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Kleidervögel ( 德語 )

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Die Kleidervögel (Drepanidini) sind eine Tribus aus der Familie der Finken (Fringillidae), zuvor wurden sie als eigene Unterfamilie Drepanidinae eingestuft, heute stehen sie innerhalb der Stieglitzartigen (Carduelinae).[1] Ihr Lebensraum ist die Hawaii-Inselkette. Von den 34 Arten sind bereits etwa die Hälfte ausgestorben; die übrigen sind entweder vom Aussterben bedroht oder stark gefährdet.

Merkmale

Kleidervögel werden zwischen 10 und 20 cm lang und besitzen Flügelspannweiten von 15 bis 30 cm. Ihre Schnäbel sind mehr oder weniger stark nach unten gebogen. Die Arten werden normalerweise in zwei Gruppen getrennt: die Nektarfresser und die Samenfresser.

Nektarfresser

 src=
Palila (Loxioides bailleui)
 src=
Schopfkleidervogel (Palmeria dolei)

Das Gefieder der Nektarfresser ist meistens schwarz-rot gefärbt, wobei der Schwanz und die hinteren Flügelfedern schwarz sind und das restliche Gefieder rot ist. Der Schnabel ist lang und manchmal sehr stark gekrümmt. Den längsten Schnabel besitzt der Hawaii-Akialoa, dessen Schnabel etwa halb so viel wie der Körper misst. Die Zungen der Nektarfresser sind röhrenförmig, um den Nektar aus den Blüten saugen zu können.

Samenfresser

Samenfresser haben kurze und weniger gekrümmte Schnäbel. Das Gefieder ist meistens grün, gelb oder gräulich, nur sehr selten dunkel, gefärbt. Ihr Aussehen erinnert oft an heimische Finken wie den Grünling.

Fortpflanzung

Zwischen Nektar- und Samenfressern bestehen im Bereich der Fortpflanzung kaum Unterschiede. Die Paare finden sich bereits im Oktober, obwohl die Balz- und Brutzeit zwischen Dezember und Juli stattfindet. Nach der Paarung legt das Weibchen 2–3 weiße oder bläuliche Eier mit rotbraunen Flecken in ein flaches Napfnest, welches sich meistens auf Bäumen, manchmal aber auch im hohen Gras befindet. Nach einer Brutdauer von 3–4 Wochen schlüpfen die Jungen und werden von beiden Eltern gefüttert. Die meisten Arten werden mit einem Lebensjahr geschlechtsreif.

Nahrung

Die Nektarfresser ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Nektar, aber auch von Insekten, Raupen, Spinnen oder Larven, die sie mit ihren langen Schnäbeln unter der Baumrinde hervorholen. Samenfresser beschränken sich im Wesentlichen auf Gras- und Baumsamen.

Verbreitung und Bedrohung

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Hawaii, das Verbreitungsgebiet der Kleidervögel

Alle 34 Arten der Kleidervögel leben oder lebten auf den Hawaii-Inseln. 13 Arten sind ausgestorben, 11 weitere sind unmittelbar vom Aussterben bedroht. Die übrigen sind auch auf lange Sicht gefährdet. Der größte Feind ist vermutlich der Mensch, der immer tiefer in die dichten Wälder vordringt, sie zerstört und damit den Vögeln ihren Lebensraum entzieht. Auch Baumratten und andere Eierdiebe sorgen dafür, dass der Bestand immer kleiner wird. Zusätzlich werden die Bestände durch eingeschleppte Krankheiten wie Vogelpocken und Vogelmalaria dezimiert. Die meisten Arten kommen nur in höheren Lagen – oberhalb 1250 bis 1500 m Seehöhe – in ausreichenden Populationendichten vor, da in diesen Höhenlagen die Stechmücke Culex quinquefasciatus selten ist, die die Malaria überträgt. Besonders problematisch ist damit das Überleben der Kleidervögel auf den Inseln Kauai, Oʻahu, Molokai und Lanai, die diese Höhe nicht erreichen oder nur wenig übersteigen.

Da der Palila (Loxioides bailleui) auf den Perlschnurbaum angewiesen ist und dieser nur noch an den Hängen des Mauna Kea wächst, leben die Palilas fast nur noch in diesem Gebiet; früher hingegen waren sie auf ganz Hawaii verbreitet. Die genaue Zahl der Bestände kann nur grob geschätzt werden, da einige Teile der Hawaii-Inseln nur schwer zugänglich sind.

Gattungen und Arten (Auswahl)

Die Kleidervögel beinhalten 34 Arten, die vermutlich alle von einer einzigen Art abstammen, deren Mitglieder vom Kurs abkamen und auf Hawaii heimisch wurden. Man nimmt an, dass diese Art eine zum Nektartrinken geeignete Zunge und einen kurzen Schnabel besaß.

Fossil ist die Gattung Vangulifer bekannt.

