dcsimg

Asclepias viridis ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Asclepias viridis ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung Seidenpflanzen (Asclepias) aus der Unterfamilie der Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Sie ist in den südlichzentralen und südöstlichen USA beheimatet.

Merkmale

Erscheinungsbild, Wurzel, Sprossachse und Blatt

Asclepias viridis ist eine ausdauernde krautige Pflanze, die jedes Jahr aus dem kräftigen, spindelförmigen „Wurzelstock“ neu austreibt und Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 60 cm erreicht. Eine große Pflanze bildet bis zu zehn kräftige, im Wesentlichen kahle Stängel, die selbständig aufrecht, aufsteigend oder niederliegend sind. Sie verzweigen sich direkt am Wurzelstock oder sind auch unverzweigt. Alle Pflanzenteile sondern einen weißen Milchsaft ab, wenn sie abgebrochen oder verletzt werden.

Die unregelmäßig wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist mit einer Länge von 3 bis 10 mm relativ kurz. Die fest-häutigen Blattspreiten sind bei einer Länge von 4 bis 13 cm und einer Breite von 1 bis 6 cm eiförmig bis länglich-lanzettlich mit gespitzter bis gerundeter Spreitenbasis und gespitztem bis stumpfwinkligem äußeren Ende. Die Blattränder sind oft wellig.

Blütenstand und Blüte

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis August. Die Blütenstandsschäfte sind 3 bis 6 cm lang und spärlich, fein-flaumig behaart. Die doldenähnlichen Blütenstände stehen einzeln und endständig auf den Sprossachsen, oder häufiger entspringen mehrere Blütenstände seitlich an den obersten Nodien. Etwa zehn Blüten stehen eng in den Blütenständen zusammen, die einen Durchmesser 7,75 bis 12,75 cm aufweisen. Die schlanken, 1 bis 3 Zentimeter langen Blütenstiele sind spärlich sehr fein flaumig behaart.

Die zwittrige Blüte ist zygomorph, fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die fünf im Wesentlichen kahlen Kelchblätter sind bei einer Länge von 4 bis 5 mm lanzettlich. Die vergleichsweise große, auffällige Blütenkrone ist radförmig und blass grün. Die Kronblattzipfel sind 1,3 bis 1,5 cm lang und gewöhnlich mit aufsteigenden Spitzen. Die Nebenkrone ist blass purpurrosafarben. Die 4 bis 6 Millimeter langen Zipfel der Nebenkrone sind kapuzenförmig; sie biegen vom Griffelkopf zunächst nach unten, dann etwa ab der Mitte der Länge wieder nach oben und die Spitzen sind gerundet-keulenförmig. Der Griffelkopf ist breit-kegelstumpfartig, etwa 2 mm lang (hoch) und 2 mm breit.

Frucht und Same

Die Balgfrüchte stehen aufrecht auf gebogenen Stielen. Die fein flaumig behaarten bis kahlen Balgfrüchte sind bei einer Länge von 6 bis 13 cm sowie einem Durchmesser von 2 bis 3 cm breit-spindelförmig bis eiförmig und kurz geschnäbelt. Die Samen sind eiförmig und ungefähr 7 Millimeter lang. Der weiße bis gelbbraune Haarschopf ist bis 4 cm lang.

Ökologie und Toxizität

Asclepias viridis ist wie (fast) alle Asclepias-Arten giftig. Weidetiere meiden die Pflanzen meist. Trotzdem sind Vergiftungen von Schafen dokumentiert[1].

Asclepias viridis gehört wie die meisten anderen nordamerikanischen Arten der Gattung Seidenpflanzen zur Nahrung der Raupen des Monarchfalters (Danaus plexippus)[2]. Die Raupen nehmen beim Fressen die in der Pflanzen enthaltenen Herzglykoside auf und speichern sie. Die Raupen werden dadurch für Vögel ungenießbar[3].

Vorkommen

Asclepias viridis kommt in den US-amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas und West Virginia vor[4].

Sie wächst in Lichtungen, Prärien, an trockenen Hängen und trockenem Kiefernödland. Die Pflanzen werden auf nahezu allen Bodentypen gefunden, ausgenommen davon sind nur tiefe sandige Böden und sehr nasse Böden. In Texas scheint sie feuchte lehmige Böden zu bevorzugen. Hier ist Asclepias viridis die häufigste Art der Gattung Asclepias.

Taxonomie und Phylogenie

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Asclepias viridis erfolgte 1788 durch Thomas Walter[5].

Einige Populationen von Asclepias viridis haben eine große Variationsbreite in der Größe und Form der Laubblätter. Insgesamt gesehen ist diese Art aber recht konstant, Unterarten werden daher keine ausgeschieden.

Nach der phylogenetischen Analyse durch Fishbein et al. 2011, basierend auf nichtcodierenden Chloroplasten-DNA-Sequenzen ist Asclepias viridis die Schwesterart von Asclepias asperula[6].

