This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (for example, [57,118,121,218,238,239,240]).
Aboveground description: Red elderberries are typically low-growing shrubs [186,236] but may grow 7 to 20 feet (2-6 m) m) tall [118,209]. They may grow as single shrubs or trees [121,179,236] or form clumps [179,236] or thickets [52]. Red elderberries have pubescent, pithy, soft to barely woody branches [102,209,218] with soft bark [126]. Red elderberry is deciduous [98,236]. The large, compound leaves are opposite, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets that are downy on their undersides. The inflorescence is a large, showy, panicled cyme [218,218,236,240] bearing small (~3 mm long), numerous flowers [126,209,218]. The fruits are berrylike drupes [209,236,240]. At maturity, drupes of the typical variety are red [57,240], or rarely, yellow or white [137,238], while those of Rocky Mountain elderberry are purplish-black to black [57,102,240]. The seeds are nutlets [57,98], with 2 to 4 seeds/fruit [228]. The foliage, branches, and flowers are foul-scented when crushed [126,209].
Belowground description: Underground structure of red elderberry was described in few studies as of 2008. An Ontario study found red elderberry had highly branched lateral roots, with diameter of secondary roots ranging from 1.38 to 2.76 inches (3.50-7.00 cm). Maximum length of root hairs (1.6 inches (4.0 cm)) was low relative to associated species [33]. The typical variety of red elderberry is sometimes rhizomatous ([52,241], review by [102]); however, on the West coast, the typical variety may lack rhizomes (Newton 1984, personal communication cited in [102]). As of 2008, it was unclear how often rhizomes occurred within and/or among red elderberry populations. A northern Utah study found red elderberry rhizomes and roots extended 3 feet (1 m) deep [52]. Area of red elderberry clones in the Rocky Mountains may range from 1 to 16 m² [102].
Red elderberry is subject to wide variations in FIRE REGIMES across its broad geographic distribution. Since it is infrequent on most sites, fire studies to date (2008) have not determined which FIRE REGIMES favor red elderberry. Given red elderberry's position in succession—which also varies but tends toward early seral stages and open canopies—red elderberry is likely to be most abundant on sites where fire or other disturbance creates or maintains an open canopy.
Many plant communities with red elderberry historically experienced short return-interval, low-severity understory fires at intervals of 20 years or less. Examples of such communities include pine-oak (Pinus-Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands of the Appalachian Mountains [158,171], jack pine woodlands in the Great Lakes [154], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests and woodlands of the West [13,222].
Many other plant communities where red elderberry is a characteristic species had mixed-severity FIRE REGIMES. Sierra lodgepole pine/mountain hemlock (P. contorta var. murrayana/Tsuga mertensiana) and Sierra lodgepole pine-western white pine (P. monticola) forests, for example, historically experienced small (5 acres (0.4 ha)), low-severity surface fires at intervals of 9 or more years [99] but also had larger, mixed surface-and-crown and crown fires at intervals of 50 or more years [99,153]. Some Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (P. contorta var. latifolia) forests also had mixed-severity fire regimes, although many experienced mostly stand-replacement fires [1]. In a study in the northern Rocky Mountains, Arno [12] found fire was more frequent and less severe in Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine forests in areas having dry summers. Douglas-fir-western hemlock and Douglas-fir-Sitka spruce communities of the Pacific Northwest also experienced surface, surface-and-crown, and crown fires at varying intervals. In general, size and severity of fires in Douglas-fir communities historically tended to decrease, while fire frequency increased, southward from western Washington to northern California [182]. Mixed-hardwood forests of the Northeast also historically experienced some mixed-severity fires [156].
Red elderberry also occurs in plant communities that historically had mostly stand-replacement fires of various return intervals. Many spruce-fir (Picea-Abies spp.) [87,155], mixed hardwood-spruce [157], and hardwood [156] forests of the East may have gone centuries between stand-replacement fires, while relatively moist Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine forests historically experienced mostly stand-replacement fires at moderate intervals (60-80 years), with some low-severity surface fires [2,3,67]. Montane chaparral communities of the Sierra Nevada with a red elderberry component were (and are) maintained by frequent- to moderate-interval, stand-replacing fires [99]. Gap succession was probably more important than fire in maintaining red elderberry in spruce, hardwood, and mixed-wood communities that had long return-interval, stand-replacement fires.
The Fire Regime Table summarizes characteristics of FIRE REGIMES for vegetation communities in which red elderberry may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
FIRE ADAPTATIONS AND PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE: Red elderberry sprouts from the root crown and/or rhizomes after top-kill by fire ([25,26,165,171,215], Newton 1984, personal communication cited in [102]). Not all red elderberry populations are rhizomatous (see Belowground description), so postfire rhizome sprouting will not occur on all sites.
Red elderberry may establish after fire from on-site seed stored in litter [107] or soil [100,107,108,109,216] or from off-site seed. Red elderberry seeds in the seed bank may begin germinating the spring after fire (see Regeneration Processes and Seasonal Development) [25,26,208]. Because red elderberry seed is animal dispersed, postfire establishment from off-site seed sources is likely; however, animal dispersal onto burns was not well documented in the literature as of 2008. A year after the severe Sundance Wildfire in northern Idaho, red elderberry seedlings and root crown sprouts on study sites had 3% cover and 4% frequency (seedling and root crown sprout data were pooled) [213].
Red elderberry does not often gain dominance after fire; it typically remains a minor component of the vegetation on sites where it occurred in low numbers before fire (for example, [164]). However, postfire seedling emergence may be "extensive" on some sites [25,26,208].
Many studies show red elderberry is favored but not greatly enhanced by fire [102,106,110,152,181,183,212,246]. In western Montana, red elderberry attained minor coverage (0.2-0.3%) 2 years after both the Miller Creek prescribed fire on the Flathead National Forest and the Newman Ridge prescribed fire on the Lolo National Forest. Red elderberry was not present on study sites before the fires [212], suggesting that it established from on- or off-site seed, not sprouts. After spring wildfires in a sugar maple-eastern hemlock-American beech forest in south-central New York, red elderberry saplings reestablished from sprouts but had the lowest importance value (2.5) of all woody species present [221]. Red elderberry had 0.3% cover 35 years after a wildfire in a red spruce-Fraser fir (Picea rubens-Abies fraseri) forest in North Carolina. Its density at postfire year 35 was estimated at 1,364 stems/ha [206]. In chronosequence studies in New Brunswick, red elderberry was present in jack pine and mixed-hardwood forests that developed 7 to 20 years after stand-replacing fires. Red elderberry was present in mostly trace amounts. Its cover (3%) and frequency (3%) were greatest in 10-year-old burns [167].
On many sites, a combination of fire and other treatments may have little effect on red elderberry abundance.
Logging and burning: After clearcutting and slash burning in subalpine fir-western larch-Engelmann spruce (Larix occidentalis-Picea engelmannii) stands on the Flathead National Forest, Montana, red elderberry had a nonsignificant, 5.6% mean decrease in frequency compared to unburned stands. Time-since-fire on study sites ranged from 2 to 15 years [237].
Red elderberry responses to winter clearcutting and slash burning were similar in studies on the Clearwater, MacKenzie, and Headwaters Forest Districts of south-central, central interior, and east-central British Columbia, respectively. All sites were logged when snow was deep enough to prevent disturbance to understory vegetation or the forest floor [108,109,111]. On the Clearwater Forest District, red elderberry established from on-site seed after winter clearcutting of an Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest followed by spring or fall slash burning, with red elderberry frequency consistently higher in burned than in unburned plots (P<0.01). Red elderberry cover was generally low. In postfire year 2, a flush of postfire red elderberry germination resulted in greater cover on burned than unburned plots (P>0.04); otherwise, there were no significant differences in cover between treatments. Many germinants on burned plots did not survive. Postfire sprouting of top-killed red elderberry was observed but not quantified [111]. See the Research Project Summary of the Clearwater study for further details on the postfire response of red elderberry and 33 other plant species.
Mean percent cover (and frequency) of red elderberry before and after clearcutting and slash burning on the Clearwater Forest District of British Columbia [111] Forest District Before logging and fire Postfire year 1 2 3 5 10 spring fire 0 (0) 1 (70) 4 (75) 1.7 (80) 2.4 (65) 1.2 (60) fall fire 0 (0) 0.1 (53) 3.7 (47) 1.3 (53) 1 (40) 0.7 (27) unburned 0.4 (7) 1.4 (14) 1.4 (7) 2.1 (7) 0.7 (7) 0.4 (7)The MacKenzie and Headwaters sites were burned the summer following winter cutting. Over 10 years, red elderberry decreased slightly in cover but increased greatly in frequency over prefire values on the MacKenzie site, which was in a hybrid spruce/devil's club (P. glauca × P. engelmannii/Oplopanax horridus) forest [108]. Prefire abundance was not measured on the Headwaters site, a subalpine fir-hybrid spruce/big huckleberry forest. Red elderberry cover increased over 3 postfire years on the Headwaters site. Frequency remained stable over that period, but had decreased by postfire year 10 compared to postfire years 1 to 5 [109]. See the Research Paper of the MacKenzie study for further details on the postfire responses of red elderberry, other vascular plant species, and bryophytes.
Mean percent cover (and frequency) of red elderberry after clearcutting and slash burning on the MacKenzie [108] and Headwaters [109] Forest Districts of British Columbia Forest District After logging;Herbicides and burning: Roberts [200] reported that red elderberry seedlings were "present but not abundant" 4 months after August application of picloram followed by a September prescribed fire in a red alder community on the Coast Ranges of Oregon. Red elderberry sprouting also occurred, with means of 13 inches (32 cm) for clump height, 10 inches (26 cm) for clump diameter, and 6 stems/clump for clump density at postfire month 3.5 (n=4) [200]. In the Prince George Forest District of east-central British Columbia, red elderberry established from soil-stored seed after winter clearcutting, August slash burning, and May replanting of a subalpine fir/devil's club forest. On plots where fire exposed mineral soil, red elderberry increased in the first 3 postfire years, then declined in postfire years 5 and 10. On plots where some litter and duff remained after burning, cover and frequency peaked in postfire year 1. Across postfire years 1 through 10, red elderberry was less frequent on mineral soil than on forest floor plots [107].
Mean percent cover (and frequency) of red elderberry after clearcutting and slash burning in British Columbia [107] Substrate Prefire Postfire year 1 2 3 5 10 Mineral soil (n=19 plots) not applicable 2.90 (47.37) 7.01 (63.16) 3.21 (47.37) 1.59 (47.37) 1.70 (36.84) Forest floor (n=128 plots) 0.09 (1.56) 15.07 (89.84) 10.70 (87.50) 3.68 (71.88) 1.50 (60.16) 0.48 (39.06)See the Research Paper of Hamilton's [107] study for information on the responses of over 100 vascular plants, mosses, and lichens to the logging and prescribed fire treatments.
In a vine maple (Acer circinatum)-salmonberry shrubfield in coastal central Oregon, September herbicide (glyphosate) and October prescribed fire treatments reduced red elderberry cover over pretreatment levels in the short term, while September use of herbicide alone increased red elderberry cover over pretreatment levels. Red elderberries not killed by the treatments sprouted from their root crowns. Treatments were undertaken to convert the shrubfield to a conifer plantation [142].
Mean red elderberry cover (%) before and after treatments in an Oregon shrubfield [142] Treatment Pretreatment Posttreatment year 1 Herbicide and fire 20 5 Herbicide 15 20In a study on the Siuslaw National Forest in coastal Oregon, red elderberries on north-facing slopes recovered after combined tree harvest, spray-and-burn, and repeat spray treatments, while red elderberries on south-facing slopes were apparently favored by cutting and/or fire but killed by the second spraying. Study sites were on a Douglas-fir plantation that had been clearcut in late winter and early spring, sprayed with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in July, broadcast burned in September, replanted to Douglas-fir in February, and resprayed with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T three years after the broadcast burn [210].
Mean red elderberry cover (%) after clearcutting, herbicide spraying, and burning on the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon [210] North aspect South aspect Postspray month 1 (1 month prefire) 0.05 0 Postfire year 1 0.01 0.02 Postfire year 3 1.00 0.07 Postfire year 4; 1 year after 2nd spraying 0.06 0Red elderberry may dominate early postfire vegetation on some sites. In a chronosequence study in north-central Idaho, red elderberry was among the most abundant shrub species on logged and broadcast-burned grand fir/Oregon boxwood (Paxistima myrsinites) sites on 1-, 3-, and 8-year-old burned sites. It was 1 of 5 or 6 shrubs showing largest canopy volumes on 3- and 8-year-old burns. Red elderberry regenerated primarily by sprouting. Postfire stands dominated by red elderberry were on steep, northwest-facing slopes at the highest-elevation (5,100-5,300 feet (1,555-1,615 m)) grand fir/Oregon boxwood sites. Red elderberry canopy volume and height across different-aged stands were [249]:
Mean canopy volume and height of red elderberry on clearcut-and-broadcast burned grand fir/Oregon boxwood sites in Idaho [249] Postfire year 1 Postfire year 3 Postfire year 8 Postfire year 12 Postfire year 23 Canopy volume* 0.5 1.2 2.5 0.8 not given Height (cm) 18 53 94 94 98 *Percent plant volume in a 1 × 1 × 3 m plot.Lyon [163] reported an increase in red elderberry density after an August prescribed fire in south-central Idaho. The site was on "less disturbed terrain" within a heavily logged Douglas-fir forest. He attributed the increase in red elderberry density to multiple stems sprouting from the root crowns of formerly single-stemmed red elderberry plants. Prefire abundance of red elderberry was not quantified, but 2 years after the fire red elderberry had the 3rd largest crown volume of 12 shrub species [163]. See Lyon's Research Paper on this study for further information on the fire and the postfire responses of 64 plant species.
