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Comments ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Variation of Juglans nigra in central Texas and south-central Oklahoma should be studied; specimens seemingly intermediate between J . nigra and both J . major and J . microcarpa have been seen from this area. E. C. Twisselman (1967) incorrectly reported that J . nigra was locally naturalized in California; his specimens were all J . hindsii (possibly introgressed with J . nigra ) and J . californica .

Juglans nigra is frequently cultivated as an ornamental, and the nuts are prized for their strong, distinctive flavor.

Native Americans used Juglans nigra medicinally as a miscellaneous disease remedy, a dermatological aid, and a psychological aid (D. E. Moerman 1986).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Trees , to 40(-50) m. Bark medium to dark gray or brownish, deeply split into narrow rough ridges. Twigs with distal edge of leaf scar notched, usually deeply, not bordered by well-defined band of pubescence; pith light brown. Terminal buds ovoid or subglobose, weakly flattened, 8-10 mm. Leaves 20-60 cm; petiole 6.5-14 cm. Leaflets (9-)15-19(-23), lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, symmetric or weakly falcate, (3-)6-15 × 1.5-5.5 cm, margins serrate, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially with capitate-glandular hairs, simple or 2-rayed fasciculate hairs, and scales scattered over veins and blade, axils of proximal veins with prominent tufts of fasciculate hairs, adaxially glabrous except for scattered capitate-glandular and fasciculate hairs on midrib; terminal leaflet small or often absent. Staminate catkins 5-10 cm; stamens 17-50 per flower; pollen sacs 0.8-0.9 mm. Fruits 1-2, subglobose to globose, rarely ellipsoid, 3.5-8 cm, warty, with scales and capitate-glandular hairs; nuts subglobose to globose, rarely ellipsoid, 3-4 cm, very deeply longitudinally grooved, surface between grooves coarsely warty. 2 n = 32.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting ( 英語 )

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Flowering spring (Apr-May).
許可
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Rich woods; 0-1000m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Wallia nigra (Linnaeus) Alefeld
許可
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
black walnut
walnut
eastern black walnut
American walnut
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( 英語 )

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The eastern screech-owl roosts on the limbs of black walnut [6].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: forest, tree

Black walnut is a native, deciduous tree that can grow to a height of
125 feet (38 m) but ordinarily grows to around 80 feet (25 m) [10,43].
Black walnut develops a long, smooth trunk and a small rounded crown
when growing in the forest. In the open, the trunk forks low with a few
ascending and spreading coarse branches. The root system usually
consists of a deep taproot and several wide-spreading lateral roots.
The bark on young trees is dark and scaly but becomes darker with
rounded intersecting ridges on mature trees [17,39].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Black walnut is found throughout the eastern United States. It grows as
far north as southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan,
and southern Ontario. Isolated populations occur in the southern half of
New York, Vermont, western Massachusetts, and northwestern Connecticut.
Its range extends south to northwestern Florida, and to Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Louisiana except for the Mississippi Valley and Delta
regions. In the Midwest, isolated populations occur in eastern Texas,
western Oklahoma, central Kansas, and southeastern South Dakota
[8,29,30]. Black walnut is cultivated in Hawaii [45].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fire regime

Black walnut is well adapted to fire. Mature trees have thick bark and
naturally durable heartwood which make them relatively resistant to
damage and decay following fire [32,34,43].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fuel

Where the danger of fire exists, fuel buildup in young black walnut
plantations should be reduced by removing grasses and weeds [1,31,42].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Black walnut is found on a variety of sites but grows best on deep,
well-drained neutral soils that are moist and fertile [43]. It grows
slowly on wet bottomlands, dry ridges, and slopes. Black walnut is
common on limestone soils [9,10] and grows extremely well on deep loams
and fertile alluvial deposits. Good agricultural soils are generally
favorable sites for black walnut. In the Appalachians, the best walnut
trees are found on bottomlands and coves below 4,000 feet (1,200 m) [5].

Principal associates are identified in the Distribution and Occurrence
frame. Other common tree associates include American elm (Ulmus
americana), hackberry (Celtis laevigata), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), box elder (Acer negundo), and butternut (Juglans
cinerea) [29].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

14 Northern pin oak
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech sugar maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweet gum
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K089 Black Belt
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K099 Maple - basswood
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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Young black walnut trees are typically top-killed by most fires [18,31].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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The nuts of black walnut furnish food for many rodents and make up about
10 percent of the diet of eastern fox squirrels [19,33]. The nuts are
also eaten by a variety of birds [2].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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Weed control is essential for the establishment of black walnut on sites
suitable for intensive culture [31].

An antagonism between black walnut and many other plants growing within
its root zone has been recognized and attributed to juglone, a toxic
substance found in the leaves, bark, nut husks, and roots of black
walnut trees. Many garden vegetables and several conifers are
susceptible to juglone [12,17,28].

Black walnut is particularly susceptible to European canker (Nectria
galligena). The infection spreads quite slowly, but infected trees
eventually die [29,43].

Black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
interplanted with black walnut increases black walnut's yield because of
their ability to increase available nitrogen in the soil [37,44].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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Nutrient percentages (dry basis) for the nuts of black walnut are as
follows [41]:

crude protein 29.25
ether 60.25
crude fiber 1.03
ash 2.76
n-free extract 6.73
available protein 27.06
lignin 0.87
cellulose 2.01
tannin 0.25
calcium 0.01
magnesium 0.27
phosphorus 0.59
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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AL AR CT DE FL GA HI IA IL IN
KS KY LA MA MD MI MN MO MS NC
NE NJ NY OH OK PA SC SD TN TX
VA VT WI WV ON
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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The nuts of black walnut are used as food by humans and are harvested
commercially [26]. The nuts are eaten plain or with honey and used to
flavor cakes, candy, and ice cream [14]. Native Americans used the nuts
for food and extracted black dye from the roots. The black walnut is
mentioned in Native American creation myths [14]. Black walnut is
cultivated as an ornamental [40].

The ground shells of black walnut are used as a nonslip agent in
automobile tires, as an air pressure propellant in strip paints, and as
a filtering agent for scrubbers in smoke stacks. The automobile
industry uses the ground shell products to deburr precision gears, and
the airline industry uses the ground shells to clean jet engines [43].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Although not considered a choice browse, black walnut leaves are
palatable to white-tailed deer [16].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fruit

Black walnut normally begins flowering about mid-April in the southern
part of its geographic range and mid-June in the northern part of its
range. The fruit ripens in September or October of the same year,
dropping shortly after the leaves fall [10,29].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: root collar

Small 20- to 30-year-old black walnut trees will usually sprout from the
root collar or stump when top-killed by fire. Sprouting is more erratic
from trees 30 years and older [31,43].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: root crown, seed, tree

Seed production: Black walnut produces abundant seed crops irregularly,
perhaps twice in 5 years. Although open-grown trees produce seed as
early as 8 years after planting, the minimum seed-bearing age for
commercial quantities of seed is about 12 years. Best seed production
begins when the tree is about 30 years old and continues for another 100
years [31,43].

Dispersal: Black walnut seed is heavy. The seeds are dispersed by
squirrels carrying seed from beneath the tree and burying them at a
distance [29,36].

Seedling development: Many black walnut seedlings germinate from the
nuts cached by squirrels in the fall. Normal freezing and thawing
usually causes the seeds to break dormancy the following spring, but
germination is often delayed, sometimes until the second year [3,35].

Vegetative reproduction: Small black walnut trees usually sprout from
the stump when they are cut or killed back by fire. Shoots originating
high on the older stumps often decay, but shoots from the root crown
generally are free from defect [22,43].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: climax, forest, tree

Black walnut is classified as shade intolerant. In mixed forest stands,
it must be dominant to survive, although it can survive in the
relatively light shade of black locust [43]. Black walnut is found in
many of the climax associations but because of its intolerance is not
classified as a climax tree in the strict sense. In general, black
walnut maintains itself in most stands as scattered single trees
occupying openings in the canopy [15].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name for black walnut is Juglans nigra
L. [21]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.
Black walnut and butternut (J. cinerea) often grow together but
apparently never cross naturally [43].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: competition

Black walnut has been successfully planted on surface mined areas in the
eastern United States [4,7]. In southwestern Indiana, black walnut had
a 30 to 50 percent increase in survival rate on old mine field sites
where weed competition had been chemically controlled or removed [4].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( 英語 )

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Characteristics and properties: Black walnut wood is heavy, strong, and
highly resistant to shock. It ranks with the most durable U.S.
hardwoods, including cedars (Thuja spp.), chestnuts (Castanea spp.), and
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). It can be satisfactorily kiln
dried and holds it shape well after seasoning. Black walnut is normally
straight grained, is worked easily with hand tools, and has excellent
machining properties. When finished, the wood takes on a smooth velvety
surface and a handsome grain pattern [25,29].

Principal uses: Black walnut is used principally for dining room and
bedroom furniture; bookcases; desks; tables; radio, television,
phonograph, and piano cabinets; and as an interior finish in cafes and
public buildings [24]. The veneer is used for the highest grade
cabinets and plywood panels. Figured black walnut stocks are prized for
expensive shotguns and sporting rifles [8,29].
書目引用
Coladonato, Milo. 1991. Juglans nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Associated Forest Cover ( 英語 )

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Black walnut grows in many of the mixed mesophytic forests but is seldom abundant (43). Usually it is found scattered among other trees; pure stands are rare, small, and usually located on the forest edge. Black walnut is a common associate in five forest cover types (16): Sugar Maple (Society of

American Foresters Type 27) in the central hardwood zone and the Appalachian highlands, Yellow-Poplar (Type 57) at lower elevations of the Appalachians, Yellow-Poplar-White Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 59) at lower elevations, Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60) in the Midwest, and Silver Maple-American Elm (Type 62) in southern Ontario washboard swamps where high and low ground intermingle.

It is also found as an occasional associated species in four cover types: Chestnut Oak (Type 44), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), Northern Red Oak (Type 55) on moist sites, and Sassafras-Persimmon (Type 64) in older stands.

Chief associated species include yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), basswood (Tilia americana), beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), oaks Quercus spp.), and hickories (Carya spp.). Near the western edge of its range, black walnut may be confined to floodplains, where it grows either with American elm (Ulmus americana), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and boxelder (Acer negundo), or with basswood and red oak Quercus rubra) on lower slopes and other favorable sites (10).

No universal vegetative indicator of a good walnut site is known, but the presence of Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) seems to indicate such a site (10,43). In general, where yellow-poplar, white ash, red oak, basswood, sugar maple, or slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) grow well, black walnut thrives also.

An antagonism between black walnut and many other plants growing within its root zone has been recognized and is attributed to juglone, a toxic substance found in the leaves, bark, nut husks, and roots of walnut trees (32,42). Some tree species apparently are immune, but others, such as paper birch (Betula Papyrifera), red pine (Pinus resinosa), white pine (P. strobus), Scotch pine (P. sylvestris), and apple (Malus spp.), reportedly are sensitive. Tomatoes are especially susceptible. In a laboratory study, juglone at high concentrations was lethal to four coniferous species, but seedling growth was actually promoted when exposed to minute concentrations (19). Although tomatoes are especially susceptible to juglone, black walnut trees may be compatible with some agricultural crops and might even improve the growth of bluegrass (Poa spp.).

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Climate ( 英語 )

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The growing season within the range of black walnut ranges from 140 days in the north to 280 days in western Florida (10,43). Annual precipitation is less than 640 mm (25 in) in northern Nebraska and 1780 mm. (70 in) or more in the Appalachians of Tennessee and North Carolina. Mean annual temperatures range from about 7° C (45° F) in the north to 19° C (67° F) in the south. Temperatures as low as -43° C (-45° F) have occurred where walnut grows, but few races of black walnut can tolerate such low temperature. Within black walnut's optimum range, the average annual temperature is about 13° C (55° F), the frost-free season is at least 170 days, and the average annual precipitation is at least 890 min (35 in).

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Damaging Agents ( 英語 )

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Black walnut is damaged by a number of insects. In southern Illinois more than 300 insect species were found on black walnut (49). Even though many insects feed on black walnut, only a few are considered serious pests. Two of the most common defoliating insects are the walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrima) and the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea). They are commonly found eating the leaves beginning in midsummer and continuing until September. Important boring insects are the ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus germanus), which may introduce a Fusarium fungus into the tree, causing dieback and resprouting from the base of the tree; the flatheaded apple tree borer (Chrysobothris femorata), which feeds in the phloem and outer sapwood area as larvae and on the foliage as adults; the walnut curculio (Conotrachelus retentus), which damages developing nuts when the larvae bore into them and cause great losses during the so-called "June drop" of walnuts; and the walnut shoot moth (Acrobasis demotella), which damages the terminal buds in early spring when the larvae bore into the still unexpanded bud, causing multiple forks and crooks in the main stem. The pecan leaf casebearer (Acrobasis juglandis) is closely related to the walnut shoot moth but is a much less damaging pest of black walnut. Important sucking insects are aphids or plant lice (Monellia spp. and Monelliopsis spp.), which suck the juices from leaves and often deposit a sticky substance called "honey-dew" on the leaf surface that may turn black and prevent photosynthesis; and the walnut lace bug (Corythucha juglandis), which causes damage when the adults and nymphs suck the sap from the lower surfaces of walnut leaflets.

Black walnut is susceptible to only a few serious diseases, but their impact is significant. Two serious root rot diseases found in seedling nurseries are caused by the fungi Phytophthora citricola and Cylindrocladium spp. An important mold of stored seed and seedlings is associated with Penicillia and other normally saprophytic fungi (24). Walnut anthracnose, caused by the fungus Gnomonia leptostyla, is a leaf spot disease that begins during wet spring weather, although symptoms may not become visible until June or July (49). Another important foliage disease is target leafspot which is caused by the fungus Cristulariella pryamidalis and is responsible for premature defoliation (38). A newly discovered, serious leaf spot disease is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella juglandis (24).

Important stem diseases caused by fungi are the Fusarium cankers caused by several species of Fusarium and the perennial target canker (Nectria galligena) commonly known as Nectria canker (49). Cankers usually occur on the main stem where a branch broke off and left an open wound.

Animals damage black walnut in several ways. Deer browse on buds and rub antlers against young trees. Mice and rabbits gnaw on the stems of young trees during the winter, and squirrels dig up and eat direct-seeded nuts and feed on green and mature nuts still on the trees. Perching birds break the terminal or new branches from the tree, and the yellow-bellied sapsucker drills holes through the bark during late winter or early spring (49). Some trees may be nearly girdled with peck holes.

Decay, dieback, and frost also cause damage. At times dieback and frost damage may be extensive. Late spring frosts kill succulent new growth and thus reduce height growth and destroy desirable form. Late winter warming periods sometimes cause walnut trees to break dormancy prematurely, resulting in freezing injury to the stem tissue (13,37).

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Flowering and Fruiting ( 英語 )

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Depending on latitude, black walnut flowers generally begin to appear about mid-April in the South and progressively later until early June in the northern part of the natural range. Flowering and leafing out occur at approximately the same time and always early enough for possible damage by late spring frosts (18,27).

Walnut is monoecious; male flowers, which are slender catkins, develop from axillary buds on the previous year's outer nodes, while female flowers occur in short terminal spikes, ranging from a few to many, home on the current year's shoots. Flowering is dichogamous, and protogyny (the female flowers appearing first) is more common than protandry (male flowers appearing first) (33,34). Because of its dichogamous flowering habit, self-pollination is unlikely. However, individual trees usually are not self-sterile; if they are not pollinated by neighboring trees, they may set self-fertilized seeds (3). Fertilization follows 2 to 5 days after pollination, succeeded by development of the husk, the shell, and finally by the seed itself (18).

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Genetics ( 英語 )

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Population Differences Black walnut contains great genetic variation for growth and survival, and an important part of this variation is related to geographic origin (8). Preliminary seed collection zones have been recommended (15). Geographic variation among stands is three to five times greater than local (within stands) variation for characteristics such as growth rate, dates of foliation and leaf drop, twig maturation, and degree of winter dieback (17). Genetic gains can be made through selection within a designated seed collection zone. Generally, trees from seed collected south of the planting site grow as fast or faster in height and diameter than trees from local or northern sources (7,9). Both duration and rate of growth are responsible for the growth differences. In 1969, trees from Mississippi and Texas seed sources planted in a southern Illinois plantation grew in height for 134 days compared to 93 days for trees from northern Illinois and Iowa sources (5). On the average, height growth continued 1 day longer for every 24 miles south of the planting site that seed was collected (6). Duration of diameter growth was less closely related. However, trees of southern origin grew fastest.

Flowering phenology, seed weight, kernel percent, nut crackability, foliage characteristics, grafting and budding compatibility, rooting capacity of layered trees in stool beds, autumn leaf retention, cold resistance, and growth rates vary widely among black walnut families (17).

More than 400 black walnut cultivars have been named and released during the past century. Twenty of the most popular, including origin and nut evaluations, are listed by Funk (18). Three timber-type walnut clones chosen for outstanding straightness, anthracnose resistance, or late spring foliation have been patented by Purdue University.

Hybrids Wright (54) has pointed out that species that can cross within a genus usually have distinct (often adjacent) ranges, while species that occupy the same sites in the same regions develop barriers to hybridization. Juglans seems to follow this pattern; J. nigra and J. cinerea often grow together but apparently never cross naturally, while all other walnut species (at least in the western hemisphere) are almost completely isolated. Thus, easy crossing might be expected among the morphologically similar North America Rhysocaryon walnuts. One example is the "Royal" hybrid between J. nigra and J. hindsii produced by Burbank in about 1888. This hybrid begins to bear viable seed by age 5 and produces exceptionally large nuts (50). The hybrids are vigorous and have been recommended for timber areas. Black walnut has been crossed with other species of Juglans in attempts to increase nut production, to produce a thin-shelled nut, or to produce a faster growing tree. Juglans can be divided into three sections: the black walnuts, the butternuts, and the Persian/Carpathians. A somatic chromosome number of 32 is consistent for all the species reported to date (18).

Crossing between the black walnut and butternut sections is difficult or impossible. A cross between J. nigra and J. ailantifolia is the only one recognized between the black walnut and butternut sections. However, J. regia can hybridize with species in both the other sections, although the crosses are not always easy.

Artificial hybridization is simple but time consuming. Each pollination may yield two or three nuts and a season's work only a few thousand nuts.

