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在導航的名稱
Lacmellea panamensis (R. E. Woodson) Markgr.的圖片
Life » … » Archaeplastida » … » 木蘭綱 » … » 夾竹桃科

Lacmellea

學名

首選名稱

Lacmellea
屬由EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022識別出
來自Catalogue of Life in Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life的參考分類單元
Lacmellea
由INBio and Kubitzki et al識別出
Lacmellea
屬由wikipedia VI, EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1, Belize Species List, Bolivia Species List, Brazil Species List, Colombia Species List, Costa Rica Species List, Ecuador Species List, French Guiana Species List, Guatemala Species List, Guyana Species List, Nicaragua Species List, Panama Species List, Peru Species List, Suriname Species List, Venezuela Species List, Argentina Species List, North Pacific Species List, South Atlantic Species List, NCBI, wikidata_hierarchy tar gz, wikipedia DE, wikipedia ES, wikipedia PT, wikipedia EN, Wikidata Common Names, Wikimedia Commons, Barcode of Life Data Systems, iNaturalist data coverage, Wikipedia (inferred records), GGBN data coverage, and EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4識別出
Lacmellea H. Karst.
屬由GBIF classification, Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024, and GBIF data coverage識別出

替代名稱

Hancornia gracilis Spruce
Homotypic synonym依據GBIF classification
Hancornia microcarpa Spruce
Homotypic synonym依據GBIF classification
Hancornia monosperma Spruce
Homotypic synonym依據GBIF classification
Lacmellea arborescens Müll. Arg.
Doubtful依據GBIF classification（Possible variant of Lacmellea arborescens (Müll.Arg.) Markgr.）
Lacmellea ecuadoriana Steyerm.
Doubtful依據GBIF classification
Lacmellea ramosissima Müll. Arg.
Doubtful依據GBIF classification（Possible variant of Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll.Arg. ex Mart.) Markgr.）
Zschokkea macrosperma Müll. Arg.
Doubtful依據GBIF classification
Lacmellea
Harvest ancestor依據GBIF national node type records UK, GBIF national node type records France, GBIF national node type records Brazil, GBIF national node type records Sweden, GBIF national node type records Germany, NMNH type specimens, Flora do Brasil, iNaturalist, Plant Forms, Habitat and Distribution, Global Biotic Interactions, Global Biotic Interactions, and Flickr Group
Lacmellea H. Karst.
Authority依據NCBI
Zschokkea Müll. Arg.
Synonym依據Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024

俗名

沒有與此分類關聯的俗名。

策展Lacmellea的階系

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022

Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Archaeplastida
Chloroplastida
Streptophyta
Embryophytes
Tracheophyta
Spermatophytes
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Superasterids
Asterids
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monachino
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis H. Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monachino
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (R. E. Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monachino
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa R. E. Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (R. E. Woodson) Monachino
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F Morales
Acokanthera
Adenium
Aganosma
Alyxia
Amsonia
Anatropanthus
Anechites
Anisotoma
Apocynum
Asketanthera
Aspidonepsis
Atherandra
Austrochthamalia
Bahiella
Barjonia
Baseonema
Batesanthus
Beaumontia
Blyttia
Bousigonia
Calciphila
Callichilia
Calocrater
Campestigma
Cerbera
Cibirhiza
Crioceras
Cryptostegia
Cycladenia
Cynanthum
Decalepis
Dictyophleba
Emicocarpus
Epistemma
Eucorymbia
Finlaysonia
Fockea
Geissospermum
Genianthus
Gomphocarpus
Gunnessia
Gymnanthera
Gymnema
Gyrostelma
Hancornia
Hemipogon
Heynella
Hunteria
Hypolobus
Ixodonerium
Kanahia
Kibatalia
Lachnostoma
Lepinia
Lygisma
Macoubea
Macroscepis
Marsdenia
Molongum
Mortoniella
Mucoa
Nerium
Oistonema
Oncinotis
Orthosia
Pachypodium
Pacouria
Pentacyphus
Pentasacme
Pentastelma
Petopentia
Plectaneia
Pleurostelma
Prestonia
Pseudolachnostoma
Pycnobotrya
Rhyncharrhena
Rhyssolobium
Rhytidostemma
Sarcolobus
Sarcorrhiza
Schistonema
Schubertia
Secamone
Sindechites
Spongiosperma
Stephanotis
Strempeliopsis
Streptocaulon
Strophanthus
Tassadia
Tylodontia
Urceola
Vahadenia
Vailia
Vinca
Voacanga
Woodia
Xysmalobium
Zygostelma
為了簡明起見，去除額外 233 個同品種。
查看完成清單的資源檔案。

Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024

Biota
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Apocynaceae Juss.
Rauvolfioideae M. E. Endress & Bruyns
Lacmellea H. Karst. （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monach.
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis H. Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monach.
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monach.
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (Woodson) Monach.
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F. Morales
Acokanthera G. Don
Allamanda L.
Alstonia R. Br.
Alyxia Banks ex R. Br.
Ambelania Aubl.
Amsonia Walter
Ancylobothrys Pierre
Anechites Griseb.
Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc.
Callichilia Stapf
Calocrater K. Schum.
Cameraria L.
Carissa L.
Carvalhoa K. Schum.
Cascabela Raf.
Catharanthus G. Don
Cerbera L.
Cerberiopsis Vieill. ex Pancher & Sebert
Chamaeclitandra (Stapf) Pichon
Chilocarpus Blume
Clitandra Benth.
Condylocarpon Desf.
Couma Aubl.
Craspidospermum Bojer ex A. DC.
Crioceras Pierre
Cyclocotyla Stapf
Cylindropsis Pierre
Dictyophleba Pierre
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern
Dyera Hook. fil.
Ephippiocarpa Markgr.
Geissospermum Allemão
Gonioma E. Mey.
Hancornia Gomes
Haplophyton A. DC.
Himatanthus Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Hunteria Roxb.
Kamettia Kostel.
Kopsia Blume
Landolphia P. Beauv.
Laxoplumeria Markgr.
Lepinia Decne.
Lepiniopsis Valeton
Leuconotis Jack
Macoubea Aubl.
Melodinus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.
Microplumeria Baill.
Molongum Pichon
Mortoniella Woodson
Mucoa Zarucchi
Neocouma Pierre
Ochrosia Juss.
Orthopichonia H. Huber
Pacouria Aubl.
Parahancornia Ducke
Petchia Livera
Picralima Pierre
Plectaneia Thouars
Pleiocarpa Benth.
Plumeria Tourn. ex L.
Pteralyxia K. Schum.
Pycnobotrya Benth.
Rauvolfia L.
Rhazya Decne.
Rhigospira Miers
Saba (Pichon) Pichon
Schizozygia Baill.
Skytanthus Meyen
Spongiosperma Zarucchi
Stephanostegia Baill.
Strempeliopsis Benth.
Tabernaemontana Plum. ex L.
Tabernanthe Baill.
Thevetia L.
Tonduzia Pittier
Vahadenia Stapf
Vallesia Ruiz & Pav.
Vinca L.
Voacanga Thouars
Willughbeia Roxb.

Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3

Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monachino
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis H. Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monachino
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (R. E. Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monachino
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa R. E. Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (R. E. Woodson) Monachino
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F Morales
Acokanthera
Adenium
Aganosma
Alyxia
Amsonia
Anatropanthus
Anechites
Anisotoma
Apocynum
Asketanthera
Aspidonepsis
Atherandra
Austrochthamalia
Bahiella
Barjonia
Baseonema
Batesanthus
Beaumontia
Blyttia
Bousigonia
Calciphila
Callichilia
Calocrater
Campestigma
Cerbera
Cibirhiza
Crioceras
Cryptostegia
Cycladenia
Cynanthum
Decalepis
Dictyophleba
Emicocarpus
Epistemma
Eucorymbia
Finlaysonia
Fockea
Geissospermum
Genianthus
Gomphocarpus
Gunnessia
Gymnanthera
Gymnema
Gyrostelma
Hancornia
Hemipogon
Heynella
Hunteria
Hypolobus
Ixodonerium
Kanahia
Kibatalia
Lachnostoma
Lepinia
Lygisma
Macoubea
Macroscepis
Marsdenia
Molongum
Mortoniella
Mucoa
Nerium
Oistonema
Oncinotis
Orthosia
Pachypodium
Pacouria
Pentacyphus
Pentasacme
Pentastelma
Petopentia
Plectaneia
Pleurostelma
Prestonia
Pseudolachnostoma
Pycnobotrya
Rhyncharrhena
Rhyssolobium
Rhytidostemma
Sarcolobus
Sarcorrhiza
Schistonema
Schubertia
Secamone
Sindechites
Spongiosperma
Stephanotis
Strempeliopsis
Streptocaulon
Strophanthus
Tassadia
Tylodontia
Urceola
Vahadenia
Vailia
Vinca
Voacanga
Woodia
Xysmalobium
Zygostelma
為了簡明起見，去除額外 233 個同品種。
查看完成清單的資源檔案。