Mean red elderberry density and crown volume after prescribed fire in Idaho [163] Postfire year 1 Postfire year 2 Density (plants/1,000 feet²) 0.02 0.74 Crown volume (feet³) 0.3 27.9Browsing: Protection from browsing will likely increase red elderberry postfire abundance on burned areas with large ungulate populations. In a sugar maple-American beech forest in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, red elderberry showed rapid growth after prescribed fall burning and postfire exclusion of white-tailed deer. Five years after treatments, red elderberry had attained heights up to 10 feet (3 m) in exclosures. On burned plots where white-tailed deer were not excluded, red elderberry was ≤3 feet (1 m) tall. White-tailed deer density was approximately 27 individuals/mile² in the area [19].
Frequent repeated fire: Limited studies suggest that repeated fire generally favors red elderberry [23,187], although some report red elderberry decreases after repeated fires [25,26,208]. Repeated fires generally promote red elderberry and other sprouting shrub species over conifers and fire-sensitive shrubs such as Oregon boxwood. On the Tillamook Burn of northwestern Oregon, red elderberry was not present on unburned plots but had 2% frequency on burned plots. At the time of the study, the burned plots had experienced 3 stand-replacing wildfires in 12 years. Overall, sprouting shrub species were more common in burned than unburned plots [187]. A series of prescribed fires to increase moose browse on the Chugach National Forest of southeastern Alaska slightly reduced red elderberry cover below prefire levels. Fifteen to 19 years after the fires, mean postfire coverage of red elderberry on 3 quaking aspen-balsam poplar (Populus tremuloides-P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa) sites was 3% compared to prefire coverage of 5% [23].
Severe fire: Based on limited studies, red elderberry shows no clear pattern of response to severe fires. Red elderberry sprouted "prolifically" the year after an explosion in a gasoline pipeline ignited a "severe" wildfire in a black cottonwood-red alder forest on Whatcom Creek, Washington [86]. It showed variable responses after severe fires in northeastern Oregon. Reestablishment was slow after a wildfire in a grand fir/queencup beadlily association near the John Day River. Red elderberry was not present on severely burned plots 1 year after the fire. It increased to 1% cover by postfire year 5. A severe wildfire near Twin Lakes, however, apparently promoted red elderberry. The fire burned through a plot established in a subalpine fir/Carolina bugbane (Trautvetteria caroliniensis) forest a year before. Red elderberry cover was 1% before the fire and 5% in postfire year 1 [133].
Late postfire succession: Since red elderberry tolerates shade (see Successional status), it may persist in late-seral postfire succession. Red elderberry was "occasionally found" on a 55-year-old burn in Yellowstone National Park [224]. In a chronosequence study in subboreal hybrid spruce/devil's club forests of British Columbia, red elderberry was a common species on 14-, 50- to 80-, and 140+-year-old burns [75].
Red elderberry usually produces a good seed crop every year [102,179]. On the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, 70% to 80% of red elderberry plants bore fruit in 4 consecutive years [191]. In northern Utah, 40% of aerial red elderberry stems produced flowers. The number of flowers/inflorescence ranged from 100 to 400, with 60% to 90% of flowers producing fruit. Approximately 30% of seeds were unfilled; filled seeds were 74% to 91% viable in the laboratory [52]. On a study on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, only 2 of 52 red elderberry shrubs failed to produce flowers and fruit. Production by the remaining 50 shrubs was [241]:
Mean (and range) of reproductive and growth characteristics for red elderberries in Washington [241] Number of flowers/stem Shrub age Basal diameter (cm) Height (m) Number of stems/shrub 1,0875 (144-17,064) 6 (2-13) 3.4 (1.1-9.4) 3.2 (1.5-5.8) 3 (1-7)Flower and fruit abundance was positively associated with plant DBH and canopy gaps and negatively associated with overstory density (P=0.05). Red elderberries with greatest fruit production were found in canopy gaps more frequently than under canopies [241].
Closed canopies or browsing can reduce red elderberry flower and fruit production. A study of fleshy-fruited wildlife shrubs on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska showed canopy cover significantly decreased red elderberry fruit production (P=0.01) [220]. On the Ottawa National Forest, Michigan, white-tailed deer browsing significantly reduced the number of flowers and fruits on red elderberries (P<0.05) [148]. In a Sitka spruce-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forest in Olympic National Park, Washington, cover of red elderberry and other shrub species was significantly greater inside than outside elk and mule deer exclosures (P<0.05). Refugia patches that were inaccessible to ungulates, such as exposed root mats of large, fallen conifers and areas behind stacks of fallen logs, allowed red elderberry to bear flowers and/or fruit. Red elderberries in other areas were browsed too heavily to have "appreciable" flower and fruit production [207].
Since red elderberry is a minor component of most plant communities [30,232], it does not contribute substantially to fuel loads on most sites (for example, [27,229]).
In coastal British Columbia, red elderberry is an indicator of "water-receiving" sites that have rapid decomposition of forest floor materials on burned or cutover areas [150].
Biomass and stand structure analyses: Fierke and Kauffman [83] provide equations to predict aboveground biomass of red elderberry and other woody species in black cottonwood riparian forests of the Pacific Northwest. Hanley and others [112] provide measures of leaf, twig, and stem biomass of red elderberry and other vascular plant species in red alder-western hemlock stands in southeastern Alaska. Tremblay and Larocque [229] provide measures of seasonal changes in biomass of red elderberry, other woody species, and mosses in a balsam fir stand in southern Quebec.
Gemborys [93] provides structural analyses of old-growth mixed hardwood-conifer stands on the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, including densities and importance values of shrubs and basal areas, densities, and importance values of overstory trees. Red elderberry is a shrub component in some of the stands [93].
Red elderberry seeds are dormant ([29], review by [20], Pelton 1956, cited in [17]). Embryological dormancy [20,29,120] and a hard seedcoat maintain seed dormancy [20,29]. Fire, the digestive acids of frugivorous animals, or stratification can break dormancy. Seedcoat damage from fire or digestion may speed up and/or increase germination rates. Heat from fire can break dormancy by cracking the hard seedcoat [25,26,208]. An Alaskan experiment found that red elderberry seeds showed faster and higher germination rates after passage through the digestive tracks of passerines or American black bears (P=0.0001). Animal species influenced 31% of red elderberry seeds ingested by varied thrushes germinated, while only 19% of seeds ingested by American robins and 14% of seeds ingested by American black bears germinated [228]. In the laboratory, damaging the seedcoat by clipping or acid bath, warm stratification, cold stratification, and warm stratification followed by cold stratification have broken dormancy [20,29,120,245]. A laboratory experiment by Hidayati and others [119,120] found that red elderberry seeds did not require treatments that damaged the seedcoats to imbibe water. A greenhouse study found light improved germination rates of seeds given warm stratification followed by cold stratification (P=0.05). In an unheated greenhouse, germination rate of fresh red elderberry seed was nearly 100% after overwintering [120]. A wide range of germination (6-100%) is reported for red elderberry in laboratory experiments [20,102]. Red elderberry may require 2 years to complete germination in the field [29]. Open, disturbed soil provides a favorable seedbed. Red elderberry establishment is also reported on decayed wood [102].
See IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT for further information on the possible effects of fire to red elderberry seed.
Red elderberry occurs in thickets, woodlands, forests, and subalpine meadows [57,65,118,126,209,218]. Site characteristics vary widely across red elderberry's broad geographic and elevational range.
Climate, moisture, and nutrient regime: Red elderberry grows in interior and coastal climates but is rare in arid regions. On the Kenai Peninsula, red elderberry was positively correlated with the mesic climate of interior lowlands but not the moist, maritime climate of the coast (P<0.05) [24]. In the Rocky Mountains, Davis [65] reported a mean of 34 inches (860 mm) annual precipitation for subalpine red elderberry shrubfields and spruce-fir forests with a red elderberry component. Red elderberry is apparently less tolerant of warm climates than blue elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea), and is confined to relatively cool, moist riparian zones, swamps, and mountainous areas in its southern distribution [245]. In Arizona, red elderberry is reported only from the San Francisco Peaks and the Grand Canyon [137].
Red elderberry prefers moist, [98,102,236], nutrient-rich [143,150] sites but occasionally grows in dry areas. It is often found in riparian zones [22,179,204], wet meadows, and moist to wet parklands [179], and is considered a facultative wetland species [147]. In montane zones, it is most common in openings where snow accumulates and remains until late spring [179,195]. Red elderberry is reported on dry to very moist, nutrient-rich soils in British Columbia [143,150].
Red elderberry can be an indicator species for site productivity. A study on the Central Coast Range of Oregon found red elderberry was positively correlated with site productivity (P<0.05) [41], and red elderberry is an indicator of moderately to richly productive sites in Wisconsin [146]. A study on the Kenai Peninsula of southeastern Alaska also found red elderberry was positively correlated with site productivity (P<0.05) [24].
Red elderberry is moderately flood tolerant. In the Fraser River valley of British Columbia, red elderberry died back to the root crown and sprouted after a 50-year flood in 1948 [28].
Soil properties and parent materials: Red elderberry generally grows in deep, well-drained, loamy soils [52,102,245]. It is reported on sandy loam and loam in the Great Lakes states [48]. Soil pH across red elderberry's range varies from acidic [242] to basic, although neutral soils are preferred [245]. Red elderberry grows on limestone-derived soils along Lake Champlain; anorthosite and gneiss parent materials in the Adirondack Mountains; and on shale, sandstone, and conglomerate materials in the Catskill Mountains [150].
Elevation: Red elderberry generally grows in submontane to montane zones in the West [151], although its range extends into alpine fellfields in California [186]. Red elderberry occurs mostly in high-elevation montane zones in the East [194,244].
Elevational ranges across red elderberry's distribution. Information pertains to the species unless a variety is specified. Arizona typical variety from 7,500-10,000 feet; Rocky Mountain red elderberry found ≥7,500 feet [137] California <11,000 feet [118] Colorado ≥10,000 feet in Custer County [47] Nevada 6,200-9,000 feet [136] Utah 4,460-1,025 feet [240] Virginia, Blue Ridge Mountains >3,000 feet in yellow birch boulderfields [85] Adirondack Mountains 100-3,830 feet [150] Intermountain West 5,900-10,000 feet [57] Rocky Mountains <3,300 feet [81]Fire can crack red elderberry's hard seedcoat [25,26,208], which may enhance germination [25,26]. Fire typically top-kills red elderberry plants [25,26,165,171,215]. Stickney [215] rates red elderberry as low in susceptibility to fire kill because perennating buds on red elderberry's root crown are protected by mineral soil.
Prolonged heat kills red elderberry seed. A greenhouse study found red elderberry showed better seedling emergence when not subject to sustained high temperatures. Soil samples were collected from an unburned subalpine fir/big huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) forest in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. After 6 months in the greenhouse, unheated soil samples had a mean density of 40 red elderberry germinants/m², while soil samples heated to 120 °F (50 °C) for 1 hour had a mean density of 13 germinants/m². Red elderberry did not emerge from soil samples heated to 212 °F (100 °C) or 302 °F (150 °C) for 1 hour [45].
Wildlife: Numerous frugivorous birds eat red elderberry fruits [35,70,101,120,170,219,236]. In the Northeast, at least 50 passerine and 6 game bird species consume the fruits [245]. Red elderberry fruits are also important in the diets of game and nongame birds in the West. An Idaho study found red elderberry fruits were a major summer diet item of blue grouse in Douglas-fir habitats [211]. A study across western Oregon found red elderberry fruits were the main summer diet item of band-tailed pigeons [130].
Mammals, including eastern fox squirrels, white-footed mice [120], other rodents [170], northern raccoons [245], American black bears [228,245], brown bears [220,228], and grizzly bears [10,39,64,105], also consume red elderberry fruits. Additionally, grizzly bears consume red elderberry foliage and roots [10,39].
Browsing ungulates consume red elderberry foliage [148,151,169,170,245], although red elderberry browse is not preferred on all sites. The browse contains cyanide [21], which is bitter, so red elderberry use may be light in areas where more palatable forage is available [122,127]. Use may be heavy, however, in areas with large white-tailed deer populations [8,245]. In winter, browsing ungulates consume red elderberry bark and buds [102]; although even then, browsing may be light if other shrubs are available [68]. Red elderberry provided minor winter forage for moose on Isle Royale, Michigan [9] and was not preferred as summer browse [21]. In contrast, by the Flathead River of Montana red elderberry was "easily the most palatable browse species on the range". Red elderberry was not abundant, and with 70% utilization by elk, it was apparently in decline [90]. Studies in coastal Alaska and the West coast found Roosevelt elk consumption of red elderberry peaked in fall (16% of total diet) and was least in spring (1% of diet) (review by [131]).