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Growth and Yield ( 英語 )

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On the best sites, young black walnut trees may grow 91 to 122 cm (36 to 48 in) in height per year (28). The best tree in a southern Indiana plantation at age 7 was 11.9 cm (4.7 in) d.b.h. and 7.6 in (25 ft) in height (9). In a southern Illinois plantation (site index 24.4 m or 80 ft at base age 50 years), the best tree was 21 cm (8.3 in) d.b.h. and 12 m (40 ft) tall at age 14 (1). However, the average size tree in the plantation was 12 cm (4.8 in) d.b.h. and 7 m (24 ft) tall. Even on less favorable sites (site index 21.3 m or 70 ft), trees reach heights of 12 to 15 rn (40 to 50 ft) and diameters of 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) in 20 years (28). In contrast, diameter growth of black walnut planted on Kansas strip mine spoil banks averaged only 6 mm (0.25 in) per year and height growth averaged only 33.5 cm (13.2 in) per year during the first 10 to 12 years (10). On Illinois spoil banks trees grew best on the lower slopes, on areas formed from limestone parent material and containing a high percentage of fine soil, or if underplanted with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). In two 10-year-old southern Illinois plantations, walnut trees in mixture with autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), a nitrogen-fixing species, were 89 percent taller and 104 percent larger in diameter than walnut trees in pure walnut plots (41). In an Indiana study, 10 years after autumn-olive was interplanted into 2-year-old black walnut, the walnut in the interplanted plots were 2.6 rn (8.4 ft) taller than those in the pure plots (14).

Mature black walnut trees on good sites may reach 30 to 37 m (100 to 120 ft) in height and 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 in) in d.b.h. (28). Trees 40 m (130 ft) tall and more than 244 cm (96 in) in d.b.h. have been reported in Wisconsin. In Indiana, black walnut trees were 46 m (150 ft) tall and 183 cm (72 in) in d.b.h. on the most favorable sites (43). Research and experience indicate that with proper care it may be possible to produce 41-cm (16-in) saw logs in 30 to 35 years, and by planting on good sites it may be possible to produce 51 cm (20 in) veneer logs in 40 to 50 years. By applying some basic cultural practices, such as release and pruning, to established trees, growth and quality can be greatly increased in only a few years.

Board-foot volume growth rate was correlated with site quality in midwestern plantations. According to Kellogg's yield tables (23), predicted yield for site index 21.3 rn (70 ft) at age 75 is 10 times that of site index 12.2 m (40 ft), and yields for site index 18.3 m (60 ft) are twice those for site index 15.2 m (50 ft). The yield tables also show that periodic annual growth rate is not constant: maximum growth occurs between ages 40 and 50 years on the better sites.

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Reaction to Competition ( 英語 )

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Black walnut is classed as intolerant of shade (2). In mixed forest stands it must be dominant or codominant to survive, although it has survived and grown in the light shade of black locust. In a mixed hardwood stand in Indiana, pole-size black walnut responded to crown release by more than doubling diameter growth over a 10-year period (39,40). Trees only partially released grew about 50 percent more than unreleased trees. Controlling understory growth had little effect on growth of the walnut trees. Following release, dominant and codominant trees continue to grow more rapidly than those in intermediate or suppressed crown classes, but strong intermediates often respond most to release (in terms of growth rate increase). A walnut tree should be considered for release if it is healthy, has a bole with potential to make a veneer or high quality saw log, and is small enough that it can reasonably be left for at least 10 more years. To be effective, release must be thorough. A rule of thumb is that at least threefourths of the crown of the released tree should be at least 1.5 m (5 ft) from the crowns of adjacent trees 60 to 100 percent as tall, and at least 3 m (10 ft) from the crowns of taller trees. Subsequent releases will be required at intervals of 6 to 10 years to maintain free growing space.

Some bole sprouting can be expected on forest-grown trees that are released for the first time. Bole sprouts developed on almost half of the unreleased trees and on almost two-thirds of the released trees during an Indiana study (39). Sprouts were more numerous on the unreleased trees (16.1 sprouts per tree) than on the partially (12.2 sprouts per tree) and completely released trees (9.2 sprouts per tree), but the sprouts were much larger on the released trees. The intermediate and suppressed trees had more sprouts than dominant or codominate trees. Most of the bole sprouts were above the butt log, and more were on the south side than on the north side of the trees.

Control of competing vegetation is especially important in new plantations. In an Indiana study, walnut seedlings established on formerly cultivated fields and given 3 years of weed control were 100 cm (39 in) taller at 10 years of age, and 15 mm (0.6 in) larger d.b.h. than trees given 2 years of control (53). Trees with vegetation controlled 2 years were 40 cm (15.7 in) taller and 5 mm (0.2 in) larger in diameter than those where weeds were controlled only 1 year. Broadcast weed control is neither necessary nor desirable because it aggravates erosion problems.

In a southern Illinois experiment, seventh-year survival of black walnut planted on a cleared forest site was 94 to 99 percent regardless of weed control treatment (25). The young trees grew better, however, when all vegetation or only forbs and grasses were controlled than when only woody vegetation was controlled or when no vegetation control was used. Biennial control was no better than triennial, but annual control was superior. When only woody vegetation was controlled, frequency of treatment had no effect.

Pruning lateral branches helps to produce knot-free wood under open growing conditions that would normally permit most of the lower branches to persist. The objective of pruning is to produce a clear bole while minimizing damage to the tree and growth loss. When needed, pruning should be begun early in the life of the tree and continued as needed. To minimize damage and promote rapid healing, branches should be pruned before they are 5 cm (2 in) d.b.h. A neat, clean cut should be made, being careful not to be cut into the branch collar (44). Ring shakes and dark bands of discolored wood were associated with 14 of 17 stubs that were "flush cut" (branch collar removed) 13 years earlier. Pruning young trees eliminates these problems, but if older trees are pruned, care must be taken not to remove the branch collars that form around the bases of dying and dead branches.

When trees are pruned during the dormant season (early spring just before the leaves appear is best), wounds tend to heal more rapidly and completely and sprouts from dormant buds near the wound are less likely to develop. If sprouts do develop, they should be removed promptly. No more than 25 percent of the live crown should be released in a single year, and at least 50 percent of the total tree height should be maintained in live crown (10).

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Rooting Habit ( 英語 )

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The root system of mature black walnut has been described as combining the deep taproot of more xeric trees, such as the oaks, with the strong laterals characteristic of more mesic ones, such as maple. The rooting configuration of individual trees depends on soil texture and moisture conditions (47).

The root system is deep and wide spreading, with a definite taproot, at least in early life. The taproot of a 9-year-old walnut tree excavated from an Indiana plantation was 2.3 rn (7.5 ft) long and the lateral roots extended more than 2.4 m (8 ft) from the taproot (11). One-year-old walnut seedlings lifted from nursery seedbeds have well-developed taproots (51). The mass of fibrous roots varies with the soil type; the more fibrous-rooted seedlings develop in the more sandy-textured soils.

Early growth of the seedling root system is rapid. Vertical taproot extension during the first growing season is great, especially on drier soils. One researcher reported a taproot penetration of more than 1.2 rn (4 ft) for 1-year-old walnut seedlings on a prairie silt loam soil. Another reported 64 to 69 cm (25 to 27 in) for 1-year-old walnut on a more moist site (47). In the second year of root growth, the taproot continues to extend and many lateral roots develop.

The depth of walnut lateral roots may vary in response to root competition with its associates. In one study, lateral roots of walnut occupied a much shallower position in pure walnut stands than in mixed walnut-ash stands. This was explained by theorizing that the ash, having a strongly developed surface root system, forced the walnut roots into deeper soil layers. Root competition with Norway maple (Acer platanoides), on the other hand, was not as intense (47).

Black walnut is moderately tolerant of flooding. Mature trees are generally killed after 90 days of continuous inundation during the growing season, although some individuals may survive for 150 days or more. Black walnut is more flood-tolerant than black cherry, shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), basswood, and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) (47).

The initial root form of black walnut, with its rapidly growing juvenile taproot and wide spreading laterals, is characteristic of species that grow on deep, fine-textured soils in regions with well-distributed summer rains. Such soils maintain a fairly uniform available water content to considerable depth, and walnut growing on these soils are able to draw their moisture and nutrients largely from the more fertile shallow soil while still being able to rely on the deeper soil layers for survival during times of drought.

Black walnut forms endomycorrhizae of the vesicular-arbuscular type. One study revealed that 100 percent of the walnut seedlings grown in a southern Michigan nursery had endomycorrhizae, but seedlings grown in a southern Indiana nursery had no mycorrhizae. A recent study shows that several Glomus species form a symbiotic relation with black walnut seedlings. Some Glomus, species and combinations of species increased growth of black walnut (36).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( 英語 )

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The large edible nut ripens in September or October of the same year and drops shortly after the leaves fall. Good seed crops are produced irregularly, perhaps twice in 5 years. Open-grown trees may produce some seed when only 4 to 6 years old, but large seed crops do not occur until the trees are 20 to 30 years old (28). For example, at 10 years of age, a midwest plantation produced 28 kg of hulled nuts per hectare (25 lbs/acre), and by age 12 production had increased to 112 kg/ha (100 lb/acre). Best seed production begins when the trees are about 30 years old and continues for another 100 years. Seed is disseminated only short distances by gravity and animals.

In a Missouri study, seed production of trees about 28 years old and 19.3 cm (7.6 in) in d.b.h. was nearly doubled by release and fertilization (40). Trees released but not fertilized produced 13 percent more nuts than nonreleased trees.

Stratification for 90 to 120 days is required for optimum seed germination but the necessity and duration of stratification may vary by seed source (46). In Canada, 69 to 81 percent of nuts stratified 19 months germinated within 3 weeks of seeding, while 10 to 25 percent of nuts stratified 7 months germinated after 12 weeks (48). When nuts that had not germinated after 12 weeks in the seedbed following 7 months stratification were stratified for an additional 9 months, 81 percent germinated within 3 weeks. Many of the nuts stratified for 31 months germinated while in storage.

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Seedling Development ( 英語 )

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Germination is hypogeal (46). Young black walnut seedlings are intolerant of shade and are seldom found under dense tree canopies. Regeneration develops primarily from seed that squirrels bury and fail to recover. Normal winter temperatures usually cause the buried seeds to break dormancy the following spring, but germination is sometimes delayed until the second year.

Seedlings emerge in April or May the first or second spring after the seed is planted (46). On deep, rich, moist soils in coves or well-drained bottom land, seedlings may grow 91 cm (36 in) the first year and even more the second growing season. Although black walnut does not make as rapid height growth as yellow-poplar and white ash on good sites, it generally surpasses the oaks. In eastern Nebraska, near the western edge of its range, walnut made much better height growth than oaks or basswood on a prairie site (10). Walnut developed an excellent root system and was several times taller than the other tree species.

Height growth begins slowly in the spring, reaches a peak rate in late April and May, and is complete by the middle of July or the first of August. Black walnut loses its leaves somewhat earlier than other trees and has a growing period of from 115 to 135 days (10).

Because of its large taproot, planted walnut seedlings typically survive well. However, they require weed control during the first 2 or 3 years to grow well (26).

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Soils and Topography ( 英語 )

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Black walnut is sensitive to soil conditions and develops best on deep, well-drained, nearly neutral soils that are generally moist and fertile (10). These soils are in the orders Alfisols and Entisols. Although an Ohio study indicated that site index for black walnut was not significantly related to pH values between 4.6 and 8.2, site index was highest on limestone derived soils even though some of the soils were acid. Walnut grows best on sandy loam, loam, or silt loam textured soils but also grows well on silty clay loam soils (31). Soils with these textures hold a large amount of water that is available to the tree during dry periods of the growing season. Internal drainage and depth to gravel are especially important site characteristics for black walnut. On well-drained soils, 76 cm (30 in) or more to mottling, 25-year-old trees were 6.6 cm (2.6 in) larger in d.b.h. than trees growing on imperfectly drained soils, 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 in) to mottling. Twenty-five-year-old trees on deep soils, more than 102 cm (40 in) from surface to gravel, were 5.2 m (17 ft) taller and 6.4 cm (2.5 in) larger in d.b.h. than trees on shallow soils less than 102 cm (40 in) from surface to gravel (30).

Walnut is common on limestone soils and grows especially well on deep loams, loess soils, and fertile alluvial deposits. It also grows well on good agricultural soils that do not have fragipans. Walnut grows slowly on wet bottom land and on sandy or dry ridges and slopes. Throughout its range, walnut generally reaches its greatest size and value along streams and on the lower portion of north- or east-facing slopes. This is particularly true near the limits of its natural range. In northeastern Kansas, site index on alluvial soils was 2.4 rn (8 ft) greater than on residual soils and 2.7 in (9 ft) greater on northeast than on southwest aspects (20).

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Special Uses ( 英語 )

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The best known use of black walnut is for its lumber and veneer. The wood is used for fine furniture of all kinds, interior paneling, specialty products, and gunstocks.

The nuts of black walnut serve many purposes. The kernels provide food for wildlife and humans (45,52). Ground shells provide special products (12). During World War II, airplane pistons were cleaned with a "nut shell" blaster and this idea was carried into the auto industry; manufacturers used shells to deburr precision gears. Ground shell products are also used to clean jet engines, as additives to drilling mud for oil drilling operations, as filler in dynamite, as a nonslip agent in automobile tires, as an air-pressured propellant to strip paints, as a filter agent for scrubbers in smokestacks, and as a flourlike carrying agent in various insecticides.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( 英語 )

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If small black walnut trees are cut or killed back by fire, the stumps usually sprout. Sprouts originating near the root collar generally are free from defect but sprouts originating high on older stumps often develop heart rot or other decay from the parent stump.

Within the last few years the success of grafting and budding of walnut has increased substantially. From 80 to 100 percent success has been achieved by three grafting methods done in the greenhouse and growth chamber (35). In the field the success rate for inlay grafting, the best method tested, ranged from 33 to 83 percent. A consistent field survival of 70 to 90 percent for the outplantings of grafted stock is predicted if tested procedures are followed (4). Black walnut is compatible with several other Juglans species, either as a root stock or scion (22).

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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Black walnut typically grows as scattered individual trees or in small groups throughout the central and eastern parts of the United States. Although it is found on a variety of sites, black walnut grows best on good sites in coves and well-drained bottoms in the Appalachians and the Midwest. Its natural range extends from western Vermont and Massachusetts west through New York to southern Ontario, central Michigan, southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska; south to western Oklahoma and central Texas; excluding the Mississippi River Valley and Delta, it ranges east to northwestern Florida and Georgia (28,29). On the western fringe of its range in Kansas, walnut is fairly abundant and frequently makes up 50 percent or more of the basal area in stands of several hectares (21).


-The native range of black walnut.


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Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由Silvics of North America提供
Juglandaceae -- Walnut family

Robert D. Williams

Black walnut (Juglans nigra), also called eastern black walnut and American walnut, is one of the scarcest and most coveted native hardwoods. Small natural groves frequently found in mixed forests on moist alluvial soils have been heavily logged. The fine straight-grained wood made prize pieces of solid furniture and gunstocks. As the supply diminishes, the remaining quality black walnut is used primarily for veneer. The distinctive tasting nuts are in demand for baked goods and ice cream, but people must be quick to harvest them before the squirrels. The shells are ground for use in many products.

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Juglans nigra ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供
Nozal negru, ensugo Black Walnut Juglans nigra Nut 2400px.jpg Tamañu de porción Enerxía 608 kcal 2540 kJCarbohidratos 9.58 g • Zucres 1.10 g • Fibra alimentaria 6.8 gGrases 59.33 gProteínes 24.06 gRetinol (vit. A) 2 μg (0%)Tiamina (vit. B1) 0.057 mg (4%)Riboflavina (vit. B2) 0.130 mg (9%)Niacina (vit. B3) 0.470 mg (3%)Vitamina B6 0.583 mg (45%)Vitamina C 1.7 mg (3%)Vitamina E 2.08 mg (14%)Vitamina K 2.7 μg (3%)Calciu 61 mg (6%)Fierro 3.12 mg (25%)Magnesiu 201 mg (54%)Fósforu 513 mg (73%)Potasiu 523 mg (11%)Sodiu 2 mg (0%)Cinc 3.37 mg (34%) % de la cantidá diaria encamentada p'adultos. Fonte: Nozal negru, ensugo na base de datos de nutrientes del USDA.[editar datos en Wikidata]

Juglans nigra, el nozal negru americanu, ye un árbol juglandáceo, pariente del nozal común. Especie bien estendida en Norteamérica, tamién se cultiva llargamente pel sur d'Europa, el Sur de Suramérica y Asia oriental.

 src=
Ilustración
 src=
Vista del árbol
 src=
Detalle del frutu

Descripción

Ye un árbol monoico, caducifoliu, que llega a algamar hasta 45 m d'altor formando una copa ancho y abierto. El tueru ye rectu y con corteza marrón o casi negra bien derrota. Les fueyes, verde amarellentaes, disponer de forma alterna (pueden llegar a midir 0,5 m de llargor) y tán formaes por ente 15 y 23 foliolos, cada unu d'ellos de forma oval-llanceolada con cantos finamente serruchaos.
Les flores masculines son amentos de 8-10 cm de llargu, ente que les femenines surden en recímanos de dos a cinco, maureciendo na seronda hasta formar un frutu drupáceo en trima d'envoltura ensin derivar del ovariu pero del arreyo- semi-carnosa marrón verdosa, indehiscente, con una nuez corrugada nel so interior.

Usos y cultivu

El nozal negru foi introducíu n'Europa en 1629 onde se cultiva como ornamental y, en munches rexones, realízase'l so cultivu industrialmente pola alta calidá de la so madera: trupa, dura y fuerte, emplegándose en ebanistería.

Ye más resistente a les xelaes qu'el so pariente'l nozal común juglans regia, pero onde meyor abonda ye nes rexones templaes y de suelos fértiles con altos niveles de pluviosidá.
Anque les nueces son tamién comestibles, son más pequeñes y de pulgu desaxeradamente duru.

Esta especie, como toles de la familia Juglandaceae, produz una sustanza tóxico o alelopática pa otres plantes, la juglona, qu'interfier el so desenvolvimientu normal, causando'l amarilleamiento y marchitamiento de la xamasca. Esto creó la creencia de que nada puede crecer so él. Sicasí, hai munches variedaes de plantes que sí espolleten.
L'estractu concentráu del so pulgu úsase como desparasitante en medicina biolóxica.

Cultivu

Plantíos de nozal negru pueden semase pa producir madera, frutos secos, o dambes madera y frutos secos. Escoyéronse árboles patentaos de tipu madera y creaos de la Universidá de Purdue a principios de 1990. Estos árboles fueron cultivaos esporádicamente nos viveros. Les variedaes inclúin Purdue # 1, que puede ser utilizáu tantu pa la madera y la producción de nueces, anque la calidá de la nuez ye probe en comparanza coles variedaes escoyíes específicamente como productores de frutos secos.

Xamasca serondiega

Ensiertos, el nozales productores tán disponibles en dellos viveros qu'operen n'Estaos Xuníos. Delles variedaes más antigües, como Kwik Krop, atópense inda nel cultivu; mientres faen nueces decentes, que nun seríen recomendables pa la llantadera comercial. J. nigra tamién se cultiva como árbol ornamental en parques y grandes xardinos, creciendo hasta los 30 m d'altu por 20 m d'anchu.[1] Ganó l'Award of Garden Merit de la Royal Horticultural Society.[2]

Alimentación

Les nueces de nozal negru atópense comercialmente nos Estaos Xuníos. Los frutos secos apurren un sabor distintivo como ingrediente alimentario. Usos populares inclúin xelaos, productos de panadería y productos de confitería. El consumidores peracaben les nueces en llambionaes tradicionales, tales como pasteles , galletes , dulce d'azucre , y les empanaes , mientres la temporada de vacaciones de seronda. El perfil nutricional de los frutos secos 'conduz a usos n'otros alimentos, como ensalaes , pexe , carne de gochu , pollu , verdures y platos de pasta.

