till 48 cm, inklusive den cirka 4,5 cm långa svansen. Vikten varierar mellan 0,8 och 1,5 kg.[2] Öronen är ungefär 6 cm[3] långa och ögonen är påfallande stora.[2]

Utbredning och habitat

Artens utbredningsområde sträcker sig från sydöstra Kanada över Mexiko och norra Centralamerika till Costa Rica. Isolerade populationer finns i norra Sydamerika i Venezuela och Colombia samt i västra USA (delstater Washington och Oregon).[1]

Östlig bomullssvanskanin kan anpassa sig till flera olika habitat. Den hittas i torra och fuktiga skogar, i gräsmarker, hedområden och träskmarker. Djuret finns även i odlade eller urbana regioner.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna är aktiva mellan skymningen och gryningen. De lever utanför parningstiden ensam och gräver underjordiska bon. Födan utgörs under sommaren av gröna växtdelar och under vintern av bark och kvistar. En kanin som känner sig hotad kan springa med en hastighet på nästan 30 km/h. Den utför samtidig sicksack-rörelser.[2]

Honor kan para sig flera gångar per år och fortplantningstiden är i tempererade områden mellan februari och september. Vanligen föds tre till fyra kullar per år men under goda förhållanden föds upp till sju kullar. Dräktighetstiden är 25 till 28 dagar och en kull har i genomsnitt fem ungar.[2] Antalet ungar per kull kan variera mellan 1 och 12. Ungarna föds i boet och de är i början blinda och nakna. Efter cirka två veckor syns de för första gången utanför boet. Kort efteråt eller tre veckor efter födelsen slutar honan med digivning. Ungarna blir efter 2 till 3 månader könsmogna och måste lämna sin moder.[2]

Livslängden i naturen är allmänt mindre än tre år. Vissa individer blev med människans vård 9 år gamla.[2]

Hot och status

Östlig bomullssvanskanin har många naturliga fiender som mårddjur, hunddjur, hökartade rovfåglar och ugglor. Den jagas även av människan för pälsens, köttets eller bara för nöjets skull.[2]

På grund av artens utmärkta anpassningsförmåga ökade däremot beståndet. IUCN listar denna kanin som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA) 2008 Sylvilagus floridanus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2013-04-10.
  2. ^ [a b c d e f g h] K. Mikita (14 april 1999). ”Eastern cottontail” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Sylvilagus_floridanus/. Läst 10 april 2013.
  3. ^ Chapman, A. et al. (15 april 1980). Sylvilagus floridanus (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-136-01-0001.pdf. Läst 10 april 2013.

Externa länkar

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Östlig bomullssvanskanin: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Östlig bomullssvanskanin (Sylvilagus floridanus) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar och kaniner. Arten förekommer huvudsakligen i östra Nordamerika, i Centralamerika och i norra Sydamerika.

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 土耳其語 )

由wikipedia TR提供
Binominal adı Sylvilagus floridanus
(J. A. Allen, 1890) Dağılımı
Dağılımı

Sylvilagus floridanus, Leporidae familyasına ve Sylvilagus cinsine üye bir türdür. Yeni Dünya tavşanıdır. Kuzey Amerika'da en yaygın tavşan türlerinden biridir.

Sınıflandırma

Bilinen alttürler[1]

  • Meksika'nın kuzeyi
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Meksika ve Orta Amerika
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • Panama Kıstağı'nın güneyi
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

Galeri

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Dış bağlantılar

 src= Wikimedia Commons'ta Sylvilagus floridanus ile ilgili medyaları bulabilirsiniz.
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Sylvilagus floridanus: Brief Summary ( 土耳其語 )

由wikipedia TR提供

Sylvilagus floridanus, Leporidae familyasına ve Sylvilagus cinsine üye bir türdür. Yeni Dünya tavşanıdır. Kuzey Amerika'da en yaygın tavşan türlerinden biridir.

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Sylvilagus floridanus ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Поширення

 src=
Кролик флоридський у стрибку

Країни проживання: Канада, Колумбія, Коста-Рика, Сальвадор, Гватемала, Гондурас, Мексика, Нікарагуа, США, Венесуела. Може вижити в найрізноманітніших місцях проживання. Населяє пустелі, болота, болотисті місця, степи, дощові ліси, тайгу, листяні ліси та рідколісся. Добре виживає серед сільськогосподарських угідь, пасовищ.

Морфологія

Кролик східний має хутро червоно-коричневого або сіро-коричневого кольору зверху, низ хутра білого кольору. Зимове хутро є більш сірим, ніж коричневим. Цей кролик має великі задні ноги, довгі вуха, великі коричневі очі, короткий пухнастий білий хвіст. На хвості є іржаві плями. Загальна довжина від 33.5 до 48.5 см, в тому числі невеликий хвіст, що в середньому 5,3 см. Вага може коливатися від 800 до 2000 г, в середньому близько 1200 г.