Common porcupines, mice [52,102], and snowshoe hares [68] consume red elderberry buds and bark in winter.
Various fly species consume red elderberry pollen [138]. Red elderberry and Mexican elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) are obligate hosts [223] of the federally threatened [234] valley elderberry longhorn beetle, which is endemic to the Central Valley of California [223].
Livestock: Domestic goats, sheep, and cattle browse red elderberry, most often in summer. Livestock generally prefer browsing the typical variety of red elderberry over other Sambucus taxa. Range cattle and domestic sheep on the Uinta National Forest, Utah, browsed red elderberry from late August to early September. Cattle utilization ranged from 40% to 70%; domestic sheep utilization ranged from 80% to 90% [52].
Palatability: Red elderberry browse is generally palatable to elk, deer, mountain goats, and bears [151]. Palatability of red elderberry browse increases after frost [232] and probably varies with relative cyanide content of individual plants. For deer, ratings for red elderberry browse range from moderately [180] to highly palatable [205]. Red elderberry was moderately palatable to white-tailed deer in a Wisconsin feeding trial [59]. A 4-year study in Washington found red elderberry made up 1% of the mule deer diet; most stomach samples were collected in October [31]. Sampson and Jesperson [205] reported mule deer in California consuming red elderberry foliage "with considerable relish".
Palatability of red elderberry for livestock ranges from poor to good [73]. In California, red elderberry is rated as moderately to highly palatable to domestic sheep and goats, fairly palatable to cattle, and unpalatable to horses [205]. Rocky Mountain elderberry is rated unpalatable to moderately palatable to cattle and palatable to domestic sheep [232].
Nutritional value: Although not preferred, red elderberry browse is highly nutritious. Analysis of summer browse species on Isle Royale found red elderberry had the highest mean nutrient value (crude protein + mineral content) of 28 species. However, moose browsed it in only trace amounts, less than predicted based on its nutritional content (P<0.05). The authors suggested that toxic levels of cyanide in the red elderberry browse limited moose selection [21]. See Einarsen [76] for seasonal variation in protein content of red elderberry browse. His samples were collected 6 years after one of the reburns on Tillamook Burn in Oregon [76].
Red elderberry fruits are high in carbohydrates [189,235], fat [235], and magnesium relative to most associated, fleshy-fruited shrubs of the Pacific Northwest. Norton and others [189] provide nutritional analyses of the fleshy fruits of red elderberry and other shrubs in the Pacific Northwest. See Usui and others [235] for nutritional contents of red elderberry fruits from northern Ontario.
Cover value: Red elderberries provide wildlife habitat and cover. Seral shrubfields with a red elderberry component are important grizzly bear habitat [10,15]. Sitka alder-Rocky Mountain elderberry shrubfields in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness of Idaho and Montana, where grizzly bears were extirpated as of 2008, have been identified as good potential grizzly bear habitat [39]. Passerines and other birds use red elderberry for nesting [102,179] and perching [120,179]. Red elderberries on streambanks provide shade cover for fish [129].
Red elderberry is common in many forest communities but is rarely dominant (for
example, [30,61,62,84,183,202,232]).
It typically occurs in scattered patches or as isolated individuals [232],
although it often forms thickets in northern Utah [52].
Red elderberry grows in riparian zones across its distribution (for example,
[22,162,174,190,201,204]).
Red elderberry is common in conifer series in the West (contiguous United States west of the
Mississippi River), particularly fir-spruce (Abies-Picea spp.) and other mesic or
wet forest types [65,69,82,161]. It is a
frequent associate in red alder (Alnus rubra)
communities of the Pacific coast [114].
Red elderberry is also a common component of red alder and other
shrubfields in Alaska [112]. It grows in Sitka alder-willow (Alnus viridis subsp.
sinuata-Salix spp.) communities in south-central Alaska [176].
In the Great Lakes and eastern regions, red elderberry occurs in
hardwood [34,38,61], mixed, and spruce-fir
([30], review by [63]) forests. It
may be one of only a few woody species to persist in the understory of
closed-canopy, old-growth eastern forests [38]. In a floristics study of northern mixed-hardwood
communities, relative abundance of red elderberry increased
from southern Michigan to east-central Minnesota [202,203].
Vegetation classifications describing plant communities in which red
elderberry is a dominant or indicator species are listed below.
Red elderberry does not tolerate heavy browsing ([8], review by [102]). In Michigan, it has declined where
white-tailed deer populations are high [8].
Red elderberry is a bioindicator of ozone pollution. It progresses from leaf stippling to
bleaching with increasing exposure to ozone [40,168].
Red elderberry fruits are used to make pies, jelly, and wine [7,80,236]. The fruits contain anthocyanins [14,188], which have antioxidant properties [14,188]. The fruits are sour, however, and people do not usually eat them raw [116,141,150]. The fruits and/or seeds may cause diarrhea and vomiting in humans [116,126,236], especially if the fruits are not fully ripe. Other parts of the plant may be poisonous to humans year-round [7].
Native Americans used red elderberry fruits as food [42,80,198,230,250] and extracts from the roots and/or bark as an emetic or purgative ([80,198,230,231], review by [172]) and to treat colds [134,198]. Native Americans also used bark extracts as a gynecological medicine and to treat influenza, fever, and tuberculosis [134,231]. The stems were used to make toys. The Dena'ina made popguns from the hollow stems, using a shelf fungus (Polyporus betulinus) for ammunition [134]. The Kwakiutl of British Columbia made toy blowguns from red elderberry stems [230].
Red elderberry is planted as an ornamental [232].
Extracts from red elderberry roots exhibited antiviral activity against bovine respiratory virus in the laboratory [172].
Red elderberry phenology by state or region. Information pertains to the species unless a variety is specified.
Area Event Alaska flowers May-July; fruits July-August [236] Arizona typical variety flowers June-July; Rocky Mountain red elderberry flowers May-July [137] California June-August [186]. Carolinas flowers late April-early June; fruits late June-August [194] Colorado Rocky Mountain elderberry flowers through late spring [141] Idaho, northern May-July [192] Illinois flowers June-July [178] Michigan flowers in spring; fruits in early to late summer [238] Nevada flowers May-June [136] Ohio flowers in May; fruits June-November [44] western Oregon fruits late June-mid-August [130] Pennsylvania fruits late June-early July [219] Utah, Wasatch Mountains seeds germinate March-early April; rhizome buds of mature plants expand late May-early June beneath snow; rhizome sprouts emerge at snowmelt (~10 June); flowers emerge mid-June-early July; fruits green ~7 July; fruits and seeds mature late July-mid-August [52] Wisconsin fruits ripens mid-July [70,71] Northeast May-June [95] Washington flowers April-July; seeds disperse June-July [241] West Virginia flowers April-May; fruits June-August [218] Monongahela National Forest fruits 12 September-5 October [191] Adirondack Mountains flowers in bud 4-5 May; flowers 17 May-2 June; fruits 13 July-8 August [150] Blue Ridge Mountains April-June [244] Intermountain West flowers June-July [57] Great Plains flowers May-June [98] Northeast flowers April-May [245]; fruits June-November [81,217,245] Pacific Northwest typical variety: flowers March-July [121]; fruits June-September [102,199]; ripening may extend to December with mild winters [199] Rocky Mountain elderberry: flowers May-June; fruits June-September [102,121,199], but ripening may extend to December with mild winters [199] British Columbia flowers in May; fully leafed out in mid-June; fruits in June [102] Vancouver Island fruits 9 July-18 August [36] Nova Scotia flowers 1-20 June [204] Ontario flowers May-June; fruits in midsummer [209] Great Lakes-St Lawrence region leafs out 6-28 April; roots expand early spring-early summer; flowers in late spring; leaves senesce in late fall; roots senesce from late summer-early fall [33]Red elderberry has a litter [104] and soil [4,25,104,107,140,145] seed bank. Fallen logs may also be a seedbed for red elderberry [173]. Red elderberry is often strongly represented in the soil seed bank. Behind red alder, seeds of red elderberry were the second most common in soils beneath a red alder community in British Columbia. Viable red elderberry seeds were distributed in the top 4 inches (10 cm) of soil [139]. Red elderberry seeds were "especially common" (frequency of at least 50%) in the soil seed banks of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir forests on the Payette and Boise National Forests of Idaho. Density varied from 0 to 210 red elderberry seeds/m². Seeds were found mostly in upper soil layers (≤0.4 inch (5 cm) deep), although a few seeds were found at depths to 17 inches (43 cm). In the greenhouse, mean germination of the soil-stored seed was 16% [149]. A study of the seed bank beneath an eastern hemlock forest in New York found red elderberry was 1 of only 4 woody species with viable seeds in the soil; all other seeds were from herbaceous species [247].
In a greenhouse experiment using soil collected from different-aged, mixed-hardwood stands on the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, red elderberry showed variable density in the soil seed bank [97]. Density of viable seed was apparently not tied to stand age:
Density of red elderberry germinants in forest floor samples from mixed-hardwood stands in New Hampshire [97]Stand age
5 38 95 200+ Seeds/m² 42 25 3 69Red elderberry's representation in the soil seed bank varied in 2 studies comparing logged and unlogged sites. In coastal British Columbia, red elderberry seed was present in soil samples from an unlogged, old-growth western redcedar (Thuja plicata)-western hemlock forest but not in samples from an adjacent logged forest [140]. However, a field study using potted plants on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, had opposite results. No red elderberry germinants emerged from soil collected from an unlogged sugar maple-American beech-yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) forest, but red elderberry density was 9.2 germinants/m² in soil collected from an adjacent logged forest [125].
Red elderberry is represented only in the seed bank on some sites. In a balsam fir (A. balsamifera) forest type in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area of Michigan, red elderberry was present in the seed bank at a mean density of 484,000 seeds/ha but was not present in aboveground vegetation. Spruce budworms had killed most of the overstory trees [4]. A study on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington had similar findings: red elderberry plants were not present in a closed-canopy Douglas-fir-western hemlock forest, but in the greenhouse, red elderberry germinants emerged from litter and soil samples collected in the forest [104].
Frugivorous birds and mammals disperse red elderberry seeds [35,81,102,120,150,219]. Plant location influences the likelihood of animal frugivory and seed dispersal. In British Columbia, passerine birds deposited significantly more red elderberry seeds in the understory of a Sitka spruce-hemlock forest than at forest edges (P<0.01) [35]. In Wisconsin, frugivorous birds selected significantly more red elderberry fruits from isolated plants than from clustered plants. Large fruit size, heavy fruit production, and fruit sweetness increased the probability of fruit selection and seed dispersal for individual plants (P<0.01 for all measures) [70].
Water- and/or gravity-dispersed seed may be unimportant to red elderberry establishment. In a study using seed from a mixed-hardwood community by Little Otter Creek in Vermont, 100% of red elderberry germinants emerging in the greenhouse came from soil samples; no red elderberry germinants emerged from floodplain debris samples or seed rain traps [124].
Red elderberry seedlings establish best on open, disturbed sites [52]. They do not establish well beneath parent plants (Newton 1984, personal communication cited in [102]) or closed forests. In an Upper Michigan study comparing seed bank and seedling populations in forest gaps and closed-canopy sugar maple-eastern hemlock forest, red elderberry seedlings were present in low numbers in forest gaps but did not occur in closed stands. In the greenhouse, significantly more red elderberry germinants emerged from soil collected in gaps compared to soil beneath mature forest [177]. See Gap succession for more information on the importance of gaps to red elderberry.
Mean frequency and density of red elderberry seedlings and germinants emerging from the seed bank in Upper Michigan [177] Age class Frequency (%) Density (stems/0.01 ha) Gap Forest Gap Forest Seedlings 2.2 not present 3.30 not present Germinants from seed bank 44.4 30.0 93.9* 45.3 *Significant difference between gap and forest plots (P<0.001).Red elderberry sprouts typically grow faster than seedlings, with sprout growth rates of 10 to 15 feet (3-4.5 m) in their first year (Newton 1984, personal communication cited in [102]). Rhizome sprouts may flower in their 2nd year [52]. Red elderberry seedlings may grow rapidly on favorable sites, however. Seedlings have produced a full crown and reached 10 feet (3 m) tall in 3 to 4 years on sites in the Intermountain West [102]. On the Oregon coast, 4-year-old red elderberry seedlings were 1 to 3 feet (0.3-0.9 m) tall [49]. Seedlings in the greenhouse have produced rhizomes by age 3 [102].
Red elderberry prefers open sites [102,150,190] but tolerates shade [144,150]. It responds well to release [41,102].