Nutricionalmente ye similar a la más nidia del sabor d'el nozal inglés, el nucleu de nozal negru ye ricu en grases insaturaes y proteínes. Un analís d'aceite de nuez amosaron que l'ácidu graso más prevalente en J. nigra ye acedu linoleico (27,80 a 33,34 g / 100 g ), siguíu (nes mesmes unidaes) por acedu oleico (14,52-24,40), acedu linolénico (1,61 a 3,23), acedu palmítico (1,61 a 2,15), y acedu esteárico. (1,07-1,69).[3]

Tinte

Drupas de nozal negru contienen juglona (5-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona), plumbagina (pigmentos mariellos de quinona) y tanín. Estos compuestos producen nueces qu'enllordien coches, ceres, antoxanes y patios, amás de les manes de cualesquier que trate coyer.[4] El tinte de color marrón-negru foi utilizáu polos colonu americanos pa tiñir el pelo.[5] Según Árboles del Este na serie Guía Petersen, les nueces negres faen un tinte de color marrón amarellentáu, non de color marrón-negru. L'aparente tracamundiu esplícase fácilmente pol fechu de que'l líquidu (colorante) llograda a partir del pulgu interior vuélvese cada vegada más escuru al traviés del tiempu, como la piel esterior escurecer dende'l verde claru al negru. Los estractos de la parte esterior, nidia de la drupa inda s'utilicen como un colorante natural pa l'artesanía.[6] Los taninos presentes nes nueces actúen como un mordiente , ayudando nel procesu de tiñíu, [7][8] y son aplicables como una tinta o madera de llurdiu escuru.[9]

Madera
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Juglans nigra

La madera d'el Nozal negru ye bien apreciada pol so color escuru. Ye pesáu y fuerte, pero de bona división y trabayu. Nocéu utilizóse históricamente pa culates, muebles, pisos, remos, ataúdes, y una variedá d'otros productos de madera. Por cuenta del so valor, los funcionarios forestales de cutiu son llamaos a rastrexar a los cazadores furtivos de nozal; en 2004, utilizóse la prueba d'ADN pa resolver unu d'esos casos de caza furtiva, la participación de 16 m d'árboles val US $ 2.500. Nozal negru tien una densidá de 660 kg por metro cúbicu, que fai que sía menos trupu que'l carbayu.

Taxonomía

Juglans nigra foi descritu por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 997. 1753.[10]

Etimoloxía

Juglans; nome xenéricu que procede del términu llatín Juglans que deriva de Jovis glans, "abiyotes de Xúpiter": figuradamente, una nuez apropiada pa un dios.

nigra: epítetu llatín que significa "negra.

Sinonimia
  • Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.[11]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. (2008) RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 1136.
  2. «Juglans nigra». Royal Horticultural Society. Consultáu'l 23 de xunetu de 2013.
  3. Senter, S. D., Horvat, R. J., and Forbus, W. R.: "GLC-MS Analysis of Fatty Acids From Five Black Walnut Cultivars." Journal of Food Science 47(5) pp 1753, 1755 (1982)
  4. Black Walnuts Drug Information
  5. Nuts with High Fat Content:Black Walnuts
  6. Black Walnut Basket Dye
  7. Fixing natural dyes from walnuts, goldenrod, sassafras and poke weed in cotton
  8. Dyeing with Tannic Acid and Iron: Walnut Husks (2005)
  9. Making Walnut Ink. Madame Elizabeth de Nevell.
  10. «Juglans nigra». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 28 de xineru de 2014.
  11. Juglans nigra en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  3. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Llinares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Llistáu comentáu de los árboles nativu y cultivar na república d'El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
  7. Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Schwegman, J. Y. 1991. The Vascular Flora of Langham Island, Kankakee County, Illinois. Erigenia 11: 1–8.
  9. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  10. Voss, Y. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  11. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Enllaces esternos

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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供

Juglans nigra, el nozal negru americanu, ye un árbol juglandáceo, pariente del nozal común. Especie bien estendida en Norteamérica, tamién se cultiva llargamente pel sur d'Europa, el Sur de Suramérica y Asia oriental.

 src= Ilustración  src= Vista del árbol  src= Detalle del frutu
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Qara qoz ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供

Təbii yayılması

Vətəni Şimali Amerikadır.

Botaniki təsviri

Hündürlüyü 45 m, gövdəsinin diametri 180 sm-ə çatan ağacdır. Açıqlıqda bitən ağacların çətiri iri və çadırvaridir. Gövdəsinin qabığı tünd-qəhvəyi rəngdə olub, qeyri-bərabər dərin çatlıdır. Cavan zoğları seyrək tükcüklü, tumurcuğu çılpaqdır, ipəyəoxşar, 4 pulcuqlu, yumurtavari formalıdır. Yarpaqları təklələkvari, 7-12 cüt ovalşəkilli–neştərvari və ya uzunsov-neştərvari yarpaqcıqdan ibarətdir. Yarpaqcığın alt üzü seyrək tükcüklü, üstdən çılpaqdır. Bəzən təpə yarpaqcığı zəif inkişaf edir və tez düşür. Erkəkcikli sırğaların uzunluğu 6-15 sm-dir. Dişicikli çiçəklərin 3-5-i bir yerdə yerləşir. Meyvəsinin diametri 6 sm, kürəvaridir. Meyvəyanlığı açılmır, quruyub meyvəyə yapışır. Qabığı çətin sınandır. Toxumla, qələmlərlə çoxaldılır. Aprel-may aylarında çiçəkləyir, sentyabr-oktyabr aylarında meyvəsi yetişir.

Ekologiyası

Tez böyüyən, şaxtaya və quraqlığa davamlı, işıqsevən, torpağa tələbkar ağacdır.

Azərbaycanda yayılması

Mədəni şəraitdə Lənkəranda, Gəncədə, Dağlıq Qarabağda, Zaqatalada, Abşeronda az-az hallarda tək-tək və ya kiçik qruplarda rast gəlinir.

İstifadəsi

Tək və qrup əkinlərində istifadəsi məqsədyönlüdür. Gözəl çətirli, iri, dekorativ ağacdır. Mebel istehsalında istifadə olunur.

Ədəbiyyat

  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri. Bakı: Elm, 2014, 380 səh.
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Gwez-kraoñ du ( 布列塔尼語 )

由wikipedia BR提供
lang="br" dir="ltr">
Juglans nigra

Ar gwez-kraoñ du[1] a zo ur spesad gwez bras eus kerentiad ar Juglandaceae, Juglans nigra an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Norzh Amerika eo iskevandir orin ar gwez-kraoñ du.

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

  1. Studiet gant TermOfis Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg.
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Gwez-kraoñ du: Brief Summary ( 布列塔尼語 )

由wikipedia BR提供
lang="br" dir="ltr"> Juglans nigra

Ar gwez-kraoñ du a zo ur spesad gwez bras eus kerentiad ar Juglandaceae, Juglans nigra an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Norzh Amerika eo iskevandir orin ar gwez-kraoñ du.

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Juglans nigra ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供
 src=
Juglans nigra - MHNT

La noguera negra, noguera americana, noguera negra americana[1][2][3][4][5] (Juglans nigra), en anglès: (American) black walnut, eastern black walnut (noguera negra de l'est), és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Juglans i de la família Juglandaceae, és una planta nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord. Creix sobretot en la zona ripària des del sud d'Ontàrio, Dakota delSud a Geòrgia, nord de Florida i sud i centre de Texas.

És un gran arbre caducifoli monoic que arriba a fer 40 m d'alt. Les flors masculines són en aments de 8–10 cm de llargada, les femenines són terminals en grups de 2 a 5, les seves nous maduren a la tardor, la llavor és relativament petita.

Aquesta espècie va ser introduïda a Europa l'any 1629. Es cultiva per la seva fusta que és de molta qualitat, com a planta ornamental en jardins grans i com portaempelt de la noguera europea (Juglans regia). Distribució mundial: Juglans (taula).

Allà on el rang de J. nigra s'ensolapa amb el noguer negre de Texas, J. microcarpa, les dues espècies de vegades s'hibriden.[6]

Notes

  1. IEC.. DIEC2 - Diccionari de la llengua catalana.
  2. Bolòs, O. de & Vigo, J., 1984-2001. Flora dels Països Catalans. . Volum 2> Juglans [llibre].
  3. Folch, R. & al., 1993-99. Biosfera. Barcelona: Ed. Enciclopèdia Catalana SA. 11 volums> 7. Boscanes decídues, 1996.
  4. Masclans, F., 1981. Els noms de les plantes als Països Catalans. Granollers, Barcelona: Ed. Montblanc-Martí-CEC..
  5. Sánchez de Lorenzo, J.M.,& al., 2001-.... Flora ornamental española. Las plantas cultivadas en la España peninsular e insular: V. Santalaceae - Polygalaceae. 2007. Junta de Andalucia - Ed. Mundi-Prensa - As. Esp. Parques y Jardines Públicos> V. Santalaceae - Polygalaceae. 2007 [llibre].
  6. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/jugmic/all.html

Referències

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Enllaços externs



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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供
 src= Juglans nigra - MHNT

La noguera negra, noguera americana, noguera negra americana (Juglans nigra), en anglès: (American) black walnut, eastern black walnut (noguera negra de l'est), és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Juglans i de la família Juglandaceae, és una planta nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord. Creix sobretot en la zona ripària des del sud d'Ontàrio, Dakota delSud a Geòrgia, nord de Florida i sud i centre de Texas.

És un gran arbre caducifoli monoic que arriba a fer 40 m d'alt. Les flors masculines són en aments de 8–10 cm de llargada, les femenines són terminals en grups de 2 a 5, les seves nous maduren a la tardor, la llavor és relativament petita.

Aquesta espècie va ser introduïda a Europa l'any 1629. Es cultiva per la seva fusta que és de molta qualitat, com a planta ornamental en jardins grans i com portaempelt de la noguera europea (Juglans regia). Distribució mundial: Juglans (taula).

Allà on el rang de J. nigra s'ensolapa amb el noguer negre de Texas, J. microcarpa, les dues espècies de vegades s'hibriden.

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Ořešák černý ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
 src=
Plody
 src=
Dřevo ořešáku černého

Ořešák černý (Juglans nigra L.) je statný strom, který jako solitér dorůstá výšky 25 až 40 metrů a 15 až 25 metrů do šířky.

Popis

Má tmavou rozbrázděnou borku, listy lichozpeřené s 5–10 jařmy, 30–60 cm dlouhé, lístky dlouze zašpičatělé a po okraji jemně pilovité. Strom je jednodomý, samčí květy (jehnědy) až 12 cm dlouhé, samičí květy po 2 až 5 na koncích mladých výhonků. Plody jsou zelené, kulovité, 4 až 6 cm v průměru a voňavé.

Jádra plodů ořešáku černého jsou jedlá.[2]

Původ a výskyt

Ořešák černý pochází z východní části USA, odkud byl v 17. století dovezen do Evropy a občas pěstován v zámeckých zahradách. Na Moravě byl poprvé vysazen v roku 1803[3] v Lednici, v Čechách v roku 1835 v pražské Královské oboře.[4] V současnosti nejmohutnější exemplář tohoto druhu v Česku roste v zámeckém parku v Kvasicích (Ořešák v Kvasicích). V posledních letech se běžně vysazuje v parcích jako ozdobná dřevina. V našich podmínkách je odolný vůči mrazu.[5]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. KOBLÍŽEK, J. Jehličnaté a listnaté dřeviny našich zahrad a parků. 2. vyd. Tišnov: Sursum, 2006. ISBN 80-7323-117-4.
  3. BOTANY.cz » JUGLANS NIGRA L. – ořešák černý / orech čierny. botany.cz [online]. [cit. 2017-10-05]. Dostupné online.
  4. Zámecký park v Kravařích
  5. U. Hecker, Stromy a keře. Str. 179.

Literatura

  • U. Hecker, Stromy a keře. Čestlice: REBO 2003.

Související odkazy

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Ořešák černý: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
 src= Plody  src= Dřevo ořešáku černého

Ořešák černý (Juglans nigra L.) je statný strom, který jako solitér dorůstá výšky 25 až 40 metrů a 15 až 25 metrů do šířky.

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Sort valnød ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供
 src=
Juglans nigra

Sort valnød (Juglans nigra) er et stort, løvfældende træ med en høj, ret stamme og en hvælvet krone. Nødderne er spiselige, men ikke meget eftertragtede, så træet dyrkes udelukkende på grund af prydværdien.

Beskrivelse

Barken er først lysebrun, men bliver snart mørkebrun til sort (deraf navnet). Gamle grene får en dybt furet, meget mørk bark med høje kamme. Knopperne er spredte, spidse og lysebrune med grå hår.

Bladene er meget store og uligefinnede med ca. 15 småblade, som er blanke, modsatte og ovale med tydelig spids og fint takket rand. Høstfarven er gul. Blomsterne er dels kegleformede hanrakler, og grågrønne hunblomster, der sidder endestillet 4-5 sammen. Frugterne er kuglerunde, grønne stenfrugter, hvor stenene er nødder, som hos Alm. Valnød og Hickory (Pecan).

Rodnettet er kraftigt og hjerteformet.

Højde x bredde 20 × 21 m (årlig tilvækst 20 × 20 cm).

Hjemsted

Sort valnød er et skovtræ fra det østlige Nordamerika, hvor det er udbredt fra Massachusetts til Florida og derfra mod vest til Minnesota og Texas. Arten foretrækker floddale med mineralrig jord. På skrænterne ned mod Niagaravandfaldet vokser arten i blandet løv- og nåleskov sammen med bl.a. thuja, tulipantræ, amerikansk asp, amerikansk bøg, amerikansk sassafras, balsamædelgran, grå valnød, hvid hickory, hvidask, hvideg, hvidgran, papirbirk, rødeg, sukkerløn, Weymouth-fyr og østamerikansk hemlock[1]

Arten blev indført til Danmark i 1790, og de første er måske de to store træer i Hørsholm Slotshave[kilde mangler].

Duft og giftighed

Bladene dufter behageligt, og nødderne lugter af harpiks, når man gnider på dem. Alle arter af valnød udskiller det giftige stof juglon, der hæmmer andre planters vækst[2].




Noter

  1. ^ The Bruce Trail Conservancy: Exploring the Forests of the Niagara Escarpment – Canadisk guide til skovene omkring Niagara (på (engelsk))
  2. ^ Se Publikation fra DMU, side 18

Eksterne henvisninger

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Sort valnød: Brief Summary ( 丹麥語 )

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 src= Juglans nigra

Sort valnød (Juglans nigra) er et stort, løvfældende træ med en høj, ret stamme og en hvælvet krone. Nødderne er spiselige, men ikke meget eftertragtede, så træet dyrkes udelukkende på grund af prydværdien.

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Schwarznuss ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src=
Illustration von Juglans nigra

Der Schwarznussbaum (Juglans nigra) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Walnussgewächse (Juglandaceae). Die Schwarznuss wächst im östlichen Nordamerika und in Texas und dient dort als Lieferant von Nutzholz. Ihre Früchte sind essbar. In Europa wird er als Zierbaum oder als Unterlage zum Veredeln von Walnussbäumen verwendet.

Beschreibung

Der Schwarznussbaum ist ein laubabwerfender 20 bis 30 Meter hoher oder höherer Baum. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit kann bis zu 1,13 Meter pro Jahr betragen. Der Stammdurchmesser kann gut 1–2,5 Meter erreichen. Die dicke Borke ist grau-braun und furchig.

Er besitzt unpaarig oder paarig gefiederte, gestielte Laubblätter mit je 12–22 oder mehr, eiförmigen bis -lanzettlichen, am Rand gesägten, unterseits fein weichhaarigen und kurz gestielten, zugespitzten Blättchen. Sie sind oberseits, außer auf der Mittelader, kahl, unterseits sind sie drüsenhaarig und schuppig. Die Blätter sind etwa 30–60 Zentimeter lang, die Blättchen etwa 6–15 Zentimeter. Die Nervatur ist gefiedert und oberseits mehr oder weniger eingeprägt. Die Herbstfärbung ist gelb.

Juglans nigra ist einhäusig gemischtgeschlechtlich monözisch und heterodichogam.[1] Die männlichen Blüten stehen in hängenden, bis etwa 10 Zentimeter langen Kätzchen, die weiblichen in endständigen Gruppen (Ähren) bis zu fünft. Die gelb-grünlichen, eingeschlechtlichen Blüten sind mit einfacher Blütenhülle, die Kronblätter fehlen. Bei den weiblichen, sitzenden Blüten ist der unterständige Fruchtknoten mit den großen federigen Narben mit den fein drüsenhaarigen, mehrzipfligen Deck- und Perianthblättern (4 Sepalen) verwachsen. Bei den männlichen, fest sitzenden Blüten sind die Deckblätter und das Perianth zu einem mehrzipfligen, flachen Becher verwachsen, der die bis zu 40 sehr kleinen Staubblätter beinhaltet.

Die grüne bis gelb-bräunliche Frucht (Scheinfrucht) ist rundlich, feinwärzlich, fein drüsenhaarig und teils feinschuppig, sowie etwa 4–8 Zentimeter groß und mit Narbenresten an der Spitze. Die meist grob furchige bis rippige, braune bis dunkelbraune und rundliche bis ellipsoide, sehr harte, dickschalige sowie einsamige Nuss (Samen), mit vier Scheidewänden, ist 2,5–4 Zentimeter groß.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 32.[2]

Verbreitung

 src=
Natürliche Verbreitung des Schwarznussbaums in Nordamerika

Die Schwarznuss hat ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet in der Osthälfte der USA. Um 1900 wurden Schwarznussbäume in den Auenwäldern von Rhein und Donau angesiedelt, heute bilden sie dort nennenswerte Bestände. Schwarznuss-Bäume werden in Mitteleuropa häufig von der Weißbeerigen Mistel befallen.

Inhaltsstoffe

Die Schwarznuss enthält Polyphenole, Gerbstoffe, Naphthochinonfarbstoffe wie Juglon und Hydrojuglon-Glykosid, ätherisches Öl, Fettsäuren und Alkane. Juglon bewirkt die Schwarzfärbung der absterbenden Pflanzenorgane, es hat eine phytotoxische Wirkung auf umstehende Pflanzen und ist auch für Fische, Parasiten und Pilze giftig.

Verwendung

 src=
Maserfurnier einer Schwarznuss, unbehandelt

Die Schwarznuss ist ein eindrucksvoller Parkbaum, wenn er frei steht. Dann entwickelt er eine mächtige, runde Krone. Neuerdings wird die Schwarznuss auch forstlich kultiviert.