Bildergalerie

Literatur

  • Oxford University Press: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae (Bird Families of the World). 2005, ISBN 0-19-854653-X.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Taxonomy. In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie & E. de Juana, E. (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona (hbw.com [abgerufen am 23. August 2018]).
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Kleidervögel: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Kleidervögel (Drepanidini) sind eine Tribus aus der Familie der Finken (Fringillidae), zuvor wurden sie als eigene Unterfamilie Drepanidinae eingestuft, heute stehen sie innerhalb der Stieglitzartigen (Carduelinae). Ihr Lebensraum ist die Hawaii-Inselkette. Von den 34 Arten sind bereits etwa die Hälfte ausgestorben; die übrigen sind entweder vom Aussterben bedroht oder stark gefährdet.

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Hawaiian honeycreeper ( 英語 )

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Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.[1][2]

Taxonomy

Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae,[3] other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows (Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.[4][5] Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae.[2][6]

The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.[7]

A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.[7][8]

Melamprosops (the extinct poʻouli)

Paroreomyza (ʻalauahios and the extinct kākāwahie)

?

Oreomystis (ʻakikiki)

Loxioides (palila and the prehistoric Kauai palila)

?

Rhodacanthis (the extinct koa-finches)

?

Chloridops (the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks)

Telespiza (Laysan & Nihoa finches, and several prehistoric species from the larger islands)

?

Psittirostra (the possibly extinct ʻōʻū)

Dysmorodrepanis (the extinct Lanai hookbill)

Ciridops (the extinct ʻula-ʻai-hāwane and stout-legged finch)

Drepanis (ʻiʻiwi and the extinct mamos)

Palmeria (ʻākohekohe)

Himatione (ʻapapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper)

Hemignathus (ʻakiapōlāʻau and the possibly extinct nukupuʻus)

?

Akialoa (the extinct ʻakialoas)

Pseudonestor (kiwikiu)

?

Viridonia (greater ʻamakihi) (could fall anywhere within this clade)

Magumma (ʻanianiau)

Loxops ('akepas, ʻakekeʻe, and ʻalawī)

Chlorodrepanis (lesser ʻamakihis)

The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.[8]

Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).[8]

Characteristics

Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".[9][10]

Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.[11][12]

Genera and species

The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.

Subfamily Carduelinae

Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drepanidinae.

Cited references

  1. ^ Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543.
  2. ^ a b Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
  3. ^ Clements, J. 2007. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th ed. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
  4. ^ Dickinson, E, ed. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0.
  5. ^ AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  7. ^ a b Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
  8. ^ a b c "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". www.malamamaunakea.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  9. ^ Pratt, H Douglas (2002). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5.
  10. ^ Pratt, H. Douglas (1992). "Is the Poo-uli a Hawaiian Honeycreeper (Drepanidinae)?" (PDF). The Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 94 (1): 172–180. doi:10.2307/1368806. JSTOR 1368806.
  11. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–91. doi:10.2307/40166794. hdl:10088/1745. JSTOR 40166794.
  12. ^ James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–92. doi:10.2307/40166713. hdl:10088/1746. JSTOR 40166713.
  13. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781472905741. The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
  14. ^ James, Helen F; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii". The Auk. 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 41112065.
  15. ^ James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions. 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x. S2CID 40057425.

Other references

  • Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.

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Hawaiian honeycreeper: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供
Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.

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Drepanidinae ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

I Drepanidini Cabanis, 1847 sono una tribù di uccelli della famiglia Fringillidae (sottofamiglia Carduelinae), endemici delle Hawaii.[1]

Evoluzione

 src=
Illustrazione dei becchi dei drepanidini, mirabile esempio di radiazione evolutiva:
Drepanis funerea - D. pacifica - D. coccinea
Moho nobilis - M. apicalis - M. bishopi
Moho braccatus - Chaetoptila angustipluma - Palmeria dolei
Pseudonestor xanthophrys - Psittirostra psittacea - Loxioides bailleui
Telespiza cantans - T. flavissima (syn cantans) - Rhodacanthis flaviceps - R. palmeri - Chloridops kona
Lingua di P. xanthophrys - sterno di D. pacifica - lingua di Ciridops anna - lingua di D. pacifica
I generi Moho e Chaetoptila occupano attualmente una famiglia a sé stante (Mohoidae)[2].

È opinione corrente che i Drepanidini delle Hawaii (conosciuti anche come reginette hawaiiane) si siano originati da un gruppo di fringillidi che in qualche modo riuscirono ad attraversare oltre 3000 km di oceano partendo dalle Americhe. In totale assenza di competizione, questi immigranti, presumibilmente simili al fringuello di Nihoa (Telespiza ultima), raggiunsero una specializzazione quanto mai spinta in campo alimentare ed evolsero un estremo polimorfismo del becco per poter sfruttare ogni possibile ecosistema insulare: dagli atolli corallini coperti di radi cespugli agli isolotti rocciosi alle foreste pluviali montane che ogni anno ricevono più di 1000 mm di pioggia.