Primary succession: Red elderberry is a pioneer species on the islands of Barkley Sound, British Columbia, where northwestern crows disperse red elderberry seeds along the rocky shorelines. In this environment, red elderberry shrubs tended to associate mostly with other red elderberries. Of 6 fleshy-fruited shrubs, red elderberry was the only species where abundance was negatively associated with presence of other shrub species (P=0.001) [37]. Red elderberry joins seral thicket formations in rockshore succession on the islands of Lake Michigan, probably establishing from bird-dispersed seed. Due to edaphic conditions on the Gull Islands and other small, rocky islands of Lake Michigan, most shrub thickets do not succeed to climax jack pine-black spruce (Pinus banksiana-Picea mariana) forest, although this occurs on larger islands such as Isle Royale [53].
Cooper [54,55] found red elderberry in the understories of willow-Sitka alder (Salix spp.-Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata) communities [54] and young Sitka spruce stands [55] in fjords of Glacier Bay, Alaska. In postglacial succession there, plant community development generally proceeds from mixed shrub/herb/moss to willow-Sitka alder, young Sitka spruce forest, and mature Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest communities [55].
Secondary succession: Red elderberry is most common in early seral communities but may occur in all stages of succession. For example, red elderberry is typically present in "large numbers" in seral pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) stands, which are usually maintained by frequent fire [96]. Several experts list red elderberry as a pioneer in second-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of southeastern Alaska (review by [225]). In a mixed conifer-hardwood community at the Harvard Forest of Massachusetts, red elderberry frequency on permanent plots was greatest (15%) 10 years after a hurricane. It was not found on plots 1 year before, 2 years after, or 53 years after the hurricane [166].
Seral occurrence: Rocky Mountain elderberry is a common understory component of red alder shrublands, which are usually seral to Douglas-fir and/or Sitka spruce [89,114]. Franklin and Dyrness [88] report a "strong tendency" for development of dense, pure red elderberry or mixed red alder-red elderberry shrubfields after fire or logging in the Sitka spruce zone of Oregon and Washington. Red elderberry replaces red alder successionally on some sites. On the Central Coast Range of Oregon, red elderberry established and persisted in red alder stands, releasing when the red alder became senescent [41]. In an inventory of plant community composition in different stages of floodplain succession on Vancouver Island, red elderberry was present in the young seral stage, which was dominated by red alder. It was absent from new gravel bars and mature Sitka spruce forest [46]. However, in a chronosequence study of a red alder/salmonberry community in western Oregon, red elderberry cover and frequency were variable across 51 years of succession. Red elderberry was absent from stands less than 4 years old; highest red elderberry coverage (11%) and frequency (26%) was in 49-year-old stands [117]. In 1979, Thilenius [226] found red elderberry in seral red alder communities on the Copper River Delta. The area had been uplifted by the 1964 earthquake and was changing successionally from herbland to shrubland [226].
On the Wasatch Plateau of central Utah, red elderberry was one of several woody species pioneering on depleted mountain meadow rangelands that had been subject to severe flooding after decades of overgrazing by livestock [79].
Logging: Tree harvest may favor red elderberry growth by opening the canopy, although red elderberry abundance may not increase substantially after logging (for example, [196]). Red elderberry may sprout and/or colonize from seed after tree harvest [103]. In a sugar maple-American beech-yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) forest on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, red elderberry was more frequent on logged sites for at least 3 years after logging (4.9% frequency) than on adjacent unlogged forest (<1% frequency) [125]. In a subalpine fir/queencup beadlily (Abies lasiocarpa/Clintonia uniflora) habitat type in northwestern Montana, red elderberry cover was higher on logged plots (x=60%) than on old-growth plots (x=23.5%) [248]. It was an early-seral species in cutover grand fir habitat types of central Idaho [92] and in second-growth, logged hardwood forests of Michigan [78]. Clearcutting or clearcutting followed by slash burning apparently had no effect on red elderberry abundance in western hemlock/Oregon boxwood forests of northern Idaho. Red elderberry was absent or had less than 3% cover on unlogged sites, and red elderberry cover did not increase after logging or logging and burning [243].
Logging method can affect the rate of red elderberry recovery after tree harvest, although trends in red elderberry response to different logging methods are not well studied. On the Fort Lewis Military Reservation, Washington, red elderberry was not present on Douglas-fir sites that had been harvested in the 1930s and then left unmanaged for 70 years, but red elderberry had 22.5% frequency and 2.2% cover on nearby, thrice-thinned Douglas-fir sites, showing a significant difference between sites (P<0.001). Red elderberry was considered an indicator of cutover or disturbed sites [227]. Heavy logging may favor red elderberry on some sites. Red elderberry attained a density of 25 stems/ha 20 years after clearcutting in a balsam fir-yellow birch forest in eastern Quebec [11] and was among the 10 most common shrubs after clearcutting in a red fir (A. magnifica var. magnifica) forest in California [16]. In a sugar maple-yellow birch forest in Upper Michigan, the mean importance value of red elderberry 2 years after logging was greater in clearcuts than in group selection or unlogged sites. Fifty years after treatment, however, red elderberry was more important in group selection cuts than on clearcuts. The 50-year importance value on unlogged sites was not calculated due to a blowdown on that site 26 years after treatments [175].
Logging sometimes reduces red elderberry abundance. Thinning to remove small-diameter trees in a Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest in west-central Oregon resulted in loss of red elderberry plants. Although present before thinning, red elderberry was absent from study plots 17 years later [5]. It was negatively associated with logged black spruce forests of northeastern Ontario [32].
Late succession: Red elderberry may be present in the understory of mature or climax forests. It was a component of the shrub layer in a climax mixed-hardwood forest in the Black Mountains of North Carolina [66] and was listed as one of the most common species in mature white spruce (Picea glauca) forests of interior British Columbia [77]. Since red elderberry is only moderately shade tolerant [144,150], gap succession helps maintain red elderberry in late stages of forest succession.
Gap succession: Red elderberry commonly establishes in canopy gaps within mature forests. It grew in openings after woolly adelgid attacks on mature balsam firs (Abies balsamifera) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina. Red elderberry attained sapling size within 7 to 15 years after the attacks [72]. On the Hemlock Hill Biological Research Station in Pennsylvania, red elderberry established from bird-dispersed seeds in gaps within a mixed-hardwood forest. Scarlet tanagers were the primary seed dispersers [219]. In southeastern Alaska, red elderberry seedlings established in windthrow gaps in an old-growth western hemlock forest [6]. In northern Utah, the typical variety of red elderberry was most abundant in canopy openings but also grew beneath quaking aspen canopies [52].
The scientific name of red elderberry is Sambucus racemosa L. (Caprifoliaceae) [57,95,118,126,135,151].
There are 2 North American varieties:
Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa, typical variety of red elderberry [135]
Sambucus racemosa L. var. melanocarpa (A. Gray) McMinn [57,81,121,135,151,240], Rocky Mountain elderberry
In this review, "red elderberry" refers to the species. Varieties are referred
to as either the "typical variety" or "Rocky Mountain elderberry".
Natural hybridization between red elderberry and other Sambucus species is apparently
rare [132]. Degree of hybridization between red elderberry varieties was not described in the
literature as of 2008.
Red elderberry is used in revegetation, erosion control, and wildlife plantings [43,91,120,128,179,193]. It may be relatively tolerant of heavy metal contamination; red elderberry was among a few relict shrub species present on acidic copper and nickel mining and smelting sites in Ontario [242].
Red elderberry is easily started from cuttings and is often grown from seed. See these sources for propagation information: [29,74,115,123,179,245]. Commercial sources of red elderberry are available [185].
Sambucus racemosa, el Sabugu coloráu, ye una especie de sabugu orixinariu d'Europa, l'Asia templada y el norte y el centru de Norteamérica.[1] Crez nos medios riberanos, montes y otros hábitats, xeneralmente en zones húmedes.[2]
Esti parrotal de cutiu con aspeutu d'árbol crez hasta los 2-6 metros d'altu. Los tarmos son blandos con un centru meduloso. Cada fueya individual ta compuesta por 5-7 folículos paecíos a fueya, cada unu de los cualos tien 16 cm de llargu, llanceolaos a estrechamente ovales, ya irregularmente ferruchaos a lo llargo de los cantos. Los folículos tienen un fuerte golor desagradable cuando s'entartallen.[3] La inflorescencia ye una panícula de forma vagamente cónica de dellos visos de botones florales que florien a partir de los estremos de les cañes. Los botones de les flores son de color rosa cuando tán zarraos, y les flores abiertes son de color blancu, crema o amarellentáu. Cada flor tien pétalos pequeños y recurváu y una exa en forma d'estrella blanca de cinco estames apuntaos n'anteres marielles. Les flores son fragantes y visitar colibríes y camparines.[2] El frutu ye una drupa d'un brillante coloráu o dacuando púrpuraconteniendo de 3 a 5 granes. Los frutos son populares ente los páxaros, que distribúin les granes.[4]
Munches partes d'esta planta son venenoses, y utilizáronse como un emético tradicional.[2] Señalóse que los frutos son seguros pa comer cuando se cocinen y yeren saborguiaos polos Gitxsan nuna variedá de recetes.[2]
Sambucus racemosa describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 270. 1753.[5]
Sambucus: nome xenéricu que deriva de la pallabra griega sambuke d'un preséu musical fechu de madera de sabugu y un nome usáu por Pliniu'l Vieyu pa un árbol posiblemente rellacionáu col sabugu.[6]
racemosa: epítetu llatín que significa "con recímanos".[7]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Sambucus racemosa, el Sabugu coloráu, ye una especie de sabugu orixinariu d'Europa, l'Asia templada y el norte y el centru de Norteamérica. Crez nos medios riberanos, montes y otros hábitats, xeneralmente en zones húmedes.
Qırmızı gəndəlaş və ya adi gəndəlaş (lat. Sambucus racemosa) - adokskimilər fəsiləsinin gəndalaş cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Yarpağı tökülən kol və ya kiçik ağacdır.Latınca növ epitetini (lat racemosa) "salxımvari", "budaqlı" (lat.Racemus-"üzüm salxımı" kimi tərcümə etmək olar.Ədəbiyyatda növün bir neçə: salxımvari kəndalaş,qırmızı kəndalaş,adi kandalaş adına rast gəlinir.
Hündürlüyü 1,5-3,5 m olan,düzgövdəli koldur.Cavan bitkilərin qabığı hamar,qocalarda soyulandır.Gövdələrin üzərində ağımtıl rəngli qabarcıqlar olur.Tumurcuqları iri,yumurtavaridir.Yarpaqları üzbəüz,lələkvari,uzunsov-lansetvari,xırda dişli olub,uzunluğu 5-10 sm-dir.Cavan yarpaqları bəzən tünd-qırmızı və ya bənövşəyi rəngli olur-bu çox miqdarda antosianın olması ilə əlaqədardır.Çiçəkləri xırda,ikicinsli,ikilidir,beşhissəli çiçəkyanlığı vardır.Çiçək tacı yaşılımtıl-sarı və ya sarımtıl-ağ,diametri 20 sm-dək olan möhkəm,uzunsov,yumurtavari və ya konusvari formalı,süpürgəvari çiçək qruplarına yığılmışdır.Erkəkcikləri 5-dir.Çiçəkləmə may-iyunda,meyvələri qırmızı rəngli çəyirdəkdir,iyul-avqustda yetişir.Çoxaldılma oduncaqlaşmış qələmlərlə aparılır.
Gilli torpaqlarda ,rütubətli şam meşələrində rast gəlinir.
Böyük Qafqazda,dağətəyi zonalarda təbii şəraitdə yayılmışdır.
Dekorativ məqsədlə bağ və parklarda becərilir.Çiçəklərindən və meyvələrindən soyuqdəymə xəstəliklərinin,bronxial astmanın,baş ağrısının və revmotizmin müalicəsində istifadə edilir.Balverən bitkidir.
Qırmızı gəndəlaş və ya adi gəndəlaş (lat. Sambucus racemosa) - adokskimilər fəsiləsinin gəndalaş cinsinə aid bitki növü.
El saüc racemós[1] (Sambucus racemosa) és un arbust de la família de les adoxàcies. També rep el nom de sabuc i saüc vermell.[2]
És un arbust caducifoli de 2 a 4 metres d'alçada, molt dret i ramificat. Té les branques berrugoses, d'un color grisenc i amb la medul·la de color canyella.
Les fulles, de 4 a 12 cm, són oposades i compostes. Tenen entre 3 i 7 folíols lanceolats.
La floració té lloc entre els mesos d'abril i maig. Les flors són de color grogós i no gaire oloroses. Tenen la corol·la tubular oberta en 5 lòbuls patents amb els 5 estams inserits dins del tub de la corol·la. Les flors es reuneixen en panícules ovoides als extrems de les branques laterals.
El fruit és una drupa esfèrica de 4 a 5 mm i de color vermell quan és madur.
És una espècie originària d'Europa, l'Àsia temperada i el nord i centre de Nord-amèrica. Habitualment creix en clarianes de boscos caducifolis humits.
A Catalunya el podem trobar a la zona pirinenca, entre els 1.000 i els 2.400 metres d'altitud,[3] sobretot en fagedes i avetoses.
El nom racemosa, prové del llatí, que significa "en forma de raïm", degut a la disposició dels fruits i de les flors.