Durch den Einsatz von Spezialknackern lässt sich die harte Schale der Früchte öffnen. Die dabei erhaltenen Kotyledonen werden in den USA in der Konditorei und bei der Speiseeisherstellung eingesetzt. Sie sind reich an fetten Ölen und werden auch als Walnussöl verwertet.

Das schöne Holz ist sehr dekorativ, schwer, hart, sowie feinkörnig und sehr haltbar. Es ist leicht zu verarbeiten, klebt gut, verformt, schrumpft oder quillt nicht und ist gut zu polieren. Es wird im Möbelbau und Innenausbau sowie im Schiffsbau und als Furnier verwendet. Auch zum Schnitzen und Drechseln findet es Verwendung.

Die Schwarznuss wird gern als Unterlage von Walnuss-Edelsorten verwendet, da diese frosthärter ist, die veredelten Bäume kleiner bleiben und diese Unterlage besser mit schweren und feuchten Böden zurechtkommt. Nachteil ist die geringe Lebensdauer der Veredelung von nur ca. 30 Jahren[3].

Literatur

  • Michael Hickey, Clive King: 100 Families of Flowering Plants. Second Edition, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-521-33049-7, S. 53 f.
  • Marilena Idžojtić: Dendrology. Academic Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0-444-64175-5, S. 348.
  • Theo. Holm: Morphological Study of Carya alba and Juglans nigra. In: Botanical Gazette. 72(6), S. 375–389, 1921, archive.org.
  • Norbert Bartsch: Zum Anbau der Schwarznuss (Juglans nigra L.) in den Rheinauen. Schriften aus der Forstlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen und der Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt (Band 95). Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main 1989, 90 S., ISBN 3-7939-5095-6.
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: Welcher Baum ist das? Kosmos Naturführer, 24. Auflage, Franckh-Kosmos, 1992, ISBN 3-440-06570-7.
  • Schmeil-Fitschen: Die Flora von Deutschland interaktiv. Quelle & Meyer, 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3.
  • Wolfgang Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde. Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 978-3-13-530406-9.
  • Juglans nigra in der Flora of Noth America, Vol. 3.
  • P. Pollegioni, K. Woeste, I. Olimpieri et al.: Pollen biology and hybridization process: Open problem in walnut. In: Benjamin J. Kaiser: Pollen: Structure, Types and Effects. Nova Science Pub., 2010, S. 65–99, ISBN 978-1-61668-669-7, online auf researchgate.net.

Einzelnachweise

  1. P. Pollegioni, K. Woeste, A. Major et al.: Characterization of Juglans nigra (L.), Juglans regia (L.) and Juglans x intermedia (Carr.) by SSR markers: a case study in Italy. In: Silvae Genetica. 58, 1–2, 2009, S. 68–78, doi:10.1515/sg-2009-0009.
  2. Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 311.
  3. Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft: MP8525-3 (PDF; 0,9 MB)
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Schwarznuss: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src= Illustration von Juglans nigra

Der Schwarznussbaum (Juglans nigra) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Walnussgewächse (Juglandaceae). Die Schwarznuss wächst im östlichen Nordamerika und in Texas und dient dort als Lieferant von Nutzholz. Ihre Früchte sind essbar. In Europa wird er als Zierbaum oder als Unterlage zum Veredeln von Walnussbäumen verwendet.

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Juglans nigra ( 倫巴底語 )

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 src=
Juglans nigra

Ol Juglans nigra (in Bergamàsch Nus americà o Nus nìgher ), specie de la famèa di Juglandaceae, lè öna pianta ólta fina a 30 e piö méter, che la é da l'Americadel nòrd e l'è stacia portada 'n Euròpa e l'è cultiada per ol sò lègn e per ornamènt.

Fòie

De sólet i gh'à da 10 fina a 21 foiuline (de sólet però i è 'n nömer pari: 10, 12, ... 20) i è a furma de öf 'mpó a pónta, ma piö strécie de chèle del Nus e i gh'à l'òrlo capetàt; la fòia compòsta l'è lónga fina a 60 ghèi e l'è érda.

Fiùr

Ol Nus l'è monòico, cioè 'l gh'à di fiùr dóma maschìi e di fiùr dóma feminìi sö la stèsa pianta. Piö che de fiùr maschìl gh'è de parlà de 'nfiurescènsa maschìl, ön insèma de tace fiùr maschìi. L'infiurescenza del nùs l'è ü gèner particulàr de spiga, l'è öna spiga che la pènt in zó 'nvèce de sta sö drécia come 'n del formét e l'è ciamada amènto. L'è töta érda, lónga da sés a dés ghèi, la böta prima o 'nsèma a i fòie.

I fiùr feminìi i crès invéce desperlùr o 'n dù o trì e pò a lur i è töi vércc.

Fröcc

I fröcc i si maia mia, i è grancc 4 -6 ghèi, i è tóncc, i è de culùr prima ért e pò sèmper piö scùr de manimà che i marüda.

Ol Nus

Ol Nus americà l'è mia de confónt col Nus, ol Juglans regia, che l'è ün ótra spéce ach se 'mpó la ghe sömèa al Nus americà.

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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 倫巴底語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= Juglans nigra

Ol Juglans nigra (in Bergamàsch Nus americà o Nus nìgher ), specie de la famèa di Juglandaceae, lè öna pianta ólta fina a 30 e piö méter, che la é da l'Americadel nòrd e l'è stacia portada 'n Euròpa e l'è cultiada per ol sò lègn e per ornamènt.

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Otaesémenôtse

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Black Walnut nut and leave detail.JPG
 src=
Juglans nigra

Otaesémenôtse (Juglans nigra) hoohtseto-éve.

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Juglans nigra ( 英語 )

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Juglans nigra, the eastern American black walnut, is a species of deciduous tree in the walnut family, Juglandaceae, native to North America. It grows mostly in riparian zones, from southern Ontario, west to southeast South Dakota, south to Georgia, northern Florida and southwest to central Texas. Wild trees in the upper Ottawa Valley may be an isolated native population or may have derived from planted trees.

Black walnut is an important tree commercially, as the wood is a deep brown color and easily worked. Walnut seeds (nuts) are cultivated for their distinctive and desirable taste. Walnut trees are grown both for lumber and food, and many cultivars have been developed for improved quality wood or nuts. Black walnut is susceptible to thousand cankers disease, which provoked a decline of walnut trees in some regions.

Black walnut is anecdotally known for being allelopathic, which means that it releases chemicals from its roots and other tissues that may harm other organisms and give the tree a competitive advantage. There is not, however, solid scientific consensus that allelopathic chemicals in black walnut are the primary source of its competitive growth in an area.[2]

Description

  • Odor Most parts of the tree including leaves, stems, and fruit husks have a very characteristic pungent or spicy odor. This odor is lacking in the nut itself.[3][4]
  • Trunk Height 30–40 m (100–130 ft). Under forest competition, it develops a tall and straight trunk. When grown in an open area it has a short trunk and broad crown.[4]
  • Bark The bark is typically grey-black and deeply furrowed into thin ridges that gives the bark a diamond shaped pattern.[4]
  • Pith The pith of the twigs is chambered and light brown.[3]
  • Buds The buds are pale silky and covered in downy hairs. The terminal buds are ovate, and 8 mm (516 in) long, and slightly longer than broad, the lateral buds are smaller and superposed.[4]
  • Leaves The leaves are pinnately compound and alternately arranged on the stem. They are 30–60 cm (1–2 ft) long, typically even-pinnate but there is heavy variation among leaves. The stems have 15–23 leaflets, when terminal leaf is included, with the largest leaflets located in the center, 7–10 cm (2+34–4 in) long and 2–3 cm (341+14 in) broad.[4] The leaflets have a rounded base and a long pointed (acuminate) tip as well as having a serrated edge.[5] The leaves are overall dark green in color and are typically hairy on the underside.
  • Leaf scar The leaf scar has three prominent bundle scars[6] and has a notch on the side that points toward the tip of the branch (distal side)
  • Flowers Black walnut is monoecious. The male (staminate) flowers are in drooping catkins 8–10 cm (3+14–4 in) long. These are borne from axillary buds on the previous year's growth. The female (pistillate) flowers are terminal, in clusters of two to five on the current year's growth.[7]
  • Fruit Ripens during the summer/autumn into a spherical fruit (nut) with a brownish-green, semifleshy husk and a brown, corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk falls in October; the seed is relatively small and very hard.
A young black walnut tree full of fruit in Eastern Oklahoma

The fruit production tends to occur irregularly with some years producing larger crops than others (see mast year). Fruiting may begin when the tree is 4–6 years old, but large crops take 20 years. Total lifespan of J. nigra is about 130 years. Like other trees of the order Fagales, such as oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and birches, it is monoecious, with wind-pollinated catkins. Male and female flowers are in separate spikes, and the female flowers typically appear before the male on a single tree (dichogamy). As a consequence, self-pollination is unlikely. However, individual trees are commonly self-compatible; if they are not pollinated by neighboring trees, they may set self-fertilized seeds.[7] For maximum seed germination, the seeds should be cold-moist stratified for 3–4 months, although the exact time depends on the seed source.[7] The seedlings emerge in April or May. While most trees with taproots have a reputation for slow growth, black walnut is an exception and can achieve very rapid growth in the seedling stage, typically 90 cm (35 in) their first year and even more in the second year.[7] Black walnut will not leaf out until temperatures have warmed sufficiently. Leafout in spring is initiated when daytime highs reach approximately 70 °F (21 °C) and leaf drop in fall when daytime highs fall below 65 °F (15 °C). As such, the exact timing will vary in different regions of the US and depending on the weather conditions from year to year, leafout is typically early April in the southern part of its range and sometimes not until the end of May or beginning of June in cooler areas. Leaf drop in fall may begin in late September in cooler regions and not until November in southern areas.[7]

Black walnut has a strong taproot, which makes the seedlings resilient, but difficult to transplant.

Black walnut is more resistant to frost than the English or Persian walnut, but thrives best in the warmer regions of fertile, lowland soils with high water tables, although it will also grow in drier soils, but much more slowly.[4] Some soils preferred by black walnut include Alfisol and Entisol soil types.[7] Black walnut grows best on sandy loam, loam, or silt loam type soils but will also grow well on silty clay loam soils. It prefers these soils because they hold large quantities of water, which the tree draws from during rainless periods.[7]

Visually, black walnut is similar to the butternut (Juglans cinerea) in leaf shape, and the range also overlaps significantly. The fruits are quite different, and their presence makes an identification easy, as black walnut fruits are round (spherical) and butternuts are more oval-oblong shaped. When a fruit is not available, two species can be differentiated based on the leaf scars, or the place where the leaf meets the stem: butternut has a leaf scar with a flat upper edge and with a velvety ridge above that flat part, but black walnut has an indented leaf scar with no hairy ridge.[8]

Ecology

Black walnut is primarily a pioneer species similar to red and silver maple and black cherry. Because of this, black walnut is a common weed tree found along roadsides, fields, and forest edges in the eastern US. It will grow in closed forests, but is classified as shade intolerant; this means it requires full sun for optimal growth and nut production.

Black walnut's native range extends across much of the eastern US. It is absent from the coastal plain south of North Carolina as well as the Mississippi Valley, and does not occur in the northern tier of the eastern US, where the frost-free season is too short for the nuts to develop. Its western range extends all the way to the eastern Great Plains, after which climate conditions become too dry for it.

Black walnut is one of the most abundant trees in the eastern US, particularly the Northeast, and its numbers are increasing due to epidemics that have affected other tree species, including emerald ash borer, chestnut blight, butternut canker, wooly hemlock adelgid, dogwood anthracnose, Dutch elm disease, and Gypsy moth infestations. Widespread clear-cutting of oaks due to Gypsy moth damage in the 1970s-80s particularly aided in the tree's spread. The aggressive competitive strategy of black walnut such as its fast growth, alleopathic chemicals, and rodent-dispersed seeds, have also contributed.

Fruits after falling from tree

The nuts are food for many rodents and make up to 10% of the diet of eastern fox squirrels.[9] The nuts are also eaten by species of birds. The leaves are browsed by white tailed deer,[9] although they are not a preferred food. Squirrels also eat the nuts.[6]

Where the range of the eastern black walnut overlaps that of the Texas black walnut (J. microcarpa), the two species sometimes interbreed, producing populations with characteristics intermediate between the two species.[10] J.nigra and J. cinerea often grow in the same range as well but they do not hybridize naturally.[7][9]

The tree's roots often form endomycorrhizal relationships with fungi in the genus Glomus. Some endomycorrhizal relations improve the plant's growth.[7]

Species often associated with J. nigra include yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), basswood (Tilia americana), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), oaks (Quercus spp.), and hickories (Carya spp.). Near the western edge of its range, black walnut may be confined to floodplains, where it grows either with American elm (Ulmus americana), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and boxelder (Acer negundo), or with basswood and red oak (Quercus rubra) on lower slopes and other favorable sites.[7]

Cultivation

Planting

Seed shell cracked open to expose kernel. Under the right conditions, a black walnut tree will sprout and grow from a seed like the one pictured here.[11]

While its primary native region is the Midwest and east-central United States, the black walnut was introduced into Europe in 1629 and is also cultivated in Hawaii.[9] It is cultivated there and in North America as a forest tree for its high-quality wood. Black walnut plantings can be made to produce timber, nuts, or both timber and nuts. Patented timber-type trees were selected and released from Purdue University in the early 1990s. These trees have been sporadically available from nurseries. Varieties include Purdue #1, which can be used for both timber and nut production, though nut quality is poor compared to varieties selected specifically as nut producers.

Autumn foliage

Grafted, nut-producing trees are available from several nurseries operating in the U.S. Selections worth considering include Thomas, Neel #1, Thomas Myers, Pounds #2, Stoker, Surprise, Emma K, Sparrow, S127, and McGinnis. Several older varieties, such as Kwik Krop, are still in cultivation; while they make decent nuts, they would not be recommended for commercial planting.[12]

Pollination requirements should be considered when planting black walnuts. As is typical of many species in Juglandaceae, Juglans nigra trees tend to be monoecious, i.e.. produce pollen first and then pistillate flowers or else produce pistillate flowers and then pollen. An early pollen-producer should be grouped with other varieties that produce pistillate flowers so all varieties benefit from overlap. Cranz, Thomas, and Neel #1 make a good pollination trio. A similar group for more northern climates would be Sparrow, S127, and Mintle.

Sometimes black walnut is planted as part of reclaiming mines.[9] When growing young trees weed control is critical for healthy establishment of the trees, without weed control the young trees are harmed significantly in their growth rate.

Ornamental

J. nigra is also grown as a specimen ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, growing to 30 m (100 ft) tall by 20 m (65 ft) broad.[13] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14][15]

Uses

As food

A bowl of black walnut kernels, shelled

Black walnut nuts are edible[16] and shelled commercially in the United States. About 65% of the annual wild harvest comes from the U.S. state of Missouri, and the largest processing plant is operated by Hammons Products in Stockton, Missouri. NPR affiliate KCUR stated in an article that “Ralph Hammons began the company in 1946 with a nut cracking machine acquired from Tennessee.”[17] The Stockton Black Walnut Festival, which has been held annually since 1961, “brings the community together for a 3-day event jam-packed with activities including a carnival, tractor pull, nut roll and 2-hour parade,” stated Alexa Hodges in a VOX article.[18] The nutmeats provide a robust, distinctive, natural flavor and crunch as a food ingredient. Popular uses include ice cream, bakery goods and confections. Consumers include black walnuts in traditional treats, such as cakes, cookies, fudge, and pies, during the fall holiday season. The nuts' nutritional profile leads to uses in other foods, such as salads, fish, pork, chicken, vegetables and pasta dishes.

Tapped in spring, the tree yields a sweet sap that can be drunk or concentrated into syrup or sugar that is not unlike the sap of sugar maple.[19]

Nut processing by hand

Hand stains after removing the husks from black walnuts
The black walnut (on the left) is harder to process than the English walnut (on the right)

The extraction of the kernel from the fruit of the black walnut is difficult. The thick, hard shell is tightly bound by tall ridges to a thick husk. Rolling the nut underfoot on a hard surface such as a driveway is a common method; commercial huskers use a car tire rotating against a metal mesh. Some take a thick plywood board and drill a nut-sized hole in it (from one to two inches in diameter) and smash the nut through using a hammer. The nut goes through and the husk remains behind.[20] American pioneers let the nuts dry in the sun, then removed the husks and let the kernels dry—making them less bitter.[6]

The shell itself is thicker than that of the English walnut, and there are additional, thick internal walls tightly surrounding the nutmeat. Walnuts are too tough and too large to be opened with a standard nutcracker, but simply cracking the shell open with a rock results in smashed and shattered nutmeats mixed with shell, unless done with some care and skill—and it is still nearly impossible to extract an intact half this way. As a result, a number of home walnut-cracking devices have been produced, involving vices, cams, or levers.[21]

While the flavor of the Juglans nigra kernel is prized, the difficulty in preparing it may account for the wider popularity and availability of the English walnut.

Nutrition

Black walnut kernels are 5% water, 59% fat, 24% protein, and 10% carbohydrates (table). In a 100 gram reference amount providing 619 calories, the kernels supply several dietary minerals in rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV), including manganese (186% DV) and phosphorus (73% DV) among others, and the B vitamins, B6 (45% DV) and pantothenic acid (33% DV) (table). Black walnut kernels are a moderate source of vitamin E (14% DV).

Analysis of black walnut fat content in its oil showed the most prevalent fatty acids are linoleic acid (33.8%), followed (in the same units) by oleic acid (15.3%), linolenic acid (2.7%), palmitic acid (1.9%), and stearic acid (1.5%) (USDA table).

Dye

Black walnut drupes contain juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), plumbagin (yellow quinone pigments), and tannin. These compounds cause walnuts to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios, in addition to the hands of anyone attempting to shell them.[22] The brownish-black dye was used by early American settlers to dye hair.[23] According to Eastern Trees in the Petersen Guide series, black walnuts make a yellowish-brown dye, not brownish-black. The apparent confusion is easily explained by the fact that the liquid (dye) obtained from the inner husk becomes increasingly darker over time, as the outer skin darkens from light green to black. Extracts of the outer, soft part of the drupe are still used as a natural dye for handicrafts.[24] The tannins present in walnuts act as a mordant, aiding in the dyeing process,[25][26] and are usable as a dark ink or wood stain.[27]

Industrial

Walnut shells are often used as an abrasive in sand blasting or other circumstances where a medium hardness grit is required. The hard black walnut shell is also used commercially in abrasive cleaning, a filtering agent in scrubbers in smoke stacks, cleaning jet engines, cosmetics, and oil well drilling and water filtration.[9]

Wood

Black walnut wood showing the color and grain
Juglans nigra wood in cross section

Black walnut is highly prized for its dark-colored, straight grained, true heartwood. It is heavy, strong, shock resistant and yet can be easily split and worked. Along with cedars (Thuja spp.), chestnut (Castanea spp.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) black walnut is one of the most durable hardwoods in the US.[9] The wood can be kiln dried and holds its shape well after seasoning, which makes this wood even more attractive for wood working.[9]

Walnut wood has historically been used for gun stocks, furniture, flooring, paddles, coffins, and a variety of other wood products.[9] Black walnut has a density of 660 kg per cubic meter (41.2 lb/cubic foot),[28] which makes it less dense than oak.