Belege

Literatur

  • Robert E. Woodson, Jr.: The North American Species of Asclepias L. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Band 41, Nr. 1, 1954, S. 1–211, St. Louis, Mo.URL (S. 191–193)
  • Lee Davis: Green Milkweed Asclepias viridis Walt. Plant Symbol = ASVI2. USDA NRCS Plant Guide - PDF

Einzelnachweise

  1. R. A. Smith, P. Scharko, D. Bolin, & C. B. Hong: Intoxication of sheep exposed to Ozark milkweed (Asclepias viridis Walter). In: Veterinary and Human Toxicology, Band 42, Nr. 6, 2000, S. 349–350, PMID 11111941.
  2. Lee Davis: Green Milkweed Asclepias viridis Walt. Plant Symbol = ASVI2. USDA NRCS Plant Guide PDF
  3. Tonya Van Hook, Myron P. Zalucki: Oviposition by Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on Asclepias viridis in northern Florida. In: Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, Band 45, Teil 3, 1991, S. 215–21 PDF.
  4. United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile - Asclepias viridis Green Antelopehorn - USDA-Datenblatt mit Verbreitungskarte
  5. Thomas Walter, J. Frazer, J. Wenman: Flora Caroliniana, secundum Systema vegetabilium Linnæi digesta, characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis, descriptionum antea evulgatarum adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens, necnon generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata. Londini: Sumptibus J. Fraser Prostant venales apud J. Wenman, in Vico vulgo dicto Fleet-street, 1788. Online bei www.biodiversitylibrary.org (S. 107)
  6. Mark Fishbein, David Chuba, Chris Ellison, Roberta J. Mason-Gamer, Steven P. Lynch: Phylogenetic Relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) Inferred from Non-coding Chloroplast DNA Sequences. In: Systematic Botany, Band 36, Nr. 4, 2011, S. 1008–1023 doi:10.1600/036364411X605010

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia DE

Asclepias viridis: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Asclepias viridis ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung Seidenpflanzen (Asclepias) aus der Unterfamilie der Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Sie ist in den südlichzentralen und südöstlichen USA beheimatet.

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia DE

Asclepias viridis ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Asclepias viridis is a species of milkweed, a plant in the dogbane family known by the common names green milkweed, green antelopehorn and spider milkweed.[1][2][3] The Latin word viridis means green. The plant is native to the midwestern, south central and southeastern United States, as well as to the southeastern portion of the western United States.[4]

A. viridis is a perennial forb with alternately arranged leaves. The inflorescence is an umbel of white flowers with purplish centers.[1] Its root system is a taproot,[5] like that of butterfly weed (A. tuberosa).

A. viridis grows on many types of soil. It is common in overgrazed pasture land and roadsides.[1]

Ecology

Like some other milkweed species, A. viridis is a host plant for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus).[6]

Monarch Watch provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.[7] Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.[8]

For example, where it grows in the southern Great Plains and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on A. viridis, especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when scenescent milkweed foliage is old and tough, A. viridis needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.[9]

A. virdis is one of the first milkweeds to bloom in the Ohio River Valley (May to June). In that area, monarch butterfly and milkweed tussock moth (Euchaetes egle) caterpillars are seldom found on the plant as it sheds its leaves and becomes dormant in late June to early July before the two Lepidoptera species arrive.[2]

Cultivation

The plant is difficult to cultivate and does not grow well in containers.[10][11] The seeds of some milkweeds need periods of cold treatment (cold stratification) before they will germinate.[12] To protect seeds from washing away during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, one can cover the seeds with a light fabric or with an 0.5 in (13 mm) layer of straw mulch.[13] However, mulch acts as an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they prevent soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few seedlings can push through a thick layer of mulch.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c Davis, Lee (May 31, 2006). "Plant guide for Green Milkweed: Asclepias viridis Walt." (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Taylor, David. "Green Antelopehorn (Asclepias viridis)". Plant of the Week. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  3. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna, The Xerces Society; Casey, Allen, USDA-NRCS Missouri; Row, John M., USDA-NRCS Kansas; Wynia, Rich, USDA-NRCS Kansas; King, Randy, USDA-NRCS Arkansas; Jacobs, Alayna, USDA-NRCS Arkansas; Taylor, Chip, Monarch Watch; Mader, Eric, The Xerces Society (June 24, 2013). Walls, Hailey, The Xerces Society; Rich, Kaitlyn, The Xerces Society (eds.). "Asclepias viridis Green antelopehorn" (PDF). Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
    (2) "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  4. ^ "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  5. ^ "Asclepias viridis". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
  6. ^ Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). Oviposition by Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on Asclepias viridis in northern Florida. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(3) 215-21.
  7. ^ "Monarch Watch". monarchwatch.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  8. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.
  9. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 79–80. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN 9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. S2CID 218854539. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP) Research Report 942. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding? Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has senesced by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Persnickety Texas Milkweeds "May not Lend Themselves to Mass Seed Production"". March 13, 2013.
  11. ^ "How to Get Texas Native Milkweed Seeds to Germinate". March 13, 2013.
  12. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. In a review of stratification requirements for common milkweed, recommendations varied from as short as 7 days to as long as 11 months at 5°C (41°F) (Luna and Dumroese, 2013). Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986). Our informal natural stratification trial with showy (milkweed) and narrow leaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) in southern Oregon revealed that seeds began to germinate after 15 weeks in stratification (Fig. 3A).
    (3) Higgins, Adrian (May 27, 2015). "7 milkweed varieties and where to find them". Home & Garden. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may need a period of cold treatment..
  13. ^ (1) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 113–114. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are effective with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambient winter conditions can be effective, but the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; research has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).
  14. ^ Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). "Chapter 32: Mulches". America's garden book. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – via Internet Archive.

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Wikipedia authors and editors
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia EN

Asclepias viridis: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Asclepias viridis is a species of milkweed, a plant in the dogbane family known by the common names green milkweed, green antelopehorn and spider milkweed. The Latin word viridis means green. The plant is native to the midwestern, south central and southeastern United States, as well as to the southeastern portion of the western United States.

A. viridis is a perennial forb with alternately arranged leaves. The inflorescence is an umbel of white flowers with purplish centers. Its root system is a taproot, like that of butterfly weed (A. tuberosa).

A. viridis grows on many types of soil. It is common in overgrazed pasture land and roadsides.

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Wikipedia authors and editors
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia EN

Asclepias viridis ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Asclepias viridis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Asclepias viridis. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến tông Bông tai này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia VI

Asclepias viridis: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Asclepias viridis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia VI