Phlebopus marginatus, commonly known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi. An imposing sight in forests of south-eastern and south-western Australia, it is possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, with the weight of one specimen from Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 lb). Initially described in 1845 as Boletus marginatus, and also previously known by scientific names such as Phaeogyroporus portentosus and Boletus portentosus, it is not as closely related to typical boletes as previously thought.
English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley initially described Boletus marginatus in 1845, from the writings and specimens of James Drummond, from the vicinity of the Swan River Colony in Western Australia.[5] Berkeley and Broome described Boletus portentosus in a report published in 1873 of the fungi of Ceylon, from a specimen with a 25 cm (8 in) diameter cap collected on June 15, 1869. They held it to be related to Boletus aestivalis.[6] Microscopic differences led to it being reclassified; Boedijn noted the shape of its spores, lack of cystidia and short tubes and allocated it to the genus Phlebopus in 1951.[1] New Zealand botanist Robert McNabb followed Rolf Singer who had determined Phlebopus was a nomen dubium (though conceding Singer was likely in error), and coined the binomial Phaeogyroporus portentosus,[2] by which it was known for some years. In his 1982 review of the genus, mycologist Paul Heinemann used this latter designation.[7] The generic name is derived from the Greek Φλεψ/Φλεβο- "vein",[8] and πους "foot".[9]
Considering the two taxa to be the same,[10] mycologist Roy Watling proposed the name Phlebopus marginatus over P. portentosus in 2001, pointing out that the former name predated the latter.[11] He noted specimens across its range conform to the species description, although queried whether a single species occurs over so wide a range.[12]
It is not as closely related to typical boletes as was previously thought. The genus Phlebopus is a member of the suborder Sclerodermatineae, which makes it more closely related to earth balls than to typical boletes. Within this suborder, Phlebopus makes up the family Boletinellaceae with Boletinellus.[11][13] Boletus brevitubus, described from Cephalocitrus grandis and Delonix regia forests of Yunnan, China in 1991,[14] was placed into synonymy with Phlebopus marginatus in 2009.[4]
A common name in Western Australia is salmon gum mushroom.[15] Common names in Asia include hed har and hed tub tao dum in Thailand, or tropical black bolete.[16]
Possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, Phlebopus marginatus produces fruit bodies that can reach huge proportions.[17] The weight of one specimen from western Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 pounds).[17] John Burton Cleland reported finding specimens with a cap diameter of 70 cm (28 in), weighing over 70 pounds (32 kg), but reports about specimens with caps over 100 cm (39 in) in diameter also exist.[2] The cap is convex to flat, occasionally with a depressed centre. It is brown to olive and covered in fine hair.[18] Records between countries vary as to the colour change on cutting or bruising of flesh,[19] with those of Western Australia indicating no change,[15] while New Zealand and Indonesian collections are reported to have some bluish discoloration on bruising at the top of the stem.[1][2] The spores are yellow-brown. Mature specimens are very attractive to insects and often infested with them.[17]
Phlebopus marginatus is an example of a Gondwanan fungus, being found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Sri Lanka as well as Australia and New Zealand,[20] with related species found in South America. In fact, it is a pantropical species.
Within Australia it has been recorded from the southeast of South Australia to New South Wales.[18] Within Australia it occurs in eucalypt forests and may be found any time after rain.[17] Fruit bodies may be isolated or spring up in groups or even fairy rings.[17] It occurs in rainforest in the Cooloola section of the Great Sandy National Park in Queensland.[10]
In New Zealand it is possibly associated with Nothofagus truncata.[2] McNabb was unsure of whether it was introduced or indigenous to New Zealand though suspected it was the latter due to it being found in dense native forest near Rotorua. Other collections were in the vicinity of Auckland.[2]
It is common in Java and Sumatra.[1]
In China it is found in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan provinces.[21] In China, it grows in association with poinciana (Delonix regia), mango (Mangifera indica), coffee (Coffea arabica), pomelo (Citrus grandis), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and oak (Quercus) species.[21]
As with many Australian mushrooms, Phlebopus marginatus is not widely eaten although recorded in several publications as edible and mild tasting or bland.[15][17][22][23] Australian mushroom expert Bruce Fuhrer warns of its propensity to be maggot-ridden.[17]
It is consumed in Laos, northern Thailand, Myanmar and southern China,[16] namely the tropical areas of Yunnan province, where excessive picking for markets has depleted wild populations. Its large size and flavour make it a desired mushroom in markets in the Xishuangbanna region.[21] It is also consumed in Reunion Island. Since 2003, efforts have been made to try and cultivate it.[21]
Phlebopus marginatus, commonly known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi. An imposing sight in forests of south-eastern and south-western Australia, it is possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, with the weight of one specimen from Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 lb). Initially described in 1845 as Boletus marginatus, and also previously known by scientific names such as Phaeogyroporus portentosus and Boletus portentosus, it is not as closely related to typical boletes as previously thought.