Pests

Maggots (larvae of Rhagoletis completa and Rhagoletis suavis) in the husk are common, though more a nuisance than a serious problem for amateurs, who may simply remove the affected husk as soon as infestation is noticed. The maggots develop entirely within the husk, thus the quality of the nutmeat is not affected.[29] However, infestations of maggots are undesirable because they make the husk difficult to remove and are unsightly. Maggots can be serious for commercial walnut growers, who tend to use chemical treatments to prevent damage to the crop.[30] Some non-chemical controls also exist, such as removing and disposing of infested nuts.[31]

The walnut weevil (Conotrachelus retentus) grows to 5 millimetres (316 in) long as an adult. The adult sucks plant juices through a snout. The eggs are laid in fruits in the spring and summer. Many nuts are lost due to damage from the larvae, which burrow through the nut shell.[32]

Black walnut is affected by European canker (Neonectria galligena). The infection spreads slowly but infected trees eventually die.[9]

The walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrima) and fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) are two of the most serious pests, they commonly eat the foliage in midsummer and continue into autumn.

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae eat walnut kernels, as well as apple and pear seeds.[33]

Important leaf sucking insects include species of aphids and plant lice including (Monellia spp. and Monelliopsis spp.), which suck the juices from leaves and often deposit a sticky substance called "honey-dew" on the leaf surface that may turn black and prevent photosynthesis; and the walnut lace bug (Corythucha juglandis), which causes damage when the adults and nymphs suck the sap from the lower surfaces of walnut leaflets.[7]

A disease complex known as thousand cankers disease has been threatening black walnut in several western states.[34] This disease has recently been discovered in Tennessee, and could potentially have devastating effects on the species in the eastern United States.[35] Vectored by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), a fungus, Geosmithia morbida, spreads into the wood around the galleries carved by the small beetles. The fungus causes cankers that inhibit the movement of nutrients in black walnut, leading to crown and branch dieback, and ultimately death.[36]

Allelopathy

While black walnut is considered allelopathic, meaning it excretes chemicals into its environment that harm competition, research over the past decade has questioned whether this long-held belief holds up to scientifically rigorous examination. Many publications that have repeated claims of black walnut allelopathy cite a very limited set of dated research literature, which has not held up to scientific scrutiny.[2] Anecdotally, records of walnut toxicity to other plants have been observed as far back as the first century when Pliny the Elder wrote: "The shadow of walnut trees is poison to all plants within its compass."[37]

Like other walnuts, the roots, inner bark, nut husks, and leaves contain a nontoxic chemical called hydrojuglone,[37] when exposed to air or soil compounds it is oxidized into juglone that is biologically active and acts as a respiratory inhibitor to some plants. Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree.[38] Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as the roots decay.[38] Well drained and aerated soils will host a healthy community of soil microbes and these microbes will help to break down the juglone.

Symptoms of juglone poisoning include foliar yellowing and wilting.[38] A number of plants are particularly sensitive. Apples, tomatoes, pines, and birch are poisoned by juglone, and as a precaution, should not be planted in proximity to a black walnut.[7][39]

Interaction with horses

Horses are susceptible to laminitis from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding.[40]

Largest trees

The US national champion black walnut is on a residential property on Sauvie Island, Oregon. It is 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) diameter at breast height and 112 ft (34 m) tall, with a crown spread of 144 feet (44 m).[41]

The largest known living black walnut tree is on Sauvie Island, Oregon.

The tallest black walnut in Europe is located in the Woluwe Park in the city of Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium. It has a circumference of 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in), height of exactly 33.60 m (110.2 ft) (measured by laser), and was planted around 1850 (± 10 years).[42]

The largest black walnut in Europe is located in the Castle Park in the city of Sereď, Slovakia. It has a circumference of 6.30 m (20 ft 8 in), height of 25 m (82 ft) and estimated age of 300 years.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Juglans nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62019712A62019714. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62019712A62019714.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Chalker-Scott, Linda. DO BLACK WALNUT TREES HAVE ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS ON OTHER PLANTS?. rex.libraries.wsu.edu (Report). Home Garden Series. hdl:2376/14212. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-18.
  3. ^ a b Peterson, George A. Petrides; illustrations by George A. Petrides, Roger Tory (1986). A field guide to trees and shrubs : northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-13651-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Dirr, Michael A (1990). Manual of woody landscape plants (4. ed., rev. ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87563-344-7.
  5. ^ Rhoads, Ann; Block, Timothy (5 September 2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania (2 ed.). Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
  6. ^ a b c Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Williams, Robert D. (1990). "Juglans nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 2016-06-29 – via Southern Research Station.
  8. ^ Whittemore, Alan T.; Stone, Donald E. (1997). "Juglans". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Coladonato, Milo (1991). "Juglans nigra". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2016-06-29.
  10. ^ Tirmenstein, D. A. (1990). "Juglans microcarpa". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2016-06-29.
  11. ^ "How can I germinate walnuts?". Iowa State University. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Flowering and Fruit Characteristics of Black Walnuts: A Tool for Identifying and Selecting Cultivars". University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  13. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
  14. ^ "Juglans nigra". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  15. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 56. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  16. ^ Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) [2004]. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.
  17. ^ Bailey, Hogan, Natasha, Suzanne (December 7, 2022). "Black walnuts don't get as much love as non-native nuts. These Missourians want to change that". NPR. KCUR. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  18. ^ Hodges, Alexa (September 28, 2018). "What you should know before you go to the Black Walnut Festival". VOX. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Tapping Walnut Trees for a Novel and Delicious Syrup". Cornell Small Farms Program. 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  20. ^ Mason, Sandra. "Preparing Black Walnuts for Eating". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
  21. ^ John Sankey. "Black Walnut Crackers". Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  22. ^ "Black Walnut Uses, Benefits & Dosage – Drugs.com Herbal Database".
  23. ^ "Legumes, Nuts, Seeds & discussion". www.faculty.ucr.edu.
  24. ^ Black Walnut Basket Dye Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "Fixing natural dyes from walnuts, goldenrod, sassafras and poke weed in cotton – do I use urea or soda ash?". www.pburch.net.
  26. ^ "Dyeing with Tannic Acid and Iron: Walnut Husks (2005)" (PDF).
  27. ^ Making Walnut Ink. Madame Elizabeth de Nevell.
  28. ^ Niche Timbers Black Walnut Archived 2008-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Walnut Husk Maggot, Rhagoletis suavis (Loew) and Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson
  30. ^ Walnut Husk Maggot Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
  31. ^ "Walnut Husk Fly Management Guidelines – UC IPM". www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
  32. ^ "Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry". na.fs.fed.us.
  33. ^ "Codling Moth Management Guidelines – UC IPM". www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
  34. ^ "Pest Alert: Walnut Twig Beetle and Thousand Cankers Disease of Black Walnut" (PDF). Purdue University: Purdue Pest & Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  35. ^ "Bill Poovey. Black walnut tree thousand canker first in East US. Times Union. Posted July 30, 2010".
  36. ^ "Page Not Found – Clemson University, South Carolina". www.clemson.edu. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  37. ^ a b Rietvelt, W. J (1983). "Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 9 (2): 295–308. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.5739. doi:10.1007/BF00988047. PMID 24407348. S2CID 23491349. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  38. ^ a b c "Black walnut toxicity" (PDF). Purdue University. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Black Walnut Toxicity". West Virginia University. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  40. ^ "Laminitis Caused by Black Walnut Wood Residues" (PDF). Purdue University. January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  41. ^ "Oregon Champion Tree Registry". ascendingthegiants.com. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08.
  42. ^ "Zwarte walnoot in het park van Woluwe, Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussel, België".
  43. ^ Majko, Majko Design Studio - Miloš. "Mesto Sereď má unikátny strom Juglans nigra nominovaný v súťaži Strom roka 2012 - SereďOnLine".
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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Juglans nigra, the eastern American black walnut, is a species of deciduous tree in the walnut family, Juglandaceae, native to North America. It grows mostly in riparian zones, from southern Ontario, west to southeast South Dakota, south to Georgia, northern Florida and southwest to central Texas. Wild trees in the upper Ottawa Valley may be an isolated native population or may have derived from planted trees.

Black walnut is an important tree commercially, as the wood is a deep brown color and easily worked. Walnut seeds (nuts) are cultivated for their distinctive and desirable taste. Walnut trees are grown both for lumber and food, and many cultivars have been developed for improved quality wood or nuts. Black walnut is susceptible to thousand cankers disease, which provoked a decline of walnut trees in some regions.

Black walnut is anecdotally known for being allelopathic, which means that it releases chemicals from its roots and other tissues that may harm other organisms and give the tree a competitive advantage. There is not, however, solid scientific consensus that allelopathic chemicals in black walnut are the primary source of its competitive growth in an area.

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Nigra juglando ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供

Nigra juglando, Juglans nigra, aŭ orienta nigra juglando, estas specio de falfolia arbo de la familio de Juglandacoj, indiĝena en orienta Nordameriko. Ĝi kreskas ĉefe en ĉeriveraj zonoj, el suda Ontario, okcidenten al sudorienta Suda Dakoto, suden al Georgio, norda Florido kaj sudokcidente al centra Teksaso. Naturaj arboj en supra Otava Valo povus esti izolata indiĝena populacio aŭ derivita el plantitaj arboj.

Nigra juglando estas grava arbo el ekonomia vidpunkto, ĉar ĝia ligno estas malhelbruna (kiel ĝia nomo sugestas) kaj facile prilaborebla. La fruktoj, nuksoj, estas rikoltataj pro sia speciala kaj alloga gusto. Ofte, tiuj juglandoj estas kultivataj kaj pro la ligno kaj pro la nuksoj samtempe kaj multaj kultivaroj estis disvolvitaj por plibonigi la kvaliton ĉu de nuksoj ĉu de lignoj. La nigra juglando estas nune sub premo de funga-skaraba kancero kiu okazigas malpliiĝon de juglandoj en kelkaj areoj. La nigra juglando estas ankaŭ alelopatia, kio signifas ke ĝi produktas kemiaĵojn el radikoj kaj aliaj histoj kiuj povas damaĝi aliajn organismojn kaj havigi al la arbo konkurencan avantaĝon; tio estas ofte nedezirebla ĉar povas malutili al ĝardenplantoj kaj herboj.

Priskribo

  • Odoro.- Plej partoj de la arbo inklude foliojn, tigojn, kaj frukto-ŝelojn havas tre karakteran akran aŭ spicecan odoron. Tiu odoro tamen mankas ĉe la nukso mem.[1][2]
  • Trunko,. Ĝi altas 30 al 40 m. Ĉe arbara konkurenco, ĝi disvolviĝas altan kaj rektan trunkon. Kreskante en malferma areo, ĝi havas mallongan trunkon kaj larĝan kanopeon.[2]
  • Arboŝelo.- La ŝelo estas tipe griz-nigreca kaj tre markata per fajnaj faltoj kiuj havigas al ĝi la aspekton de diamantoforma modelo.[2]
  • Medolo.- La medolo de branĉetoj estas septoza kaj helbruna.[1]
  • Burĝonoj.- La burĝonoj estas pale silkecaj kaj kovritaj per lanugecaj haroj. La finaj burĝonoj estas ovoformaj, 8 mm longaj, iom pli longaj ol larĝaj, kaj la flankaj burĝonoj estas pli malgrandaj kaj supermetitaj.[2]
  • Folioj.- La folioj estas malsimplaj kaj alterne aranĝitaj sur la tigo. Ili estas 30 al 60 cm longaj, tipe sen fina foliero sed estas forta variado inter folioj. La folioj havas 15–23 folierojn, kaj la pli grandaj folieroj estas centre, 7 al 10 cm longaj kaj 2 al 3 cm larĝaj.[2] La folieroj havas rondoforman bazon kaj longan akran pinton kaj segildentan bordon.[3] La folioj estas malhelverdaj kaj tipe hararhavaj sube.
  • Folicikatro.- La folicikatro havas 3 elstarajn faskajn cikatrojn kaj havas noĉon ĉela flanko al la pinto de la branĉo (dista flanko).
  • Floroj.- La nigra juglando estas duseksa. La masklaj (stameno) floroj estas en pendantaj amentoj 8 al 10 cm longaj. Tiuj aperas el la akzelaj burĝonoj kiuj kreskis la antaŭan jaron. La inaj (pistilo) floroj estas finlike, laŭ aroj de 2 al 5 de tiuj kiuj kreskis la antaŭan jaron.[4]
 src=
Nukso.
  • Frukto.- La fruktoj maturiĝas aŭtune en nuksoj kiuj estas brunec-verdaj, duonkarnaj ekstere kiuj enhavas brunan, undohavan kernon. La tuta frukto, inklude la ŝelon, falas en oktobro aŭ novembro; la semo estas relative malgranda kaj tre malmola.

Notoj

  1. 1,0 1,1 Peterson, George A. Petrides ; illustrations by George A. Petrides, Roger Tory. (1986) A field guide to trees and shrubs : northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada, 2‑a eldono, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-13651-2.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Dirr, Michael A. (1990) Manual of woody landscape plants., 4‑a eldono, Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87563-344-7.
  3. Rhoads, Ann. The Plants of Pennsylvania, 2‑a eldono, Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
  4. Williams, Robert D. (1990). "Juglans nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2. Retrieved 2016-06-29 – via Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry (www.na.fs.fed.us). [1]
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wikipedia EO

Nigra juglando: Brief Summary ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供

Nigra juglando, Juglans nigra, aŭ orienta nigra juglando, estas specio de falfolia arbo de la familio de Juglandacoj, indiĝena en orienta Nordameriko. Ĝi kreskas ĉefe en ĉeriveraj zonoj, el suda Ontario, okcidenten al sudorienta Suda Dakoto, suden al Georgio, norda Florido kaj sudokcidente al centra Teksaso. Naturaj arboj en supra Otava Valo povus esti izolata indiĝena populacio aŭ derivita el plantitaj arboj.

Nigra juglando estas grava arbo el ekonomia vidpunkto, ĉar ĝia ligno estas malhelbruna (kiel ĝia nomo sugestas) kaj facile prilaborebla. La fruktoj, nuksoj, estas rikoltataj pro sia speciala kaj alloga gusto. Ofte, tiuj juglandoj estas kultivataj kaj pro la ligno kaj pro la nuksoj samtempe kaj multaj kultivaroj estis disvolvitaj por plibonigi la kvaliton ĉu de nuksoj ĉu de lignoj. La nigra juglando estas nune sub premo de funga-skaraba kancero kiu okazigas malpliiĝon de juglandoj en kelkaj areoj. La nigra juglando estas ankaŭ alelopatia, kio signifas ke ĝi produktas kemiaĵojn el radikoj kaj aliaj histoj kiuj povas damaĝi aliajn organismojn kaj havigi al la arbo konkurencan avantaĝon; tio estas ofte nedezirebla ĉar povas malutili al ĝardenplantoj kaj herboj.

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Juglans nigra ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Juglans nigra, el nogal negro americano, es un árbol juglandáceo, pariente del nogal común. Especie muy extendida en Norteamérica, también se cultiva ampliamente por el sur de Europa, el Sur de Sudamérica y Asia oriental.

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Ilustración
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Vista del árbol
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Frutos en el árbol
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Juglans nigra - MHNT

Descripción

Es un árbol monoico, caducifolio, que llega a alcanzar hasta 45 m de altura formando una copa ancha y abierta. El tronco es recto y con corteza marrón o casi negra muy surcada. Las hojas, verde amarillentas, se disponen de forma alterna (pueden llegar a medir 0,5 m de longitud) y están formadas por entre 15 y 23 foliolos, cada uno de ellos de forma oval-lanceolada con bordes finamente aserrados.
Las flores masculinas son amentos de 8-10 cm de largo, mientras que las femeninas surgen en racimos de dos a cinco, madurando en otoño hasta formar un fruto drupáceo en trima de envoltura -no derivada del ovario pero del involucro- semi-carnosa marrón verdosa, indehiscente, con una nuez corrugada en su interior.

Usos y cultivo

El nogal negro fue introducido en Europa en 1629 donde se cultiva como ornamental y, en muchas regiones, se realiza su cultivo industrialmente por la alta calidad de su madera: densa, dura y fuerte, empleándose en ebanistería.

Es más resistente a las heladas que su pariente el nogal común juglans regia, pero donde mejor prolifera es en las regiones templadas y de suelos fértiles con altos niveles de pluviosidad.
Aunque las nueces son también comestibles, son más pequeñas y de cáscara extremadamente dura.

Esta especie, como todas las de la familia Juglandaceae, produce una sustancia tóxica o alelopática para otras plantas, la juglona , que interfiere su desarrollo normal, causando el amarilleamiento y marchitamiento del follaje. Esto ha creado la creencia de que nada puede crecer bajo él. Sin embargo, hay muchas variedades de plantas que sí prosperan.
El extracto concentrado de su cáscara se usa como desparasitante en medicina biológica.

Cultivo

Plantaciones de nogal negro se pueden sembrar para producir madera, frutos secos, o ambas madera y frutos secos. Se seleccionaron árboles patentados de tipo madera y creados de la Universidad de Purdue a principios de 1990. Estos árboles han sido cultivados esporádicamente en los viveros. Las variedades incluyen Purdue # 1, que puede ser utilizado tanto para la madera y la producción de nueces, aunque la calidad de la nuez es pobre en comparación con las variedades seleccionadas específicamente como productores de frutos secos.

Follaje otoñal

Injertados, los nogales productores están disponibles en varios viveros que operan en Estados Unidos. Varias variedades más antiguas, como Kwik Krop, se encuentran todavía en el cultivo; mientras hacen nueces decentes, que no serían recomendables para la siembra comercial. J. nigra también se cultiva como árbol ornamental en parques y grandes jardines, creciendo hasta los 30 m de alto por 20 m de ancho.[1]​ Ha ganado la Award of Garden Merit de la Royal Horticultural Society.[2]

Alimentación

Las nueces de nogal negro se encuentran comercialmente en los Estados Unidos. Los frutos secos proporcionan un sabor distintivo como ingrediente alimentario. Usos populares incluyen helados, productos de panadería y productos de confitería. Los consumidores consumen las nueces en golosinas tradicionales, tales como pasteles , galletas , dulce de azúcar , y las empanadas , durante la temporada de vacaciones de otoño. El perfil nutricional de los frutos secos 'conduce a usos en otros alimentos, como ensaladas , pescado , carne de cerdo , pollo , verduras y platos de pasta.