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1

Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Archaeplastida
Chloroplastida
Streptophyta
Embryophytes
Tracheophyta
Spermatophytes
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Superasterids
Asterids
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monachino
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis H. Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monachino
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (R. E. Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monachino
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa R. E. Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (R. E. Woodson) Monachino
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F Morales
Acokanthera
Adenium
Aganosma
Alyxia
Amsonia
Anatropanthus
Anechites
Anisotoma
Apocynum
Asketanthera
Aspidonepsis
Atherandra
Austrochthamalia
Bahiella
Barjonia
Baseonema
Batesanthus
Beaumontia
Blyttia
Bousigonia
Calciphila
Callichilia
Calocrater
Campestigma
Cerbera
Cibirhiza
Crioceras
Cryptostegia
Cycladenia
Cynanthum
Decalepis
Dictyophleba
Emicocarpus
Epistemma
Eucorymbia
Finlaysonia
Fockea
Geissospermum
Genianthus
Gomphocarpus
Gunnessia
Gymnanthera
Gymnema
Gyrostelma
Hancornia
Hemipogon
Heynella
Hunteria
Hypolobus
Ixodonerium
Kanahia
Kibatalia
Lachnostoma
Lepinia
Lygisma
Macoubea
Macroscepis
Marsdenia
Molongum
Mortoniella
Mucoa
Nerium
Oistonema
Oncinotis
Orthosia
Pachypodium
Pacouria
Pentacyphus
Pentasacme
Pentastelma
Petopentia
Plectaneia
Pleurostelma
Prestonia
Pseudolachnostoma
Pycnobotrya
Rhyncharrhena
Rhyssolobium
Rhytidostemma
Sarcolobus
Sarcorrhiza
Schistonema
Schubertia
Secamone
Sindechites
Spongiosperma
Stephanotis
Strempeliopsis
Streptocaulon
Strophanthus
Tassadia
Tylodontia
Urceola
Vahadenia
Vailia
Vinca
Voacanga
Woodia
Xysmalobium
Zygostelma
為了簡明起見，去除額外 233 個同品種。
查看完成清單的資源檔案。

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4

Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monachino
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis H. Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monachino
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (R. E. Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monachino
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa R. E. Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (R. E. Woodson) Monachino
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F Morales
Acokanthera
Adenium
Aganosma
Alyxia
Amsonia
Anatropanthus
Anechites
Anisotoma
Apocynum
Asketanthera
Aspidonepsis
Atherandra
Austrochthamalia
Bahiella
Barjonia
Baseonema
Batesanthus
Beaumontia
Blyttia
Bousigonia
Calciphila
Callichilia
Calocrater
Campestigma
Cerbera
Cibirhiza
Crioceras
Cryptostegia
Cycladenia
Cynanthum
Decalepis
Dictyophleba
Emicocarpus
Epistemma
Eucorymbia
Finlaysonia
Fockea
Geissospermum
Genianthus
Gomphocarpus
Gunnessia
Gymnanthera
Gymnema
Gyrostelma
Hancornia
Hemipogon
Heynella
Hunteria
Hypolobus
Ixodonerium
Kanahia
Kibatalia
Lachnostoma
Lepinia
Lygisma
Macoubea
Macroscepis
Marsdenia
Molongum
Mortoniella
Mucoa
Nerium
Oistonema
Oncinotis
Orthosia
Pachypodium
Pacouria
Pentacyphus
Pentasacme
Pentastelma
Petopentia
Plectaneia
Pleurostelma
Prestonia
Pseudolachnostoma
Pycnobotrya
Rhyncharrhena
Rhyssolobium
Rhytidostemma
Sarcolobus
Sarcorrhiza
Schistonema
Schubertia
Secamone
Sindechites
Spongiosperma
Stephanotis
Strempeliopsis
Streptocaulon
Strophanthus
Tassadia
Tylodontia
Urceola
Vahadenia
Vailia
Vinca
Voacanga
Woodia
Xysmalobium
Zygostelma
為了簡明起見，去除額外 233 個同品種。
查看完成清單的資源檔案。