El saüc racemós (Sambucus racemosa) és un arbust de la família de les adoxàcies. També rep el nom de sabuc i saüc vermell.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Ysgawen aeron coch sy'n enw gwrywaidd (hefyd: 'Ysgawen Goch'). Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Adoxaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sambucus racemosa a'r enw Saesneg yw Red-berried elder.
Coeden fechan ydyw, neu berth fechan, sy'n tyfu rhwng 2 a 6 metr o uchder. Mae'r bonion a'r canghennau'n wag y tu mewn. Mae'r dail unigol yn cynnwys 5-7 rhan, pob un oddeutu 16 cm o hyd, ac yn ofal fel pen picell, gyda ymylon daneddog. o wasgu'r dail ceir arogl cas.[2] Pinc, gwyn neu hufen yw lliw'r blodau ac yn dennu gloynnod byw.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Ysgawen aeron coch sy'n enw gwrywaidd (hefyd: 'Ysgawen Goch'). Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Adoxaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sambucus racemosa a'r enw Saesneg yw Red-berried elder.
Coeden fechan ydyw, neu berth fechan, sy'n tyfu rhwng 2 a 6 metr o uchder. Mae'r bonion a'r canghennau'n wag y tu mewn. Mae'r dail unigol yn cynnwys 5-7 rhan, pob un oddeutu 16 cm o hyd, ac yn ofal fel pen picell, gyda ymylon daneddog. o wasgu'r dail ceir arogl cas. Pinc, gwyn neu hufen yw lliw'r blodau ac yn dennu gloynnod byw.
Bez červený (Sambucus racemosa) je listnatý keř z čeledi pižmovkovité. Spolu s bezem černým (Sambucus nigra) a bezem chebdí (S. ebulus) patří mezi tři původní druhy bezu v ČR.
Vědecké synonymum je Sambucus racemosa var. laciniata W. D. J. Koch ex DC.
Popsány jsou poddruhy:
Vytrvalý keř vysoký od jednoho do čtyř metrů, s daleko dosahujícími kořeny a kořenovými výmladky. Větve jsou obvykle přímé, silné a lysé, s černými oválnými bradavčitými lenticelami. Borka hnědá až šedohnědá, s výraznými lenticelami. Dřeň (tzv. bezová duše) je skořicově hnědá – na rozdíl od bílé dřeně bezu černého. Listy vstřícné, řapíkaté, lichozpeřené, s 1 až 3 lístky, jež jsou eliptické až vejčité, krátce řapíčkaté, na okraji pilovitě zubaté, na vrcholu zašpičatělé a zejména na rubu chlupaté. Květy jsou uspořádány v hustých mnohokvětých vrcholičnatých latách, 3–7 cm dlouhých a přibližně 5 cm širokých. Jednotlivé květy jsou drobné (pouhé asi 4 mm v průměru), 5četné, korunní lístky žlutavě zelené až zelené a obvykle záhy opadavé, tyčinek 5, prašníky žluté. Kalich má trojúhelníkovitě vejčité krátké cípy. Kvete od dubna do června, květy vůní připomínají mouku. Plodem jsou hustě uspořádané kulovité peckovice (asi 5 mm velké) se 3–5 semeny. Zploštělé kulovité pecky jsou dlouhé přibližně 3 mm a široké 2 mm. Plody dozrávají od června a po dozrání jsou výrazně červené.
Roste ve střední Evropě, v severní části jižní Evropy, na východě po Rumunsko, Bulharsko a západ Ukrajiny, v severní Evropě zřejmě jen zavlečený a zdomácnělý.[1] Pokrývá zhruba území od severu Pyrenejského a Apeninského poloostrova až k severu Evropy a území od Malé Asie až po severní Čínu.
V ČR se vyskytuje celkem hojně od pahorkatin po horské oblasti (max. 1420 m n. m. u Luční boudy v Krkonoších), v nížinách převážně vzácně nebo chybí.[1] Případné rozšíření do nižších poloh je někdy spojováno s koncem druhé světové války, kdy značná část obyvatelstva přešla k fosilním palivům, a výrazně tak ustalo čištění lesů formou sběru klestí.[zdroj?]
Osídluje slunná stanoviště – okraje lesů, paseky, křoviny, rokle, stráně. Roste na půdách vlhčích, humózních, bohatých na živiny, hlinitých, písčitých až kamenitých, mírně kyselých až neutrálních.[1] Vyskytuje se také u hospodářských stavení a opuštěných objektů.
Semena, která obsahují amygdalin, jsou mírně jedovatá a mohou způsobit u disponovaných jedinců otravu.[1] Jedovatá je též kůra a listy.
Spásačem bezu červeného je tesařík Anaglyptus mysticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – kuloštítník temný.
Další český název je bez hroznatý. Lidové názvy: babulka, babulinky, bez horní, bez lesní, bez s hnědou duší, bezinka s červenými jahódkami, bezinky červené, bziní, bzinčí, bzinky, červené korálky.[2]
V lidovém léčitelství byly peckovičky považovány za počišťující prostředek.[3] Po převaření a odstranění semen lze použít plody na výrobu marmelády.[1] Rychlým spařením celých plodenství červených bezinek lze získat čaj bohatý na vitamín C. Šťáva z plodů se využívá k výrobě sirupů; protože je kalná, nechává se vyčiřit delším stáním a sedlina se odfiltruje. Na 1 kg je třeba 35 dílů šťávy a 65 dílů cukru. Z červených bezinek lze získat také olej vhodný k pečení či výrobě mýdla. Usazuje se na povrchu propasírovaného protlaku získaného povařením peckoviček s vodou.[4]
Bez červný je vhodný na dělicí pásy, ptačí remízky, podrosty lesoparků, podrostové patro liniové a doprovodné zeleně. Pěstuje se v několika kultivarech, které se liší zejména tvarem a barvou listí (stříhanolisté, hluboce pilovité listy nebo odrůdy pestrolisté, např. žluté)[1], např. Sambucus racemosa 'Goldenlocks', Sambucus racemosa 'Plumosa Aurea', Sambucus racemosa 'Sutherland Gold'. Plody jsou potravou ptactva, které tak trusem rostlinu přirozeně šíří v krajině.[4]
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu bez červený ve Wikimedia Commons
Bez červený (Sambucus racemosa) je listnatý keř z čeledi pižmovkovité. Spolu s bezem černým (Sambucus nigra) a bezem chebdí (S. ebulus) patří mezi tři původní druhy bezu v ČR.
Druehyld (Sambucus racemosa), også skrevet Drue-Hyld, er en stor busk, der ligner alm. hyld, men har røde frugter, der sidder i en kegleformet stand. Planten, inkl. dens bær, er mildt giftig, hvilket kan ændres gennem kogning.
Druehyld er en stor, løvfældende busk med en stivgrenet, tragtformet og åben vækstform. Barken er først gråbrun med lyse korkporer. Senere bliver den rødbrun og til sidst grå og furet. Knopperne sidder modsat og er ægformede til runde. Farven er violet, men skifter ud på vinteren til grøn-violet.
Bladene er uligefinnede med ægformede småblade. Disse har groft takket rand. Oversiden er friskt grøn, mens undersiden er grågrøn. Bladstilken er rødviolet. Høstfarven er bleggul med violette bladribber. Blomsterne sidder i klaser (en forkert oversættelse fra tysk har forvansket "Klase-Hyld" til druehyld, fordi både klaser og druer hedder "Trauben" på tysk). De enkelte blomster er små og grønligt-hvide. Bærrene er røde og runde, og de bliver siddende længe efter løvfald. Frøene modner godt og spirer villigt.
Grenenes marv er brun i modsætning til den hvide marv hos Alm. Hyld. Rodnettet består af tykke, kødede hovedrødder med tæt forgrenede siderødder, som ligger højt i jorden.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 5 × 3 m (50 × 40 cm/år).
Druehyld gror vidt udbredt i Asien, Mellemøsten og Europa, herunder også i Danmark, hvor den er temmelig almindelig. Den foretrækker mineralrig, fugtig bund, hvor den optræder som underskov eller skovbryn i lyse løvskove.
På Fløjstrup Skydebane, som ligger i Randers Kommune, Region Midtjylland, findes arten på et overdrevsagtigt område sammen med bl.a. draphavre, alm. engelsød, hindbær, alm. mangeløv, alm. pimpinelle, alm. røn, blågrøn rose, fåresvingel, smalbladet gederams, gul snerre, hedelyng, lyngsnerre, lægeærenpris, markbynke, markkrageklo, sandstar og stilkeg[1]
Alle arter af Hyld (Sambucus) indeholder det mildt giftige stof sambunigrin (et cyanoglykosid) i bladene og de umodne frugter.[2] Cyanoglykosider findes i de fleste, hvis ikke alle, planter i rosen-familien og de giver den karakteristiske smag til bitre mandler og amaretto. Mængderne er ikke store i Hyld og irritationen ved indtagelse af den er mere pga. dets resin end sambunigrin. Druehyld er den mest giftige af de tre arter, men dens giftighed begrænser sig til en mavepine. Før i tiden blev den brugt som opkastningsmiddel. Sambucus ebulus anses for at være lidt giftig.[3] Frøene i alle Hylde-slægtens frugter indeholder et resin, som giver svimmelhed og er vanddrivende; dette resin ødelægges ved kogning. [4]
Druehyld (Sambucus racemosa), også skrevet Drue-Hyld, er en stor busk, der ligner alm. hyld, men har røde frugter, der sidder i en kegleformet stand. Planten, inkl. dens bær, er mildt giftig, hvilket kan ændres gennem kogning.
Der Rote Holunder (Sambucus racemosa), auch Hirsch-, Trauben- oder Berg-Holunder genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Holunder (Sambucus) innerhalb der Familie der Moschuskrautgewächse (Adoxaceae).
Der Rote Holunder wächst als laubabwerfender, großer Strauch, der Wuchshöhen von 1 bis 3, selten bis zu 8 Meter erreicht. Die Laubblätter sind (selten zweifach) unpaarig fiedrig geteilt. Der Blattrand ist gesägt.
Die auch schon an relativ jungen Sträuchern gebildeten, endständigen, aus zymösen Teilblütenständen zusammengesetzten schirmrispigen Gesamtblütenstände enthalten viele Blüten. Die relativ kleinen Blüten sind radiärsymmetrisch und fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die fünf Kronblätter sind weiß oder cremefarben bis gelblich-grün. Drei bis fünf Fruchtblätter sind zu einem drei- bis fünfkammerigen Fruchtknoten verwachsen. Jede Fruchtknotenkammer enthält nur eine Samenanlage. Der kurze Griffel endet in drei bis fünf Narben.
Die Steinfrucht enthält drei bis fünf Samen. Die Früchte von Sambucus racemosa lassen sich ebenso wie die deutlich größeren Beeren des Schwarzen Holunders verwerten. Die Fruchtstände des Roten Holunders stehen aufrecht, während die des Schwarzen Holunders aufgrund ihres Eigengewichts in der Regel nach unten hängen. Die Früchte reifen im Juli bis August leuchtend rot.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 36.[1]
Der Rote Holunder ist bereits beim Austrieb leicht vom Schwarzen Holunder zu unterscheiden, da seine Blätter anfangs bronzefarben bis rot sind und dann erst vergrünen. Außerdem zeigen sich seine Fruchtansätze bereits mit dem Blattaustrieb. Sie sind kegelig-rundlich und nicht wie beim Schwarzen Holunder tellerförmig-flach.
Der Rote Holunder (Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa) wächst gerne an schattigen Orten in Wäldern und Waldrändern in Europa und Westasien, auch in Gebüschen und auf Lichtungen ist er zu finden. Er ist eine Charakterart des Sambucetum racemosi aus dem Verband Sambuco-Salicion.[1] In Mitteleuropa ist er vorwiegend in höheren Lagen zu finden. Die Vorkommen in Österreich sind sehr häufig und erstrecken sich auf alle Bundesländer.[2] Mit seinen Unterarten besiedelt er jedoch auch große Teile Nordamerikas und Asiens. In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt er bis zu einer Höhenlage von etwa 1800 Metern auf.[3]
Er ist resistent gegen Kälte und Wind; Trockenheit oder Kalk schaden ihm. Er bevorzugt Standorte mit viel Stickstoff und wenig Salz.
Sambucus racemosa wurde 1753 von Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Band 1, Seite 270 erstbeschrieben.[4] Innerhalb dieser Art werden mehrere Unterarten, Varianten und Formen unterschieden:[5]
Wie der Schwarze Holunder lassen sich die Früchte zu Gelee, Marmelade, Saft und ähnlichem verarbeiten. Sie sind jedoch nicht jedem zuträglich.
Die roten Früchte sind reich an Karotinoiden (beispielsweise an Provitamin A), Vitamin C und fettem Öl (trocken bis zu 35 %). Letzteres gibt ein gutes Speiseöl, wenn durch Raffination die harzigen, stark die Schleimhaut reizenden Wirkstoffe entfernt worden sind.
Auch als Heilkraut findet der Rote Holunder Verwendung.
Roh und unreif sind die Früchte des Roten Holunders giftig. Sie führen zu Brechdurchfall und wurden deshalb früher volkstümlich auch als Brech- und Abführmittel eingesetzt. Auf jeden Fall müssen die Steinkerne entfernt werden, da das Gift der Samen nicht durch Kochen unschädlich gemacht wird.
