多花蓝果树

More info for the terms: marsh, swamp, tree

blackgum
black tupelo
swamp blackgum

swamp tupelo
sourgum
pepperidge
tupelo
tupelo-gum
yellow gum


TAXONOMY:
This review provides information on two closely related species in the family Cornaceae:

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh [39,51,56,58], blackgum
Nyssa biflora Walter [51,57], swamp tupelo

Blackgum occurs on light-textured soils of uplands and stream bottoms,
and swamp tupelo occurs on heavy organic or clay soils of wet bottomlands
[44].


LIFE FORM:
Tree

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
NO ENTRY




DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Nyssa sylvatica, N. biflora
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Blackgum grows from southern Ontario and southwestern Maine
south to central Florida.  It is local in central and southern
Mexico [19,26,44].

Swamp tupelo is most common on the Coastal Plain swamps and estuaries from
Maryland and southeastern Virginia south to southern Florida.  It grows
on the east side of the Mississippi River to East Texas [19,26,44].

More info for the term: swamp

Blackgum grows from southern Ontario and southwestern Maine
south to central Florida.  It is local in central and southern
Mexico [19,26,44].

Swamp tupelo is most common on the Coastal Plain swamps and estuaries from
Maryland and southeastern Virginia south to southern Florida.  It grows
on the east side of the Mississippi River to East Texas [19,26,44].



Blackgum (left) and swamp tupelo (right) distributions. Maps courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [51] [2018, January 2018].

Fire can be a useful management tool for controlling blackgum and
other hardwoods.  Depending on the season and type of treatment,
repeated burning over a long period of time has been reported as an
effective control of blackgum [38,54].  Riebold [47] suggests annual
winter prescribed burns for controlling blackgum and other hardwoods
up to 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) d.b.h.  Blackgum will sprout, but the
sprouts can be killed by repeated winter fires before they reach 1 to 2
inch (2.5-5 cm) d.b.h.

Repeated summer fires in the early growing season when the leaves are
fully expanded is also a very effective method of weakening and
eventually killing blackgum [11].

Kologiski has included blackgum as an indicator or dominant in the
following community type classification [33]:

Location              Classification               Authority

se NC                 general veg. cts             Kologiski 1977

More info for the term: tree

Tree

More info for the terms: forest, seed, swamp

Silviculture:  Seedling establishment of blackgum is best
accomplished by the shelterwood method.  Regeneration can also be
accomplished by clearcutting if it follows a good seed fall or if
advanced regeneration is already established [9,18,].  Silvicultural
practices for regenerating blackgum have been described [25].

Animal damage:  Due to the high palatability of seedling and sprouts,
blackgum can be eliminated or greatly reduced when deer populations
are high [16].

Insects and diseases:  The two most important insects that attack black
and swamp tupelo are the tupelo leaf miner (Antispila nyssaefoliella) and the
forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria).  Infestation of these
insects cause growth loss and occasional mortality.  Fire scars often
serve as entry points for a large number of heart rot fungi [44].

Control:  Blackgum and swamp tupelo may compete with loblolly
and shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda and P. echinata) stands for water and
light, reducing their growth and development [28].

More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, swamp

Blackgum and swamp tupelo flower in the spring when the leaves are
nearly grown.  Fruits develop over the spring and summer and ripen early
to late fall depending on latitude and climate.  General timing of
flowering, and fruit ripening and dispersal for the two varieties is as
follows [10,19,26]:

                  Flowering          Fruit ripening          Fruit dispersal

N. sylvatica
var. sylvatica    April-June          Sept-Oct                 Sept-Nov
   

N. sylvatica       late March-
var. biflora       June                Aug-Oct                  Sept-Dec

More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

   survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
   off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2

More info for the terms: marsh, swamp

This review provides information on two closely related species in the family Cornaceae:

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh [39,51,56,58], blackgum
Nyssa biflora Walter [51,57], swamp tupelo

Blackgum occurs on light-textured soils of uplands and stream bottoms,
and swamp tupelo occurs on heavy organic or clay soils of wet bottomlands
[44].