Nutricionalmente es similar a la más suave del sabor del nogal inglés, el núcleo de nogal negro es rico en grasas insaturadas y proteínas. Un análisis de aceite de nuez mostraron que el ácido graso más prevalente en J. nigra es ácido linoleico (27,80 a 33,34 g / 100 g ), seguido (en las mismas unidades) por ácido oleico (14,52-24,40), ácido linolénico (1,61 a 3,23), ácido palmítico (1,61 a 2,15), y ácido esteárico. (1,07-1,69).[3]

Tinte

Drupas de nogal negro contienen juglona (5-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona), plumbagina (pigmentos amarillos de quinona) y tanino. Estos compuestos producen nueces que manchan coches, aceras, porches y patios, además de las manos de cualquiera que trate cogerlos.[4]​ El tinte de color marrón-negro fue utilizado por los colonos americanos para teñir el cabello.[5]​ Según Árboles del Este en la serie Guía Petersen, las nueces negras hacen un tinte de color marrón amarillento, no de color marrón-negro. La aparente confusión se explica fácilmente por el hecho de que el líquido (colorante) obtenida a partir de la cáscara interior se vuelve cada vez más oscuro a través del tiempo, como la piel exterior se oscurece desde el verde claro al negro. Los extractos de la parte exterior, suave de la drupa todavía se utilizan como un colorante natural para la artesanía.[6]​ Los taninos presentes en las nueces actúan como un mordiente , ayudando en el proceso de teñido, [7][8]​ y son utilizables como una tinta o madera de mancha oscura.[9]

Madera

La madera del Nogal negro es muy apreciada por su color oscuro. Es pesado y fuerte, pero de fácil división y trabajo. Madera de nogal se ha utilizado históricamente para culatas, muebles, pisos, remos, ataúdes, cabos de herramientas, baquetas y una variedad de otros productos de madera. Debido a su valor, los funcionarios forestales a menudo son llamados a rastrear a los cazadores furtivos de nogal; en 2004, se utilizó la prueba de ADN para resolver uno de esos casos de caza furtiva, la participación de 16 m de árboles vale US $ 2500. Nogal negro tiene una densidad de 660 kg por metro cúbico, que hace que sea menos denso que el roble.

Taxonomía

Juglans nigra fue descrito por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 997. 1753.[10]

Etimología

Juglans; nombre genérico que procede del término latíno Juglans que deriva de Jovis glans, "bellotas de Júpiter": figuradamente, una nuez apropiada para un dios.

nigra: epíteto latíno que significa "negra.

Sinonimia
  • Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.[11]

Referencias

  1. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
  2. «Juglans nigra». Royal Horticultural Society. Consultado el 23 de julio de 2013.
  3. Senter, S. D., Horvat, R. J., and Forbus, W. R.: "GLC-MS Analysis of Fatty Acids From Five Black Walnut Cultivars." Journal of Food Science 47(5) pp 1753, 1755 (1982)
  4. Black Walnuts Drug Information
  5. Nuts with High Fat Content:Black Walnuts
  6. Black Walnut Basket Dye
  7. Fixing natural dyes from walnuts, goldenrod, sassafras and poke weed in cotton
  8. Dyeing with Tannic Acid and Iron: Walnut Husks (2005)
  9. Making Walnut Ink. Madame Elizabeth de Nevell.
  10. «Juglans nigra». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 28 de enero de 2014.
  11. Juglans nigra en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  3. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Linares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la república de El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
  7. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Schwegman, J. E. 1991. The Vascular Flora of Langham Island, Kankakee County, Illinois. Erigenia 11: 1–8.
  9. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  10. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  11. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Juglans nigra, el nogal negro americano, es un árbol juglandáceo, pariente del nogal común. Especie muy extendida en Norteamérica, también se cultiva ampliamente por el sur de Europa, el Sur de Sudamérica y Asia oriental.

 src= Ilustración  src= Vista del árbol  src= Frutos en el árbol  src= Juglans nigra - MHNT
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Must pähklipuu ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

由wikipedia ET提供
 src=
Musta pähklipuu puit

Must pähklipuu (Juglans nigra), teise nimetusega Ameerika pähkel, on üks haruldasemaid ja hinnatumaid lehtpuid.

Must pähklipuu kasvab tavaliselt 20–27 meetri kõrguseks, parimates kasvukohtades isegi 40 meetri kõrguseks. Ilma oksteta silindrilise tüve kõrgus on 8–18 meetrit. Tüve läbimõõt on tavaliselt 0,6–1,2 meetrit, kuid heades kasvutingimustes võib ulatuda kuni 2 meetrini. Lülipuit on tavaliselt tume šokolaadipruun, tihti lillaka või punaka varjundiga. Maltspuit on hele (kahvatukollane), kuid aurutamisel läheb peaaegu sama tooni lülipuiduga. Must pähklipuu on sitke, mõõdukalt vastupidav, kerge, sillerdava läikega puit. Ta on ühtlase jämeda tekstuuriga, kiud on enamasti sirged, kuid võivad olla ka lainelised. Aastarõngad on selgesti eristatavad. Säsikiired ei ole silmaga nähtavad.[1]

Kasvutingimused

Must pähklipuu kasvab segametsades temperatuurivahemikus 7 °C põhja pool kuni 19 °C lõunas. On teada juhuseid, kus must pähklipuu on talunud ka –43 °C pakast, kuid see on pigem erand. Must pähklipuu on tundlik pinnase suhtes, ta kasvab ideaalselt niisketel viljakatel muldadel. Kõige paremini kasvab liivastel, savistel muldadel. Selline pinnas säilitab endas palju vett, mida puu tarvitab kasvamiseks kuivadel perioodidel. Kõige produktiivsem kasvuperiood on 40. ja 50. eluaastate vahel.[2]

Füüsikalised omadused

Toore pähklipuidu tihedus on 900–950 kg/m3, kuivatatud puidul on ligikaudu 640 kg/m3 (niiskussisaldus 12%). Musta pähklipuu puit on keskmise tihedusega, kõva ja sitke. Mõõdukalt vastupidav kriimustustele. Puit on väga vastupidav ilmastikutingimustele, kuid vastuvõtlik putukakahjustustele (Lõuna-Illinoisis on mustast pähklipuust leitud üle 300 erineva putukaliigi). Lülipuit on vastupidav puidukaitsevahenditega töötlemisele. [3]

Töödeldavus

Musta pähklipuud on kerge töödelda nii käsi- kui ka tööstuslike masinatega. Esineb mõõdukas lõiketerade nürinemine. Nael- ja kruviühendused on vastupidavad; hea liimida, kuid leeliselised liimid võivad põhjustada plekke. Reageerib hästi auruga painutamisele. Töötlemisel eraldab kerget lõhna.[4]

Kasutusvõimalused

Musta pähklipuu puidust valmistatakse kvaliteetset mööblit, põrandaid, muusikainstrumente, sh kõlareid ja klavereid, laevasisustust, sporditarbeid, vihmavarjude käepidemeid, kellakorpuste materjale, püstolipärasid ning lennukipropellereid. Sobib hästi treimiseks, nikerdusteks ja spooni tegemiseks ning tänu tugevusele ja elastsusele ka toolide valmistamiseks. Kõrge kvaliteediga palgid hööveldatakse kattevineeriks, mis on väga nõutud üle kogu maakera. Puu kannab söödavaid pähkleid. Jahvatatud pähklikoori kasutatakse mitmesuguste toodete valmistamisel [5]. Musta pähklipuu viljad sisaldavad hüdroksünaftokinoonset värvainet juglaniini ja tanniine ning pähklikoortest on saadud pruuni värvi tekstiili värvimiseks[6][7].

Mürgisus

Pähklipuu juurtes, tüves, lehtedes ja pähklikoortes leiduv keemiline aine pärsib mõnegi puu läheduses asuva taime (tomat, kartul, mustikas, õunapuud jpt) kasvu, ja seda isegi siis, kui must pähklipuu on ammu maha raiutud. Samuti võib musta pähklipuu tolmu suhtes esineda ülitundlikkust (tavaliselt silma- ja nahaärrituse näol). [8]

Huvitavat

  • Vana-Kreekas sümboliseerisid pähklipuud viljakust ning neid puistati pulmade ajal igale poole laiali. Kuid Rumeenias sümboliseerivad pähklipuud just vastupidist – naised pistavad oma pulmaseelikusse nii palju pähkleid, mitme aasta võrra nad soovivad lapsesaamist edasi lükata.

Viited

  1. http://www.hardwoodinfo.com/articles/view/pro/24/320
  2. http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/Wood-Species/American-black-walnut
  3. http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/black-walnut/
  4. http://www.vaarispuu.ee/puuliigid/1-puuliigid/14-ameerika-paehkel.html
  5. http://www.mass.ee/ameerika-pahkel
  6. Eve Järvoja. Välismaised värvained. - Renovatum anno 1991
  7. http://www.asianjournalofchemistry.co.in/User/ViewFreeArticle.aspx?ArticleID=23_2_21
  8. http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/trees-shrubs/growing-black-walnut/
  9. http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/trees-shrubs/growing-black-walnut/

Välislingid

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wikipedia ET

Must pähklipuu: Brief Summary ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

由wikipedia ET提供
 src= Musta pähklipuu puit

Must pähklipuu (Juglans nigra), teise nimetusega Ameerika pähkel, on üks haruldasemaid ja hinnatumaid lehtpuid.

Must pähklipuu kasvab tavaliselt 20–27 meetri kõrguseks, parimates kasvukohtades isegi 40 meetri kõrguseks. Ilma oksteta silindrilise tüve kõrgus on 8–18 meetrit. Tüve läbimõõt on tavaliselt 0,6–1,2 meetrit, kuid heades kasvutingimustes võib ulatuda kuni 2 meetrini. Lülipuit on tavaliselt tume šokolaadipruun, tihti lillaka või punaka varjundiga. Maltspuit on hele (kahvatukollane), kuid aurutamisel läheb peaaegu sama tooni lülipuiduga. Must pähklipuu on sitke, mõõdukalt vastupidav, kerge, sillerdava läikega puit. Ta on ühtlase jämeda tekstuuriga, kiud on enamasti sirged, kuid võivad olla ka lainelised. Aastarõngad on selgesti eristatavad. Säsikiired ei ole silmaga nähtavad.

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Intxaurrondo beltz ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供
 src=
Juglans nigra

Intxaurrondo beltza (Juglans nigra) Juglans generoko hosto galkorreko zuhaitza da. Oso bizkor hazten da; 30 m inguru luzea eta adaje zabalekoa izaten da. Lizarraren antzeko hostoak izaten ditu. Fruituaren barruko mamia txikia du, eta mintzetatik banatzen oso zaila. Duen zuragatik lantzen da batez ere.[1]

Erreferentziak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Intxaurrondo beltz: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供
 src= Juglans nigra

Intxaurrondo beltza (Juglans nigra) Juglans generoko hosto galkorreko zuhaitza da. Oso bizkor hazten da; 30 m inguru luzea eta adaje zabalekoa izaten da. Lizarraren antzeko hostoak izaten ditu. Fruituaren barruko mamia txikia du, eta mintzetatik banatzen oso zaila. Duen zuragatik lantzen da batez ere.

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Mustajalopähkinä ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Mustajalopähkinä[2] (Juglans nigra) on jalopähkinäkasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltojen keski- ja itäosissa.[3][4] Tämä saksanpähkinän sukulainen on jalopähkinöistä kaikkein pitkäikäisin ja suurikasvuisin.[5] Se on myös yksi harvinaisimmista ja halutuimmista lehtipuulajeista Pohjois-Amerikassa. Sen suorasyisestä puusta valmistetaan muun muassa puuviilua, huonekaluja ja aseenperiä, ja sen voimakkaanmakuisia pähkinöitä käytetään leivonnaisissa ja jäätelöissä.[1][3]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Mustajalopähkinä François André Michaux’n teoksessa The North American Sylva vuodelta 1819.

Mustajalopähkinä on jalopähkinälajeista kaikkein pitkäikäisin ja suurikasvuisin. Suotuisissa olosuhteissa se voi saavuttaa usean sadan vuoden iän ja jopa 50 metrin korkeuden.[5] Yleensä se kasvaa kuitenkin 21–27 metriä korkeaksi ja rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan 60–120 senttimetriä paksuksi.[6]

Mustajalopähkinällä on syvä pääjuuri ja laaja sivujuuristo – tässä suhteessa se on välimuoto kuivien ja tuoreiden kasvupaikkojen puulajeista.[3] Metsässä kasvaessaan se muodostaa korkean, suoran rungon ja avoimen, kupumaisen latvuksen.[4][6] Avoimilla paikoilla runko jakautuu jo matalalta koheneviksi ja siirottaviksi haaroiksi.[4] Runkoa peittää paksu ja syväuurteinen, tummanruskea kaarna; nuorissa puissa kaarna on vaaleampaa ja suomuista.[4][6] Kuluvan vuoden versot ovat himmeän oranssinruskeat ja niiden ydin on lokeroinen.[6][7] Kasvutavaltaan ne ovat jäykät, harvat ja epäsäännölliset.[7]

Mustajalopähkinällä on pienet, munanmuotoiset silmut ja suuret, syvät lehtiarvet.[7] Tuoksuvat, parilehdykkäiset lehdet ovat 30–60 senttimetriä pitkät ja niiden lapa jakaantuu 9–21 lehdykkään.[6] Yksittäinen lehdykkä on 6–13 senttimetriä pitkä, leveänsuikea, hienosahainen, pitkäsuippuinen ja ruoditon.[6] Päätölehdykkä on pieni tai puuttuu kokonaan.[7] Lehden alapinta on pehmeäkarvainen ja yläpinta lähes kalju. Väriltään lehti on vihreä tai tummanvihreä, syksyllä keltainen.[6]

Mustajalopähkinä on yksikotinen kasvi, jonka kukat puhkeavat yhtä aikaa lehtien kanssa – levinneisyysalueen eteläosissa huhtikuun puolessavälissä ja pohjoisosissa kesäkuun alussa.[3][6] Saman yksilön emikukat puhkeavat yleensä ennen hedekukkia, joten itsepölytys on harvinaista.[3] Hedekukissa on 20–30 hedettä, ja ne muodostavat jäykkiä, roikkuvia norkkoja edellisen vuoden versoihin. Pienissä, vihertävissä emikukissa on 2-vartaloinen emiö, ja ne kasvavat 2–5 kukan ryhmissä kuluvan vuoden versojen kärjessä. Emikukat hedelmöittyvät 2–5 vuorokauden kuluttua pölytyksestä, minkä jälkeen niistä kehittyy hedelmäsuojuksen suojaamia pähkinöitä.[3][6] Pyöreähkö, nukkainen hedelmäsuojus on läpimitaltaan 4–6 senttimetriä ja muuttuu kypsyessään vihreästä tummanruskeaksi.[6][7] Hedelmäsuojuksen sisältä paljastuu syys-lokakuuhun mennessä uurteinen, 3–4 sentin mittainen pähkinä, jonka sisässä on syötävä, makeanmakuinen siemen.[6][1] Pähkinä putoaa maahan pian lehtien varistua.[1]

Mustajalopähkinä on hidaskasvuinen.[7] Se alkaa tuottaa siementä jo nuorella iällä, avoimilla paikoilla kasvaessaan alle kymmenvuotiaanakin. Hyvät siemenvuodet kertautuvat noin kaksi kertaa viidessä vuodessa. Runsaimmillaan siementuotanto on 30 vuoden iässä ja pysyy tällä tasolla seuraavat sata vuotta. Lisääntyminen tapahtuu lähinnä siementen avulla. Siementen tärkeimpiä levittäjiä ovat oravat, jotka unohtavat osan talven varalle kätkemistään pähkinöistä maahan.[3]

Levinneisyys

Mustajalopähkinä on kotoisin Yhdysvaltojen keski- ja itäosista, tosin pohjoisrajan tuntumassa sitä tavataan satunnaisemmin.[6] Se on yleisimmillään Appalakeilla ja Keskilännen laaksoissa ja alangoilla, erityisesti Kansasin osavaltiossa.[3] Pohjoisimmillaan lajia esiintyy Vermontissa, Massachusettsissa, New Yorkissa, Etelä-Ontariossa, Michiganin keskiosissa ja Etelä-Minnesotassa. Lännessä se on levittäytynyt Etelä-Dakotan itäosiin, Koillis-Nebraskaan, Länsi-Oklahomaan ja Texasin keskiosiin. Etelässä levinneisyysalue ulottuu Louisianaan, Mississippiin, Luoteis-Floridaan ja GeorgiaanMississippijoen laaksosta ja suistosta se puuttuu kuitenkin kokonaan.[3][4]

Elinympäristö

 src=
Mustajalopähkinän hedelmä ja pähkinä.