Descrizione

Questi fringillidi di medie dimensioni (11–21 cm) hanno nove remiganti primarie, coda di lunghezza media o corta, tarsi relativamente brevi ma robusti, come anche le dita e gli artigli. I becchi di questi uccelli sono in genere della stessa lunghezza della testa e sono curvi in modo particolare per poter estrarre il polline. Perlopiù la lingua è tubuliforme e sfrangiata in punta. L'esofago si dilata a formare un gozzo di grandezza variabile da specie a specie. Sono famosi per le loro spettacolari piume, spesso lanceolate e rigide, che in volo producono un caratteristico suono ronzante.

Biologia

Alimentazione

La tribù comprende specie granivore, che presentano il becco tipico dei fringillidi, insettivore con un becco di tipo tenuirostre, e nettarivore, come l'estinto mamo nero e l'iiwi, che hanno becco di foggia adeguata alle corolle e lingua tubulare utile per aspirare il nettare.
Altri membri della sottofamiglia mangiano bacche, frutti, lumache e uova di uccelli marini. Il variopinto apapane cremisi e l'abbagliante iiwi rosso percorrono ogni giorno molti chilometri nella loro ansia di nettare e all'imbrunire confluiscono a migliaia in voli di grande spettacolarità.

Riproduzione

I Drepanidini usufruiscono di una stagione riproduttiva che si dipana da gennaio sino a luglio o agosto. Essendo molte specie rare e frequentatrici di terreni umidi e poco accessibili, i loro costumi di nidificazione sono poco conosciuti. Si sa che i nidi sono aperti, fatti di sterpi e foderati di fibre fini, ben nascosti negli ammassi fogliari terminali. Il fringuello di Nihoa trova rifugio sulle superfici rocciose, mentre il fringuello di Laysan, che appartiene allo stesso genere, preferisce nidificare nei cespugli di tussac su terreno sabbioso.

Tassonomia

In passato questo raggruppamento era elevato al rango di sottofamiglia (Drepanidinae) o addirittura di famiglia (Drepanididae) a sé stante, a sua volta suddivisa in tre cladi (Psittirostrini dal becco robusto, Hemignathini dal becco sottile e Drepanidini dal becco lungo e ricurvo): recenti studi filogenetici hanno invece rivelato che l'intero clade dei Drepanini è in realtà annidato nella vasta sottofamiglia Carduelinae, all'interno della quale il raggruppamento si colloca al rango di tribù[1], peraltro molto vicina ai Carpodacini, dai quali i drepanidi discenderebbero essendosene staccati fra i 7,24 e i 15,71 milioni di anni fa[3][4].

La tribù Drepanidini comprende i seguenti generi e specie[2]:

Oltre a questi, si conoscono alcuni generi (Xestospiza, Vangulifer, Aidemedia, Orthiospiza) noti unicamente in base a resti subfossili e fossili e di incerta attribuzione sistematica.

All'interno della tribù si individuano numerosi cladi, più o meno ben definiti, corrispondenti ad altrettanti eventi evolutivi[3]:

Conservazione

Questi splendidi uccelli hanno subito una rapida diminuzione della loro popolazione paurosamente in seguito a drastici cambiamenti ambientali. Almeno 15 specie, note attraverso resti fossili descritti per sommi capi, prosperarono sino a quando i Polinesiani, a far data dal 400 d.C. circa, sovvertirono il loro ambiente naturale mettendo vaste estensioni a coltura. Delle 32 specie identificate in epoca più recente, 11 sono scomparse e 14 in via d'estinzione. La distruzione dell'habitat dovuta all'uomo e agli ungulati (soprattutto il bestiame domestico, capre e maiali) e il diffondersi di malattie e predatori di importazione hanno notevolmente ridotto le potenzialità di tutte le forme sopravvissute[5][6]. Si può soltanto sperare che gli ambiziosi programmi di conservazione attualmente in atto possano evitare la scomparsa almeno di gran parte di questi uccelli.

Note

  1. ^ a b Zuccon D, Prys-Jones R, Rasmussen PC and Ericson PGP, The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) (PDF), in Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., vol. 62, 2012, pp. 581-596. URL consultato l'8 ottobre 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 31 agosto 2021).
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Fringillidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato l'11 settembre 2015.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Fringillidae: Finches, Euphonias, su TiF Checklist. URL consultato il 21 aprile 2016.
  4. ^ Lerner, H. R. L.; Meyer, M.; James, H. F.; Hofreiter, M.; Fleischer, R. C., Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers, in Current Biology, vol. 21, n. 21, 2011, p. 1838–1844, DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039, PMID 22018543.
  5. ^ Helen F. James, Olson, Storrs L, Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes (PDF), in Ornithological Monographs, vol. 46, 1991, pp. 1–92. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 settembre 2009).
  6. ^ Storrs L. Olson, James, Helen F, Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes (PDF), in Ornithological Monographs, vol. 45, 1991, pp. 1–91. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º gennaio 2011).

Bibliografia

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Drepanidinae: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

I Drepanidini Cabanis, 1847 sono una tribù di uccelli della famiglia Fringillidae (sottofamiglia Carduelinae), endemici delle Hawaii.

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