小舌猪笼草

Nepenthes lingulata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌlɪŋɡjʊˈlɑːtə/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northern Sumatra. The species is characterised by the highly developed appendage present on the underside of the lid. The specific epithet lingulata is derived from the Latin word lingula, meaning "small tongue", and refers to this unique morphological feature.^[1]

Botanical history

Nepenthes lingulata was discovered during a series of field trips to Sumatra between 2004 and 2005. The first collection of the species was made on April 22, 2005, south of Padang Sidempuan in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra.^[1]

The formal description of N. lingulata was published in 2006 in the botanical journal Blumea.^{[note a]} The herbarium specimen Lee, Hernawati, Akhriadi NP 432 was designated as the holotype. It is deposited at the Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA).^[1]

Description

Nepenthes lingulata is a climbing plant. The stem, which is usually less than 4 mm thick,^[1] grows to 8 m in length^[2] and is terete in cross section. Internodes are up to 9 cm long.^[1]

A plant transitioning from a rosette to a climbing vine

Leaves are sessile and coriaceous in texture. The lamina of rosettes is lanceolate and up to 9.6 cm long and 3 cm wide. Climbing stems produce smaller leaves, with the elliptical-ovate lamina reaching 4.8 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width. Two longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Tendrils are up to 25 cm long in rosettes and up to 14 cm long in climbing stems.^[1]

Rosette and lower pitchers are relatively large, reaching 28 cm in height and 4.5 cm in width. They are infundibular in the lower half and cylindrical in the upper half. The inner surface of the pitcher is only glandular in the lower half, with the waxy zone continuing to the top of the pitcher. A pair of wings (≤2.5 mm wide) with fringe elements up to 1 cm long runs down the front of the pitcher. The pitcher mouth is ovate and bears a flattened peristome up to 3 cm wide. The inner margin of the peristome is lined with a series of teeth up to 2 mm long. The lid or operculum is broadly triangular and may be up to 7.5 cm long and 5.5 cm wide. Curiously, no nectar glands are present on the underside of the lid. A single filiform appendage (≤4 cm long) hangs over the pitcher mouth, the apical end of which is covered with scattered raised nectar glands. A branched spur (≤1.5 cm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.^[1]

Lower pitchers (left) and an upper pitcher (right)

Upper pitchers are smaller than lower pitchers, growing to 12.3 cm in height and 2 cm in width. Their wings are reduced to ribs. The pitcher mouth is ovate to rounded and bears a rounded or slightly flattened peristome (≤4 mm wide). The lid measures up to 2 cm in length and 2 cm in width. As in lower pitchers, a single highly developed appendage is located on the underside of the lid.^[1]

Nepenthes lingulata has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, the peduncle is up to 2.3 cm long and the rachis up to 4.5 cm long, whereas in female plants the peduncle is up to 5.5 cm long and the rachis up to 3.5 cm long. Pedicels are around 3–4 mm long and bear a single flower. Sepals are ovate and around 2 mm long in male inflorescences and 5 mm long in female inflorescences.^[1]

A very dense indumentum of long woolly grey-brown hairs is present on immature tendrils and the outer surface of pitchers. The hairs on the margins of the leaves are caducous. Scattered grey-brown stellate hairs cover the upper surface and margins of the lower surface of the lid.^[1]

Leaves are dark green on their upper surface and pale green on their lower surface. The midrib and edges of the leaves are purple in some plants. Rosette plants have light green stems, which gradually become dark purple as the plant begins to climb. Tendrils are dark purple. As in the closely related N. izumiae, the pitchers are dark purple to black on their outer surface, while the inside surface is pale bluish-green with purple spots. Inflorescences are pale green. Sepals range in colour from light green to reddish-purple.^[1]

Sympatric lower pitchers (left) and upper pitchers (right) of N. jamban and N. lingulata in upper montane forest

Ecology

Nepenthes lingulata is endemic to the Barisan Mountains that line the western side of Sumatra. It is known only from the type locality, south of Padang Sidempuan in North Sumatra.^[1] The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1700–2100 m above sea level.^[2][3]