Mustajalopähkinä viihtyy syvässä, kosteassa ja pH-arvoltaan neutraalissa maaperässä, joka läpäisee hyvin vettä ja sisältää paljon kalkkia ja ravinteita.[3][4] Se kasvaa usein virtaavan veden äärellä, syvässä savimaassa tai alluviaalialueilla – samoilla alueilla, joilla maanviljely on kannattavaa.[3][6]

Mustajalopähkinää esiintyy 1 200 metrin korkeudelle asti, tavallisesti muiden lehtipuiden seassa, harvemmin puhtaina metsiköinä.[3][6] Se sietää huonosti varjostusta, joten se menestyy monilajisissa metsissä vain pää- tai lisävaltapuuna. Parhaimmat kasvupaikat ovat usein samat kuin kentukinpapupuulla. Muita samoilla alueilla viihtyviä lajeja ovat lännentulppaanipuu, valkosaarni, kiiltotuomi, amerikanlehmus, amerikanpyökki, sokerivaahtera, tammet ja hikkorit.[3] Mustajalopähkinän juurista erittyy jugloni-nimistä ainetta, joka on haitallista monille muille kasveille, erityisesti tomaatille ja omenalle.[3][6]

Mustajalopähkinän kasvukausi vaihtelee levinneisyysalueen pohjoisosien 140 päivästä Länsi-Floridan 280 päivään. Vuotuinen sademäärä on pienimillään alle 640 millimetriä Pohjois-Nebraskassa ja enimmillään 1 780 millimetriä Appalakkien rinteillä Tennesseessä ja Pohjois-Carolinassa. Vuoden keskilämpötila vaihtelee pohjoisen 7 celsiusasteesta etelän 19 asteeseen. Suotuisimmilla kasvupaikoilla vuoden keskilämpötila on 13 celsiusastetta ja vuotuinen sademäärä vähintään 890 millimetriä.[3]

Käyttö

 src=
Suurin tunnettu mustajalopähkinä kasvaa Columbiajoessa sijaitsevalla Sauviesaarella Oregonissa.
 src=
Juglans nigra

Mustajalopähkinä on yksi kysytyimmistä lehtipuulajeista Pohjois-Amerikassa.[3] Sen puuaines on suorasyistä, raskasta ja iskunkestävää ja pärjää hyvin vertailussa muiden amerikkalaisten lehtipuiden kanssa. Se säilyttää hyvin muotonsa uunikuivauksessa ja on helposti työstettävissä niin käsityökaluilla kuin koneillakin. Puupinta on viimeisteltynä samettisen sileä ja sitä koristaa kaunis syykuvio.[4]

Mustajalopähkinästä valmistetaan teollisesti puutavaraa ja puuviilua, joista tehdään edelleen muun muassa arvohuonekaluja, sisustuspaneeleja ja aseenperiä.[3][4] Hidaskasvuisuutensa vuoksi sitä viljellään kuitenkin vähän, ja suurin osa kaupalliseen käyttöön päätyvästä puusta saadaan yksittäin kaadetuista puista.[7] Jauhettuja pähkinänkuoria hyödynnetään esimerkiksi suihkumoottoreiden puhdistuksessa, öljynporausnesteen lisäaineena, dynamiittien täyteaineena, autonrenkaiden kitkan parantamiseksi, puhallusaineena maalinpoistossa, savukaasujen suodatuksessa sekä hyönteismyrkkyjen apuaineena. Teollisen käytön lisäksi mustajalopähkinää käytetään koristekasvina ja hylättyjen kaivosten maisemoinnissa.[3][4]

Mustajalopähkinän pähkinöitä syödään sellaisenaan tai hunajan kanssa ja niitä käytetään kakkujen, makeisten ja jäätelön maustamisessa. Niitä kerätään jonkin verran myyntiin, vaikkakaan ei yhtä yleisesti kuin Euroopasta tuotua saksanpähkinää. Pähkinöitä käyttävät ravintona ihmisten lisäksi monet villieläimet. Jopa 10 prosenttia pohjoisamerikkalaisen mustaoravan (Sciurus niger) ruokavaliosta voi koostua mustajalopähkinän pähkinöistä.[3][4]

Pohjois-Amerikan alkuperäiskansat hyödynsivät mustajalopähkinää monin tavoin: pähkinöitä syötiin ruoaksi, hedelmäsuojuksista saatiin mustaa väriainetta ja eri kasvinosista valmistettiin rohdoksia, joilla hoidettiin mielen ja kehon sairauksia.[1][4][6] Puu mainitaan myös heidän luomismyyteissään.[4]

Lähteet

  • Elbert L. Little: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees – Eastern Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. ISBN 0-394-50760-6. (englanniksi)
  • David Allen Sibley: The Sibley Guide to Trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-375-41519-7. (englanniksi)

Viitteet

  1. a b c d e Juglans nigra Flora of North America. efloras.org. Viitattu 26.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Kassu – Juglans nigra
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Robert D. Williams: Black Walnut Silvics of North America – Volume 2: Hardwoods. Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Viitattu 26.2.2014.
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l Milo Coladonato: Juglans nigra Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 26.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  5. a b Juglans nigra – mustajalopähkinä Arboretum Mustila. Viitattu 26.2.2014.
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Little 1980, s.358–359
  7. a b c d e f g Sibley 2009, s.136–137

Aiheesta muualla

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Mustajalopähkinä: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

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Mustajalopähkinä (Juglans nigra) on jalopähkinäkasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltojen keski- ja itäosissa. Tämä saksanpähkinän sukulainen on jalopähkinöistä kaikkein pitkäikäisin ja suurikasvuisin. Se on myös yksi harvinaisimmista ja halutuimmista lehtipuulajeista Pohjois-Amerikassa. Sen suorasyisestä puusta valmistetaan muun muassa puuviilua, huonekaluja ja aseenperiä, ja sen voimakkaanmakuisia pähkinöitä käytetään leivonnaisissa ja jäätelöissä.

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Noyer noir ( 法語 )

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Juglans nigra

Le Noyer d'Amérique ou Noyer noir (Juglans nigra) est un grand arbre de la famille des Juglandacées, originaire d'Amérique du Nord, largement cultivé pour ses fruits, son bois et ses qualités ornementales[1]. Il est introduit un peu partout dans le monde. Les deux pays européens qui comprennent les plus grandes superficies plantées en noyer noir sont la Hongrie et la Roumanie.[réf. nécessaire]

Description

L'arbre atteint 30 mètres de haut. Le tronc forme un fût très élancé, dénudé en partie basse. L'écorce de couleur très foncée lui a valu son nom de « noyer noir ».

Ses feuilles sont grandes (environ 60 cm de long), caduques, alternes, composées imparipennées comportant 15 à 25 folioles lancéolées à bords dentés.

Les fleurs mâles sont nombreuses et réunies en chatons tandis que les fleurs femelles sont groupées par deux.

Les fruits sont des drupes contenant des noix de 4 à 5 cm de diamètre de forme subglobuleuse, à coque rugueuse très dure.

 src=
Un bois veiné et brun foncé

Le bois est lourd, homogène, de couleur brun foncé et très résistant à l'humidité.

Distribution

Cette espèce est originaire de la moitié est des États-Unis, jusqu'au Texas et au Minnesota, et du Canada (Ontario et Québec). Il est très abondant dans les monts Alleghanys et dans le bassin du fleuve Mississippi[1].

Il fut introduit dès 1629 en Europe, où on le plante pour son bois de qualité et pour sa croissance rapide[1]. L’arbre a besoin d’un bon ensoleillement et supporte le gel jusqu’à -35 °C[1].

La plantation la plus septentrionale est celle du Domaine Joly-de Lotbinière, dans la région de Chaudière-Appalaches (Québec, Canada), à Sainte-Croix. Elle fut plantée en 1882 par Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, ce qui en fait de surcroît la plus vieille plantation d'une essence de feuillus nobles en Amérique du Nord[2]

Utilisation

 src=
Noix d'un noyer noir.

Le bois de noyer noir est le bois ayant la plus grande valeur de vente[réf. souhaitée] car on en fabrique des meubles et boiserie de luxe et il est considéré comme un signe de noblesse. Le noyer noir est parfois utilisé comme porte-greffe pour les variétés de noyers communs car cela accélère la mise à fruit. De plus, le noyer noir résiste au pourridié en particulier dans les terrains humides. En revanche, l'arbre ainsi greffé ne vivra qu'une quarantaine d'années, contre une centaine pour une greffe sur noyer commun.

 src=
Les loges et la graine en section.

On l’exploite pour son bois de qualité mais également pour ses fruits dont on peut extraire une huile[1]. Sa coquille très dure peut également être broyée et être alors utilisée comme papier sablé.

Aux États-Unis cet arbre est très apprécié pour son bois et ses noix : il est utilisé dans la fabrication de meubles, dans la cuisine, l'aménagement paysager et dans la fabrication de fusils. Les noix sont récoltées pour créer des tartes, des bonbons, et parfois comme ingrédient dans les muffins.

Au Canada, la microbrasserie Alchimiste utilise la noix de noyer noir biologique dans une bière de type porter.

Notes et références

  1. a b c d et e (fr) Arbres - Jaromir Pokorny - p.174 - (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4) - Éditions Gründ - 1987
  2. « Domaine Joly-De Lotbinière » (consulté le 16 mai 2009).

Bibliographie

  • Becquey, J. 1997. Les noyers à bois. Coll.: "Les guides du sylviculteur", Institut pour le Développement Forestier, Paris, 144 p.
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Noyer noir: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Juglans nigra

Le Noyer d'Amérique ou Noyer noir (Juglans nigra) est un grand arbre de la famille des Juglandacées, originaire d'Amérique du Nord, largement cultivé pour ses fruits, son bois et ses qualités ornementales. Il est introduit un peu partout dans le monde. Les deux pays européens qui comprennent les plus grandes superficies plantées en noyer noir sont la Hongrie et la Roumanie.[réf. nécessaire]

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Crni orah ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供
 src=
Juglans nigra

Crni orah ili istočno američki orah (lat. Juglans nigra) je vrsta oraha iz porodice Juglandaceae. Porijeklom je iz istočnog dijela SAD-a, gdje se i danas često uzgaja. Karakteristike su kvalitetno drvo, najbrže raste od svih vrsta oraha, ima manju krošnju, dulje deblo. Plodovi nisu jestivi,[1]veći od običnog oraha, ljuska je tvrđa te ga je teže čistiti,a ulje koje plod sadrži se brzo užegne.

Drvo je jako traženo u industriji (namještaj, parketi, kundaci za oružje, te razne druge primjene gdje se traži kvalitetno, čvrsto i dugotrajno drvo). Plod se često koristi za proizvodnju prirodnih lijekova.

Proizvodnja u svijetu je mnogo manja od proizvodnje perzijskog oraha, te ne uspijeva dobro u Kini, Iranu, Brazilu koji su inače veliki proizvođači oraha.

Zanimljivo je da se sve češće crni orah može čuti u kontekstu crnog zlata, jer tko ima (obično u nasljedstvu) šumu crnog oraha možemo reći da ima na raspolaganju veliko bogatstvo.

Najbolje uspijeva na području SAD-a te Europe. Obzirom da u tim područjima je zemljište skupo, manje ljudi se odlučuje na dugoročnu investiciju, te samim time cijena crnog oraha (prvenstveno drvne mase) je svake godine sve veća[2].

Kod nas se koristi u hortikulturi,no ne često.

Dodatna literatura

Grlić,Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje,Zagreb 1980.

Izvori

  1. Miroslav Smiljanić: Ulje crnog oraha pojačano sa pelinom i klinčićem uništava bakterije, gljivice, viruse... (Svibanj 2012.) Zdravlje iz prirode, pristupljeno 17. listopada 2015.
  2. [1]
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Crni orah: Brief Summary ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供
 src= Juglans nigra

Crni orah ili istočno američki orah (lat. Juglans nigra) je vrsta oraha iz porodice Juglandaceae. Porijeklom je iz istočnog dijela SAD-a, gdje se i danas često uzgaja. Karakteristike su kvalitetno drvo, najbrže raste od svih vrsta oraha, ima manju krošnju, dulje deblo. Plodovi nisu jestivi,veći od običnog oraha, ljuska je tvrđa te ga je teže čistiti,a ulje koje plod sadrži se brzo užegne.

Drvo je jako traženo u industriji (namještaj, parketi, kundaci za oružje, te razne druge primjene gdje se traži kvalitetno, čvrsto i dugotrajno drvo). Plod se često koristi za proizvodnju prirodnih lijekova.

Proizvodnja u svijetu je mnogo manja od proizvodnje perzijskog oraha, te ne uspijeva dobro u Kini, Iranu, Brazilu koji su inače veliki proizvođači oraha.

Zanimljivo je da se sve češće crni orah može čuti u kontekstu crnog zlata, jer tko ima (obično u nasljedstvu) šumu crnog oraha možemo reći da ima na raspolaganju veliko bogatstvo.

Najbolje uspijeva na području SAD-a te Europe. Obzirom da u tim područjima je zemljište skupo, manje ljudi se odlučuje na dugoročnu investiciju, te samim time cijena crnog oraha (prvenstveno drvne mase) je svake godine sve veća.

Kod nas se koristi u hortikulturi,no ne često.

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Juglans nigra ( 義大利語 )

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Juglans nigra L., 1753 è un albero da frutto appartenente alla famiglia Juglandaceae, diffuso in America Settentrionale.[1]

 src=
Noce Nero: corteccia

Distribuzione e habitat

Originaria del continente nordamericano, da cui è stata nel corso del XX secolo importata e coltivata anche in Europa occidentale e orientale.[1]

Descrizione

È un noce che può raggiungere i 50 metri di altezza,[1] con tronco eretto e corteccia rugosa; il nome della pianta (Noce canaletto) deriva dai canali interni che trasportano la clorofilla. Le foglie sono decidue, alterne, composte, imparipennate con 9-23[1] foglioline ovato-lanceolate a margine seghettato lunghe 6–12 cm, di colore verde chiaro su entrambe le pagine. La pianta è monoica, con fiori unisessuali: quelli maschili sono riuniti in amenti ascellari penduli, provvisti di brattee e numerosi stami; quelli femminili sono terminali e riuniti in gruppetti di 1-3. I frutti sono drupe tondeggianti, solitarie o in coppia; il mallo esterno ha superficie rugosa e contiene una noce, di forma rotonda, molto legnosa, dura e rugosa che contiene al suo interno un gheriglio di qualità organolettiche elevate che possono mantenersi fino a 6 mesi. La noce non è commerciabile a causa dell'estrema durezza del guscio legato al gheriglio.

Coltivazione

Il noce nero produce juglone con le radici, il quale per allelopatia, risulta tossico per altre specie di piante e non ne permette la crescita nei pressi dell'albero di noce.

Caratteristiche del legno

 src=
Juglans nigra

Peso specifico 650-700 kg/m3 circa, alburno bianco tendente al giallo, durame color cioccolato, talora caratterizzato da striature violacee. Differenziazione molto marcata tra alburno e durame. Poro aperto e diffuso, caratteristico del genere Juglans.

Stabilità elevata, se il legname è trattato con processo di vaporizzazione, durezza medio-elevata, durabilità elevata per il durame, scarsa per l'alburno, lavorabilità molto buona. Privo di odore.

Ha elevata concentrazione di Juglone che ne determina tossicità. Richiede evaporazione preventiva all'essiccazione. Tipico è il fenomeno della crosta che caratterizza il legname essiccato ma non evaporato. Il colore scuro ne consente l'abbinamento al legname di Juglans regia (noce nazionale), dopo opportuna decolorazione con agenti sbiancanti, quale ad esempio acqua ossigenata.

Usi

La specie J. nigra produce una varietà di legname comunemente utilizzato in Italia e nel mondo. In Italia, il legname di questo albero è commercialmente noto come noce nero[2], noce canaletto o noce americano e utilizzato per mobili e impiallacciature.

In varie città dell'Europa centrale è molto usato per alberature stradali e per parchi e giardini.

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Juglans nigra L., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 17 gennaio 2021.
  2. ^ Francesca Lando, Noce Nero, su www.tuttolegno.eu. URL consultato il 27 luglio 2017.

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Juodasis riešutmedis ( 立陶宛語 )

由wikipedia LT提供
Juglans nigra range map 1.png

Juodasis riešutmedis (Juglans nigra) – riešutmedinių (Juglandaceae) šeimos medžių rūšis. Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje nuo pietų Ontarijo iki šiaurės Floridos ir Teksaso. Auga daugiausia upių pakrantėse.

Medis išauga iki 30-40 m aukščio, pavieniai būna stambūs, kresni, augantys miškuose – laibakamieniai. Žievė pilkšvai ruda, giliai sueižėjusi. Lapai sudėtiniai, 30-60 cm ilgio, plunksniški, sudaryti iš 15-23 lancetinių lapelių kurių ilgis siekia iki 7-10 cm. Vyriški žiedai – 8-10 cm ilgio žirginiai. Vaisiuskaulavaisis, sudarytas iš žalios spalvos apyvaisio ir kieto branduolio, vadinamo juoduoju riešutu.

Šie riešutai naudojami kulinarijoje, dedami į įvairius patiekalus, tiesa, nėra tokie komerciškai paklausūs kaip graikiniai riešutai, nes juodieji riešutai sunkiau išlukštenami negu graikiniai. Turi juodų dažinių medžiagų.

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Zwarte walnoot ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zwarte walnoot of zwarte noot (Juglans nigra) is een plant uit de okkernootfamilie (Juglandaceae). De boom komt van nature voor in het oosten van Noord-Amerika, in Texas en in Zuidoost-Canada. Daar wordt het hout gebruikt. De boom vraagt een vochthoudende, diep wortelende, vruchtbare en kalkrijke bodem. In Europa wordt de boom als park- en laanboom aangeplant of als onderstam voor de rassen van de okkernoot. Rond 1900 werd de zwarte walnoot in Duitsland aangeplant in bossen langs de Rijn en Donau, maar weinig bomen hebben stand gehouden. De vruchten zijn goed eetbaar.

Beschrijving

De boom wordt 20-30 m hoog en heeft een rechte, doorgaande stam. De halfopen kroon is rond tot afgeplat-rond. Het merg van de twijgen is geladderd. De schors van jonge bomen is lichtbruin en wordt bij oudere bomen donkergrijs met diepe, min of meer netvormige groeven.

 src=
Schors

De heldergroene, glanzende onevengeveerde bladeren hebben 15-25 blaadjes. De 7-10 cm lange en 2-3 cm brede blaadjes zijn lancetvormig tot eirond-lancetvormig, hebben een fijngezaagde bladrand en een witfijnharige onderkant. Het topblaadje is zeer klein of ontbreekt.

De boom bloeit tegelijk met het verschijnen van het blad vanaf eind mei tot in juni. De groene, mannelijke katjes zijn 5-10 cm lang. De vrouwelijke bloemen staan alleen of met 2-4 bij elkaar in korte, groenachtige aren.

De vrijwel ronde vrucht is 4-5 cm groot. De jonge bolster is geelgroen en verkleurt bij het ouder worden naar donkerbruin. In de bolster zit een 3-4 cm grote noot met een overlangs diepgegroefde, zwartbruine wand. De kern van de noot is rond en glad met vier scheidingswanden en een niet bochtige kern. Botanisch gezien is de vrucht een steenvrucht.

Inhoudstoffen

De zwarte walnoot bevat polyfenolen, looistoffen, nafthochinoneverfstoffen zoals juglon en hydrojuglon-glycoside, etherische olie, vetzuren en alkanen. Juglon veroorzaakt de zwarte verkleuring van afstervende plantendelen en het heeft een fytotoxische werking op planten, vissen en schimmels.

De olie uit noten van de vijf rassen, Ogden, Sparrow, Baugh, Carter en Thomas, is geanalyseerd. 100 gram droge kern van deze rassen bevatte 27,80-33,34 gram linolzuur, 14,52-24,40 gram oliezuur, 1,61-3,23 gram linoleenzuur, 1,61-2,15 gram palmitinezuur en 1,07-1,69 gram stearinezuur.[1]

Gebruik

Het hout wordt gebruikt voor het maken van meubels. De noot is moeilijk te kraken. De kern wordt in Amerika gebruikt in de bakkerij en bij het bereiden van spijzen. De kern is rijk aan olie.

Ziekten

De boom kan aangetast worden door bacteriebrand (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis en bladvlekkenziekte (Gnomonia leptostyla) en is zeer gevoelig voor het kersenbladrolvirus. Het virus wordt overgedragen door het stuifmeel.

Literatuur

  • Kosmos Naturführer, Aichele/Schwegler: Welcher Baum ist das?
  • Schmeil-Fitschen: Die Flora von Deutschland interaktiv, ISBN 3-494-01368-3
  • Wolfgang Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde, Georg Thieme-Verlag 6. Auflage

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Senter, S. D., Horvat, R. J., and Forbus, W. R.: "GLC-MS Analysis of Fatty Acids From Five Black Walnut Cultivars." Journal of Food Science 47(5) pp 1753, 1755 (1982)
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Zwarte walnoot op Wikimedia Commons.
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Zwarte walnoot: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zwarte walnoot of zwarte noot (Juglans nigra) is een plant uit de okkernootfamilie (Juglandaceae). De boom komt van nature voor in het oosten van Noord-Amerika, in Texas en in Zuidoost-Canada. Daar wordt het hout gebruikt. De boom vraagt een vochthoudende, diep wortelende, vruchtbare en kalkrijke bodem. In Europa wordt de boom als park- en laanboom aangeplant of als onderstam voor de rassen van de okkernoot. Rond 1900 werd de zwarte walnoot in Duitsland aangeplant in bossen langs de Rijn en Donau, maar weinig bomen hebben stand gehouden. De vruchten zijn goed eetbaar.