Ein In-vitro-Experiment mit dem Extrakt des Roten Holunders weist auf eine hemmende Wirkung gegen HIV-1-Reverse Transkriptase hin.[6]
Erstmals erwähnt wurde der Rote Holunder im Kleinen Destillierbuch des Hieronymus Brunschwig:
Eine genaue Beschreibung vom Habitus des von ihm „Wald Holder“ genannten Roten Holunders gab erstmals Hieronymus Bock in der zweiten Ausgabe (1546) seines Kräuterbuchs. Bock hatte auch selbst beobachtet, dass Hirsche die Blätter der Schwarzen Tollkirsche und des Roten Holunders gern essen.[12]
Der Rote Holunder (Sambucus racemosa), auch Hirsch-, Trauben- oder Berg-Holunder genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Holunder (Sambucus) innerhalb der Familie der Moschuskrautgewächse (Adoxaceae).
Kòralowi bes (Sambucus racemosa L. ) – to je ôrt roscënë z rodzëznë Adoxaceae. Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Өсҡат(рус. Бузина́ красная, Бузина обыкновенная, Бузина кистистая, лат. Sambúcus racemósa) — аҡлы -аллы ваҡ ҡына сәскә атҡан, ҡыҙыллы — һарылы ҡушар — ҡушар емеш биргән, ҡубырсып торған аҡһыл ҡабыҡлы үҫемлек.
Өсҡат(рус. Бузина́ красная, Бузина обыкновенная, Бузина кистистая, лат. Sambúcus racemósa) — аҡлы -аллы ваҡ ҡына сәскә атҡан, ҡыҙыллы — һарылы ҡушар — ҡушар емеш биргән, ҡубырсып торған аҡһыл ҡабыҡлы үҫемлек.
Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry[2] and red-berried elder.[3]
It is native to Europe, northern temperate Asia, and North America across Canada and the United States.[1] It grows in riparian environments, woodlands, and other habitats, generally in moist areas.[4]
Sambucus racemosa is often a treelike shrub growing 2–6 m (7–20 ft) tall. The stems are soft with a pithy center.
Each individual leaf is composed of 5 to 7 leaflike leaflets, each of which is up to 16 cm (6+1⁄4 in) long, lance-shaped to narrowly oval, and irregularly serrated along the edges. The leaflets have a strong disagreeable odor when crushed.[5]
The inflorescence is a vaguely cone-shaped panicle of several cymes of flowers blooming from the ends of stem branches. The flower buds are pink when closed, and the open flowers are white, cream, or yellowish. Each flower has small, recurved petals and a star-shaped axis of five white stamens tipped in yellow anthers. The flowers are fragrant and visited by hummingbirds and butterflies.[4]
The fruit is a bright red or sometimes purple drupe containing 3 to 5 seeds.
The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.[4]
It has been used as a traditional medicinal plant by Native Americans, including the Bella Coola, Carrier, Gitksan, Hesquiaht, Menominee, Northern Paiute, Ojibwa, Paiute, Potawatomi, Tlingit, and Haida peoples.[4][16] The uses included as an emetic, antidiarrheal, cold and cough remedy, dermatological and gynecological aid, and a hemostat.[16]
The fruits are reportedly safe to eat[17] when cooked, but are potentially poisonous when raw. They were cooked in a variety of recipes by indigenous peoples, including by the Apache, Bella Coola, Gitxsan, Gosiute, Makah, Ojibwa, Quileute, Skokomish, Yurok peoples.[4]
The fruits are popular with birds, who also distribute the seeds.[18] The flowers attract butterflies and hummingbirds.[4]
Sambucus racemosa is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a shrub or small tree in traditional and wildlife gardens, and natural landscape design projects.[4]
Cultivars in the nursery trade include:
Leaves and buds of the red elderberry
Inflorescence and foliage
Clusters of berries
Natural range of S. racemosa var. racemosa (green) and var. melanocarpa (blue) in western North America.
Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry and red-berried elder.
Sambucus racemosa, el saúco rojo, es una especie de Sambucus originario de Europa, el Asia templada y el norte y el centro de Norteamérica.[1] Crece en los medios ribereños, bosques y otros hábitats, generalmente en zonas húmedas.[2]
Este arbusto a menudo con aspecto de árbol crece hasta los 2-6 metros de alto. Los tallos son blandos con un centro meduloso. Cada hoja individual está compuesta por 5-7 folículos parecidos a hoja, cada uno de los cuales tiene 16 cm de largo, lanceolados a estrechamente ovales, e irregularmente serrados a lo largo de los bordes. Los folículos tienen un fuerte olor desagradable cuando se aplastan.[3]
La inflorescencia es una panícula de forma vagamente cónica de varias cimas de botones florales que florecen a partir de los extremos de las ramas. Los botones de las flores son de color rosa cuando están cerrados, y las flores abiertas son de color blanco, crema o amarillento. Cada flor tiene pétalos pequeños y recurvado y un eje en forma de estrella blanca de cinco estambres apuntados en anteras amarillas. Las flores son fragantes y las visitan colibríes y mariposas.[2] El fruto es una drupa de un brillante rojo o a veces púrpuraconteniendo de 3 a 5 semillas.
Los frutos son populares entre los pájaros, que distribuyen las semillas.[4]
Muchas partes de esta planta son venenosas, se han utilizado como un emético tradicional.[2] Se ha señalado que los frutos son seguros para comer cuando se cocinan y eran saboreados por los Gitxsan en una variedad de recetas.[2]
Sambucus racemosa fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 270. 1753.[5]
Sambucus: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra griega sambuke de un instrumento musical hecho de madera de saúco y un nombre usado por Plinio el Viejo para un árbol posiblemente relacionado con el saúco.[6]
racemosa: epíteto latino que significa "con racimos".[7]
Sambucus racemosa, el saúco rojo, es una especie de Sambucus originario de Europa, el Asia templada y el norte y el centro de Norteamérica. Crece en los medios ribereños, bosques y otros hábitats, generalmente en zonas húmedas.
Punane leeder (Sambucus racemosa) on leedri perekonda kuuluv taimeliik (põõsas või puu).
Intsusa gorria (Sambucus racemosa) Adoxaceae familiaren zuhaixka-erako landarea da, Europako erdialdean eta hegoaldean, Danimarkan eta Suedian hazten dena, eta fruitu gorriak dituena.[1]
Intsusa gorria (Sambucus racemosa) Adoxaceae familiaren zuhaixka-erako landarea da, Europako erdialdean eta hegoaldean, Danimarkan eta Suedian hazten dena, eta fruitu gorriak dituena.
Terttuselja eli euroopanterttuselja (Sambucus racemosa) on punamarjainen, pari metriä korkea pensas. Sen luontainen kasvualue on Etelä- ja Keski-Euroopassa, mutta yleisenä puutarhakasvina se on levinnyt satunnaisesti luontoon laajalla alueella lähes koko Euroopassa ja Luoteis-Aasiassa. Terttuseljan marjat ovat lievästi myrkyllisiä.
Terttuselja kasvaa 2–4 metriä korkeaksi. Sirottavahaaraiset oksat ovat kellanharmaita. Lehdet ovat vaaleanvihreitä ja päätöparisia. Lehdykät ovat 4–12 cm pitkiä, suikeita ja hammaslaitaisia. Kasvi kukkii toukokuussa kellan- tai vihertävänvalkoisin kukin. Punaiset, lievästi myrkylliset marjat kypsyvät loppukesästä.[1] Ulkonäkönsä puolesta terttuselja muistuttaa hieman pihlajaa, mutta seljan tympeä, voimakas haju estää ihmistä syömästä sen marjoja vahingossa.[2] Monet linnut kuitenkin syövät sen marjoja, muun muassa kottaraisten näkee usein parvina ruokailevan seljapensaissa. Linnut myös levittävät tehokkaasti sen siemeniä.[3]
Terttuselja on alun perin kotoisin Etelä- ja Keski-Euroopasta. Luontainen kasvualue ulottuu idässä Puolaan saakka. Nykyään lajia tavataan satunnaisesti lähes koko Euroopassa sekä Luoteis-Aasiassa. Pohjois-Eurooppaan terttuselja on tuotu puutarhakasviksi jo vuosisatoja sitten. Kasvin siemeniä on esimerkiksi löydetty arkeologisissa kaivauksissa keskiaikaisista kerrostumista. Suomen luontoon terttuselja alkoi levitä puutarhoista 1900-luvun alkupuolella.[4][5] Nykyään terttuselja on varsin yleinen Etelä-Suomessa ja tavallinen Oulun korkeudelle saakka.[6]
Puutarhoista terttuselja on karannut vieraslajiksi esimerkiksi puistoihin, tienvarsiin, metsiin ja kallioille. Vanhoissa pihapiireissä kasvia tavataan tyypillisesti ulkokäymälän tai tunkion läheisyydessä runsasravinteisessa kasvupaikassa. Tästä terttuselja onkin saanut Suomessa kansanomaisen nimityksen "paskamarja".[1][4]
Terttuseljaa on kasvatettu Euroopassa pitkään koriste- ja rohdoskasvina. Marjoista on tehty hyytelöä, mehua ja jopa marjaviiniä. Terttuseljan kukat ja kypsät marjat eivät ole myrkyllisiä ja ravintokäytössä myrkylliset siemenet ja raakileet poistetaan.[3] Nykyään terttuseljalla on Suomessa merkitystä lähinnä koristekasvina. Se on talvenkestävä ja kaunis pensas. Terttuseljasta on olemassa muutamia viljelylajikkeita, kuten lehdiltään kapealiuskainen sulkaterttuselja ('Laciniata', 'Plumosa', 'Tenuifolia') ja kellertävälehtinen keltaterttuselja ('Aurea').[4]
Terttuseljassa tavataan yleisesti seljahärmää (Erysiphe vanbruntiana). Suomesta tätä härmäsientä voi nykyään löytää lähes jokaisesta pensaasta erityisesti sateisina kesinä. Seljahärmä vaurioittaa terttuseljan lehtiä muuttaen ne harmahtaviksi.[4]
Terttuselja eli euroopanterttuselja (Sambucus racemosa) on punamarjainen, pari metriä korkea pensas. Sen luontainen kasvualue on Etelä- ja Keski-Euroopassa, mutta yleisenä puutarhakasvina se on levinnyt satunnaisesti luontoon laajalla alueella lähes koko Euroopassa ja Luoteis-Aasiassa. Terttuseljan marjat ovat lievästi myrkyllisiä.
Sureau à grappes
Le Sureau de montagne, sureau rameux, sureau rouge[1] ou sureau à grappes (Sambucus racemosa) est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Adoxaceae (anciennement classée dans la famille des Caprifoliaceae), dont les sous-espèces poussent dans les parties les plus froides de l'Amérique du Nord, de l'Europe et de l'Asie.
C'est un arbuste à feuilles caduques composées, aux folioles dentées, aux rameaux retombants. Les inflorescences de petites fleurs crème sont des panicules pyramidaux. Les fruits sont des drupes de couleur rouge vif.
Données d'après : Julve, Ph., 1998 ff. - Baseflor. Index botanique, écologique et chorologique de la flore de France. Version : 23 avril 2004.
L'espèce est évaluée comme non préoccupante aux échelons mondial et français[2].
En France l'espèce est considérée en danger (EN) en Poitou-Charentes ; elle est considérée vulnérable (VU) en Haute-Normandie ; quasi menacée (NT), proche du seuil des espèces menacées ou qui pourraient l'être si des mesures de conservation spécifiques n'étaient pas prises, dans la région Centre.
Comme pour le sureau yèble, on possède peu de données. Les fruits non mûrs sont légèrement toxiques et entraînent des troubles digestifs (baies vomitives). Les graines, contenant des hétérosides cyanogènes, sont également à rejeter.
Les fruits cuits, riches en pectine, sont parfois mélangés à d'autres fruits de la forêt pour préparer confitures, gelées et marmelades ; fermentés, ils permettent aussi d'obtenir une eau-de-vie par distillation[3].
Fruit acide, riche en pectine, s'utilise seul ou bien en mélange (50 %) avec le sureau noir pour des gelées, sirops et boissons. Les graines, qui sont toxiques, doivent alors être éliminées[4].
Sureau à grappes
Le Sureau de montagne, sureau rameux, sureau rouge ou sureau à grappes (Sambucus racemosa) est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Adoxaceae (anciennement classée dans la famille des Caprifoliaceae), dont les sous-espèces poussent dans les parties les plus froides de l'Amérique du Nord, de l'Europe et de l'Asie.
Crvena bazga (crvena zova, lat. Sambucus racemosa), listopadni grm ili manje stablo iz porodice moškovičevki (Adoxaceae). Autohtona je vrsta na velikim dijelovima Europe te u Sjevernoj Americi (Colorado).
Raste na visinama do 1800 metara, obično po svjetlim šumama i šikarama, i uz brdske i planinske putove. Naraste do pet metara visine. Korijen je plitak i dobro razgranjen, cvjetovi su mirisni, sitni, dvospolni i jednodomni. Sirovi plodovi su lagano toksični, crvene boje. Sjemenke su isto otrovne, a sadrže amigdalin i glikozid.
