The Laboulbeniales is an order of ascomycete fungi, sharing that phylum with its more famous cousins -- yeast, morels, and cup fungi. There are over 2000 species in the order, and they are all ectoparasites of insects, spiders, and crustaceans (2, 3, 4). Commonly called "labdouls," these tiny fungi gather nutrients by digesting chitin from their hosts' shells, and beetles are a favorite (1, 2). An individual labdoul thallus looks like a short, flattened, yellowish hair sticking up off the surface of the insect's shell. Though infested insects often display many such structures, the fungs doesn't seem to do them much harm. Mating can transfer spores of the fungus from one insect to another. Ladybugs (or ladybirds) are commnly infected, and this is often where amateur naturalists first notice this interesting (if a little icky) fungus (3).
Die Laboulbeniales sind eine Ordnung der Schlauchpilze. Sie leben parasitisch vor allem auf Wasserinsekten und anderen Gliederfüßern.
Die Laboulbeniales haben reduzierte Thalli. Der Aufbau des Askokarp ist dennoch streng fixiert. Die Parasiten dringen mit einem kurzen Fuß in den Panzer der Insekten ein.
In einem Perithecium entstehen die Ascogone mit Trichogyne. Die Befruchtung erfolgt durch Spermatien. Diese werden in flaschenförmigen Spermatangien gebildet. Es bilden sich dünnwandige Asci. Die Ascosporen sind ein- oder zweizellig. Zwischen Infektion des Wirts und der Reife der Sporen liegen 10 bis 20 Tage.
Zur Ordnung gehören rund 1500 Arten, von denen viele stark wirtsspezifisch sind.[1] Es gibt vier Familien:[2]
Die Laboulbeniales sind eine Ordnung der Schlauchpilze. Sie leben parasitisch vor allem auf Wasserinsekten und anderen Gliederfüßern.
The Laboulbeniales is an order of Fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes. They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers[1] or labouls. The order includes around 2,325 species[2] of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular thalli from two-celled ascospores. Of the described Laboulbeniales, Weir and Hammond 1997 find 80% to be from Coleoptera and the next largest group to be the 10% from Diptera.[3] Recently, the genus Herpomyces, traditionally considered a basal member of Laboulbeniales, was transferred to the order Herpomycetales based on molecular phylogenetic data.[4][5] Laboulbeniales typically do not kill their hosts, although they may impair host fitness if the parasite density is high.
Laboulbeniales form individual thalli, and lack vegetative hyphae. A thallus is attached to its host by a simple dark-colored foot cell, or a rhizoidal haustorium through which the fungus penetrates the exoskeleton of its host to draw nutrients from the hemolymph.[6] The external part of the thallus may form male structures (antheridia) or female structures (trichogynes and perithecia), or both. New infections are initiated when spores from the perithecia attach to a compatible insect host. Spore transmission can sometimes occur during insect copulation, which may account for the different site specificity sometimes observed in male and female hosts. These fungi do not grow apart from their hosts.
Foundational work on the Laboulbeniales was completed by the American mycologist Roland Thaxter (1858–1932), particularly in his five-volume, illustrated Monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae (Thaxter 1896, 1908, 1924, 1926, 1931).
Recent molecular phylogenetic work has shown that some taxa are complexes of multiple species segregated by host, for example Hesperomyces virescens.[7] The classification of the order Laboulbeniales follows Isabelle Tavares (1985) but several taxa in that system are polyphyletic.[8][9]
The Laboulbeniales is an order of Fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes. They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers or labouls. The order includes around 2,325 species of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular thalli from two-celled ascospores. Of the described Laboulbeniales, Weir and Hammond 1997 find 80% to be from Coleoptera and the next largest group to be the 10% from Diptera. Recently, the genus Herpomyces, traditionally considered a basal member of Laboulbeniales, was transferred to the order Herpomycetales based on molecular phylogenetic data. Laboulbeniales typically do not kill their hosts, although they may impair host fitness if the parasite density is high.
Laboulbeniales form individual thalli, and lack vegetative hyphae. A thallus is attached to its host by a simple dark-colored foot cell, or a rhizoidal haustorium through which the fungus penetrates the exoskeleton of its host to draw nutrients from the hemolymph. The external part of the thallus may form male structures (antheridia) or female structures (trichogynes and perithecia), or both. New infections are initiated when spores from the perithecia attach to a compatible insect host. Spore transmission can sometimes occur during insect copulation, which may account for the different site specificity sometimes observed in male and female hosts. These fungi do not grow apart from their hosts.
Foundational work on the Laboulbeniales was completed by the American mycologist Roland Thaxter (1858–1932), particularly in his five-volume, illustrated Monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae (Thaxter 1896, 1908, 1924, 1926, 1931).
Recent molecular phylogenetic work has shown that some taxa are complexes of multiple species segregated by host, for example Hesperomyces virescens. The classification of the order Laboulbeniales follows Isabelle Tavares (1985) but several taxa in that system are polyphyletic.