Поведінка

Поживою, залежно від типу середовища існування і сезону, можуть бути деревні рослини в сплячий сезон і трав'янисті рослини в період вегетації. Sylvilagus floridanus є сутінковою чи нічною твариною. Втім, хоча цей кролик зазвичай проводить більшу частину дня, відпочиваючи в неглибоких заглибленнях під рослинним покривом або в іншому притулку, його можна побачити в будь-який час доби. Sylvilagus floridanus активні цілий рік.

Хижаки

Sylvilagus floridanus доводиться уникати багатьох хижаків, як природних, так і введених. Основні хижаки: Felis silvestris catus, види родів Vulpes та Urocyon, Canis latrans, Lynx rufus, Canis lupus familiaris, види роду Mustela, Procyon lotor, Neovison vison, Bubo virginianus, Strix varia, види родів Buteo та Corvus, а також змії. Хижаками, що небезпечні для дитинчат є Taxidea taxus, види родів Mephitis та Spilogale, Didelphis virginiana.

Відтворення

Сезон розмноження варіює залежно від висоти і широти місцевості, і починається пізніше на великих висотах і широтах північної півкулі. Середня тривалість вагітності становить 28 днів і розмір новонароджених коливається від 3.06 до 5.06 см. Може бути 3— приплоди на рік, за раз народжується 3—5 дитинчат.

Джерела

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Thỏ đuôi bông Bắc Mỹ ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Sylvilagus floridanus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được J. A. Allen mô tả năm 1890.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008) Sylvilagus floridanus Trong: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Ấn bản 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Sylvilagus floridanus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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Thỏ đuôi bông Bắc Mỹ: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

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Sylvilagus floridanus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được J. A. Allen mô tả năm 1890.

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Флоридский кролик ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Семейство: Зайцевые
Вид: Флоридский кролик
Международное научное название

Sylvilagus floridanus J. A. Allen, 1890

Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 180124NCBI 9988EOL 976910FW 51912

Флори́дский кро́лик[1] (лат. Sylvilagus floridanus) — млекопитающее рода американских жёсткошерстных кроликов (Sylvilagus) отряда зайцеобразных. Вид широко распространён на территории США и проник даже в Южную Америку.

Распространение

Распространён на востоке США, кроме Новой Англии, западная граница ареала проходит по штатам: Северная Дакота, Канзас, Техас, Аризона и северу Нью-Мексико. Вид также распространен в некоторых странах Центральной Америки и в Венесуэле.

Образ жизни

Обитает на обширном пространстве в разнообразной обстановке, от тропиков до регионов со снежной зимой. Активен в основном ночью, изредка ранним вечером. Большую часть светлого времени суток флоридский кролик проводит в неглубокой ямке или в густых зарослях. Зимой, когда выпадает толстый слой снега, флоридский кролик перемещается в основном под снегом, прорывая сложную систему ходов, соединяющих места кормежки.

Питание

Питается в основном травой, иногда дополняя свой рацион древесной корой, ветками, семенами. Пищеварительная система у флоридского кролика имеет особое строение, приспособленное к потреблению корма в невероятно больших объёмах, поэтому часть переваренной пищи выводится из организма в виде мягких зеленоватых комков и съедается повторно, остальная часть выделяется в виде твёрдого помёта.

Повадки

Флоридские кролики предпочитают держаться по одиночке, иногда образуют маленькие группы.

Продолжительность жизни

В диких условиях продолжительность жизни флоридского кролика составляет 2—3 года, в неволе же может достигать 10 лет.

Размножение

  • Половое созревание: с 5—6 месяцев
  • Период спаривания: февраль—сентябрь
  • Беременность: 26—29 суток
  • Количество детенышей в помёте: 3—7
  • Количество помётов в год: в среднем 4—5

Влияние человека

Голодные флоридские кролики довольно часто наносят большой ущерб урожаю зерновых и других культур, поэтому на них активно охотятся фермеры и любители спортивной охоты. Бегает флоридский кролик довольно медленно, и будучи обнаруженным старается затаиться, поэтому особи обитающие вблизи населённых пунктов, являются лёгкой добычей.

Галерея

  • Eastern Cottontail rabbit, Rideau River.jpg
  • Sylvilagus floridanus babies.jpg
  • Eastern cotton tail in grass.jpg
  • Eastern cotton tail sitting.jpg
  • OurPets3.gif
  • Ecottontail.jpg

См. также

Зайцевые

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 206. — 10 000 экз.
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Флоридский кролик: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Флори́дский кро́лик (лат. Sylvilagus floridanus) — млекопитающее рода американских жёсткошерстных кроликов (Sylvilagus) отряда зайцеобразных. Вид широко распространён на территории США и проник даже в Южную Америку.