Udomaćena je u Europi,te umjerenoj zoni sjeverne Azije,kao i Sjevernoj Americi.Kod nas je znatno rjeđa od crne bazge.
Obično raste kao maleno drvo ili veći grm,visine 2 - 6 metara. Plodovi su ove bazge kao što joj i ime kaže crvene boje. Lišće je svijetlije boje od onog crne bazge.
Bobice su jestive tek u prokuhanom stanju. Sviježi je sok (bez sjemenki, iste su otrovne!) dobar za pripravu limunadi sličnog pića. Sadrži oko 50 mg vitamina C, te oko 2,8 % šećera.Koristi se i kao ljekovita biljka. Može se koristiti i za tjeranje miševa, jer isti ne podnose miris ove biljke.
Grlić,Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje,Zagreb 1980.
Crvena bazga
Crvena bazga
Crvena bazga (crvena zova, lat. Sambucus racemosa), listopadni grm ili manje stablo iz porodice moškovičevki (Adoxaceae). Autohtona je vrsta na velikim dijelovima Europe te u Sjevernoj Americi (Colorado).
Raste na visinama do 1800 metara, obično po svjetlim šumama i šikarama, i uz brdske i planinske putove. Naraste do pet metara visine. Korijen je plitak i dobro razgranjen, cvjetovi su mirisni, sitni, dvospolni i jednodomni. Sirovi plodovi su lagano toksični, crvene boje. Sjemenke su isto otrovne, a sadrže amigdalin i glikozid.
Čerwjena bozanka (Sambucus racemosa) je rostlina ze roda Bozanka ze swójby pižmonkowych rostlinow (Adoxaceae).
Čerwjena bozanka je kerk abo małki, w prawym měrje rozhałuzowany štom, kotryž docpěwa wysokosć wot 1 hač do 4 metrow.
Hałuzy je zrunane abo tróšku přewisuja.
Skora je swětło brunošěra a ma mnoholičbne wulke korkowe brodawki.
Přećiwostejne łopjena wobsteja z 5 owalnych hač jejkojtych, wótro zubatych pjerkowych łopješkow, kotrež su něhdźe 5-10 cm dołhe, na hornim boku ćmowozelene, na delnim boku módrojte a jenož mało móškaće kosmate. Zwjetša su pjećličbnje njeporowje pjerite. Při wuhonjowanju w nalěću wone su načerwjeń přeběžane na rozdźěl wot družiny čorneje bozanki (Sambucus nigra) (=rozeznawanske znamjo).
Nazymske barbjenje je blědožołte. Při rozrybowanju sylnje, tróšku njepřijomnje wonjeja.
Kćěja wot apryla hač meje. Kwětnistwo je něhdźe 5 hač 8 cm dołha, jejkojta pakić. Małke kćenja su kremoběłe a so z łopjenami jewja. Wone přijomnje wonjeja.
Płody su ćěmnočerwjene jahody, kotrež su njejědojte. Ale jich płodowe mjaso je jenož po wohrěwanju jědźna.
Jeničce symjenja wobsahuja jědojty sambunigrin, kotryž sylny bluwanski powabk zawinuje.
Ptaki rad płody jědźa.
Rosće w swětłych kerčinach, jehlinowych lěsach, na kromach, na pućnych kromach. Preferuje słónčne hač połsćinowe stejnišća na wutkatych čumpatych pódach.
Rostlina je w srjedźnej a južnej Europje, južnje hač do Pyrenejow, sewjerneje Italskeje a Bołharskeje rozšěrjena, při čimž w Skandinawiskej jenož z kulturow wodźiwjena a w Alpach we wysokosćach wot hač do 1400 m wustupuje.
Nimo toho tež w Prědnjej Aziji hač Chinskeje wustupuje.
Kćenjowe a jahodowe hałuzy wužitneje rostliny so jako wazowu debu wužiwaja. Płody so móžeja kaž te wot družiny čorna bozanka předźěłaja.
Čerwjena bozanka (Sambucus racemosa) je rostlina ze roda Bozanka ze swójby pižmonkowych rostlinow (Adoxaceae).
Rauðyllir (fræðiheiti: Sambucus racemosa) er tegund af ylli[2][3] sem ýmist er skipt í allnokkrar undirtegundir, eða sjálfstæðar tegundir.
Rauðyllir er upprunninn frá Evrópu, norðurhluta Asíu, og Norður Ameríku.[1] Hann vex í frjósömum og rökum jarðvegi, á árbökkum og skógum.[4]
Sambucus racemosa er runni eða tré að 6m hátt. Stofninn og greinarnar eru með mjúkum kjarna.
Hvert blað er samsett af 5 til 7 blaðlaga smáblöðum, hvert að 16 sm langt, lensulaga til mjóegglaga, og óreglulega tennt á jaðrinum. Blöðin eru með óþægilega lykt ef þau eru kramin.[5]
Blómskipunin vægt keilulaga. Blómaknúpparnir eru bleikleitir óopnaðir, og ilmandi blómin hvít, rjómahvít til gulleit.[4]
Berin eru fagurrauð, jafnvel purpuralit, með 3 til 5 fræjum.
Stofnar, rætur og blöð eru eitruð, og berin geta verið eitruð eða valdið velgju ef þau eru étin hrá.[15]
Hann hefur verið notaður í hefðbundnar lækningar innfæddra,, þar á meðal Bella Coola, Carrier, Gitksan, Hesquiaht, Menominee, Northern Paiute, Ojibwa, Paiute, og Potawatomi.[4][16] Þar á meðal til uppkasta, stemmandi (hægðir), gegn kvefi og hósta, við húðvandamálum og kvenlækningar og blóðstemmandi.[16]
Berin eru talin örugg til átu ef þau eru elduð, en yfirleitt eitruð hrá. Þau voru nytjuð af ýmsum innfæddum ættflokkum, þar á meðal Apache, Bella Coola, Gitxsan, Gosiute, Makah, Ojibwa, Quileute, Skokomish og Yurok.[4]
Berin eru vinsæl hjá fuglum, sem svo dreifa berjunum.[17]
Sambucus racemosa er ræktaður sem skrautplanta eða runni, og til að forma landslag.[15]
Blöð og brum rauðberjayllis
Blóm og blöð
Berjaklasi
Rauðyllir (fræðiheiti: Sambucus racemosa) er tegund af ylli sem ýmist er skipt í allnokkrar undirtegundir, eða sjálfstæðar tegundir.
Sambucus racemosa (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Sambuci et familiae Adoxacearum per hemisphaeram septentrionalem sponte virens, cuius fructus in medicinam adhibentur.
Situs scientifici: Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • IUCN Red List • INPN France • USDA Plants Database 
Vide "Sambucus racemosa" apud Vicispecies. Sambucus racemosa (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Sambuci et familiae Adoxacearum per hemisphaeram septentrionalem sponte virens, cuius fructus in medicinam adhibentur.
Raudonuogis šeivamedis (lot. Sambucus racemosa, angl. European Red Elder, vok. Roter Holunder) – šeivamedžio genties augalas.
Iki 6 m aukščio vasaržalis krūmas. Lapai plunksniški suskaldyti. Žiedai gelsvi, kekėse (pav.) – pasirodo lapams skleidžant, nuo balandžio pabaigos. Vaisiai – raudonos uogos noksta liepos men. Auga mišriuose miškuose, upelių krantuose, retai auginamas parkuose. Vaistingas augalas; kartais uogos vartojamos mitybai. Kai kurie paukščiai, ypač vištiniai, minta jo uogomis.
Literatūroje paprastai laikomas introdukuotu Lietuvoje, tačiau tai nėra visai tikra. Diskusijoje kartais teigiama, esą raudonuogis šeivamedis agresyvus, naikintinas krūmas.
De trosvlier of bergvlier (Sambucus racemosa) is een struik uit de muskuskruidfamilie (Adoxaceae). De trosvlier staat op de Nederlandse Rode lijst van planten als algemeen voorkomend en sinds 1950 stabiel of toegenomen. De trosvlier komt van nature voor in de koudere en gematigde streken op het hele noordelijk halfrond.
De struik wordt tot 6 meter hoog. Het merg in de grijze, gebogen takken is geelachtig bruin. De lichtgroene, oneven geveerde, 15 - 30 cm lange bladeren hebben 5 - 7, langwerpig-eironde, scherp getande, lang toegespitste blaadjes.
De struik bloeit in april en mei met geelachtig witte, 3 mm grote bloemen in ei- of kegelvormige, 3 - 6 cm brede pluimen. De helmknoppen zijn geelachtig.
De vrucht is een ronde, rode, soms goudgele, 3 - 6 mm grote steenvrucht met 3 - 5 zaden.
De trosvlier komt voor op droge, zure grond in lichte bossen, heggen en op plaatsen van gekapte bomen.
De volgende ondersoorten en forma worden onderscheiden:
Enkele cultivars zijn:
De trosvlier of bergvlier (Sambucus racemosa) is een struik uit de muskuskruidfamilie (Adoxaceae). De trosvlier staat op de Nederlandse Rode lijst van planten als algemeen voorkomend en sinds 1950 stabiel of toegenomen. De trosvlier komt van nature voor in de koudere en gematigde streken op het hele noordelijk halfrond.
De struik wordt tot 6 meter hoog. Het merg in de grijze, gebogen takken is geelachtig bruin. De lichtgroene, oneven geveerde, 15 - 30 cm lange bladeren hebben 5 - 7, langwerpig-eironde, scherp getande, lang toegespitste blaadjes.
De struik bloeit in april en mei met geelachtig witte, 3 mm grote bloemen in ei- of kegelvormige, 3 - 6 cm brede pluimen. De helmknoppen zijn geelachtig.
De vrucht is een ronde, rode, soms goudgele, 3 - 6 mm grote steenvrucht met 3 - 5 zaden.
De trosvlier komt voor op droge, zure grond in lichte bossen, heggen en op plaatsen van gekapte bomen.
Rødhyll er en art i moskusurtfamilien som vokser i Europa, tempererte deler av Asia, og nordlige og midtre deler av Nord-Amerika. I Norge regnes den som en fremmed art, i kategorien «høy risiko».[1] Den vokser i flommarksskogsmark, skog og andre fuktige habitater. Den ofte tre-aktige busken blir 2-6 meter høy.
Denne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Rødhyll er en art i moskusurtfamilien som vokser i Europa, tempererte deler av Asia, og nordlige og midtre deler av Nord-Amerika. I Norge regnes den som en fremmed art, i kategorien «høy risiko». Den vokser i flommarksskogsmark, skog og andre fuktige habitater. Den ofte tre-aktige busken blir 2-6 meter høy.
A l'ha ëd fior bianche a ëd rape con asinej ross.
Da noiàutr a chërs an montagna. A l'é spantià ant ël sénter Euròpa e an Scandinavia; a l'é naturalisà an Scòssia.
A chërs d'antorn ai giass an montagna.
A l'ha ëd fior bianche a ëd rape con asinej ross.
DistribussionDa noiàutr a chërs an montagna. A l'é spantià ant ël sénter Euròpa e an Scandinavia; a l'é naturalisà an Scòssia.
NotissieA chërs d'antorn ai giass an montagna.
Bez koralowy, dziki bez koralowy (Sambucus racemosa L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny piżmaczkowatych (Adoxaceae), dawniej także w bzowatych (Sambucaceae) lub przewiertniowatych (Caprifoliaceae). Jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniony w Azji, Europie i Ameryce Północnej[2]. Na południu Polski jest rośliną pospolitą, w pozostałych częściach kraju występuje rzadziej.
Rośnie w lasach i zaroślach. Szczególnie często występuje w niższych położeniach górskich. Lubi gleby bogate w azot (roślina azotolubna). Jest również gatunkiem synantropijnym. Kwitnie od kwietnia do maja. Kwiaty wydzielają przyjemną woń, są samopylne, lub zapylane przez owady. W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla All. Sambuco-Salicion i Ass. Sambucetum racemosae[3].
Roślina trująca: cała roślina jest trująca, również owoce są trujące dla ludzi, zjadane są jednak przez niektóre ptaki. Po ugotowaniu lub usmażeniu owoce tracą właściwości trujące[4][5]. U ludzi zatrucie objawia się bólem głowy, wymiotami, biegunką.
Roślina ozdobna, uprawiana ze względu na swoje piękne kwiatostany i jaskrawoczerwone owoce. Łatwo można ją rozmnażać przez sadzonki pędowe wykonane z bocznych pędów o długości ok. 30 cm w miesiącach sierpień – wrzesień. Ukorzeniają się one w wilgotnej ziemi lub w wodzie.
Bez koralowy, dziki bez koralowy (Sambucus racemosa L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny piżmaczkowatych (Adoxaceae), dawniej także w bzowatych (Sambucaceae) lub przewiertniowatych (Caprifoliaceae). Jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniony w Azji, Europie i Ameryce Północnej. Na południu Polski jest rośliną pospolitą, w pozostałych częściach kraju występuje rzadziej.