Phlebopus marginatus es una especie de hongo de Australia Occidental, es miembro de Boletales u hongos con poros. Posiblemente sea el mayor hongo terrestre de Australia, donde un espécimen hallado en Victoria llegó a pesar 29 kg. Es una vista imponente en los bosques del sudeste y suroeste de Australia. Inicialmente descrito como Boletus marginatus en 1845, y también conocido anteriormente por nombres científicos como Phaeogyroporus portentosus y Boletus portentosus, de hecho, no está tan estrechamente relacionado con boletos típicos como se pensaba anteriormente.
Posiblemente el hongo terrestre más grande de Australia, Phlebopus marginatus produce cuerpos fructiferos que pueden alcanzar grandes proporciones.[5] Un espécimen del oeste de Victoria alcanzó 29 kg de peso.[5] John Burton Cleland informó haber encontrado especímenes con un diámetro de sombrero de 60 cm y un peso de más de 32 kg.[4] El sombrero es convexo a plano, ocasionalmente con un centro deprimido. Es de color marrón a oliva y está cubierto de pelo fino.[6] Los registros entre países varían en cuanto al cambio de color al cortar o magullar la carne,[7] con los de Australia Occidental indicando que no hay cambios, [8] mientras que los recolectados en Nueva Zelanda e Indonesia tienen decoloración azulada en la magulladura en la parte superior del tallo. [3][4] Las esporas son de color amarillo-marrón. Los especímenes maduros atraen sobremanera a los insectos y a menudo están infestados de ellos..[5]
Phlebopus marginatus es un ejemplo de un hongo gondwano que se encuentra en Indonesia, Malasia y Sri Lanka, así como en Australia y Nueva Zelanda,[9] con especies relacionadas que se encuentran en América del Sur. De hecho, es una especie pantropical.
En Australia se ha registrado desde el sureste del sur de Australia hasta Nueva Gales del Sur. [6] Dentro de Australia se presenta en bosques de eucaliptos y se suele encontrar después de la lluvia. [5] Los cuerpos fructíferos pueden encontrarse aislados o surgir en grupos o incluso formando anillos. [5] Se los encuentra en la selva tropical en la sección Cooloola del Parque nacional Great Sandy en Queensland.[10]
En Nueva Zelanda posiblemente se asocie con Nothofagus truncata. [4] McNabb no estaba seguro de si fue introducido o es propio de Nueva Zelanda, aunque sospechaba esto último debido a que se encontraba en un denso bosque nativo cerca de Rotorua. Otras recolecciones se han registrado en cercanía de Auckland.[4]
Es común en Java y Sumatra.[3]
En China se encuentra en las provincias de Yunnan, Guangxi y Hainan. [11] En China, crece en asociación con especies de poinciana (Delonix regia), mango (Mangifera indica), café (Coffea arabica), pomelo (Citrus grandis), jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus) y roble (Quercus).[11]
Al igual que con muchos hongos australianos, Phlebopus marginatus no es muy consumido en Australia, aunque se registra en varias publicaciones como comestible y de sabor suave.[8][5][12][13] El experto australiano en hongos Bruce Fuhrer advierte sobre su propensión a estar plagado de gusanos.[5]
Se lo consume en Laos, norte de Tailandia, Myanmar y sur de China,[14] a saber, las áreas tropicales de la provincia de Yunnan, donde la recolección excesiva para los mercados ha agotado las poblaciones silvestres. Su gran tamaño y sabor lo convierten en un hongo deseado en los mercados de la región de Xishuangbanna.[11] También se consume en la isla Reunión.