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東部棉尾兔 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Sylvilagus floridanus
(J. A. Allen,1890) Florida-waldkaninchen-world.png

東部棉尾兔,又稱美東棉尾兔佛羅里達棉尾兔東林兔學名Sylvilagus floridanus),是一種生活在美洲棉尾兔,屬兔科林兔屬。是北美洲最常見的兔。

形態

東部棉尾兔體型粗壯,後腿強壯,耳長,眼大棕色(以偵察外界的危險),背色呈紅棕或灰褐色,腹毛白色。尾短,下方白色,蓬鬆,上有一鐵鏽色斑點。

它與歐洲野兔的分別為其頭頸為灰褐色。軀幹顏色較淺。冬季的毛皮偏灰色。幼崽出生數星期也會長出相同顏色的皮毛,而其額頭下的白斑會慢慢消失。成兔平均重二至四磅;雌性通常較重。[3]體長33.5-48.5公分。

分佈

本種分佈於的美國東部和西南部、加拿大南部、墨西哥東部、中美洲南美洲最北部的草原和灌木林中。在北美洲的中西部數量眾多,也曾在新墨西哥州亞利桑那州出現。其標準標本採自佛羅里達州布勞沃德縣的塞巴斯蒂昂河。[1]在歐洲殖民者開墾森林的時候,它們也隨之北上。它們原本不生活於新英格蘭地區,但引入後就與當地的原生種新英格蘭棉尾兔爭奪棲地。

食性

東部棉尾兔春夏天吃草、苜蓿、蔬菜和水果,冬天以樹皮、樹芽、嫩枝、楓樹山茱萸為食。

繁殖

交配期為每年二月至九月。雄兔會與多於一隻雌兔交配。雌兔每年可生產二至四次,每次最多可產下九隻兔崽。雌兔在地面以草與皮毛築巢,並能於生效隨即再次交配。兔崽長到三星期大就戒奶,七周後使可離巢,並於三月個月後再繁殖下一代。

行為

東 部棉尾兔具有很高的地域性。它在夜間出沒,在黎明和入夜時也很活躍,沒有冬眠的習性。跑步時可跳躍至15英呎高,以助其躲避獵食 者。被追逐時,以「之」字路線奔跑,獵食者無法追蹤其氣味,也就較難跟上。其時速可達每小時18英里。它偏好容易躲藏的地方,但也適應曠野的環境。森林、 沼澤、雜木林、灌木叢或空地,總之能夠讓其挖洞的地方,都是理想的棲地。

天敵

捕獵和掠食是防止種群過剩的因素。大約20至25%的兔崽可以活到1歲,而每年都有85%的成兔和幼兔被包括人類在內獵食者的殺死。其他捕食者包括貓頭鷹郊狼猞猁。人類也以其為食物;皮毛也可作衣料。在農場和花園,本被視為害獸而被射殺或用陷阱捕捉,以保護植物。

分類

下為本種被承認的亞種列表:[1]

  • 墨西哥以北
    • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
    • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
    • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
    • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus —— 指名亞種
    • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • 墨西哥和中美洲
    • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
    • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus macrocorpus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
  • 巴拿馬地峽以南
    • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
    • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
    • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
    • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
    • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
    • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris

參考文獻

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:東部棉尾兔
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hoffmann, Robert S.; Andrew T. Smith (2005年11月16日). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds). ed.. Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 209-210. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  2. ^ (英文) Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). Sylvilagus floridanus. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於2010-02-23.
  3. ^ Elder, William H.; Lyle K. Sowls. (June, 1942) Body Weight and Sex Ratio of Cottontail Rabbits. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 203-207
 title=
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東部棉尾兔: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

東部棉尾兔,又稱美東棉尾兔、佛羅里達棉尾兔、東林兔(學名:Sylvilagus floridanus),是一種生活在美洲棉尾兔,屬兔科林兔屬。是北美洲最常見的兔。

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동부솜꼬리토끼 ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

동부솜꼬리토끼(Sylvilagus floridanus)는 토끼과에 속하는 신대륙 솜꼬리토끼의 일종이다. 북아메리카에서 가장 흔한 토끼 종의 하나이다.

아종

  • Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
  • Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus avius
  • Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
  • Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
  • Sylvilagus floridanus continentis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus hesperius
  • Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi
  • Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri
  • Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi
  • Sylvilagus floridanus nelsoni
  • Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
  • Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus paulsoni
  • Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus russatus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus similis
  • Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus
  • Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris
  • Sylvilagus floridanus valenciae
  • Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus

각주

  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). 〈Order Lagomorpha〉 [토끼목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 209–210쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). Sylvilagus floridanus. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2009.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 01 February 2010에 확인함.
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