Baza červená (Sambucus racemosa) je ker z čeľade pižmovkovité (Adoxaceae). Rastie prevažne v horských lesoch.[1]
Baza červená je dva až štyri metre vysoký ker so silným rozvetvením, listy rastú na dlhých stopkách, sú veľké cca 20 cm, protistojné, nepárno perovité.
Bohaté súkvetia s kvetmi skoro v jednej rovine vyrastajú na koncoch konárikov. Okolík pozostáva zo žltkastých kvetov.
V auguste a septembri sa tvoria červené kôstkovičky. Sú približne 5 milimetrov veľké.
Ker bazy červenej
Súkvetie bazy červenej
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Baza červená
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Baza červená
Baza červená (Sambucus racemosa) je ker z čeľade pižmovkovité (Adoxaceae). Rastie prevažne v horských lesoch.
Evropski divji bezèg (znanstveno ime Sambucus racemosa) je listopadni grm iz družine pižmičevk, ki je razširjen po Evropi, Aziji in Severni Ameriki.
V višino ta zelo gost grm doseže do 3 metre, ima pa zelo plitev in razvejan koreninski sistem. Listi so dolgi med 10 in 25 cm in so lihopernato sestavljeni iz od 5 do 7 cm dolgih lističev. Cvetovi so rumenkasto zelene barve in so združeni v pokončna jajčasta grozdasta socvetja. V Sloveniji cveti od aprila do junija, iz oplojenih cvetov pa se razvijejo rdeči plodovi, ki so hrana pticam in mnogim drugim živalim.[1]
Širi se s pomočjo semen, ki jih s svojimi iztrebki raznašajo ptice.[2]
Evropski divji bezeg se je v tradicionalni medicini severnoameriških staroselcev uporabljal kot sredstvo za povzročanje bruhanja (emetik) in za lajšanje kašlja, kožnih bolezni in pri ginekoloških težavah.[12]
Les divjega bezga so nekoč uporabljali za rezljanje drobnih lesenih izdelkov, listje pa za odganjanje mrčesa. Surovi plodovi niso užitni, po termični obdelavi pa se lahko uživajo, če se iz njih odstranijo semena, ki so strupena.[1]
Evropski divji bezèg (znanstveno ime Sambucus racemosa) je listopadni grm iz družine pižmičevk, ki je razširjen po Evropi, Aziji in Severni Ameriki.
Druvfläder (Sambucus racemosa), även kallad druvhyll är en växtart i familjen desmeknoppsväxter. Det är en buske eller ett litet träd, som mest 4 meter högt. Märgen i kvistarna är brun (till skillnad från den äkta fläderns som är vit).
Blommorna har fem gulgröna kronblad. Dessa sitter i en oregelbunden blomställning som tenderar till äggformig.
Frukten är röd och giftig[1]. Den ser ut som ett bär, men är egentligen en 3-fröig stenfrukt.
Druvfläder är mångformig och delas in i ett antal underarter och varieteter:
Flikbladig druvfläder (Flikbladiga Gruppen)
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Druvfläder.
Druvfläder (Sambucus racemosa), även kallad druvhyll är en växtart i familjen desmeknoppsväxter. Det är en buske eller ett litet träd, som mest 4 meter högt. Märgen i kvistarna är brun (till skillnad från den äkta fläderns som är vit).
Blommorna har fem gulgröna kronblad. Dessa sitter i en oregelbunden blomställning som tenderar till äggformig.
Frukten är röd och giftig. Den ser ut som ett bär, men är egentligen en 3-fröig stenfrukt.
Гілки з буруватою серцевиною.
Листки супротивні, непарноперисті, з 5—7 яйцевидно-ланцетними, пилчастими листочками.
Квітки двостатеві, правильні, дрібні, зеленувато-жовті, всі на ніжках, зібрані в яйцевидну, щільну, спрямовану вгору волоть.
Плід — червона кістянка. Квітне у травні — червні, плоди достигають у серпні — вересні.
Росте в лісах, чагарниках, на скелях у Карпатах, на Прикарпатті, рідше на Західному Поліссі та в Лісостепу. На півдні України вирощують як декоративну рослину.
Використовують квітки. Рослина неофіцинальна.
Квітки бузини червоної містять флавоновий глікозид рутин, дубильні речовини, цукри (глюкозу і фруктозу), сліди ефірної олії.
В народній медицині квітки бузину використовують як потогінний, проносний та протизапальний засіб.
Листя і кора виявляють проносну і блювотну дію.
Водний теплий настій і спиртову настойку квіток використовують як потогінний засіб при простудних захворюваннях, бронхіальній астмі та інших хворобах дихальних шляхів, при головному болі, ревматизмі. Кисіль із плодів використовують як проносний засіб.
Зовнішньо відвар квіток використовують при ангінах і запальних процесах ротової порожнини (у вигляді полоскань).
Рослина проявляє інсектицидну та фітонцидну активність, у зв'язку з чим настій листя використовують у боротьбі проти шкідників.
Квіти
Плоди
Видовой эпитет в научном названии растения (лат. racemosa) можно перевести как «кистевидная», «гроздевидная», «ветвистая» (от racemus — «виноградная кисть», «виноградная гроздь»)[3].
В литературе встречается несколько русских названий вида: бузина кистевидная[4][5], бузина кистистая[6] (в перечне русских растений это название стоит на первом месте в 3-м издании Большой советской энциклопедии[7]), бузина красная[4][6][7][8] (на первом месте в Большой российской энциклопедии[9]), бузина обыкновенная[7][9].
Бузина красная широко распространена в Евразии и Северной Америке. Западноевропейская часть ареала охватывает Средиземноморские страны и страны Центральной и Восточной Европы. В России растение распространено от западных границ до Тихого океана[10], в Сибири, однако, вытесняется бузиной сибирской (Sambucus sibirica)[9]. Встречается растение в Китае, Корее и Японии, а также в Канаде и США (в том числе на Аляске)[10].
Растение является аборигенным только для горных регионов Европы. На территории бывшего СССР к таким районам относится Западная Украина, где растение встречается в подлеске хвойных и смешанных лесов[7]. Для Европейской части России бузина красная является адвентивным растением. Её с давних времён выращивали в декоративных целях в садах и парках, при этом растения нередко натурализовывались. В пределах населённых пунктов растение растёт на пустырях, развалинах зданий, нередко и на крышах домов. В природе бузина красная встречается чаще всего в оврагах, на опушках лиственных и смешанных лесов[11].
Бузина красная — сильно ветвящийся кустарник (иногда — небольшое деревце[7]) высотой от полутора до трёх с половиной (пяти[12]) метров с прямостоячими стеблями[11].
Кора серовато-бурая[13]; у молодых растений — гладкая, у старых — шелушащаяся[6]. На поверхности стеблей имеются бугорки беловатого цвета (так называемые «чечевички»); они состоят из рыхлой ткани, через которую может проходить воздух, и служат отдушинами в опробковевшем покрове — через них дышат живые ткани ветвей[14].
Ветви бузины очень ломки. Это связано с тем, что древесины в них очень мало: значительную часть объёма занимает рыхлая сердцевина. По сравнению с другими кустарниками, встречающимися в европейской части России, у бузины красной — самый большой в процентном отношении объём сердцевины[14]. Цвет сердцевиты — буроватый[15].
Почки крупные, яйцевидные. Листья супротивные, непарноперистые, состоят из трёх (нередко на цветущих побегах)[13], чаще — пяти или семи листочков. Края листочков — пильчато-зубчатые, форма — яйцевидная или удлинённо-ланцетная, длина — от 5 до 10 см[6]. Молодые листья нередко имеют тёмно-красный или фиолетовый цвет — это связано с повышенным содержанием антоциана; этот пигмент обладает свойством преобразовывать световую энергию в тепловую, что важно для развития растения ранней весной. Листья имеют сильный характерный неприятный запах[8].
Цветки мелкие, обоеполые, пахучие, собраны в плотные продолговатые метельчатые соцветия яйцевидной или конической формы[7][11] поперечником до 20 см[6]. Все цветки — на цветоножках (в отличие от бузины чёрной, у которой краевые цветки — сидячие)[15]. Околоцветник двойной, пятичленный. Венчик колесовидный, беловато-жёлтый или зеленовато-жёлтый[7]. Тычинок пять[12]. Цветение происходит в мае — июне[11] одновременно с распусканием листьев, ежегодно и обильно, в течение 15 дней[12].
Пыльцевые зёрна трёхбороздно-оровидные, эллипсоидальной формы. Длина полярной оси составляет 17,5—18,8 мкм, экваториальный диаметр — 12,2—14,5 мкм. В очертании с полюса слаботрёхлопастные, с экватора — широкоэллиптические. Борозды узкие, длинные, с неровными краями, с притуплёнными концами, почти сходящимися на полюсах. Экзина толщиной 1—1,2 мкм. Скульптура тонкая, мелкоячеистая; ячейки сетки на экваторе угловатые, 0,5 мкм в диаметре, на полюсах — очень мелкие. Стерженьки на полюсах тонкие, прямостоячие, с притуплёнными концами, надпокров тонкий. Цвет пыльцы жёлтый[12].
Плод — костянка красного[11] (ярко-красного[7]) цвета длиной около 5 мм, со светло-жёлтой косточкой[15]. Плоды созревают в июле — августе[4]; имеют неприятный запах и вкус (в отличие от плодов другого распространённого в Европе вида бузины — бузины чёрной). Плоды бузины красной охотно поедаются птицами — с их помощью в основном и происходит распространение семян[14].
В растении найдены различные биологически активные вещества: в коре — терпеноиды альфа-амирины[16], бетулин[17] и бетулиновая кислота[18], а также стероид бета-ситостерол[19]; в цветках — флавоноид кверцетин[20].
Бузина красная издавна культивируется как декоративное растение[7] для украшения садов и парков.
Выведено несколько сортов:
Для некоторых сортов бузины красной (например, 'Tenuifolia') характерна так называемая «ажурная крона» — крона с большими просветами, дающая лёгкую тень, в которой могут нормально развиваться светолюбивые растения[22].
Для выращивания бузины в саду (это касается как бузины красной, так и бузины чёрной) подходит любая почва, в том числе глинистая. Ранней весной рекомендуется вырезать часть старых побегов. Размножение — одревесневшими черенками в открытом грунте поздней осенью[21].
О лечебных свойствах растения было известно с древних времён. Бузина красная была включена в один из первых средневековых европейских травников — работу Иеронимуса Бока New Kreuterbuch, опубликованную в 1546 году[23].
В народной медицине используют цветки и плоды растения. При лечении простудных заболеваний, бронхиальной астмы, головной боли и ревматизма пьют настой из цветков. Настой из цветков как наружное средство применяют для полоскания при остром тонзиллите (ангине) и воспалительных процессах в ротовой полости. Как слабительное средство используют кисель, приготовленный из плодов[8].
Медонос[4] (хотя в других источниках утверждается, что цветки бузины красной не выделяют нектара[14], а пчёлы собирают с цветков лишь пыльцу[24], а в третьих — что пчёлы посещают бузину для сбора пыльцы и частично нектара[12]).
Считается, что бузину красную не любят мыши и там, где она растёт, мышей нет[14]. В частности, для отпугивания мышей ветви бузины красной применяются пчеловодами в зимовниках[12].
Свежие плоды применяются для очистки медной посуды от тёмного налёта[14].
Первое действительное описание вида было опубликовано в первом томе Species plantarum (1753) Карла Линнея. Лектотипом (типом при отсутствии в изначальной публикации указания на тип) названия Linnaea borealis в 1986 году был выбран образец из гербария Линнея[25].
Ранее род Бузина обычно включали в семейство Жимолостные (Caprifoliaceae) — такой точки зрения придерживалась, к примеру, Большая российская энциклопедия (2008)[26] — либо выделяли в отдельное семейство Бузиновые (Sambucaceae)[26]. Согласно современным представлениям, этот род входит в семейство Адоксовые (Adoxaceae) порядка Ворсянкоцветные (Dipsacales)[27][28]. Общее число видов в роде Бузина — более двадцати[28].
семейство Жимолостные (включая ранее выделявшиеся семейства Валериановые, Ворсянковые, Линнеевые и Мориновые) (APG IV) ещё более двадцати видов, в том числе бузина травянистая и бузина чёрная порядок Ворсянкоцветные род Бузина отдел Цветковые семейство Адоксовые Бузина красная ещё 63 порядка цветковых растений (APG IV, 2016) роды Адокса, Калина, Орейнотинус и СинадоксаНиже приведён список инфравидовых таксонов бузины красной с некоторой дополнительной информацией[29]:
По состоянию на начало 2018 года было известно о единственном гибридном виде с участием бузины красный[30]: он был описан в 2006 году немецким ботаником Петером Гутте[d]:
Видовой эпитет в научном названии растения (лат. racemosa) можно перевести как «кистевидная», «гроздевидная», «ветвистая» (от racemus — «виноградная кисть», «виноградная гроздь»).
В литературе встречается несколько русских названий вида: бузина кистевидная, бузина кистистая (в перечне русских растений это название стоит на первом месте в 3-м издании Большой советской энциклопедии), бузина красная (на первом месте в Большой российской энциклопедии), бузина обыкновенная.
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