Nepenthes lingulata grows in upper montane mossy forest. It occurs both terrestrially and as an epiphyte.^[1]

In the wild, N. lingulata occurs sympatrically with N. bongso, N. dubia, N. gymnamphora, and N. jamban.^[1] A natural hybrid with N. jamban has been recorded.^[2]

Carnivory

The unique tongue-like appendage of N. lingulata

Many Nepenthes species, including the closely related N. izumiae, have a glandular crest on the underside of the lid. However, the highly developed filiform appendage of N. lingulata is unique in its size.^[1]

Nepenthes lingulata is also unusual in that the undersurface of the lid is completely devoid of glands, except for a small group concentrated at the end of the tongue-like appendage. This structure likely serves to lure insects into a precarious position over the pitcher mouth, where they may lose their footing and fall into the pitcher fluid, eventually drowning.^[1]

A similar trapping method is employed by the Bornean endemic N. bicalcarata, which has a pair of spines positioned over the pitcher mouth. However, in that species the spines are structures of the peristome and not the lid.^[1][4][5]

Related species

Nepenthes lingulata is thought to be most closely related to N. izumiae, with which it shares the general morphology and colouration of its pitchers. However, it can be easily distinguished from that species on the basis of the highly developed filiform appendage that hangs over the pitcher mouth. It also differs in having a triangular lid, as opposed to the orbicular lid of N. izumiae. Furthermore, N. lingulata completely lacks nectar glands on the underside of the lid and has a very dense woolly indumentum.^[1]

Nepenthes lingulata is more distantly related to the Sumatran species N. densiflora, N. diatas, N. singalana, and N. spathulata.

Natural hybrids

A lower pitcher of N. jamban × N. lingulata

A natural hybrid involving N. jamban and N. lingulata has been recorded.^[2]

Notes

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nepenthes lingulata.

Nepenthes lingulata /nᵻˈpɛnθiːz ˌlɪŋɡjuːˈlɑːtə/ adalah spesies kantong semar yang berasal dari Sumatra utara. Nama lingulata berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Latin lingula yang berarti "lidah kecil", yang mengacu pada kenampakan morfologisnya yang unik.^[1]

Sejarah

Nepenthes lingulata ditemukan di Sumatra antara tahun 2004 hingga 2005. Contoh spesies ini pertama kali dikumpulkan pada 22 April 2005 di sebelah selatan Padang Sidempuan di provinsi Sumatra Utara.^[1]

Deskripsi N. lingulata diterbitkan pada tahun 2006 di jurnal botani Blumea. Spesimen herbarium Lee, Hernawati, Akhriadi NP 432 dijadikan holotipe yang disimpan di Herbarium Universitas Andalas.^[1]

Referensi

Nepenthes lingulata Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi, 2006 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae^[1], endemica di Sumatra, dove cresce a 1700–2100 m.

Note

Bibliografia

• Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra. Blumea 51(3): 561–568.
• McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

Nepenthes lingulata is een vleesetende bekerplant uit de familie Nepenthaceae. De soort is endemisch in het noorden van Sumatra. Karakteristiek voor deze soort is het opvallende uitsteeksel aan de onderzijde van het operculum (deksel). Hieraan dankt hij de soortaanduiding lingulata, wat is afgeleid van het Latijnse lingula: 'kleine tong'.^[1]

Beschrijving

Nepenthes lingulata is een klimplant, die net als alle Nepenthes-soorten als bladrozet begint. De stengel kan een lengte van acht meter bereiken. Aanvankelijk is hij lichtgroen, maar wordt donkerpaars wanneer hij ouder wordt. De bladeren zijn donkergroen aan de bovenzijde en bleekgroen aan de onderzijde. Bij sommige exemplaren zijn de bladranden en centrale nerven paars.