GBIF classification

Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Lacmellea H. Karst. （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales
Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monach.
Lacmellea arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea bahiensis J. F. Morales
Lacmellea costanensis Steyerm.
Lacmellea densifoliata (Ducke) Markgr.
Lacmellea edulis Karst.
Lacmellea floribunda (Poepp. & Endl.) Benth. & Hook. fil.
Lacmellea foxii (Stapf) Markgr.
Lacmellea gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Markgr.
Lacmellea guyanensis (Müll. Arg.) Monach.
Lacmellea macrantha J. F. Morales
Lacmellea microcarpa (Müll. Arg. ex Mart.) Markgr.
Lacmellea oblongata Markgr.
Lacmellea panamensis (Woodson) Markgr.
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.
Lacmellea peruviana Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
Lacmellea pygmaea Monach.
Lacmellea ramosissima (Müll. Arg. ex Mart.) Markgr.
Lacmellea speciosa Woodson
Lacmellea standleyi (Woodson ex Standl.) Monach.
Lacmellea utilis (Arn.) Markgr.
Lacmellea zamorae J. F. Morales
Allamanda L.
Alyxia Banks ex R. Br.
Amsonia Walter
Anechites Griseb.
Angadenia Miers
Anisopus N. E. Br.
Anisotoma Fenzl
Apocynum L.
Araujia Brot.
Artia Guillaumin
Asclepias L.
Astephanus R. Br.
Asterostemma Decne.
Blyttia Arn.
Calotropis R. Br.
Cameraria L.
Camptocarpus Decne.
Carissa L.
Catharanthus G. Don
Cerbera L.
Chloropetalum Morillo 2015
Crioceras Pierre
Cryptolepis R. Br.
Cryptostegia R. Br.
Cycladenia Benth.
Cyclocotyla Stapf
Cylindropsis Pierre
Cynanchum L.
Decalepis Wight & Arn.
Diplolepis R. Br.
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern
Diplostigma K. Schum.
Duvalia Haw.
Dyera Hook. fil.
Echites P. Browne
Eustegia R. Br.
Fischeria DC.
Funastrum E. Fourn.
Funtumia Stapf
Gonioma E. Mey.
Gonolobus Michx.
Gymnema R. Br.
Hancornia Gomez
Haplophyton A. DC.
Hemipogon Decne.
Heterostemma Wight & Arn.
Holarrhena R. Br.
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne.
Hoya R. Br.
Hunteria Roxb.
Hylaea J. F. Morales
Isonema R. Br.
Isotrema
Kopsia Blume
Landolphia P. Beauv.
Laubertia A. DC.
Lepinia Decne.
Lygisma Hook. fil.
Macropharynx Rusby
Mandevilla Lindl.
Margaretta Oliv.
Marsdenia R. Br.
Matelea Aubl.
Microloma R. Br.
Morrenia Lindl.
Mortoniella Woodson
Nerium L.
Ochrosia Juss.
Oxypetalum R. Br.
Pachypodium Lindl.
Parameria Benth.
Parapodium E. Mey.
Parsonsia R. Br.
Peltastes Woodson
Pentalinon Voigt
Pergularia L.
Periploca Tourn. ex L.
Plumeria Tourn. ex L.
Pottsia Hook. & Arn.
Prestonia R. Br.
Pteralyxia K. Schum.
Rauvolfia L.
Saba (Pichon) Pichon
Sarcostemma R. Br.
Schizoglossum E. Mey.
Schubertia Mart.
Sonninia Rchb.
Stapelia L.
Strophanthus DC.
Tabernaemontana L.
Tavaresia Welw. ex N. E. Br.
Telosma Coville
Tonduzia Pittier
Trachelospermum Lem.
Urceola Roxb.
Vallesia Ruiz & Pav.
Vinca L.
Willoughbya
Woodia Schltr.
Wrightia R. Br.
為了簡明起見，去除額外 315 個同品種。
查看完成清單的資源檔案。

NCBI

root
cellular organisms
Eukaryota
Viridiplantae
Streptophyta
Streptophytina
Embryophyta
Tracheophyta
Euphyllophyta
Spermatophyta
Magnoliopsida
Mesangiospermae
eudicotyledons
Gunneridae
Pentapetalae
asterids
lamiids
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Rauvolfioideae
Willughbeieae
Lacmelleinae
Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea aculeata
Lacmellea panamensis
unclassified Lacmellea
Couma
Hancornia
Parahancornia

wikidata_hierarchy tar gz

Biota
Eukaryota
Plantae
Embryophyta siphonogama
Angiospermae
Dicotyledones
Sympetalae
Contortae
Apocynaceae
Rauvolfioideae
Willughbeieae
Lacmelleinae
Lacmellea （此頁面）
Lacmellea abbreviata
Lacmellea aculeata
Lacmellea arborescens
Lacmellea armata
Lacmellea bahiensis
Lacmellea costanensis
Lacmellea densifoliata
Lacmellea edulis
Lacmellea floribunda
Lacmellea foxii
Lacmellea gracilis
Lacmellea grandiflora
Lacmellea guyanensis
Lacmellea klugii
Lacmellea lactescens
Lacmellea lucida
Lacmellea macrantha
Lacmellea microcarpa
Lacmellea oblongata
Lacmellea panamensis
Lacmellea pauciflora
Lacmellea peruviana
Lacmellea pygmaea
Lacmellea ramosissima
Lacmellea standleyi
Lacmellea utilis
Lacmellea zamorae
Couma
Hancornia
Parahancornia
網路生命大百科是由以下託管：