Desde el 2003, se realizan esfuerzos para cultivarlo.[11]
Phlebopus marginatus es una especie de hongo de Australia Occidental, es miembro de Boletales u hongos con poros. Posiblemente sea el mayor hongo terrestre de Australia, donde un espécimen hallado en Victoria llegó a pesar 29 kg. Es una vista imponente en los bosques del sudeste y suroeste de Australia. Inicialmente descrito como Boletus marginatus en 1845, y también conocido anteriormente por nombres científicos como Phaeogyroporus portentosus y Boletus portentosus, de hecho, no está tan estrechamente relacionado con boletos típicos como se pensaba anteriormente.
Phlebopus marginatus dikenali orang ramai sebagai cendawan gam salmon di barat Australia dan barangkali adalah cendawan daratan terbesar di Australia dengan berat salah satu cendawan yang dikutip di Victoria ialah 29 kilogram (64 paun). Cendawan ini tampak mengagumkan di dalam hutan di tenggara dan barat daya Australia. Pada awalnya, cendawan ini dinamakan sebagai Boletus marginatus pada tahun 1845[1] malah sebelum ini terkenal dengan nama saintifik Phaeogyroporus portentosus dan Boletus portentosus walaupun cendawan ini jauh sekali tergolong dalam tipikal boletes seperti yang difikirkan sebelum ini.[2]
Nama generik ini merupakan terbitan deripada perkataan Greek iaitu Φλεβο- bermaksud "urat" manakala πους bermaksud "kaki".[3]
Cendawan ini mungkin mencapai tumbesaran maksimum dengan garis pusat pileus berbentuk buah berangan tidak kurang 1 meter (40 inci) dan liang hymenium berwarna kekuning-kuningan. Sporanya berwarna perang kekuning-kuningan dan mempunyai tangkai yang tebal. Spesimen yang matang menjadi tarikan serangga.
Phlebopus marginatus merupakan salah satu kulat Gondwana di mana ditemui di Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka dan Indonesia dengan spesies saudaranya ditemui di Selatan Amerika. Di Australia, cendawan ini terdapat di hutan eucalypt dan boleh dijumpai bila-bila masa khususnya selepas hujan.
Sepeti kebanyakan cendawan berasal dari Australia, Phlebopus marginatus secara umumnya tidak diketahui statusnya sebagai makanan walaupun terdapat sebuah buku yang menerangkan cendawan ini dikatakan boleh dimakan dan rasanya agak lembut.[4]
Phlebopus marginatus dikenali orang ramai sebagai cendawan gam salmon di barat Australia dan barangkali adalah cendawan daratan terbesar di Australia dengan berat salah satu cendawan yang dikutip di Victoria ialah 29 kilogram (64 paun). Cendawan ini tampak mengagumkan di dalam hutan di tenggara dan barat daya Australia. Pada awalnya, cendawan ini dinamakan sebagai Boletus marginatus pada tahun 1845 malah sebelum ini terkenal dengan nama saintifik Phaeogyroporus portentosus dan Boletus portentosus walaupun cendawan ini jauh sekali tergolong dalam tipikal boletes seperti yang difikirkan sebelum ini.
Nama generik ini merupakan terbitan deripada perkataan Greek iaitu Φλεβο- bermaksud "urat" manakala πους bermaksud "kaki".
| fotkaraktär = bar | sporavtrycksfärg = brun }}
Phlebopus marginatus je grzib[3], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł J. Drumm. ex Berk., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Watling & N.M. Greg. 1988. Phlebopus marginatus nŏleży do zorty Phlebopus i familije Boletinellaceae.[4][5] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[4]
| fotkaraktär = bar | sporavtrycksfärg = brun }}
Phlebopus marginatus je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł J. Drumm. ex Berk., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Watling & N.M. Greg. 1988. Phlebopus marginatus nŏleży do zorty Phlebopus i familije Boletinellaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