Een jonge plant ontwikkeld zich van bladrozet tot klimplant

In de bladrozetten worden de bladeren maximaal 9,6 centimeter lang en 3 centimeter breed. De donkerpaarse ranken die de bladeren met de vangbekers verbinden zijn tot 25 centimeter lang. Op klimmende stengels groeien kleinere bladeren. Deze worden maximaal 4,8 centimeter lang en 2,1 centimeter breed. De ranken zijn hier tot zo'n 14 centimeter lang.^[1]

Net als bij de verwante N. izumiae zijn de vangbekers donkerpaars tot zwart aan de buitenzijde en van binnen bleek blauwgroen met paarse vlekken. De vangbekers zijn dicht begroeid met lange wollige grijsbruin haartjes. Aan de onderzijde van het operculum bevindt zich een lang uitsteeksel. Ook ongewoon voor een Nepenthes is het ontbreken van nectarklieren op deze plek.^[1]

De onderbekers zijn relatief groot en worden tot 28 centimeter hoog en 4,5 centimeter breed. Het peristoom (bekerrand) is maximaal 3 centimeter breed. De bovenbekers worden tot 12,3 centimeter hoog en 2 centimeter breed, met een peristoom van 4 millimeter breed.^[1]

Verspreiding

Nepenthes jamban (links) en N. lingulata in een Sumatraans hellingbos

Nepenthes lingulata is endemisch in het Barisangebergte. Hij is enkel bekend van een locatie ten zuiden van Padang Sidempuan in Noord-Sumatra.^[1]

De plant groeit in nevelwouden op hoogtes tussen de 1700 en 2100 meter. Hier groeit hij zowel als epifyt als in de grond.^[1] Hij komt sympatrisch voor met N. bongso, N. dubia, N. gymnamphora en N. jamban.^[1] Er is een natuurlijke hybride met N. jamban bekend.

• Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is (gedeeltelijk) vertaald vanaf de Engelstalige Wikipedia, die onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen valt. Zie de bewerkingsgeschiedenis aldaar.
  

小舌猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes lingulata）是苏门答腊北部特有的热带食虫植物。其种加词“lingulata”来源于拉丁文“lingula”，意为“小舌”，这是指该物种笼盖的下表面有一根细长的附属物。^[1]

植物学史

小舌猪笼草从莲座状向攀援茎转变

小舌猪笼草被发现于2004年至2005年一次对苏门答腊的实地考察中。2005年4月22日，第一份小舌猪笼草的标本采集于印度尼西亚北苏门答腊省的巴东石林潘以南。^[1]

小舌猪笼草的正式描述发表于2006年的《布卢姆》中。^{[注 1]}编号为“Lee, Hernawati, Akhriadi NP 432”的标本被指定为模式标本。其存放于安达拉斯大学植物标本馆（ANDA）。^[1]

形态特征

小舌猪笼草为藤本植物。其茎可长达5米，直径可达4毫米，呈圆柱形。节间距可达9厘米。^[1]

小舌猪笼草的叶片无柄，革质。莲座状植株的叶片为披针形，可长达9.6厘米，宽至3厘米。攀援茎上的叶片较小，为椭圆形－卵形，可长达4.8厘米，宽至2.1厘米。中脉两侧各有2条纵脉。莲座状植株叶片的笼蔓可长达25厘米，攀援茎叶片的笼蔓可长达14厘米。^[1]

小舌猪笼草的下位笼（左）及上位笼（右）

小舌猪笼草的下位笼体型较大，可高达28厘米，宽至4.5厘米。其下半部为漏斗形，上半部为圆柱形。下位笼内表面的下半部具有消化腺，上半部为蜡质区。下位笼腹面的笼翼可宽达2.5毫米的，翼须可长达1厘米。笼口为卵形，唇平展，可宽达3厘米。唇内缘的唇齿可长达2毫米。笼盖为宽三角形，可长达7.5厘米，宽至5.5厘米。其下表面不具有蜜腺，但具有一根丝状的附属物，可长达4厘米，其末端零星的覆盖着蜜腺。笼盖基部的后方具有一根分叉的笼蔓尾，可长达1.5厘米。^[1]