Laboulbeniales es un orden de hongos en la clase Laboulbeniomycetes. A veces se les denomina, polizontes de cascarudos.[1] El orden contiene unas 2325 especies[2] de ectoparásitos obligados de insectos que producen talos celulares a partir de ascoesporas de dos células. Recientemente, el género Herpomyces, tradicionalmente considerado un miembros basal de Laboulbeniales, fue transferido al orden Herpomycetales a partir de información recolectada en estudios moleculares filogenéticos.[3][4] Laboulbeniales por lo general no matan a quienes les hospedan, si bien pueden afectar la movilidad de su hospedador si la densidad de parásitos es alta.
Estudios filogenéticos moleculares recientes han determinado que algunos taxones son complejos de varias especies segregadas por el hospedador, por ejemplo Hesperomyces virescens.[5] La clasificación del orden Laboulbeniales corresponde a la definida por Isabelle Tavares (1985) aunque varios taxones de dicho sistema son polifiléticos.[6][7]
Laboulbeniales es un orden de hongos en la clase Laboulbeniomycetes. A veces se les denomina, polizontes de cascarudos. El orden contiene unas 2325 especies de ectoparásitos obligados de insectos que producen talos celulares a partir de ascoesporas de dos células. Recientemente, el género Herpomyces, tradicionalmente considerado un miembros basal de Laboulbeniales, fue transferido al orden Herpomycetales a partir de información recolectada en estudios moleculares filogenéticos. Laboulbeniales por lo general no matan a quienes les hospedan, si bien pueden afectar la movilidad de su hospedador si la densidad de parásitos es alta.
Estudios filogenéticos moleculares recientes han determinado que algunos taxones son complejos de varias especies segregadas por el hospedador, por ejemplo Hesperomyces virescens. La clasificación del orden Laboulbeniales corresponde a la definida por Isabelle Tavares (1985) aunque varios taxones de dicho sistema son polifiléticos.
Les Laboulbeniales sont un ordre de champignons ascomycètes.
Selon MycoBank (2 août 2017)[1], BioLib (2 août 2017)[2], Catalogue of Life (2 août 2017)[3] et ITIS (2 août 2017)[4] :
Les Laboulbeniales sont un ordre de champignons ascomycètes.
De Laboulbeniales vormen een orde van Laboulbeniomycetes uit de subklasse van Laboulbeniomycetidae.
Tot deze orde behoren schimmels die leven als parasieten op insecten, voornamelijk op kevers, maar ook op bijvoorbeeld vliegen, muggen en duizendpoten. Er werden tot nog toe meer dan 2.000 soorten beschreven in 140 geslachten. Ze komen uitsluitend voor op de buitenzijde van hun gastheer. Deze schimmels hebben meestal een lengte van tussen de 0,15 en 1 millimeter waardoor ze met het blote oog (bijna) niet te zien zijn. Ondanks de parasitaire levenswijze berokkenen Laboulbeniales weinig schade.
De allereerste observaties van Laboulbeniales gebeurden al in de jaren 1840. De systematische studie van de Laboulbeniales begon met Roland Thaxter, die een uitgebreide monografie publiceerde (1890 tot 1931). Thaxter beschreef zo’n 1.260 soorten.
De taxonomische indeling van de Laboulbeniales is als volgt:
Orde: Laboulbeniales
De Laboulbeniales vormen een orde van Laboulbeniomycetes uit de subklasse van Laboulbeniomycetidae.
Tot deze orde behoren schimmels die leven als parasieten op insecten, voornamelijk op kevers, maar ook op bijvoorbeeld vliegen, muggen en duizendpoten. Er werden tot nog toe meer dan 2.000 soorten beschreven in 140 geslachten. Ze komen uitsluitend voor op de buitenzijde van hun gastheer. Deze schimmels hebben meestal een lengte van tussen de 0,15 en 1 millimeter waardoor ze met het blote oog (bijna) niet te zien zijn. Ondanks de parasitaire levenswijze berokkenen Laboulbeniales weinig schade.
Laboulbeniales é uma ordem de fungos ascomicetos da classe Laboulbeniomycetes. Esta ordem inclui quatro famílias.[1][2]
Esta ordem inclui aproximadamente 2000 espécies de ectoparasitas obrigatórios de insectos, com talos celulares. Tipicamente não matam o hospedeiro, embora possam afectar a sua saúde se o nível de infestação for elevado.
Laboulbeniales é uma ordem de fungos ascomicetos da classe Laboulbeniomycetes. Esta ordem inclui quatro famílias.
Esta ordem inclui aproximadamente 2000 espécies de ectoparasitas obrigatórios de insectos, com talos celulares. Tipicamente não matam o hospedeiro, embora possam afectar a sua saúde se o nível de infestação for elevado.
Laboulbeniales är en ordning svampar som ingår i klassen Laboulbeniomycetes, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.[1][2]
Ordningen är uppdelad i fyra familjer: Ceratomycetaceae, Euceratomycetaceae, Herpomycetaceae och Laboulbeniaceae
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Laboulbeniales.
Wikispecies har information om Laboulbeniales.
Laboulbeniales är en ordning svampar som ingår i klassen Laboulbeniomycetes, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.