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Svartvalnøtt ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Svartvalnøtt (Juglans nigra) er et løvfellende tre i valnøttfamilien.

Det er et stort tre som blir 40–50 m høyt. Kronen er høy og kuppelformet og sitter som regel på en rett og høy stamme. Barken er mørkebrun eller svart med et rombeformet mønster av ribber. Knoppene er spisse og lysebrune med grå hår. Bladene er spredte og finnete. Antall småblader varierer mellom 11 og 23, men er som regel 15 eller 14. Småbladene er grunt tannete, og de største småbladene, 9 × 3 cm, sitter midt på bladet. Hannraklene sitter 3–5 sammen ytterst på fjorårsskuddene og er 5–10 cm lange. Hunnblomstene er endestilte og sitter 5 sammen. Fruktene er runde, grønne, glatte og 3–5 cm i diameter.[1][2]

Svartvalnøtt vokser i ulike typer blandet løvskog i det østlige og sentrale Nord-Amerika, men finnes aldri i store bestander. Den vokser ofte sammen med tulipantre, kvitask, romhegg, svartlind, amerikabøk, sukkerlønn, eik og hickory. Lengst vest er den begrenset til elvesletter der finnes sammen med kvitalm, amerikanesletre, grønnask og asklønn, eller lave skråninger sammen med svartlind og rødeik.[3]

Utbredelsen streker seg fra vestlige Vermont og Massachusetts vestover gjennom New York til sørlige Ontario, sentrale Michigan, sørlige Minnesota, østlige Sør-Dakota og nordøstlige Nebraska, sørover til vestlige Oklahoma og sentrale Texas. Den mangler i Mississippi-dalen og -deltaet, men finnes østover til nordvestlige Florida og Georgia.[3]

Trevirke fra svartvalnøtt er verdifullt og brukes til møbler, parkett og geværkolber. Det brukes ofte som tynn finér som limes på billigere treslag. Nøttene er velsmakende og ettertraktet av både mennesker og dyr, men skallet er svært hardt og vanskelig å åpne. Knuste skall er blitt brukt som slipemiddel og til andre industrielle formål.[3]

Svartvalnøtt er mye plantet som skogstre for tømmerproduksjon i Sentral- og Øst-Europa, og finnes forvillet i Østerrike, det tidligere Tsjekkoslovakia, Danmark, Tyskland, Italia og Romania.[4] I Norge blir arten av og til plantet på Sør- og Vestlandet.[1]

Svartvalnøtt skiller ut et allelopatisk stoff, juglon, som gjør at enkelte andre treslag ikke kan vokse i nærheten. Blant arter som ikke tåler svartvalnøtt er papirbjørk, rødfuru, weymouthfuru, furu og eple.[3]

Referanser

  1. ^ a b A. Mitchell, oversatt av I. Gjærevoll (1977). Trær i skog og hage. Tiden. s. 195. ISBN 82-10-01282-7.
  2. ^ «Juglans nigra». Flora of North America. Besøkt 6. mai 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d R.D. Williams. «Black Walnut». Silvics of North America. Besøkt 6. mai 2015.
  4. ^ «Juglans nigra». Flora Europaea. Besøkt 6. mai 2015.

Eksterne lenker

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Svartvalnøtt: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Svartvalnøtt (Juglans nigra) er et løvfellende tre i valnøttfamilien.

Det er et stort tre som blir 40–50 m høyt. Kronen er høy og kuppelformet og sitter som regel på en rett og høy stamme. Barken er mørkebrun eller svart med et rombeformet mønster av ribber. Knoppene er spisse og lysebrune med grå hår. Bladene er spredte og finnete. Antall småblader varierer mellom 11 og 23, men er som regel 15 eller 14. Småbladene er grunt tannete, og de største småbladene, 9 × 3 cm, sitter midt på bladet. Hannraklene sitter 3–5 sammen ytterst på fjorårsskuddene og er 5–10 cm lange. Hunnblomstene er endestilte og sitter 5 sammen. Fruktene er runde, grønne, glatte og 3–5 cm i diameter.

Svartvalnøtt vokser i ulike typer blandet løvskog i det østlige og sentrale Nord-Amerika, men finnes aldri i store bestander. Den vokser ofte sammen med tulipantre, kvitask, romhegg, svartlind, amerikabøk, sukkerlønn, eik og hickory. Lengst vest er den begrenset til elvesletter der finnes sammen med kvitalm, amerikanesletre, grønnask og asklønn, eller lave skråninger sammen med svartlind og rødeik.

Utbredelsen streker seg fra vestlige Vermont og Massachusetts vestover gjennom New York til sørlige Ontario, sentrale Michigan, sørlige Minnesota, østlige Sør-Dakota og nordøstlige Nebraska, sørover til vestlige Oklahoma og sentrale Texas. Den mangler i Mississippi-dalen og -deltaet, men finnes østover til nordvestlige Florida og Georgia.

Trevirke fra svartvalnøtt er verdifullt og brukes til møbler, parkett og geværkolber. Det brukes ofte som tynn finér som limes på billigere treslag. Nøttene er velsmakende og ettertraktet av både mennesker og dyr, men skallet er svært hardt og vanskelig å åpne. Knuste skall er blitt brukt som slipemiddel og til andre industrielle formål.

Svartvalnøtt er mye plantet som skogstre for tømmerproduksjon i Sentral- og Øst-Europa, og finnes forvillet i Østerrike, det tidligere Tsjekkoslovakia, Danmark, Tyskland, Italia og Romania. I Norge blir arten av og til plantet på Sør- og Vestlandet.

Svartvalnøtt skiller ut et allelopatisk stoff, juglon, som gjør at enkelte andre treslag ikke kan vokse i nærheten. Blant arter som ikke tåler svartvalnøtt er papirbjørk, rødfuru, weymouthfuru, furu og eple.

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Juglans nigra ( Pms )

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Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Da finì.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Juglans nigra L.
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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( Pms )

由wikipedia PMS提供

Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Da finì.

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Orzech czarny ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src=
Nasiono
 src=
Juglans nigra

Orzech czarny (Juglans nigra L.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej w środkowej i wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych[2]. W Polsce jest rzadko uprawiany, czasami dziczeje i uważany jest za gatunek lokalnie zadomowiony (kenofit)[3].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Korona drzewa kulista i szeroka. Dorasta do 35 m wysokości[4].
Kora
Kora ma szarą lub czarniawą barwę. Jest głęboko bruzdowana[4].
Pędy
Pędy są miękko owłosione i mają brązową barwę. Pąki są aksamitne i jasnoszare[4].
Liście
Liście mają 30-60 cm długości. Są złożone z 10-23 listków o długości 6-12 cm. Listki są podłużnie jajowate, zaokrąglone u nasady, o ostrym wierzchołku, drobno piłkowane. Młode listki są obustronnie gruczołowato owłosione, starsze tylko od spodu. Wydzielają słaby zapach. Ogonek liściowy jest bardzo drobno owłosiony[4].
Kwiaty
Kwiaty męskie w stożkowatych, grubych, odstających kotkach, zebranych po 2-5 na zeszłorocznych pędach. Kwiaty żeńskie niepozorne, zielonkawe, umieszczone są zawsze po pięć na szczytach gałązek. Kwitnie od maja do czerwca[5].
Owoce
Kuliste pestkowce średnicy 3-5 cm. Zewnętrzna okrywa zielona, silnie aromatyczna. Łupina nasiona twarda, gruba, bruzdowana i czarnobrązowa. We wrześniu i październiku dojrzałe orzechy spadają z drzewa[4].

Zmienność

Wyróżnia się odmianę uprawną 'Alburyensis'[4].

Zastosowanie

  • Orzech czarny sadzony jest w parkach w całej Europie od XVII wieku jako roślina ozdobna.
  • Drewno było cenione w meblarstwie artystycznym, ze względu na ciemnobrunatne zabarwienie. Dawniej wykonywano z niego również śmigła do samolotów. Dziś przeważnie przerabia się je na okleiny, z powodu pięknego, kontrastowego rysunku jest wysoko cenione i na rynku światowym osiąga wygórowane ceny[5].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-07].
  2. Juglans nigra (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2011-12-11].
  3. B. Tokarska-Guzik, Z. Dajdok, M. Zając, A. Zając, A. Urbisz, W. Danielewicz: Rośliny obcego pochodzenia w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków inwazyjnych. Warszawa: Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Srodowiska, 2012. ISBN 978-83-62940-34-9.
  4. a b c d e f Johnson O., More D.: Drzewa. Warszawa: Multico, 2009, s. 178. ISBN 978-83-7073-643-9.
  5. a b Bruno T. Kremer: Drzewa. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996, s. 90. ISBN 83-7129-141-8.
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Orzech czarny: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src= Nasiono  src= Juglans nigra

Orzech czarny (Juglans nigra L.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej w środkowej i wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych. W Polsce jest rzadko uprawiany, czasami dziczeje i uważany jest za gatunek lokalnie zadomowiony (kenofit).

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Juglans nigra ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供
Black Walnut nut and leave detail.JPG
 src=
Juglans nigra - MHNT

Juglans nigra (em português: nogueira-preta ou nogueira-negra) é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Juglans existente nos Estados Unidos.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Notas

  1. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/jugmic/all.html
  2. «Black Walnut Basket Dye». Consultado em 7 de abril de 2012. Arquivado do original em 10 de outubro de 2008
  3. Fixing natural dyes from walnuts, goldenrod, sassafras and poke weed in cotton
  4. Dyeing with Tannic Acid and Iron: Walnut Husks (2005)
  5. «Niche Timbers Black Walnut». Consultado em 7 de abril de 2012. Arquivado do original em 11 de agosto de 2008
  6. Walnut Husk Maggot Arquivado em 11 de outubro de 2008, no Wayback Machine.. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
  7. Walnut Husk Fly.

Referências

Ver também

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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供
Black Walnut nut and leave detail.JPG  src= Juglans nigra - MHNT

Juglans nigra (em português: nogueira-preta ou nogueira-negra) é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Juglans existente nos Estados Unidos.

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Črni oreh ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Črni oreh (znanstveno ime Juglans nigra) je drevo iz družine orehovk, ki je samonikel v delih Severne Amerike.

Opis

Črni oreh je veliko listopadno drevo, ki v višino doseže med 30 in 40 metri. Kadar raste v gozdnih sestavih ima visoko, ravno deblo, če pa raste posamično je deblo krajše in je krošnja bolj široka in košata. Skorja drevesa je črno-sica in globoko brazdasta. Listi so premenjalni, dolgi od 30 do 60 cm, sestavljeni pa so iz od 15 do 23 posamičnih suličastih listkov. Najdaljši listki se nahajajo na sredini lista in dosežejo v dolžino od 7 do 10 cm, v širini pa merijo od 2 do 3 cm. Moški cvetovi so viseče mačice, dolge od 8 do 10 cm. Ženski cvetovi so zbrani v skupine od 2 do 5 cvetov, razvijejo pa se na koncih vej. Oplojeni ženski cvetovi se razvijejo v koščičast plod, znotraj katerega je posamezen oreh. Plod ima sivo-zeleno mesnato lupino in dozori v oktobru. Dozoreli plod odpade cel. Oreh je relativno majhen in ima trdo lupino. Drevo začne razvijati plodove pri starosti od 4 do 6 let, polno rodnost pa doseže pri 20 letih. Drevo lahko doživi 130 let.

V Evropo so črni oreh prinesli leta 1629.

Viri in reference

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Črni oreh: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia SL提供

Črni oreh (znanstveno ime Juglans nigra) je drevo iz družine orehovk, ki je samonikel v delih Severne Amerike.

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Горіх чорний ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Горіх чорний (значення).

Горі́х чо́рний[1] (Juglans nigra L.; англ. black walnut[2]) — дерево родини горіхових (Juglandaceae) з майже чорною корою, чорнуватим плодом, голою кісточкою з гостроборознистою поверхнею[3].

Будова

Листяне дерево сягає до 40 м у висоту. Цвіте у травні, плоди достигають у вересні—жовтні.[4] Восени його перисте листя набуває золотисто-жовтого забарвлення і розлога крона починає рідшати. Усі частини дерева містять юглон - сполуку, що пригнічує ріст інших рослин. Оскільки з опалого листя, що розкладається, ця речовина вивільняється в грунт, поруч з чорним горіхом зазвичай виживає небагато видів. Тому з його листя не виготовляють компост. [5]

Вид — швидкорослий і відносно морозостійкий, оскільки навесні пробуджується пізніше інших видів горіхів. Вирізняється серед інших видів горіхів повнодеревним струнким стовбуром.

Поширення та середовище існування

На батьківщині, у Північній Америці, горіх чорний охоплює дуже широкий ареал і трапляється в різних ґрунтово-кліматичних умовах[6][7][2]:

Любить добре зволожені ґрунти, наприклад в долинах річок[8][9].

Практичне використання

Дає цінну деревину[2][10][11]. З темної, тонковолокнистої деревини виготовляють меблі та дерев'яні частини рушниць.

Горіх чорний культивують у Правобережному Лісостепу України, в різних ґрунтово-кліматичних умовах. Проте, найпоширеніший він у лісових культурах Вінниччини[6]. Зокрема, за період 2012—2016 рр. держлісгоспами Вінницької області на землях держлісфонду було створено 216 га чистих культур горіха чорного[12][11].

Ядро горіха їстівне[10], містить 55—66 % жиру[13] (олія швидко гіркне), але рідко вживається в їжу через тверду грубу шкаралупу. Плоди також можуть використовуватися для захисту від молі.[4] Подрібнена шкарлупа використовується як абразивний матеріал для обробки металевих поверхонь і як один з компонентів динаміту.

Галерея

Примітки

  1. Juglans nigra // Ю. Кобів. Словник українських наукових і народних назв судинних рослин (Серія «Словники України»). — Київ : Наукова думка, 2004. — 800 с. — ISBN 966-00-0355-2.
  2. а б в Taxon: Juglans nigra L.. U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (en). 2010-07-15. Процитовано 2017-04-12.
  3. Дари лісів, 1979
  4. а б Флора УРСР IV, 1952, с. 91
  5. Ліс. — К.Махаон-Україна, 2008. — 304 с., іл. — С. 152
  6. а б Іщук Г. П., Шлапак В. П. Горіх чорний (Juglans nigra L.) у лісових культурах Моївського лісництва на Вінничині // Науковий вісник НЛТУ України: Збірник науково-технічних праць. — Львів: НЛТУ України. — 2007. — Вип. 17.7. — С. 20–26. — 300 с. — ISSN 1994-7836. (Дата звернення 11.04.2017).
  7. Plants Profile for Juglans nigra (black walnut). PLANTS (en). USDA. Процитовано 2017-04-12.
  8. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). Illinois Wildflowers (en). Процитовано 2017-05-11.
  9. Black Walnut Tree - Juglans nigra. Tree Encyclopedia – North American Insects & Spiders (en). Процитовано 2017-05-11.
  10. а б Juglans nigra Black Walnut. PFAF Plant Database (en). Процитовано 2017-05-11.
  11. а б Лісівники Вінниччини розробили метод вирощування штучних дубових насаджень. УНН. 2016-07-22. Процитовано 2017-04-11.
  12. Лісівники Вінниччини вирощують високопродуктивні дубові гаї з участю горіха чорного. Вінницька ОДА. 2016-07-21. Процитовано 2017-04-11.
  13. Дер. и куст. СССР II, 1951, с. 247—248

Джерела

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Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Горіх чорний
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Горіх чорний: Brief Summary ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Горіх чорний (значення).

Горі́х чо́рний (Juglans nigra L.; англ. black walnut) — дерево родини горіхових (Juglandaceae) з майже чорною корою, чорнуватим плодом, голою кісточкою з гостроборознистою поверхнею.

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Juglans nigra ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Juglans nigra là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Juglandaceae. Loài này được Carl von Linné mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Juglans nigra. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

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Juglans nigra: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Juglans nigra là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Juglandaceae. Loài này được Carl von Linné mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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Орех чёрный ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Оре́х чёрный (лат. Juglans nigra) — типовой вид деревьев из рода Орех семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae).

Естественный ареал вида — Северная Америка (США и Канада). В 1629 году орех чёрный был ввезен в Европу[2].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 40 метров с тёмной, почти чёрной корой, покрытой глубокими трещинами.

Листья длиной 25—50 см, очерёдные, непарноперистые, с 11—23 продолговато-яйцевидными светло-зелёными листочками. Листочки длиной 6—10 см, шириной до 3 см, постепенно сужающиеся к верхушке, основание закруглённое, слегка неравнобокое, край неправильно-мелкозубчатый.

Цветёт одновременно с распусканием листьев. Тычиночные цветки собраны в многоцветковые серёжки длиной 6—15 см, пестичные — в кистях из 3—5 цветков.

Плод зелёный, шаровидный или грушевидный, диаметром 3,5—5 см, покрыт железистыми волосками. Эндокарпий (орех) круглый или яйцевидный, заострённый на вершине, с толстой скорлупой, напоминает грецкий орех.

Применение

Ядра чёрного ореха съедобны, содержат 55—66% жира[3].

Древесина твёрдая, тёмно-коричневая, с красивой текстурой, хорошо полируется. Из неё изготавливают мебель, различные токарные и резные изделия, фанеру для отделки мебели и помещений[4] За счет содержания органических кислот, эфирных масел, горьких гликозидов обладает антисептическим и антипаразитарным действием[источник не указан 401 день], а в отношении гельминтов действует только на половозрелые и промежуточные стадии[источник не указан 401 день].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Покорны, 1980.
  3. Соколов, 1951.
  4. Щепотьев, 1985, с. 184—192.
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Орех чёрный: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

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 src= Juglans nigra - Тулузский музеум

Оре́х чёрный (лат. Juglans nigra) — типовой вид деревьев из рода Орех семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae).

Естественный ареал вида — Северная Америка (США и Канада). В 1629 году орех чёрный был ввезен в Европу.

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흑호두나무 ( 韓語 )

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목질부가 진한 갈색이다,

흑호두나무북아메리카에 분포하는 활엽수로, 가래나무·호두나무와 같은 속에 속한다.[1] 내구성이 뛰어나 고급 가구용 목재로 많이 사용되며, 비교적 달콤한 맛이 나는 견과를 식용한다.

각주

  1. Dirr, Michael A (1990). 《Manual of woody landscape plants.》 4., rev.판. Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87563-344-7.
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