小舌猪笼草的上位笼比下位笼小，可高达12.3厘米，宽至2厘米。笼翼缩小为一对隆起。笼口为卵形至圆形，唇略微平展，可宽至4毫米。笼盖可长达2厘米，宽至2厘米。其下表面与下位笼一致也具有一根丝状的附属物。^[1]

小舌猪笼草的花序为总状花序。雄性花序的总花梗可长达2.3厘米，花序轴可长达4.5厘米。雌性花序的总花梗可长达5.5厘米，花序轴可长达3.5厘米。花梗长3至4毫米，带一朵花。萼片为卵形，雄性花序的可长达2毫米，雌性植株的可长达5毫米。^[1]

小舌猪笼草捕虫笼的外表面和成熟的笼蔓具有棕灰色的长毛被。叶片边缘的毛被易脱落。笼盖的上表面和下表面的边缘具有棕灰色的星状稀疏毛被。^[1]

小舌猪笼草叶片的上表面为深绿色，下表面为淡绿色。部分植株的叶片边缘和中脉为紫色。莲座状植株的茎为浅绿色，随着逐渐发展为攀援茎，其颜色也逐渐转变为深紫色。笼蔓为深紫色。，其捕虫笼的外表面与近缘的泉氏猪笼草（N. izumiae）一样为深紫色至黑色，内表面为淡蓝绿色并带有紫色的斑点。花序为淡绿色。萼片为浅绿色至紫红色。^[1]

在高地山地森林中马桶猪笼草与小舌猪笼草同域分布，示其下位笼（左）及上位笼（右）

生态关系

小舌猪笼草的苏门答腊岛西部巴里桑山脉特有的热带食虫植物。^[1]唯一已知的模式产地位于北苏门答腊省巴东石林潘以南。其分布于海拔1700米至2100米的地区。^[2]

小舌猪笼草存在于高地苔藓森林中。其陆生或附生。^[1]

在野外，小舌猪笼草与邦苏猪笼草（N. bongso）、疑惑猪笼草（N. dubia）、裸瓶猪笼草（N. gymnamphora）和马桶猪笼草（N. jamban）同域分布。^[1]已发现了小舌猪笼草与马桶猪笼草的自然杂交种。

食虫性

包括与之近缘泉氏猪笼草在内的许多猪笼草，其笼盖下表面都具有附属物。但小舌猪笼草是唯一一种笼盖下具有丝状附属物的猪笼草。^[1]

小舌猪笼草笼盖下表面较特殊，除开其形似舌头的附属物末端存在少量蜜腺外，笼盖下表面其余的部分均不存在蜜腺。这样的结构可能是为了将昆虫引诱至笼口的正上方，使得其更容易失足落入捕虫笼中，最终被溺死消化。^[1]

这种捕虫方法类似于婆罗洲特有的二齿猪笼草（N. bicalcarata），其笼口上方具有一对齿状的附属物。但二齿猪笼草的附属物源自于唇，而不是笼盖。^[1][3][4]

相关物种

小舌猪笼草笼盖下表面的丝状附属物（左），马桶猪笼草与小舌猪笼草的自然杂交种的下位笼（右）

小舌猪笼草被认为与泉氏猪笼草之间存在着最为密切的近缘关系。它们的捕虫笼具有类似的形态和颜色。但因小舌猪笼草的笼盖下具有独特的丝状附属物，所以区分它们并不困难。小舌猪笼草的笼盖为三角形，而泉氏猪笼草的为圆形。此外，小舌猪笼草笼盖的下表面不存在蜜腺，且具有非常密集的毛被。^[1]

小舌猪笼草还与苏门答腊岛特有的密花猪笼草（N. densiflora）、上位猪笼草（N. diatas）、欣佳浪山猪笼草（N. singalana）和匙叶猪笼草（N. spathulata）之间存在近缘关系。

自然杂交种

已发现了马桶猪笼草与小舌猪笼草的自然杂交种（N. jamban × N. lingulata）。

注释

参考文献

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